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class="md-article-container container"> <h1>Architecture</h1><div class="md-byline-area"> <div class="md-byline"> <div class="written-by"> <div class="subhead">Written By:</div> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Alan-Gowans/1129">Alan Gowans,</a> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Peter-Collins/596">Peter Collins,</a> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/contributor/James-S-Ackerman/12">James S. Ackerman</a> </div> <div class="last-updated hidden-xs"> <a id="see-history" data-type="accordion-link" href="#Article-History" rel="nofollow">See Article History</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="md-article-content"> <div class="md-main-channels grid gutter-right"> <div class="md-center-channel grid-md"> <article> <section data-level="intro" class="gutter-bottom" id="toc32876main"><div class="related-topics md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad-300"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div style="width: 300px; height: 250px" data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-7e1a2b93-56e3-4ba4-8683-fb99d761d791" data-slot="TOP" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal " adonis-marker> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { headertag.display('div-gpt-ad-7e1a2b93-56e3-4ba4-8683-fb99d761d791'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs"> <div class="subhead">Related Topics</div> <ul class="dots gutter-bottom"> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture">Western architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Galli-da-Bibiena-family">Galli da Bibiena family</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-art">Egyptian art and architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sangallo-family">Sangallo family</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Korean-architecture">Korean architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-architecture">Japanese architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/African-architecture">African architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/green-architecture">green architecture</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad-300"> <div class="md-bkids-driver text-center gutter-bottom"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/http://kids.britannica.com/tour/marketing1" target="_blank"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/mendel2Bkids/eb-mendel-bkids-drivers-300x250-a.jpg" alt="Britannica Kids"/> </a> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom firstpar"><strong><span class="srTitle">Architecture</span></strong><strong>, </strong>the <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/visual-arts"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/630806/art">art</span></a> and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. The practice of architecture is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetic" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="aesthetic">aesthetic</a> ends. Although these two ends may be distinguished, they cannot be separated, and the relative weight given to each can vary widely. Because every society—whether highly developed or less so, settled or nomadic—has a spatial relationship to the natural world and to other societies, the structures they produce reveal much about their <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/science/environment"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/189127/environment">environment</span></a> (including <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/121560/climate">climate</span></a> and <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/science/weather"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/638309/weather">weather</span></a>), <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/267505/history">history</span></a>, ceremonies, and artistic sensibility, as well as many aspects of daily life.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure><span data-id="113452" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link middle-xs center-xs"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/00/117600-004-139973FC.jpg" alt="Palace of Versailles, France." data-width="550" data-height="302"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></span><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Palace of Versailles, France.</div><div class="credit"><em>Eric Pouhier</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other man-made structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particular human activities, (2) the stability and permanence of the work’s construction, and (3) the communication of experience and ideas through its form. All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/technology/factory"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/200052/factory">factory</span></a>, communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings, such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.</p><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The present article treats primarily the forms, elements, methods, and theory of architecture. For the history of architecture in antiquity, <em>see</em> the sections on ancient <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/244154/Greece">Greece</span></a> and <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rome"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/508807/Rome">Rome</span></a> in <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/32952/Western-architecture">Western architecture</span></a>; as well as <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Anatolian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/22933/Anatolian-art-and-architecture">Anatolian art and architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Arabian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/31597/Arabian-art-and-architecture">Arabian art and architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/180644/Egyptian-art-and-architecture">Egyptian art and architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Iranian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/293553/Iranian-art-and-architecture">Iranian art and architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mesopotamian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/376897/Mesopotamian-art-and-architecture">Mesopotamian art and architecture</span></a>; and <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Syro-Palestinian-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/579085/Syro-Palestinian-art-and-architecture">Syro-Palestinian art and architecture</span></a>. For later historical and regional treatments of architecture, <em>see</em> <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/African-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/756980/African-architecture">African architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/719162/Chinese-architecture">Chinese architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/719164/Japanese-architecture">Japanese architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Korean-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/719163/Korean-architecture">Korean architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Oceanic-art"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/424484/Oceanic-art-and-architecture">Oceanic art and architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/32952/Western-architecture">Western architecture</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/102325/Central-Asian-arts">Central Asian arts</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Visual-arts"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/295642/Islamic-arts">Islamic arts</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts/Visual-arts-of-India-and-Sri-Lanka-Ceylon"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/556016/South-Asian-arts">South Asian arts</span></a>; and <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Southeast-Asian-arts/The-Philippines-29549"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/556535/Southeast-Asian-arts">Southeast Asian arts</span></a>. For a discussion of the place of architecture and architectural theory in the realm of the arts, <em>see</em> <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/7484/aesthetics">aesthetics</span></a>. For related forms of artistic expression, <em>see</em> <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/city"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/118952/city">city</span></a>; <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/interior-design"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/290278/interior-design">interior design</span></a>; and <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/619445/urban-planning">urban planning</span></a>.</p></section><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="1" id="toc31795"><h2 class="h2">Use</h2><div class="similar-topics md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad-300"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div style="width: 300px; height: 250px" data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-d7a3418b-67fc-4486-9b61-7f468aa674eb" data-slot="BOT" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal " adonis-marker> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { headertag.display('div-gpt-ad-d7a3418b-67fc-4486-9b61-7f468aa674eb'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs"> <div class="subhead">Similar Topics</div> <ul class="dots gutter-bottom"> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/art-history">art history</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Anatolian-art">Anatolian art and architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/graphic-design">graphic design</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/academy-of-art">academy of art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/objectivism-art">objectivism</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Native-American-art">Native American art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/dance">dance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/painting">painting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/folk-art">folk art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/plagiarism">plagiarism</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">The types of architecture are established not by architects but by society, according to the needs of its different institutions. Society sets the goals and assigns to the architect the job of finding the means of achieving them. This section of the article is concerned with architectural typology, with the role of society in determining the kinds of architecture, and with planning—the role of the architect in adapting designs to particular uses and to the general physical needs of human beings.</p><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="2" id="toc31796"><h2 class="h3">Architectural types</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Architecture is created only to fulfill the specifications of an individual or group. Economic law prevents architects from emulating their fellow artists in producing works for which the demand is nonexistent or only potential. So the types of architecture depend upon social formations and may be classified according to the role of the patron in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/community" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="community">community</a>. The types that will be discussed here—domestic, religious, governmental, recreational, welfare and educational, and commercial and industrial—represent the simplest classification; a scientific typology of architecture would require a more detailed analysis.</p><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="3" id="toc31797"><h2 class="h4"><a name="ref405491" id="ref405491" class="idxref"></a>Domestic architecture</h2><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">Domestic architecture is produced for the social unit: the individual, family, or clan and their dependents, human and animal. It provides shelter and security for the basic physical functions of life and at times also for commercial, industrial, or agricultural activities that involve the family unit rather than the community. The basic requirements of domestic architecture are simple: a place to sleep, prepare food, eat, and perhaps work; a place that has some light and is protected from the weather. A single room with sturdy walls and roof, a door, a window, and a hearth are the necessities; all else is luxury.</p><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="4" id="toc31798"><h2 class="h5"><a name="ref405492" id="ref405492" class="idxref"></a>“Vernacular” architecture</h2><div class="md-sidebar-news-features md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad-300"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div style="width: 300px; height: 250px" data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-ed8e3ad6-e353-4752-9c4c-dfb6a8b60d5c" data-slot="BOT2" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal " adonis-marker> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { headertag.display('div-gpt-ad-ed8e3ad6-e353-4752-9c4c-dfb6a8b60d5c'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs gutter-bottom"> <div class="subhead"> Britannica Stories</div> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/demystified/how-does-wi-fi-work" class="DEMYSTIFIED grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Demystified / Technology</div> How Does Wi-Fi Work?</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/18/197118-117-7FC3B936.jpg" alt="Binary Computer Code, Binary Code, Internet, Technology, Password, Data"/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/spotlight/world-poetry-day" class="SPOTLIGHT grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Spotlight / Literature & Language</div> World Poetry Day</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/23/181923-117-009BBC41.jpg" alt="A poet in Heian period clothing writing poetry during a festival at Jōnan-gū shrine in Kyōto, Japan."/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/spotlight/happy-halloween" class="SPOTLIGHT grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Spotlight / Society</div> Happy Halloween</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/75/132675-117-215F8D2A.jpg" alt="A scary old jack-o-lantern on black. Halloween pumpkin, trick or treat. Halloween holiday"/> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/demystified/why-do-we-carve-pumpkins-at-halloween" class="DEMYSTIFIED grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div> <div class="md-story-title">Demystified / Society</div> Why Do We Carve Pumpkins at Halloween?</div> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/51/192151-117-A89DF653.jpg" alt="halloween, jack o lantern, pumpkin, gord "/> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="text-right"> </div> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">In much of the world today, even where institutions have been in a continuous process of change, dwelling types of ancient or prehistoric origin are in use. In the industrialized <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/616563/United-States">United States</span></a>, for instance, barns are being built according to a design employed in <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/195686/Europe">Europe</span></a> in the 1st millennium <span class="bps-small-text">bc</span>. The forces that produce a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynamic" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="dynamic">dynamic</a> evolution of architectural style in communal building are usually inactive in the home and farm. The life of the average person may be unaltered by the most fundamental changes in his institutions. He can be successively a slave, the subject of a monarchy, and a voting citizen, without having the means or the desire to change his customs, techniques, or surroundings. Economic pressure is the major factor that causes the average individual to restrict his demands to a level far below that which the <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/technology"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/585418/technology">technology</span></a> of his time is capable of maintaining. Frequently he builds new structures with old techniques because experiment and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innovation" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="innovation">innovation</a> are more costly than repetition. But in wealthy <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cultures" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="cultures">cultures</a> economy permits and customs encourage architecture to provide conveniences such as sanitation, <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/technology/lighting"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/340734/lighting">lighting</span></a>, and heating, as well as separate areas for distinct functions, and these may come to be regarded as necessities. The same causes tend to replace the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conservatism" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="conservatism">conservatism</a> of the home with the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aspirations" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="aspirations">aspirations</a> of institutional architecture and to emphasize the expressive as well as the utilitarian function.</p></section><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="4" id="toc31799"><h2 class="h5"><a name="ref743627" id="ref743627" class="idxref"></a>“Power” architecture</h2><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/languages-of-the-world" class="test-your-knowledge md-content-module-left grid-md-shrink visible-lg visible-md"> <div class="subhead">Test Your Knowledge</div> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/69/72169-118-44A47557.jpg" alt="The modern Greek alphabet, with English sound equivalents." data-height="120"/> <div class="title">Languages of the World</div> </div> </a><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">As wealth and expressive functions increase, a special type of domestic building can be distinguished that may be called power architecture. In almost every civilization the pattern of society gives to a few of its members the power to utilize the resources of the community in the construction of their homes, palaces, villas, gardens, and places of recreation. These few, whose advantages usually arise from economic, religious, or class distinctions, are able to enjoy an <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infinite" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="infinite">infinite</a> variety of domestic activities connected with the mores of their position. These can include even communal functions: the <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/technology/palace"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/438972/palace">palace</span></a> of the Flavian <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/186034/emperor">emperors</span></a> in ancient <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rome"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/508807/Rome">Rome</span></a> incorporated the activities of the state and the judicial system; the <a name="ref405493" id="ref405493" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palace-of-Versailles"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/626457/Palace-of-Versailles">palace of Versailles</span></a>, a whole city in itself, provided the necessities and luxuries of life for several thousand persons of all classes and was the centre of government for the empire of <a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIV-king-of-France"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/348968/Louis-XIV">Louis XIV</span></a>. Power architecture may have a complex expressive function, too, since the symbolizing of power by elegance or display is a responsibility or a necessity (and often a fault) of the powerful. Since this function usually is sought not so much to delight the patron as to demonstrate his social position to others, power architecture becomes communal as well as domestic. In <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracies" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="democracies">democracies</a> such as <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/244231/ancient-Greek-civilization">ancient Greece</span></a> and in the modern Western world, this show of power may have been more reserved, but it is still distinguishable.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure><span data-id="113452" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link middle-xs center-xs"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/00/117600-004-139973FC.jpg" alt="Palace of Versailles, France." data-width="550" data-height="302"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></span><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Palace of Versailles, France.</div><div class="credit"><em>Eric Pouhier</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li><li><figure><span data-id="427" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link middle-xs center-xs"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/06/5806-004-80AEFC3C.jpg" alt="Palace of Versailles, France, built chiefly by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart during the last half of the 17th century." data-width="392" data-height="300"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></span><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Palace of Versailles, France, built chiefly by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart during the …</div><div class="credit"><em>Aerofilms, Ltd., London</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div></section><section class="gutter-bottom" data-level="4" id="toc31800"><h2 class="h5"><a name="ref743628" id="ref743628" class="idxref"></a>Group housing</h2><div class="quiz-list-module md-content-module-right grid-xs-ad-300"> <div class="md-ad gutter-bottom"> <div style="width: 300px; height: 250px" data-refresh="true" id="div-gpt-ad-d2c5a2ec-c38b-4623-99c8-595af0c36082" data-slot="BOT3" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal " adonis-marker> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { headertag.display('div-gpt-ad-d2c5a2ec-c38b-4623-99c8-595af0c36082'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs gutter-bottom"> <div class="subhead">Britannica Lists & Quizzes</div> <ul> <li> <a class="grid no-gutter quiz" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/australian-government-and-political-system"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/73/195673-131-18CA6946.jpg" alt="High detailed Australia physical map with labeling." data-height="120"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">Society Quiz</div> Australian Government and Political System</div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid no-gutter list" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/list/longhair-cat-breeds"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/35/197235-131-4ED20709.jpg" alt="Beautiful adult three colored calico longhair cat" data-height="120"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">Animals List</div> Longhair Cat Breeds</div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid no-gutter quiz" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/types-of-chemical-reactions"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/51/196751-131-CED1DE53.jpg" alt="Double exposure of science laboratory test tubes with bokeh and chemical reaction" data-height="120"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">Science Quiz</div> Types of Chemical Reactions</div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="grid no-gutter list" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/list/7-famous-child-prodigies"> <div class="image-wrapper grid-xs-33 middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/38/154338-131-518608F9.jpg" alt="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote some of the most famous pieces of classical music." data-height="120"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <div class="description"> <div class="category">History List</div> 7 Famous Child Prodigies</div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><p class="md-content-block gutter-bottom">A third type of domestic architecture accommodates the group rather than the unit and is therefore public as well as private. It is familiar through the widespread development of mass housing in the modern world, in which individuals or families find living space either in multiple dwellings or in single units produced in quantity. Group housing is produced by many kinds of cultures: by communal states to equalize <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/standard-of-living"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/344816/standard-of-living">living standards</span></a>, by tyrants to assure a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/docile" class="md-dictionary-link" data-term="docile">docile</a> <a class="md-crosslink autoxref" href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/labor-in-economics"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/326796/labour">labour force</span></a>, and by feudal or caste systems to bring together members of a class. The <a name="ref405494" id="ref405494" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/technology/apartment-house"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/29370/apartment-house">apartment house</span></a> was developed independently by the imperial Romans of antiquity to suit urban conditions and by the American Indians to suit agricultural conditions. Group architecture may be power architecture as well, particularly when land values are too high to permit even the wealthy to build privately, as in the 17th-century <a name="ref405495" id="ref405495" class="idxref"></a><a class="md-crosslink " href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Place-des-Vosges"><span property="about" href="https://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/632975/Place-des-Vosges">Place des Vosges</span></a> in Paris, where aristocratic mansions were designed uniformly around a square, or in the 18th-century flats in English towns and spas. Although most domestic architecture of the 20th century employed the style and techniques of the past, the exceptions are more numerous and more important for the development of architecture than ever before. This is because the distribution of wealth and power is widespread in parts of the world where architecture is vital and because the modern state has assumed responsibility for much high-quality housing.</p><div class="other-media gutter-bottom"><ul><li><figure><span data-id="116976" data-type="image" class="media-overlay-link middle-xs center-xs"><div class="image-wrapper"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/17/123417-004-AB14A372.jpg" alt="Place des Vosges, Paris." data-width="550" data-height="371"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></div></span><figcaption class="text-center"><div class="description"><div class="description-text">Place des Vosges, Paris.</div><div class="credit"><em>Gryffindor</em></div></div></figcaption></figure></li></ul></div></section></section></section></section><div class="md-pagination"> <div class="grid no-gutter middle-xs"> <div class="pagination-control grid-xs" 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early 1960s, including architectural highlights and advances in infrastructure." data-height="240"/> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="play_circle_outline"></em> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture?oasmId=150137" class="media-overlay-link" data-id="150137"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643im_/https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/89/140389-049-A1AB4EBB.jpg" alt="An overview of Renaissance architecture." data-height="240"/> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="play_circle_outline"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="md-more-about"> <h2>More about <span>architecture</span></h2> <div class="gisted-more-about md-content-block"> <div class="md-more-about-subtitle">72 References found in Britannica Articles</div><div class="index-entry-main"><strong>Assorted References</strong></div><ul class="dots"><li>aesthetic considerations (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/The-work-of-art#ref306444">aesthetics: The ontology of art</a>) (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics/Taste-criticism-and-judgment#ref306475">aesthetics: Medieval aesthetics</a>) </li><li>conservation and restoration (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/art-conservation-and-restoration#ref584589">art conservation and restoration: Architecture</a>) </li><li>African (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/African-architecture#ref519916">African architecture</a>) </li><li>Central Asian (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314190">Central Asian arts: Parthia</a>) (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314305">Central Asian arts: Decorative architectural motifs</a>) </li><li>Egyptian (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>) </li><li>folk communities (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/art/folk-art#ref501041">folk art: Architecture</a>) </li><li>Mesoamerican civilizations (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations#ref583392">pre-Columbian civilizations: The earliest Maya civilization of the lowlands</a>) (<em>in </em><a href="/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations#ref664101">pre-Columbian civilizations: Chichén Itzá</a>) </li></ul><div class="more-index text-center gutter-bottom"><button class="md-button more-about-more">View More</button></div></div> <div class="full-more-about md-content-block template-ajax-loaded-content"></div> </div> <div class="md-info-accordion" data-layout="column"> <h2 id="Additional-Reading" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/32876/article-bibliography">Additional Reading</h2> <div class="md-accordion md-content-block template-ajax-loaded-content BIBLIOGRAPHY"></div> <h2 id="External-Links" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/32876/article-websites">External Links</h2> <div class="md-accordion md-content-block template-ajax-loaded-content WEBSITES"><div class="gutter-bottom"> <ul class="md-external-websites"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1511&HistoryID=ab27&gtrack=pthc" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">History World - History of Architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/http://www.oldandsold.com/articles22/architecture-14.shtml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Old and Sold - Greek Architecture - The Hellenic Period</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3 class="md-topic-subpage-title">Britannica Web sites</h3> <p class="bps-topic-student-sites">Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.</p><dl class="bps-topic-web-sites bps-lk-student"><dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/http://kids.britannica.com/ebk/article-9352776/architecture" target="_blank">architecture - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)</a></dt><dd><p>The science and art of designing buildings is known as architecture. People who practice architecture are called architects. Architects express an artistic vision through the size, shape, color, materials, and style of a building’s elements. But unlike painters or sculptors, who can create a work of art for its own sake, architects must design a building for a specific purpose. The architect can produce a work of art, but it must also be functional.</p></dd><dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/http://kids.britannica.com/ebi/article-9272939/architecture" target="_blank">architecture - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)</a></dt><dd><p>By the simplest definition, architecture is the design of buildings, executed by architects. However, it is more. It is the expression of thought in building. It is not simply construction, the piling of stones or the spanning of spaces with steel girders. It is the intelligent creation of forms and spaces that in themselves express an idea.</p></dd></dl></div> <h2 id="Article-Contributors" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/32876/article-contributors">Article Contributors</h2> <div class="md-accordion md-content-block template-ajax-loaded-content CONTRIBUTORS"></div> <h2 id="Article-History" class="md-accordion-title no-ad" data-url="/ajax/topic/32876/article-history">Article History</h2> <div class="md-accordion md-content-block template-ajax-loaded-content HISTORY"></div> </div> <div class="footer-feedback-link md-link"> <div class="md-feedback-cta grid no-gutter"> <div class="feedback grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <div class="title"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="chat"></em> Feedback </div> </div> <div class="description grid-xs"> <span>Corrections? Updates? 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