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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>High altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very_high_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very_high_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Very high altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Very_high_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Extreme altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-acclimatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-acclimatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pre-acclimatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-acclimatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altitude_acclimatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude_acclimatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Altitude acclimatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude_acclimatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over-the-counter_herbal_supplements_and_traditional_medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-the-counter_herbal_supplements_and_traditional_medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Over-the-counter herbal supplements and traditional medicines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-the-counter_herbal_supplements_and_traditional_medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Oxygen enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Altitude sickness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="داء المرتفعات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء المرتفعات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-san-ch%C3%A8ng" title="Ko-san-chèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-san-chèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вышынная хвароба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вышынная хвароба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Височинна болест – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Височинна болест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_d%27altura" title="Mal d'altura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mal d'altura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akutn%C3%AD_horsk%C3%A1_nemoc" title="Akutní horská nemoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akutní horská nemoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jdesyge" title="Højdesyge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højdesyge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6henkrankheit" title="Höhenkrankheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhenkrankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gihaigus" title="Mägihaigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägihaigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_de_monta%C3%B1a" title="Mal de montaña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mal de montaña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altomalsano" title="Altomalsano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altomalsano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garaiera_gaitz" title="Garaiera gaitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garaiera gaitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ارتفاع‌زدگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتفاع‌زدگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_aigu_des_montagnes" title="Mal aigu des montagnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mal aigu des montagnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_airde" title="Galar airde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar airde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%82%B0%EB%B3%91" title="고산병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고산병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեռնային հիվանդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեռնային հիվանդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_di_montagna" title="Mal di montagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mal di montagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מחלת גבהים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלת גבהים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Түтөк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түтөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnu_slim%C4%ABba" title="Kalnu slimība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalnu slimība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuk_gunung" title="Mabuk gunung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mabuk gunung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogteziekte" title="Hoogteziekte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogteziekte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E7%97%85" title="高山病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高山病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80" title="ଉଚ୍ଚତା ବେମାରୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଚ୍ଚତା ବେମାରୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balandlik_kasalligi" title="Balandlik kasalligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Balandlik kasalligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_wysoko%C5%9Bciowa" title="Choroba wysokościowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba wysokościowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_da_montanha" title="Mal da montanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mal da montanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruqch%27i" title="Suruqch'i – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suruqch'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Высотная болезнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высотная болезнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Altitude sickness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Висинска болест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Висинска болест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Altitude sickness</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">High-altitude sickness,<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> altitude illness,<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hypobaropathy, altitude bends, soroche</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sign displays "Caution! You are at 17586 ft (5360 m)"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg/220px-Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg/330px-Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Altitude_Sickness_Warning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Altitude sickness warning – <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">feeling tired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">trouble sleeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE),<br /><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Within 24 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Acute mountain sickness, <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">high-altitude pulmonary edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">chronic mountain sickness</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Low <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas#Partial_pressure_of_oxygen" title="Breathing gas">amounts of oxygen</a> at <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high elevation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prior episode, high degree of activity, rapid increase in elevation<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Exhaustion</a>, viral infection, <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Gradual ascent<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Descent to lower altitude, sufficient fluids<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">20% at 2,500 metres (8,000 ft)<br />40% at 3,000 metres (10,000 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Altitude sickness</b>, the mildest form being <b>acute mountain sickness</b> (<b>AMS</b>), is a harmful <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">effect of high altitude</a>, caused by rapid exposure to low <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas#Partial_pressure_of_oxygen" title="Breathing gas">amounts of oxygen</a> at <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high elevation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People's bodies can respond to high altitude in different ways. Symptoms of altitude sickness may include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, vomiting, tiredness, confusion, trouble sleeping, and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute mountain sickness can progress to <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">high-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE) with associated <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a> or <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE) with associated confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a> may occur after long-term exposure to high altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altitude sickness typically occurs only above 2,500 metres (8,000 ft), though some people are affected at lower altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sim2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include a prior episode of altitude sickness, a high degree of activity, and a rapid increase in elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being physically fit does not decrease the risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is based on symptoms and is supported for those who have more than a minor reduction in activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended that at high altitude any symptoms of headache, nausea, shortness of breath, or vomiting be assumed to be altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sickness is prevented by gradually increasing elevation by no more than 300 metres (1,000 ft) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, descent and sufficient fluid intake can treat symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mild cases may be helped by <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe cases may benefit from <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Portable_hyperbaric_bag" title="Portable hyperbaric bag">portable hyperbaric bag</a> may be used if descent is not possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only definite and reliable treatment for severe AMS, HACE, and HAPE is to descend immediately until symptoms resolve. Other treatment efforts have not been well studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMS occurs in about 20% of people after rapidly going to 2,500 metres (8,000 ft) and in 40% of people after going to 3,000 metres (10,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2018Pro_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2018Pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While AMS and HACE occurs equally frequently in males and females, HAPE occurs more often in males.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest description of altitude sickness is attributed to a Chinese text from around 30 BCE that describes "Big Headache Mountains", possibly referring to the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram Mountains">Karakoram Mountains</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kilik_Pass" title="Kilik Pass">Kilik Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face,_before_and_after;_Annapurna_Base_Camp,_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG/290px-Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG/435px-Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG/580px-Peripheral_edema_of_a_woman%27s_face%2C_before_and_after%3B_Annapurna_Base_Camp%2C_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Left: A woman at normal altitude. Right: The same woman with a swollen face while trekking at high altitude (<a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> Base Camp, Nepal; 4,130 m (13,550 ft)).</figcaption></figure> <p>People have different susceptibilities to altitude sickness; for some otherwise healthy people, acute altitude sickness can begin to appear at around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, such as at many mountain ski resorts, equivalent to a pressure of 80 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kilopascals</a> (0.79 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the most frequent type of altitude sickness encountered. Symptoms often manifest within ten hours of ascent and generally subside within two days, though they occasionally develop into the more serious conditions. Symptoms include headache, confusion, fatigue, stomach illness, dizziness, and sleep disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exertion may aggravate the symptoms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Those individuals with the lowest initial <a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">partial pressure of end-tidal pCO<sub>2</sub></a> (the lowest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> at the end of the respiratory cycle, a measure of a higher alveolar ventilation) and corresponding high oxygen saturation levels tend to have a lower incidence of acute mountain sickness than those with high end-tidal pCO<sub>2</sub> and low oxygen saturation levels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_symptoms">Primary symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headaches</a> are the primary symptom used to diagnose altitude sickness, although a headache is also a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) – a pressure of 76 kilopascals (0.75 atm) – combined with any one or more of the following symptoms, may indicate altitude sickness: </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;"> <th>Disordered system </th> <th>Symptoms </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Gastrointestinal </td> <td>Loss of appetite, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_flatus_expulsion" title="High-altitude flatus expulsion">excessive flatulation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Nervous </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a> or weakness, headache with or without <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraesthesia">"pins and needles" sensation</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Locomotory </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">Peripheral edema</a> (swelling of hands, feet, and face) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Respiratory </td> <td>Nose bleeding, shortness of breath upon exertion </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Cardiovascular </td> <td>Persistent rapid pulse </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Other </td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severe_symptoms">Severe symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Severe symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms that may indicate life-threatening altitude sickness include: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a> (fluid in the lungs)</dt> <dd>Symptoms similar to <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a></dd> <dd>Persistent dry cough</dd> <dd>Fever</dd> <dd>Shortness of breath even when resting</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a> (swelling of the brain)</dt> <dd>Headache that does not respond to analgesics</dd> <dd>Unsteady gait</dd> <dd>Gradual loss of consciousness</dd> <dd>Increased nausea and vomiting</dd> <dd>Retinal hemorrhage</dd></dl> <p>The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> (fluid accumulation in the tissues of the body). At very high altitude, humans can get either <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">high-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE), or <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE). The physiological cause of altitude-induced edema is not conclusively established. It is currently believed, however, that HACE is caused by local vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels in response to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, resulting in greater blood flow and, consequently, greater capillary pressures. On the other hand, HAPE may be due to general vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation (normally a response to regional ventilation-perfusion mismatches) which, with constant or increased cardiac output, also leads to increases in capillary pressures. For those with HACE, <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order to keep descending under their own power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>HAPE can progress rapidly and is often fatal. Symptoms include fatigue, severe <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> at rest, and cough that is initially dry but may progress to produce pink, frothy <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>. Descent to lower altitudes alleviates the symptoms of HAPE. </p><p>HACE is a life-threatening condition that can lead to coma or death. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, visual impairment, bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, loss of coordination, paralysis on one side of the body, and confusion. Descent to lower altitudes may save those affected by HACE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breathing#Breathing_at_altitude" title="Breathing">Breathing § Breathing at altitude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">Effects of high altitude on humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/250px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/330px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/500px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Climbers on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> often experience altitude sickness.</figcaption></figure> <p>Altitude sickness can first occur at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), with the effects becoming severe at extreme altitudes (greater than 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)). Only brief trips above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) are possible and supplemental oxygen is needed to avert sickness. </p><p>As altitude increases, the available amount of oxygen to sustain mental and physical alertness decreases with the overall air pressure, though the relative percentage of oxygen in air, at about 21%, remains practically unchanged up to 21,000 metres (69,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Root mean square speed">RMS velocities</a> of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen are very similar and thus no change occurs in the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen until stratospheric heights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> due to the higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes may contribute to the symptoms of altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of ascent, altitude attained, amount of physical activity at high altitude, as well as individual susceptibility, are contributing factors to the onset and severity of high-altitude illness. </p><p>Altitude sickness usually occurs following a rapid ascent and can usually be prevented by ascending slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of these cases, the symptoms are temporary and usually abate as altitude acclimatization occurs. However, in extreme cases, altitude sickness can be fatal. </p><p>High altitude illness can be classified according to the altitude: high (1,500–3,500 metres (4,900–11,500 ft)), very high (3,500–5,500 metres (11,500–18,000 ft)) and extreme (above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_altitude">High altitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At high altitude, 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft), the onset of physiological effects of diminished inspiratory oxygen pressure (PiO<sub>2</sub>) includes decreased exercise performance and increased ventilation (lower arterial <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure_of_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial pressure of carbon dioxide">partial pressure of carbon dioxide</a>: PCO<sub>2</sub>). While arterial oxygen transport may be only slightly impaired the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">arterial oxygen saturation</a> (SaO<sub>2</sub>) generally stays above 90%. Altitude sickness is common between 2,400 and 4,000 metres (7,900 and 13,100 ft) because of the large number of people who ascend rapidly to these altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Very_high_altitude">Very high altitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Very high altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At very high altitude, 3,500 to 5,500 metres (11,500 to 18,000 ft), maximum SaO<sub>2</sub> falls below 90% as the arterial PO<sub>2</sub> falls below 60mmHg. Extreme <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a> may occur during exercise, during sleep, and in the presence of high altitude pulmonary edema or other acute lung conditions. Severe altitude illness occurs most commonly in this range.<sup id="cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_altitude">Extreme altitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extreme altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), marked hypoxemia, <a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">hypocapnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">alkalosis</a> are characteristic of extreme altitudes. Progressive deterioration of physiologic function eventually outstrips acclimatization. As a result, <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_settlements" title="List of highest settlements">no permanent human habitation occurs above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)</a>. A period of acclimatization is necessary when ascending to extreme altitude; abrupt ascent without supplemental oxygen for other than brief exposures invites severe altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Breathing#Air_pressure" title="Breathing">physiology of altitude sickness</a> centres around the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a>; the atmospheric pressure is low, but there is still 20.9% oxygen. Water vapour still occupies the same pressure too—this means that there is less oxygen pressure available in the lungs and blood. Compare these two equations comparing the amount of oxygen in blood at altitude:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>At Sea Level </th> <th>At 8400 m (The Balcony of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a>) </th> <th>Formula </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">Pressure of oxygen in the alveolus</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 21\%\times (101.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {5.3{\text{ kPa}}}{0.8}}\right)=13.3{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>21</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>101.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>5.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>0.8</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>13.3</mn> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 21\%\times (101.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {5.3{\text{ kPa}}}{0.8}}\right)=13.3{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab5dbad50823499ab3b293d6b63c31f1ae2d180e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:56.299ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 21\%\times (101.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {5.3{\text{ kPa}}}{0.8}}\right)=13.3{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}" /></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 21\%\times (36.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {1.8{\text{ kPa}}}{0.74}}\right)=3.9{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>21</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>36.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.8</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>0.74</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.9</mn> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 21\%\times (36.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {1.8{\text{ kPa}}}{0.74}}\right)=3.9{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd53d46ab96c2504370506dcb0e77ad05c6b0915" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:53.974ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 21\%\times (36.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {1.8{\text{ kPa}}}{0.74}}\right)=3.9{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}}" /></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle F_{I}{\text{O}}_{2}\times (P_{\text{B}}-P_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})-\left({\frac {P_{{\text{CO}}_{2}}}{\text{RQ}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>RQ</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle F_{I}{\text{O}}_{2}\times (P_{\text{B}}-P_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})-\left({\frac {P_{{\text{CO}}_{2}}}{\text{RQ}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64acb971e48804ff8dc33813fdd9b20eaa836a44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.982ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle F_{I}{\text{O}}_{2}\times (P_{\text{B}}-P_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})-\left({\frac {P_{{\text{CO}}_{2}}}{\text{RQ}}}\right)}" /></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen Carriage in the blood </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \left(0.98\times 1.34\times 14{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 12{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {17.3{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>0.98</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1.34</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>g</mtext> <mtext>dL</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.023</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>17.3</mn> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mL O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mL blood</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \left(0.98\times 1.34\times 14{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 12{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {17.3{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cae07d6fda48e4adb2c173c577b3aa1e0a0b6872" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:55.379ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \left(0.98\times 1.34\times 14{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 12{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {17.3{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}" /></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \left(0.54\times 1.34\times 19.3{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 3.3{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {14.0{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>0.54</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1.34</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>19.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>g</mtext> <mtext>dL</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.023</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>3.3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>14.0</mn> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mL O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> mL blood</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \left(0.54\times 1.34\times 19.3{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 3.3{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {14.0{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b62d8a684f2643f85ecd0940ad9cf897b75376d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:57.835ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \left(0.54\times 1.34\times 19.3{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 3.3{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {14.0{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}}" /></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle ({\text{Sa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\times 1.34{\tfrac {\text{mL}}{\text{g Hb}}}\times {\text{Hb}})+({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{ carriage in blood}}\times {\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Sa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1.34</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mtext>mL</mtext> <mtext>g Hb</mtext> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Hb</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> carriage in blood</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Pa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle ({\text{Sa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\times 1.34{\tfrac {\text{mL}}{\text{g Hb}}}\times {\text{Hb}})+({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{ carriage in blood}}\times {\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b55ae853a4c8bba11a73f6f7fa1493c12d3423c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:56.543ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle ({\text{Sa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\times 1.34{\tfrac {\text{mL}}{\text{g Hb}}}\times {\text{Hb}})+({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{ carriage in blood}}\times {\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}})}" /></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The hypoxia leads to an increase in minute ventilation (hence both low <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, and subsequently bicarbonate), Hb increases through haemoconcentration and erythrogenesis. Alkalosis shifts the haemoglobin dissociation constant to the left, 2,3-BPG increases to counter this. Cardiac output increases through an increase in heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body's response to high altitude includes the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>↑ Erythropoietin → ↑ hematocrit and haemoglobin</li> <li>↑ <a href="/wiki/2,3-BPG" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3-BPG">2,3-BPG</a> (allows ↑ release of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> and a right shift on the Hb-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> disassociation curve)</li> <li>↑ kidney excretion of bicarbonate (use of acetazolamide can augment for treatment)</li> <li>Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (can cause right ventricular hypertrophy)</li></ul> <p>People with high-altitude sickness generally have reduced hyperventilator response, impaired gas exchange, fluid retention or increased sympathetic drive. There is thought to be an increase in cerebral venous volume because of an increase in cerebral blood flow and hypocapnic cerebral vasoconstriction causing oedema.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altitude sickness is typically self-diagnosed since symptoms are consistent: nausea, vomiting, headache, and can generally be deduced from a rapid change in altitude or oxygen levels. However, some symptoms may be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>. Some severe cases may require professional diagnosis which can be assisted with multiple different methods such as using an <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> or <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a> scan to check for abnormal buildup of fluids in the lung or brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ascending slowly is the best way to avoid altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avoiding strenuous activity such as skiing, hiking, etc. in the first 24 hours at high altitude may reduce the symptoms of AMS. Alcohol and sleeping pills are respiratory depressants, and thus slow down the acclimatization process and should be avoided. Alcohol also tends to cause dehydration and exacerbates AMS. Thus, avoiding alcohol consumption in the first 24–48 hours at a higher altitude is optimal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-acclimatization">Pre-acclimatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-acclimatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-acclimatization is when the body develops tolerance to low oxygen concentrations before ascending to an altitude. It significantly reduces risk because less time has to be spent at altitude to acclimatize in the traditional way. Additionally, because less time has to be spent on the mountain, less food and supplies have to be taken up. Several commercial systems exist that use <a href="/wiki/Altitude_tent" title="Altitude tent">altitude tents</a>, so called because they mimic altitude by reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air while keeping air pressure constant to the surroundings. Examples of pre-acclimation measures include remote <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_preconditioning" title="Ischemic preconditioning">ischaemic preconditioning</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Hypobaric_chamber" title="Hypobaric chamber">hypobaric</a> air breathing in order to simulate altitude, and <a href="/wiki/Positive_end-expiratory_pressure" title="Positive end-expiratory pressure">positive end-expiratory pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altitude_acclimatization">Altitude acclimatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Altitude acclimatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altitude acclimatization is the process of adjusting to decreasing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels at higher elevations, in order to avoid altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Acclimatization_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acclimatization-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once above approximately 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) – a pressure of 70 kilopascals (0.69 atm) – most climbers and high-altitude trekkers take the "climb-high, sleep-low" approach. For high-altitude climbers, a typical acclimatization regimen might be to stay a few days at a <a href="/wiki/Base_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Base camp">base camp</a>, climb up to a higher camp (slowly), and then return to base camp. A subsequent climb to the higher camp then includes an overnight stay. This process is then repeated a few times, each time extending the time spent at higher altitudes to let the body adjust to the oxygen level there, a process that involves the production of additional <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis#Blood_oxygen_content" title="Homeostasis">red blood cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the climber has acclimatized to a given altitude, the process is repeated with camps placed at progressively higher elevations. The rule of thumb is to ascend no more than 300 m (1,000 ft) per day to sleep. That is, one can climb from 3,000 m (9,800 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm) to 4,500 m (15,000 ft) (58 kPa or 0.57 atm) in one day, but one should then descend back to 3,300 m (10,800 ft) (67.5 kPa or 0.666 atm) to sleep. This process cannot safely be rushed, and this is why climbers need to spend days (or even weeks at times) acclimatizing before attempting to climb a high peak. Simulated altitude equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Altitude_tent" title="Altitude tent">altitude tents</a> provide hypoxic (reduced oxygen) air, and are designed to allow partial pre-acclimation to high altitude, reducing the total time required on the mountain itself. </p><p>Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some people who move rapidly from lower altitudes to higher altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drug <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a> (trade name Diamox) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The <a href="/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Everest Base Camp">Everest Base Camp</a> Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-BaseCampMD_prophylaxis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaseCampMD_prophylaxis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending;<sup id="cite_ref-BaseCampMD_prophylaxis_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaseCampMD_prophylaxis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Yellow_Book_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Yellow_Book-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acetazolamide, a mild diuretic, works by stimulating the kidneys to secrete more bicarbonate in the urine, thereby acidifying the blood. This change in pH stimulates the respiratory center to increase the depth and frequency of respiration, thus speeding the natural acclimatization process. An undesirable side-effect of acetazolamide is a reduction in aerobic endurance performance. Other minor side effects include a tingle-sensation in hands and feet. Although a <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide" title="Sulfonamide">sulfonamide</a>, acetazolamide is a non-antibiotic and has not been shown to cause life-threatening allergic cross-reactivity in those with a self-reported sulfonamide allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dosage of 1000 mg/day will produce a 25% decrease in performance, on top of the reduction due to high-altitude exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC advises that <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a> be reserved for treatment of severe AMS and HACE during descents, and notes that <a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a> may prevent HAPE.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Yellow_Book_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Yellow_Book-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a> and if it may help prevent altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their popularity, <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19273551_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19273551-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> has been limited by the possibility that these drugs might worsen the headache of mountain sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17408118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17408118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A promising possible preventive for altitude sickness is <a href="/wiki/Myo-inositol_trispyrophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate">myo-inositol trispyrophosphate</a> (ITPP), which increases the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin. </p><p>Prior to the onset of altitude sickness, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> is a suggested non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller that can help alleviate both the headache and nausea associated with AMS. It has not been studied for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a> (swelling of the brain) associated with extreme symptoms of AMS.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-the-counter_herbal_supplements_and_traditional_medicines">Over-the-counter herbal supplements and traditional medicines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Over-the-counter herbal supplements and traditional medicines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbal supplements and traditional medicines are sometimes suggested to prevent high altitude sickness including <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">ginkgo biloba</a>, <i>R crenulata</i>, minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a>-based supplements such as <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical evidence to support the effectiveness and safety of these approaches is often contradictory or lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aymaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymaras">Aymaras</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, have for centuries chewed <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> leaves to try to alleviate the symptoms of mild altitude sickness. This therapy has not yet been proven effective in a clinical study.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine, an extract of the root tissue of <i><a href="/wiki/Rhodiola_rosea" title="Rhodiola rosea">Radix rhodiola</a></i> is often taken in order to prevent the symptoms of high altitude sickness, however, no clear medical studies have confirmed the effectiveness or safety of this extract.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_enrichment">Oxygen enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oxygen enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In high-altitude conditions, oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) (67 kPa or 0.66 atm), raising the oxygen concentration level by 5% via an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">oxygen concentrator</a> and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm), which is more tolerable for those unaccustomed to high altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7777705_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7777705-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask. Oxygen concentrators based upon <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a> (PSA), VSA, or vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) can be used to generate the oxygen if electricity is available. Stationary oxygen concentrators typically use PSA technology, which has performance degradations at the lower barometric pressures at high altitudes. One way to compensate for the performance degradation is to use a concentrator with more flow capacity. There are also portable oxygen concentrators that can be used on vehicular DC power or on internal batteries, and at least one system commercially available measures and compensates for the altitude effect on its performance up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The application of high-purity oxygen from one of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the <a href="/wiki/FIO2" class="mw-redirect" title="FIO2">FiO<sub>2</sub></a> (fraction of inspired oxygen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increased water intake may also help in acclimatization<sup id="cite_ref-dannen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dannen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin, dry air found at altitude, although consuming excessive quantities ("over-hydration") has no benefits and may cause dangerous <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only definite and reliable treatment for severe AMS, HACE, and HAPE is to descend immediately until symptoms resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMAClinicalGuidel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMAClinicalGuidel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to treat or stabilize the patient <i>in situ</i> (at altitude) are dangerous unless highly controlled and with good medical facilities. However, the following treatments have been used when the patient's location and circumstances permit: </p> <ul><li>Oxygen may be used for mild to moderate AMS below 3,700 metres (12,000 ft) and is commonly provided by physicians at mountain resorts. Symptoms abate in 12 to 36 hours without the need to descend.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>For more serious cases of AMS, or where rapid descent is impractical, a <a href="/wiki/Gamow_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamow bag">Gamow bag</a>, a portable plastic <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric chamber</a> inflated with a foot pump, can be used to reduce the effective altitude by as much as 1,500 m (5,000 ft). A Gamow bag is generally used only as an aid to evacuate severe AMS patients, not to treat them at altitude.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a> 250 mg twice daily dosing assists in AMS treatment by quickening altitude acclimatization.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5916650_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5916650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the Denali Medical Research Project concluded: "In established cases of acute mountain sickness, treatment with acetazolamide relieves symptoms, improves arterial oxygenation, and prevents further impairment of pulmonary gas exchange."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1739236_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1739236-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The folk remedy for altitude sickness in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> is a tea made from the coca plant. See <a href="/wiki/Coca_tea" title="Coca tea">mate de coca</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">Steroids</a> can be used to treat the symptoms of pulmonary or cerebral edema, but do not treat the underlying AMS.</li> <li>Two studies in 2012 showed that ibuprofen 600 milligrams three times daily was effective at decreasing the severity and incidence of AMS; it was not clear if HAPE or HACE was affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipman_2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gertsch_2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertsch_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paracetamol (acetaminophen) has also shown to be as good as ibuprofen for altitude sickness when tested on climbers ascending Everest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract elevation sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> operations in the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up. <a href="/wiki/Chilean_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean law">Chilean law</a> demands for compatibility tests for employees performing work at altitude and prescribes those workers already working at altitude and deemed unfit for such work to be redeployed to lower elevations while retaining the prior salary.<sup id="cite_ref-Productividad_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Productividad-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study found that contrary to Chile both the United States and Peru lacked legislation regarding altitude sickness in mining operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Productividad_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Productividad-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known about the effects of the intermittent exposure to high elevation that is common among workers in Chilean mines high up in the Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-Productividad_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Productividad-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_training" title="Altitude training">Altitude training</a> – Athletic training at high elevations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">Cabin pressurization</a> – Process to maintain internal air pressure in aircraft or spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">Effects of high altitude on humans</a> – Environmental effects on physiology and mental health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> – Activity involving ascending mountains</li> <li>Secondary <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">polycythemia</a> – Laboratory diagnosis of high hemoglobin content in blood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_ventilatory_response" title="Hypoxic ventilatory response">Hypoxic ventilatory response</a> – Biological reaction to increased altitude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> – Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fer2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerri2016" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590"><i>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1</i></a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimancas-RacinesArevalo-RodriguezOsorioFranco2018" class="citation journal cs1">Simancas-Racines D, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Osorio D, Franco JV, Xu Y, Hidalgo R (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513207">"Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>6</b> (12): CD009567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009567.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD009567.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513207">6513207</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29959871">29959871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+treating+acute+high+altitude+illness&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD009567&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513207%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29959871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009567.pub2&rft.aulast=Simancas-Racines&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Arevalo-Rodriguez%2C+I&rft.au=Osorio%2C+D&rft.au=Franco%2C+JV&rft.au=Xu%2C+Y&rft.au=Hidalgo%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinical_Examination_Systematic_Review_2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeierColletLocatelliCornuz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Meier D, Collet TH, Locatelli I, Cornuz J, Kayser B, Simel DL, Sartori C (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_78F586DBF354">"Does This Patient Have Acute Mountain Sickness?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/JAMA" title="JAMA">JAMA</a></i>. <b>318</b> (18): <span class="nowrap">1810–</span>1819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2017.16192">10.1001/jama.2017.16192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29136449">29136449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205087288">205087288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Does+This+Patient+Have+Acute+Mountain+Sickness%3F%3A+The+Rational+Clinical+Examination+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1810-%3C%2Fspan%3E1819&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205087288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29136449&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2017.16192&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Collet%2C+TH&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+I&rft.au=Cornuz%2C+J&rft.au=Kayser%2C+B&rft.au=Simel%2C+DL&rft.au=Sartori%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fserval.unil.ch%2Fnotice%2Fserval%3ABIB_78F586DBF354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2005" class="citation book cs1">Weiss E (2005). "Altitude Illness". <i>A Comprehensive Guide to Wilderness & Travel Medicine</i> (3rd ed.). Adventure Medical Kits. pp. <span class="nowrap">137–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9659768-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9659768-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9659768-1-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Golden Rules of Altitude Illness 1) Above 8,000 feet, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and vomiting should be considered to be altitude illness until proven otherwise. 2) No one with mild symptoms of altitude illness should ascend any higher until symptoms have resolved. 3) Anyone with worsening symptoms or severe symptoms of altitude illness should descend immediately to a lower altitude.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altitude+Illness&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Wilderness+%26+Travel+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Adventure+Medical+Kits&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9659768-1-7&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2013" class="citation book cs1">West JB (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0rhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461475736" title="Special:BookSources/9781461475736"><bdi>9781461475736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Life%3A+A+History+of+High-Altitude+Physiology+and+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781461475736&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0rhBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaillieSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Baillie, K.; Simpson, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201060010/http://www.altitude.org/high_altitude.php">"Acute mountain sickness"</a>. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altitude.org/high_altitude.php">the original</a> on 1 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acute+mountain+sickness&rft.pub=Apex+%28Altitude+Physiology+Expeditions%29&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altitude.org%2Fhigh_altitude.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span> — High altitude information for laypeople</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, A. A. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altitude.org/altitude_sickness.php">"Altitude Sickness"</a>. Apex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Altitude+Sickness&rft.pub=Apex&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=A.+A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altitude.org%2Faltitude_sickness.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglasSchoene2010" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas DJ, Schoene RB (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wem.2010.01.003">"End-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness in the first 24 hours upon ascent to Cusco Peru (3326 meters)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_%26_Environmental_Medicine" title="Wilderness & Environmental Medicine">Wilderness & Environmental Medicine</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wem.2010.01.003">10.1016/j.wem.2010.01.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20591371">20591371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=End-tidal+partial+pressure+of+carbon+dioxide+and+acute+mountain+sickness+in+the+first+24+hours+upon+ascent+to+Cusco+Peru+%283326+meters%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wem.2010.01.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20591371&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Schoene%2C+RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.wem.2010.01.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auerbach_2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2007_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Auer07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Auerbach" title="Paul Auerbach">Auerbach P</a> (2007). <i>Wilderness Medicine</i> (5th ed.). Mosby Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03228-5"><bdi>978-0-323-03228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilderness+Medicine&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-323-03228-5&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFSF_Editorial_Staff1997" class="citation journal cs1">FSF Editorial Staff (May–June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf">"Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Factors_and_Aviation_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Factors and Aviation Medicine (page does not exist)">Human Factors and Aviation Medicine</a></i>. <b>44</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation">Flight Safety Foundation</a>: 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128161251/http://flightsafety.org/hf/hf_may-jun97.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>The relative amount of oxygen in the air (21 percent) does not vary appreciably at altitudes up to 21,350 meters (70,000 feet).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Factors+and+Aviation+Medicine&rft.atitle=Wheel-well+Stowaways+Risk+Lethal+Levels+of+Hypoxia+and+Hypothermia&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1997-05%2F1997-06&rft.au=FSF+Editorial+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflightsafety.org%2Fhf%2Fhf_may-jun97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHackettRoach2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hackett PH, Roach RC (July 2001). "High-altitude illness". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>. <b>345</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM200107123450206">10.1056/NEJM200107123450206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11450659">11450659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=High-altitude+illness&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM200107123450206&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11450659&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=PH&rft.au=Roach%2C+RC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolano_FrancoNieto_EstradaGonzalez_GarayMartí-Carvajal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Molano Franco D, Nieto Estrada VH, Gonzalez Garay AG, Martí-Carvajal AJ, Arevalo-Rodriguez I (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6477878">"Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non-pharmacological interventions"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>4</b> (4): CD013315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013315">10.1002/14651858.CD013315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6477878">6477878</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012483">31012483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+preventing+high+altitude+illness%3A+Part+3.+Miscellaneous+and+non-pharmacological+interventions&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD013315&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6477878%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31012483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013315&rft.aulast=Molano+Franco&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Nieto+Estrada%2C+VH&rft.au=Gonzalez+Garay%2C+AG&rft.au=Mart%C3%AD-Carvajal%2C+AJ&rft.au=Arevalo-Rodriguez%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6477878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownGrocott2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brown JP, Grocott MP (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/1/17/281180/Humans-at-altitude-physiology-and-pathophysiology">"Humans at altitude: physiology and pathophysiology"</a>. <i>Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjaceaccp%2Fmks047">10.1093/bjaceaccp/mks047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-1816">1743-1816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuing+Education+in+Anaesthesia%2C+Critical+Care+%26+Pain&rft.atitle=Humans+at+altitude%3A+physiology+and+pathophysiology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjaceaccp%2Fmks047&rft.issn=1743-1816&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Grocott%2C+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbjaed%2Farticle%2F13%2F1%2F17%2F281180%2FHumans-at-altitude-physiology-and-pathophysiology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/altitude-sickness">"What Is Altitude Sickness?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=What+Is+Altitude+Sickness%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fa-to-z-guides%2Faltitude-sickness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acclimatization-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acclimatization_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuzaFulcoCymerman2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Muza, S.R.; Fulco, C.S.; Cymerman, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423042451/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7616">"Altitude Acclimatization Guide"</a>. <i>U.S. Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report</i> (USARIEM–TN–04–05). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Research+Inst.+Of+Environmental+Medicine+Thermal+and+Mountain+Medicine+Division+Technical+Report&rft.atitle=Altitude+Acclimatization+Guide&rft.issue=USARIEM%E2%80%93TN%E2%80%9304%E2%80%9305&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Muza&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft.au=Fulco%2C+C.S.&rft.au=Cymerman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F7616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tortora-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tortora_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTortoraAnagnostakos1987" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ, Anagnostakos NP (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort"><i>Principles of anatomy and physiology</i></a></span> (Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort/page/444">444</a>–445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-350729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-350729-6"><bdi>978-0-06-350729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=444-445&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-350729-6&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Anagnostakos%2C+NP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofanat05tort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altitudemedicine.org/altitude-illness/">"Altitude Illness"</a>. 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(June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(17)30009-1/fulltext">"Prophylactic Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen Results in Equivalent Acute Mountain Sickness Incidence at High Altitude: A Prospective Randomized Trial"</a>. <i>Wilderness & Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wem.2016.12.011">10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28479001">28479001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Prophylactic+Acetaminophen+or+Ibuprofen+Results+in+Equivalent+Acute+Mountain+Sickness+Incidence+at+High+Altitude%3A+A+Prospective+Randomized+Trial&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wem.2016.12.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28479001&rft.aulast=Kanaan&rft.aufirst=NC&rft.au=Peterson%2C+AL&rft.au=Pun%2C+M&rft.au=Holck%2C+PS&rft.au=Starling%2C+J&rft.au=Basyal%2C+B&rft.au=Freeman%2C+TF&rft.au=Gehner%2C+JR&rft.au=Keyes%2C+L&rft.au=Levin%2C+DR&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+CJ&rft.au=Stuart%2C+KE&rft.au=Thapa%2C+GB&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+A&rft.au=Velgersdyk%2C+JL&rft.au=Zafren%2C+K&rft.au=Basnyat%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wemjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS1080-6032%2817%2930009-1%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000133.htm">"Acute mountain sickness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Acute+mountain+sickness%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000133.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Productividad-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Productividad_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Productividad_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Productividad_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlloa_UrrutiaContreras_BiekertGana_AravenaMiranda_Toledo2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ulloa Urrutia, Alfie; Contreras Biekert, José Luis; Gana Aravena, Joaquín; Miranda Toledo, Rodrigo; Chauveau Gerber, Paul; Villalobos Valenzuela, Fernando; Farías Soto, Javiera (2017). "Aspectos Laborales y Seguridad Minera". <i>Productividad en la Gran Minería del Cobre</i> (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Productividad. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-7725-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-7725-08-3"><bdi>978-956-7725-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspectos+Laborales+y+Seguridad+Minera&rft.btitle=Productividad+en+la+Gran+Miner%C3%ADa+del+Cobre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+de+Productividad&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-956-7725-08-3&rft.aulast=Ulloa+Urrutia&rft.aufirst=Alfie&rft.au=Contreras+Biekert%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.au=Gana+Aravena%2C+Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft.au=Miranda+Toledo%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Chauveau+Gerber%2C+Paul&rft.au=Villalobos+Valenzuela%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Far%C3%ADas+Soto%2C+Javiera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltitude+sickness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624497" class="extiw" title="d:Q624497">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T70.2">T70.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=E902.0">E902.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000532">D000532</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb8375.htm">8375</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000133.htm">000133</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3225-overview">med/3225</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/altitude_sickness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness#Q624497" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711093830/http://medex.org.uk/medex_book/about_book.php">Travel at High Altitude: a free booklet about how to keep healthy at altitude. Available in many languages.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section20/chapter281/281a.htm">Merck Manual entry on altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.high-altitude-medicine.com/AMS-medical.html">Altitude Illness Clinical Guide for Physicians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018063829/http://www.high-altitude-medicine.com/AMS-medical.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medicine">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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multiforme">Urticarial erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effects_of_fluoroquinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones">Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_man_syndrome_(Drug_eruption)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red man syndrome (Drug eruption)">Red man syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarisch%E2%80%93Herxheimer_reaction" title="Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction">Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">Hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_acne" title="Steroid acne">Steroid acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_folliculitis" title="Steroid folliculitis">Steroid folliculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_acral_erythema" title="Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema">Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_hyperpigmentation" title="Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation">Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma-like_reaction_to_taxanes" title="Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes">Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyurea_dermopathy" title="Hydroxyurea dermopathy">Hydroxyurea dermopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exudative_hyponychial_dermatitis" title="Exudative hyponychial dermatitis">Exudative hyponychial dermatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulants">Anticoagulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant-induced_skin_necrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis">Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin_necrosis" title="Warfarin necrosis">Warfarin necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_reaction" title="Vitamin K reaction">Vitamin K reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texier%27s_disease" title="Texier's disease">Texier's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immunologics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_reaction_to_biologic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse reaction to biologic agents">Adverse reaction to biologic agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_receptor_antagonist-associated_Churg%E2%80%93Strauss_syndrome" title="Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated Churg–Strauss syndrome">Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated Churg–Strauss syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate-induced_papular_eruption" title="Methotrexate-induced papular eruption">Methotrexate-induced papular eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_reaction_to_cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse reaction to cytokines">Adverse reaction to cytokines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant_hypersensitivity_syndrome" title="Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome">Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopurinol_hypersensitivity_syndrome" title="Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome">Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine adverse event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_vaccinatum" title="Eczema vaccinatum">Eczema vaccinatum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoderma" title="Bromoderma">Bromoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogenoderma" title="Halogenoderma">Halogenoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iododerma" title="Iododerma">Iododerma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skin and body membranes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis" title="Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis">Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_bullous_fixed_drug_eruption" title="Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption">Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acne_medicamentosa" title="Acne medicamentosa">Drug-induced acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_angioedema" title="Drug-induced angioedema">Drug-induced angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_gingival_hyperplasia" title="Drug-related gingival hyperplasia">Drug-related gingival hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_lichenoid_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-induced lichenoid reaction">Drug-induced lichenoid reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_lupus_erythematosus" title="Drug-induced lupus erythematosus">Drug-induced lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_nail_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-induced nail changes">Drug-induced nail changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_pigmentation" title="Drug-induced pigmentation">Drug-induced pigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_urticaria" title="Drug-induced urticaria">Drug-induced urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_site_reaction" title="Injection site reaction">Injection site reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_IgA_bullous_dermatosis" title="Linear IgA bullous dermatosis">Linear IgA bullous dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">Toxic epidermal necrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease-related_drug_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV disease-related drug reaction">HIV disease-related drug reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_drug_reaction" title="Photosensitive drug reaction">Photosensitive drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_reaction" title="Fixed drug reaction">Fixed drug reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness-like_reaction" title="Serum sickness-like reaction">Serum sickness-like reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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