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id="toc-Spelling_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spelling changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Semantic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntactic_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactic_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Syntactic change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactic_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sociolinguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quantification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_shift_and_social_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_shift_and_social_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language shift and social status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_shift_and_social_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Language change</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalverandering" title="Taalverandering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taalverandering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تغير لغوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغير لغوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camb%C3%A9u_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Cambéu llingüísticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cambéu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Езикова промяна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езикова промяна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvi_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic" title="Canvi lingüístic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canvi lingüístic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachwandel" title="Sprachwandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachwandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keele_muutumine" title="Keele muutumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keele muutumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Cambio lingüístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambio lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvo%C5%9Dan%C4%9Di%C4%9Do" title="Lingvoŝanĝiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvoŝanĝiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دگرگونی زبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگرگونی زبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changement_linguistique" title="Changement linguistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Changement linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalferoaring" title="Taalferoaring – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taalferoaring" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Cambio lingüístico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cambio lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" title="언어 변화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어 변화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_bahasa" title="Perubahan bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perubahan bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lbreyting" title="Málbreyting – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málbreyting" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambiamento_linguistico" title="Cambiamento linguistico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cambiamento linguistico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolverandering" title="Taolverandering – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taolverandering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelvi_v%C3%A1ltoz%C3%A1s" title="Nyelvi változás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvi változás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibdil_fil-Lingwa" title="Tibdil fil-Lingwa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tibdil fil-Lingwa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Хэлний өөрчлөлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэлний өөрчлөлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalverandering" title="Taalverandering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taalverandering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%89%E5%8C%96" title="言語変化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語変化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmiana_j%C4%99zykowa" title="Zmiana językowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmiana językowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudan%C3%A7a_lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Mudança linguística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mudança linguística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimbare_lingvistic%C4%83" title="Schimbare lingvistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Schimbare lingvistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Языковые изменения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языковые изменения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leid_chynge" title="Leid chynge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leid chynge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproakannernge" title="Sproakannernge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproakannernge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="การเปลี่ยนแปลงภาษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเปลี่ยนแปลงภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fimi" title="Dil değişimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dil değişimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%90_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تبدِیلیِ لسان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبدِیلیِ لسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言演變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="語言變化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語言變化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q524648#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption (linguistics)">Corruption (linguistics)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modification or development of a language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> or <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by Jean Aitchison, see <a href="/wiki/Language_Change:_Progress_or_Decay%3F" title="Language Change: Progress or Decay?"><i>Language Change: Progress or Decay?</i></a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Linguistic corruption" redirects here. For errors in grammar, see <a href="/wiki/Solecism" title="Solecism">Solecism</a>. For non-standard words or pronunciation, see <a href="/wiki/Barbarism_(linguistics)" title="Barbarism (linguistics)">Barbarism (linguistics)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Language_change" title="Special:EditPage/Language change">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Language+change%22">"Language change"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Language+change%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Language+change%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Language+change%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Language+change%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Language+change%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Language change</b> is the process of alteration in the features of a single <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, or of languages in general, across a period of time. It is studied in several subfields of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolutionary linguistics</a>. Traditional theories of historical linguistics identify three main types of change: systematic change in the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a>; <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a>, in which features of a language or dialect are introduced or altered as a result of influence from another language or dialect; and <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">analogical change</a>, in which the shape or grammatical behavior of a word is altered to more closely resemble that of another word. </p><p>Language change usually does not occur suddenly, but rather takes place via an extended period of <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">variation</a>, during which new and old linguistic features coexist. All living languages are continually undergoing change. Some commentators use derogatory labels such as "corruption" to suggest that language change constitutes a degradation in the quality of a language, especially when the change originates from <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a> or is a <a href="/wiki/Prescription_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription (linguistics)">prescriptively</a> discouraged usage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern linguistics rejects this concept, since from a scientific point of view such innovations cannot be judged in terms of good or bad.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">John Lyons</a> notes that "any standard of evaluation applied to language-change must be based upon a recognition of the various functions a language 'is called upon' to fulfil in the society which uses it".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a sufficiently long period of time, changes in a language can accumulate to such an extent that it is no longer recognizable as the same language. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">modern English</a> is the result of centuries of language change applying to <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, even though modern English is extremely divergent from Old English in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The two may be thought of as distinct languages, but Modern English is a "descendant" of its "ancestor" Old English. When multiple languages are all descended from the same ancestor language, as the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> are from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, they are said to form a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> and be "<a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetically</a>" related. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Economy: Speech communities tend to change their utterances to be as efficient and effective (with as little effort) as possible, while still reaching communicative goals. Purposeful speaking therefore involves a trade-off of costs and benefits. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_effort" title="Principle of least effort">principle of least effort</a> tends to result in phonetic reduction of speech forms. See <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">cluster reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>. After some time, a change may become widely accepted (it becomes a regular <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a>) and may end up treated as <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a>. For instance: <i>going to</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡoʊ.ɪŋ.tʊ]</span> → <i>gonna</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡɔnə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡʌnə]</span>, with examples of both vowel reduction <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>[ə]</span> and elision <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nt]<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>[n]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʊ.ɪ]<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʌ]</span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Expressiveness: Common or overused language tends to lose its emotional or rhetorical intensity over time; therefore, new words and constructions are continuously employed to revive that intensity<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">Analogy</a>: Over time, speech communities unconsciously apply patterns of rules in certain words, sounds, etc. to unrelated other words, sounds, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language contact</a>: Words and constructions are borrowed from one language into another.<sup id="cite_ref-llas.ac.uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llas.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Cultural environment</a>: As a culture evolves, new places, situations, and objects inevitably enter its language, whether or not the culture encounters different people.</li> <li>Migration/Movement: Speech communities, moving into a region with a new or more complex linguistic situation, will influence, and be influenced by, language change; they sometimes even end up with entirely new languages, such as pidgins and creoles.<sup id="cite_ref-llas.ac.uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llas.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Imperfect learning: According to one view, children regularly learn the adult forms imperfectly, and the changed forms then turn into a new standard. Alternatively, imperfect learning occurs regularly in one part of society, such as an immigrant group, where the minority language forms a <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a>, and the changed forms can ultimately influence majority usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Social prestige: A language change towards adopting features that have more social <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a>, or away from ones with negative prestige,<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">loss of rhoticity</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> accent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such movements can go back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(linguist)" title="Guy Deutscher (linguist)">Guy Deutscher</a>, the tricky question is "Why are changes not brought up short and stopped in their tracks? At first sight, there seem to be all the reasons in the world why society should never let the changes through." He sees the reason for tolerating change in the fact that we already are used to "<a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">synchronic variation</a>", to the extent that we are hardly aware of it. For example, when we hear the word "wicked", we automatically interpret it as either "evil" or "wonderful", depending on whether it is uttered by an elderly lady or a teenager. Deutscher speculates that "[i]n a hundred years' time, when the original meaning of 'wicked' has all but been forgotten, people may wonder how it was ever possible for a word meaning 'evil' to change its sense to 'wonderful' so quickly."<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_and_phonological_changes">Phonetic and phonological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonetic and phonological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">Phonological change</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a>—i.e., change in the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>—can lead to <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">phonological change</a> (i.e., change in the relationships between phonemes within the structure of a language). For instance, if the pronunciation of one phoneme changes to become identical to that of another phoneme, the two original phonemes can merge into a single phoneme, reducing the total number of phonemes the language contains. </p><p>Determining the exact course of sound change in historical languages can pose difficulties, since the technology of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound recording</a> dates only from the 19th century, and thus sound changes before that time must be inferred from written texts. The <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographical</a> practices of historical writers provide the main (indirect) evidence of how language sounds have changed over the centuries. Poetic devices such as rhyme and rhythm can also provide clues to earlier phonetic and phonological patterns. </p><p>A principal axiom of historical linguistics, established by the linguists of the <a href="/wiki/Neogrammarian" title="Neogrammarian">Neogrammarian</a> school of thought in the 19th century, is that sound change is said to be "regular"—i.e., a given sound change simultaneously affects all words in which the relevant set of phonemes appears, rather than each word's pronunciation changing independently of each other. The degree to which the Neogrammarian hypothesis is an accurate description of how sound change takes place, rather than a useful approximation, is controversial; but it has proven extremely valuable to historical linguistics as a <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a>, and enabled the development of methodologies of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative reconstruction">comparative reconstruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" title="Internal reconstruction">internal reconstruction</a> that allow linguists to extrapolate backwards from known languages to the properties of earlier, un<a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested languages</a> and hypothesize sound changes that may have taken place in them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_changes">Lexical changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lexical changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lexical_innovation" title="Lexical innovation">Lexical innovation</a></div> <p>The study of lexical changes forms the <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> portion of the science of <a href="/wiki/Onomasiology" title="Onomasiology">onomasiology</a>. </p><p>The ongoing influx of new words into the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> (for example) helps make it a rich field for investigation into language change, despite the difficulty of defining precisely and accurately the vocabulary available to speakers of English. Throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">its history</a>, English has not only <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed words</a> from other languages but has re-combined and recycled them to create new meanings, whilst <a href="/wiki/Changes_to_Old_English_vocabulary" title="Changes to Old English vocabulary">losing some old words</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">Dictionary-writers</a> try to keep track of the changes in languages by recording (and, ideally, dating) the appearance in a language of new words, or of new usages for existing words. By the same token, they may tag some words eventually as "archaic" or "obsolete". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_changes">Spelling changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spelling changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standardisation of <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> originated centuries ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2016)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Differences in spelling often catch the eye of a reader of a text from a previous century. The pre-print era had fewer <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a> people: languages lacked fixed systems of orthography, and the manuscripts that survived often show words spelled according to regional pronunciation and to personal preference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_changes">Semantic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Semantic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">Semantic change</a></div> <p>Semantic changes are shifts in the meanings of existing words. Basic types of semantic change include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pejoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pejoration">pejoration</a>, in which a term's connotation goes from positive to negative</li> <li>amelioration, in which a term's connotations goes from negative to (more) positive</li> <li>broadening, in which a term acquires additional potential uses</li> <li>narrowing, in which a term's potential uses become more restrictive</li></ul> <p>After a word enters a language, its meaning can change as through a shift in the <a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">valence</a> of its connotations. As an example, when "villain" entered English it meant 'peasant' or 'farmhand', but acquired the connotation 'low-born' or 'scoundrel', and today only the negative use survives. Thus 'villain' has undergone <a href="/wiki/Pejoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pejoration">pejoration</a>. Conversely, the word "wicked" is undergoing amelioration in colloquial contexts, shifting from its original sense of 'evil', to the much more positive one as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> of 'brilliant'. </p><p>Words' meanings may also change in terms of the breadth of their semantic domain. Narrowing a word limits its alternative meanings, whereas broadening associates new meanings with it. For example, "hound" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>hund</i>) once referred to any dog, whereas in modern English it denotes only a particular type of dog. On the other hand, the word "dog" itself has been broadened from its Old English root 'dogge', the name of a particular breed, to become the general term for all domestic canines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_change">Syntactic change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syntactic change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_change" title="Syntactic change">Syntactic change</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_change" title="Syntactic change">Syntactic change</a> is the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> structure of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>. </p><p>Over time, syntactic change is the greatest modifier of a particular language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Massive changes – attributable either to <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">creolization</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a> – may occur both in syntax and in vocabulary. Syntactic change can also be purely language-internal, whether independent within the syntactic component or the eventual result of phonological or morphological change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguist</a> Jennifer Coates, following William Labov, describes linguistic change as occurring in the context of linguistic <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneity">heterogeneity</a>. She explains that "[l]inguistic change can be said to have taken place when a new linguistic form, used by some sub-group within a speech community, is adopted by other members of that community and accepted as the norm."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> recorded the change in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> in a relatively short period in the American resort of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> and showed how this resulted from social tensions and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the relatively short time that broadcast media have recorded their work, one can observe the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Received_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Received pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of the newsreaders of the 1940s and the 1950s and the pronunciation of today. The greater acceptance and fashionability of <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents">regional accents</a> in media may<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2009)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> also reflect a more democratic, less formal society — compare the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policies</a>. </p><p>Can and Patton (2010) provide a quantitative analysis of twentieth-century Turkish literature using forty novels of forty authors. Using weighted least squares regression and a sliding window approach, they show that, as time passes, words, in terms of both tokens (in text) and types (in vocabulary), have become longer. They indicate that the increase in word lengths with time can be attributed to the government-initiated language "reform" of the 20th century. This reform aimed at replacing foreign words used in Turkish, especially Arabic- and Persian-based words (since they were in majority when the reform was initiated in early 1930s), with newly coined pure Turkish neologisms created by adding suffixes to Turkish word stems (Lewis, 1999). </p><p>Can and Patton (2010), based on their observations of the change of a specific word use (more specifically in newer works the preference of <i>ama</i> over <i>fakat</i>, both borrowed from Arabic and meaning "but", and their inverse usage correlation is statistically significant), also speculate that the word length increase can influence the common word choice preferences of authors. </p><p>Kadochnikov (2016) analyzes the political and economic logic behind the development of the Russian language. Ever since the emergence of the unified Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries the government played a key role in standardizing the Russian language and developing its <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive norms</a> with the fundamental goal of ensuring that it can be efficiently used as a practical tool in all sorts of legal, judicial, administrative and economic affairs throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantification">Quantification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quantification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altintas, Can, and Patton (2007) introduce a systematic approach to language change quantification by studying unconsciously used language features in time-separated parallel translations. For this purpose, they use objective style markers such as vocabulary richness and lengths of words, word stems and suffixes, and employ statistical methods to measure their changes over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_shift_and_social_status">Language shift and social status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language shift and social status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></div> <p>Languages perceived to be "higher status" stabilise or spread at the expense of other languages perceived by their own speakers to be "lower-status". </p><p>Historical examples are the early Welsh and Lutheran Bible translations, leading to the liturgical languages Welsh and High German thriving today, unlike other Celtic or German variants.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For prehistory, Forster and Renfrew (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that in some cases there is a correlation of language change with intrusive male Y chromosomes but not with female mtDNA. They then speculate that technological innovation (transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture, or from stone to metal tools) or military prowess (as in the abduction of British women by Vikings to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>) causes immigration of at least some males, and perceived status change. Then, in mixed-language marriages with these males, prehistoric women would often have chosen to transmit the "higher-status" spouse's language to their children, yielding the language/Y-chromosome correlation seen today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">Koiné language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_transfer" title="Language transfer">Language transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphemization" title="Morphemization">Morphemization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">Neologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_model_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave model (linguistics)">Wave model (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLyons1968" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, John (1 June 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGkkjkLPZkoC"><i>Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09510-5"><bdi>978-0-521-09510-5</bdi></a>. <q>The traditional grammarian tended to assume [...] that it was his task, as a grammarian, to 'preserve' this form of language from 'corruption'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theoretical+Linguistics&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09510-5&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGkkjkLPZkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Bybee2015" class="citation book cs1">Joan Bybee (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1mtCAAAQBAJ"><i>Language Change</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107020160" title="Special:BookSources/9781107020160"><bdi>9781107020160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Change&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107020160&rft.au=Joan+Bybee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1mtCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyle_Campbell2004" class="citation book cs1">Lyle Campbell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjXrrOJhex8C"><i>Historical Linguistics: An Introduction</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262532679" title="Special:BookSources/9780262532679"><bdi>9780262532679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780262532679&rft.au=Lyle+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjXrrOJhex8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lyons1968" class="citation book cs1">John Lyons (1 June 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGkkjkLPZkoC"><i>Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09510-5"><bdi>978-0-521-09510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theoretical+Linguistics&rft.pages=42-44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09510-5&rft.au=John+Lyons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGkkjkLPZkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutscher-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deutscher_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutscher_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unfolding of Language, 2005, chapter 2, esp. pp. 63, 69 and 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llas.ac.uk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llas.ac.uk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llas.ac.uk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/2784">"The teaching of pidgin and Creole studies - LLAS Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+teaching+of+pidgin+and+Creole+studies+-+LLAS+Centre+for+Languages%2C+Linguistics+and+Area+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llas.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Fgpg%2F2784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i> (1997, p. 335)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen2012" class="citation web cs1">Ben (7 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialectblog.com/2012/10/07/was-received-pronunciation-ever-rhotic/">"Was Received Pronunciation Ever Rhotic?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Received+Pronunciation+Ever+Rhotic%3F&rft.date=2012-10-07&rft.au=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialectblog.com%2F2012%2F10%2F07%2Fwas-received-pronunciation-ever-rhotic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/the-fall-of-the-r-less-class">"The fall of the r-less class - Macmillan"</a>. 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+the+r-less+class+-+Macmillan&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionaryblog.com%2Fthe-fall-of-the-r-less-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyBowern2010" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Terry; Bowern, Claire (2010). <i>An Introduction to Historical Linguistics</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195365542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195365542"><bdi>978-0195365542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Historical+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=200-201&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0195365542&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Bowern%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates, 1993: 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabov1963" class="citation journal cs1">Labov, William (1963). "The social motivation of a sound change". <i>Word</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 273–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1963.11659799">10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140505974">140505974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=The+social+motivation+of+a+sound+change&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-309&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1963.11659799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140505974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadochnikov2016" class="citation book cs1">Kadochnikov, Denis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137325044"><i>Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language</i></a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 538–580.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages%2C+Regional+Conflicts+and+Economic+Development%3A+Russia.+In%3A+Ginsburgh%2C+V.%2C+Weber%2C+S.+%28Eds.%29.+The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Economics+and+Language.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=538-580&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kadochnikov&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9781137325044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1588" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Christopher (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/welsh.htm"><i>The Bible in Welsh</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Welsh&rft.place=London&rft.date=1588&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joh.cam.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fspecial_collections%2Fearly_books%2Fpix%2Fwelsh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster_P,_Renfrew_CRenfrew2011" class="citation journal cs1">Forster P, Renfrew C; Renfrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsforreal.com/press_en.php">"Mother tongue and Y chromosomes"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>333</b> (6048): 1390–1391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333.1390F">2011Sci...333.1390F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1205331">10.1126/science.1205331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21903800">21903800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43916070">43916070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mother+tongue+and+Y+chromosomes&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6048&rft.pages=1390-1391&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1205331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43916070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21903800&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333.1390F&rft.au=Forster+P%2C+Renfrew+C&rft.au=Renfrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsforreal.com%2Fpress_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltintasCanPatton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Altintas, K.; Can, F.; Patton, J. M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/23342/1/Language%20change%20quantification%20using%20time-separated%20parallel%20translations.pdf">"Language Change Quantification Using Time-separated Parallel Translations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Literary and Linguistic Computing</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 375–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqm026">10.1093/llc/fqm026</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F23342">11693/23342</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literary+and+Linguistic+Computing&rft.atitle=Language+Change+Quantification+Using+Time-separated+Parallel+Translations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-393&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F23342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqm026&rft.aulast=Altintas&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Can%2C+F.&rft.au=Patton%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fbitstream%2F11693%2F23342%2F1%2FLanguage%2520change%2520quantification%2520using%2520time-separated%2520parallel%2520translations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanPatton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Can, F.; Patton, J. M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/38195/1/Change%20of%20Word%20Characteristics%20in%2020th%20Century%20Turkish%20Literature%20A%20Statistical%20Analysis.pdf">"Change of Word Characteristics in 20th Century Turkish Literature: A Statistical Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Quantitative Linguistics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 167–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09296174.2010.485444">10.1080/09296174.2010.485444</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F38195">11693/38195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9236823">9236823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quantitative+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Change+of+Word+Characteristics+in+20th+Century+Turkish+Literature%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=167-190&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F38195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9236823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09296174.2010.485444&rft.aulast=Can&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Patton%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fbitstream%2F11693%2F38195%2F1%2FChange%2520of%2520Word%2520Characteristics%2520in%252020th%2520Century%2520Turkish%2520Literature%2520A%2520Statistical%2520Analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1993" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Jennifer (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFFsAAAAIAAJ"><i>Women, men, and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language</i></a>. Studies in language and linguistics (2 ed.). Longman. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07492-7"><bdi>978-0-582-07492-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+men%2C+and+language%3A+a+sociolinguistic+account+of+gender+differences+in+language&rft.series=Studies+in+language+and+linguistics&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-582-07492-7&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFFsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">Labov, William</a> (1994, 2001), <i>Principles of Linguistic Change</i> (vol.I <i>Internal Factors</i>, 1994; vol.II <i>Social Factors</i>, 2001), Blackwell.</li> <li>Lewis, G. (1999). <i>The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success.</i> Oxford : Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Wardhaugh, R. (1986), <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i>, Oxford/ New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AlBader, Yousuf B. (2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9696/">Semantic Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic: A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs</a>"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridland2023" class="citation book cs1">Fridland, Valerie (2023). <i>Like, Literally, Dude: Arguing for the Good in Bad English</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593298329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593298329"><bdi>978-0593298329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like%2C+Literally%2C+Dude%3A+Arguing+for+the+Good+in+Bad+English&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0593298329&rft.aulast=Fridland&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2018" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Lane (2018). <i>Talk on the Wild Side: Why Language Can't Be Tamed</i>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610398336" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610398336"><bdi>978-1610398336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk+on+the+Wild+Side%3A+Why+Language+Can%27t+Be+Tamed&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1610398336&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hale, M. (2007), Historical linguistics: Theory and method, Oxford, Blackwell</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John</a> (2017). <i>Words on the Move: Why English Won't - and Can't - Sit Still (Like, Literally)</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250143785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250143785"><bdi>978-1250143785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+on+the+Move%3A+Why+English+Won%27t+-+and+Can%27t+-+Sit+Still+%28Like%2C+Literally%29&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1250143785&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+change" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_change&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar">Sounds Familiar?</a> The British Library website provides audio examples of changing accents and dialects from across the UK.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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