Help Center - Stack Overflow

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="html__responsive html__unpinned-leftnav" lang="en"> <head> <title>Help Center - Stack Overflow</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/apple-touch-icon.png?v=c78bd457575a"> <link rel="image_src" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/apple-touch-icon.png?v=c78bd457575a"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Stack Overflow" href="/opensearch.xml"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:type" content= "website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://stackoverflow.com/help"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Stack Overflow" /> <meta property="og:image" itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/apple-touch-icon@2.png?v=73d79a89bded" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="stackoverflow.com"/> <meta name="twitter:title" property="og:title" itemprop="name" content="Help Center" /> <meta name="twitter:description" property="og:description" itemprop="description" content="Stack Overflow | The World’s Largest Online Community for Developers" /> <script id="webpack-public-path" type="text/uri-list">https://cdn.sstatic.net/</script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/third-party/npm/@stackoverflow/stacks/dist/js/stacks.min.js?v=90a447add688"></script> <script src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/stub.en.js?v=30464efc364f"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Shared/stacks.css?v=bd2aba62c5a4"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/primary.css?v=cc49ce762956"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/secondary.css?v=2a409df786e1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Shared/Channels/channels.css?v=5981bb1a5bd7"> <script type="application/json" data-role="module-args" data-module-name="Shared/options.mod">{"options":{"locale":"en","serverTime":1740218022,"routeName":"Help/Index","stackAuthUrl":"https://stackauth.com","networkMetaHostname":"meta.stackexchange.com","site":{"name":"Stack Overflow","description":"Q\u0026A for professional and enthusiast programmers","isNoticesTabEnabled":true,"enableNewTagCreationWarning":true,"insertSpaceAfterNameTabCompletion":false,"id":1,"cookieDomain":".stackoverflow.com","childUrl":"https://meta.stackoverflow.com","negativeVoteScoreFloor":null,"enableSocialMediaInSharePopup":true,"protocol":"https"},"user":{"fkey":"b39cb1a761f93912de068f8e6267ee5702b7d597a570755c5112354b099addd4","tid":"ee57818c-87a4-47cd-9eb8-9a925a4b0101","rep":0,"isAnonymous":true,"isAnonymousNetworkWide":true},"events":{"postType":{"question":1},"postEditionSection":{"title":1,"body":2,"tags":3}}}}</script> <script type="application/json" data-role="module-args" data-module-name="Shared/settings.mod">{"settings":{"image":{"maxImageUploadSizeInBytes":10485760,"maxImageUploadSizeInBytesAnimatedGif":2097152},"tags":{},"markdown":{"enableTables":true},"mentions":{"maxNumUsersInDropdown":50},"subscriptions":{"defaultMaxTrueUpSeats":1000,"defaultFreemiumMaxTrueUpSeats":50,"defaultBasicMaxTrueUpSeats":250},"intercom":{"appId":"inf0secd"},"comments":{},"search":{},"flags":{"allowRetractingFlags":true,"allowRetractingCommentFlags":true},"questions":{"maxTitleSize":150,"questionTitleLengthStartLiveWarningChars":50,"enableSavesFeature":true,"enableQuestionTitleLengthLiveWarning":true},"paths":{"jQueryUIJSPath":"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.0/jquery-ui.min.js","jQueryUICSSPath":"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.0/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css"},"elections":{"opaVoteResultsBaseUrl":"https://www.opavote.com/results/"},"userMessaging":{"showNewFeatureNotice":true},"questionLinkTitleReplacement":{"maxNumberOfSitesProcessed":10,"maxReplacementsPerSite":20},"auth":{"oauthInPopup":true},"legal":{"useCustomConsent":false,"oneTrustTCFConfigId":"c3d9f1e3-55f3-4eba-b268-46cee4c6789c"},"snippets":{"snippetsEnabled":true,"renderDomain":"stacksnippets.net"},"site":{"enableUserHovercards":true,"allowImageUploads":true,"stacksEditorPreviewEnabled":true,"enableImageHttps":true,"forceHttpsImages":true,"styleCode":true},"accounts":{"currentPasswordRequiredForChangingStackIdPassword":true}}}</script> <script>StackExchange.init();</script> <script> StackExchange.using.setCacheBreakers({"Js/adops.en.js":"6da43f5e0a84","Js/ask.en.js":"","Js/begin-edit-event.en.js":"20edbaccceae","Js/copy-transpiled.en.js":"f48f8f039185","Js/events.en.js":"","Js/explore-qlist.en.js":"ee2a4f8c3992","Js/full-anon.en.js":"427705904ec4","Js/full.en.js":"296fbe64881a","Js/highlightjs-loader.en.js":"a3e36fe85053","Js/inline-tag-editing.en.js":"8517756a2cb6","Js/keyboard-shortcuts.en.js":"c255a5a5979b","Js/markdown-it-loader.en.js":"781aa77e9602","Js/mentions-transpiled.en.js":"bcadb48d3570","Js/moderator.en.js":"a9347e812307","Js/postCollections-transpiled.en.js":"9f7a87e8cf0d","Js/post-validation.en.js":"44d59ccfc490","Js/question-editor.en.js":"","Js/review-v2-transpiled.en.js":"c9e05881f8ab","Js/revisions.en.js":"9dd135bb585f","Js/stacks-editor.en.js":"cf77c9d2187c","Js/tageditor.en.js":"5b8f289d02ef","Js/tageditornew.en.js":"ca426894aed0","Js/tagsuggestions.en.js":"762b96a1ae1f","Js/unlimited-transpiled.en.js":"8713a979101d","Js/wmd.en.js":"eef1c2cfa021","Js/snippet-javascript-codemirror.en.js":"0f42dbb990fa"}); StackExchange.using("gps", function() { StackExchange.gps.init(false); }); </script> <noscript id="noscript-css"><style>body,.s-topbar{margin-top:1.9em}</style></noscript> </head> <body class="faq-page unified-theme"> <div id="signup-modal-container"></div> <script type="application/json" data-role="module-args" data-module-name="islands/signup-modal/index.mod">{"ContainerElementId":"signup-modal-container","FKey":"b39cb1a761f93912de068f8e6267ee5702b7d597a570755c5112354b099addd4","TriggerEvent":"signupModalShow","OauthInPopup":true,"ReturnUrl":"https://stackoverflow.com/help","ReturnUrlForPopup":"https://stackoverflow.com/users/after-signup/oauth-only","SiteName":"Stack Overflow","SiteLogoPath":"https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/icon-48.png?v=b7e36f88ff92","AuthProviders":["Google","GitHub"],"ParentSiteUrl":"","IsInitiallyVisible":false}</script> <script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/svelte.en.js?v=f1f216c36f5e"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/stacks-svelte.en.js?v=585200d05e44"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/8901.en.js?v=9ff34567d3a5"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/islands/signup-modal.en.js?v=47ec828efb46"></script> <script defer> dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("openSignupModal")); </script> <div id="one-tap-container"></div> <script type="application/json" data-role="module-args" data-module-name="islands/one-tap/index.mod">{"ContainerElementId":"one-tap-container","FKey":"b39cb1a761f93912de068f8e6267ee5702b7d597a570755c5112354b099addd4","GoogleClientId":"717762328687-iludtf96g1hinl76e4lc1b9a82g457nn.apps.googleusercontent.com","Autoselect":false,"ReturnUrl":"https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fhelp"}</script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/svelte.en.js?v=f1f216c36f5e"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/islands/one-tap.en.js?v=bc67e8c0f01e"></script> <div id="notify-container"></div> <div id="custom-header"></div> <header class="s-topbar ps-fixed t0 l0 js-top-bar"> <a href="#content" class="s-topbar--skip-link">Skip to main content</a> <div class="s-topbar--container"> <a href="#" class="s-topbar--menu-btn js-left-sidebar-toggle" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="left-sidebar" aria-expanded="false"><span></span></a> <div class="topbar-dialog leftnav-dialog js-leftnav-dialog dno"> <div class="left-sidebar js-unpinned-left-sidebar" data-can-be="left-sidebar" data-is-here-when="sm md lg"></div> </div> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com" class="s-topbar--logo js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current:false, location:7, destination:8}); homelogo_nav.click({location:7})"> <span class="-img _glyph">Stack Overflow</span> </a> <ol class="s-navigation fw-nowrap" role="presentation"> <li class="md:d-none"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/" class="s-navigation--item js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:7})" data-ga="["top navigation","about menu click",null,null,null]">About</a> </li> <li> <button class="s-navigation--item js-gps-track" type="button" aria-controls="products-popover" aria-expanded="false" data-controller="s-popover" data-action="s-popover#toggle" data-s-popover-toggle-class="is-selected" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:1})" data-ga="["top navigation","products menu click",null,null,null]"> Products </button> </li> <li class="md:d-none"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/ai/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav-bar&utm_content=overflowai" class="s-navigation--item js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:10})" data-ga="["top navigation","learn more - overflowai",null,null,null]">OverflowAI</a> </li> </ol> <div class="s-popover ws2 mtn2 p0" id="products-popover" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="s-popover--arrow"></div> <ol class="list-reset s-anchors s-anchors__inherit"> <li class="m6"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=stack-overflow-for-teams" class="bar-sm p6 d-block h:bg-black-225 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:3})" data-ga="["top navigation","teams submenu click",null,null,null]"> <span class="fs-body1 d-block">Stack Overflow for Teams</span> <span class="fs-caption d-block fc-black-400">Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers</span> </a> </li> <li class="m6"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/advertising/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=stack-overflow-advertising" class="bar-sm p6 d-block h:bg-black-225 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:6})" data-ga="["top navigation","advertising submenu click",null,null,null]"> <span class="fs-body1 d-block">Advertising & Talent</span> <span class="fs-caption d-block fc-black-400">Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand</span> </a> </li> <li class="bt bc-black-200 pt6 px6 bbr-md"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/ai/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=overflow-ai" class="bar-sm p6 d-block h:bg-black-225 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:10})" data-ga="["top navigation","overflowai submenu click",null,null,null]"> <span class="fs-body1 d-block">OverflowAI</span> <span class="fs-caption d-block fc-black-400">GenAI features for Teams</span> </a> </li> <li class="pb6 px6 bbr-md"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/api-solutions/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=overflow-api" class="bar-sm p6 d-block h:bg-black-225 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:11})" data-ga="["top navigation","overflowapi submenu click",null,null,null]"> <span class="fs-body1 d-block">OverflowAPI</span> <span class="fs-caption d-block fc-black-400">Train & fine-tune LLMs</span> </a> </li> <li class="bt bc-black-200 py6 px6 bbr-md"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/labs/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=labs" class="bar-sm p6 d-block h:bg-black-225 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="top_nav.products.click({location:7, destination:12})" data-ga="["top navigation","labs submenu click",null,null,null]"> <span class="fs-body1 d-block">Labs</span> <span class="fs-caption d-block fc-black-400">The future of collective knowledge sharing</span> </a> </li> <li class="bg-black-100 bt bc-black-200 py6 px6 bbr-md"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=about-the-company" class="fc-black-400 d-block py6 px6 h:fc-black-600" data-ga="["top navigation","about submenu click",null,null,null]">About the company</a> <a href="https://stackoverflow.blog/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=top-nav&utm_content=blog" class="fc-black-400 d-block py6 px6 h:fc-black-600" data-ga="["top navigation","blog submenu click",null,null,null]">Visit the blog</a> </li> </ol> </div> <form id="search" role="search" action=/search class="s-topbar--searchbar js-searchbar " autocomplete="off"> <div class="s-topbar--searchbar--input-group"> <input name="q" type="text" role="combobox" placeholder="Search…" value="" autocomplete="off" maxlength="240" class="s-input s-input__search js-search-field wmn1 " aria-label="Search" aria-controls="top-search" data-controller="s-popover" data-action="focus->s-popover#show" data-s-popover-placement="bottom-start" /> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="s-input-icon s-input-icon__search svg-icon iconSearch" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m18 16.5-5.14-5.18h-.35a7 7 0 1 0-1.19 1.19v.35L16.5 18zM12 7A5 5 0 1 1 2 7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0"/></svg> <div class="s-popover p0 wmx100 wmn4 sm:wmn-initial js-top-search-popover" id="top-search" role="menu"> <div class="s-popover--arrow"></div> <div class="s-popover--content"> <div class="js-spinner p24 d-flex ai-center jc-center d-none"> <div class="s-spinner s-spinner__sm fc-orange-400"> <div class="v-visible-sr">Loading…</div> </div> </div> <span class="v-visible-sr js-screen-reader-info"></span> <div class="js-ac-results overflow-y-auto hmx3 d-none"></div> <div class="js-search-hints" aria-describedby="Tips for searching"></div> </div> </div> </div> </form> <nav class="h100 ml-auto overflow-x-auto pr12" aria-label="Topbar"> <ol class="s-topbar--content" role="menubar"> <li class="js-topbar-dialog-corral" role="presentation"> <div class="topbar-dialog siteSwitcher-dialog dno" role="menu"> <div class="header fw-wrap"> <h3 class="flex--item"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com">current community</a> </h3> <div class="flex--item fl1"> <div class="ai-center d-flex jc-end"> <button class="js-close-button s-btn s-btn__muted p0 ml8 d-none sm:d-block" type="button" aria-label="Close" > <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconClear" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M15 4.41 13.59 3 9 7.59 4.41 3 3 4.41 7.59 9 3 13.59 4.41 15 9 10.41 13.59 15 15 13.59 10.41 9z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-content bg-blue-200 current-site-container"> <ul class="current-site"> <li class="d-flex"> <div class="fl1"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com" class="current-site-link d-flex gx8 site-link js-gps-track" data-id="1" data-gps-track="site_switcher.click({ item_type:3 })"> <div class="favicon favicon-stackoverflow site-icon flex--item" title="Stack Overflow"></div> <span class="flex--item fl1"> Stack Overflow </span> </a> </div> <div class="related-links"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help" class="js-gps-track" data-gps-track="site_switcher.click({ item_type:14 })">help</a> <a href="https://chat.stackoverflow.com/?tab=site&host=stackoverflow.com" class="js-gps-track" data-gps-track="site_switcher.click({ item_type:6 })">chat</a> </div> </li> <li class="related-site d-flex"> <div class="L-shaped-icon-container"> <span class="L-shaped-icon"></span> </div> <a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com" class="s-block-link px16 d-flex gx8 site-link js-gps-track" data-id="552" data-gps-track="site.switch({ target_site:552, item_type:3 }),site_switcher.click({ item_type:4 })"> <div class="favicon favicon-stackoverflowmeta site-icon flex--item" title="Meta Stack Overflow"></div> <span class="flex--item fl1"> Meta Stack Overflow </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="header" id="your-communities-header"> <h3> your communities </h3> </div> <div class="modal-content" id="your-communities-section"> <div class="call-to-login"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/signup?ssrc=site_switcher&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fhelp" class="login-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="site_switcher.click({ item_type:10 })">Sign up</a> or <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=site_switcher&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fhelp" class="login-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="site_switcher.click({ item_type:11 })">log in</a> to customize your list. </div> </div> <div class="header"> <h3><a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites">more stack exchange communities</a> </h3> <a href="https://stackoverflow.blog" class="float-right">company blog</a> </div> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="child-content"></div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="none"><button class="s-topbar--item s-btn s-btn__icon s-btn__muted d-none sm:d-inline-flex js-searchbar-trigger" role="menuitem" aria-label="Search" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="search" title="Click to show search"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconSearch" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m18 16.5-5.14-5.18h-.35a7 7 0 1 0-1.19 1.19v.35L16.5 18zM12 7A5 5 0 1 1 2 7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0"/></svg></button></li> <li role="none"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=head&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fhelp" class="s-topbar--item s-topbar--item__unset s-btn s-btn__outlined ws-nowrap js-gps-track" role="menuitem" rel="nofollow" data-gps-track="login.click" data-ga="["top navigation","login button click",null,null,null]">Log in</a> </li> <li role="none"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/signup?ssrc=head&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fhelp" class="s-topbar--item s-topbar--item__unset ml4 s-btn s-btn__filled ws-nowrap js-signup-button js-gps-track" role="menuitem" rel="nofollow" data-gps-track="signup.topbar.click" data-ga="["sign up","Sign Up Navigation","Header",null,null]">Sign up</a></li> </ol> </nav> </div> </header> <script> StackExchange.ready(function () { StackExchange.topbar.init(); }); StackExchange.scrollPadding.setPaddingTop(50, 10); </script> <div class="container"> <div id="homepage-wizard-container"></div> <script type="application/json" data-role="module-args" data-module-name="islands/homepage-wizard/index.mod">{"ContainerElementId":"homepage-wizard-container","FKey":"b39cb1a761f93912de068f8e6267ee5702b7d597a570755c5112354b099addd4","Tags":["javascript","python","java","c#","php","android","html","jquery","c++","css","ios","sql","mysql","r","reactjs","node.js","arrays","c","asp.net","json","python-3.x",".net","ruby-on-rails","sql-server","swift","django","angular","objective-c","excel","pandas","angularjs","regex","typescript","ruby","linux","ajax","iphone","vba","xml","laravel","spring","asp.net-mvc","database","wordpress","string","flutter","postgresql","mongodb","wpf","windows","amazon-web-services","xcode","bash","git","oracle-database","spring-boot","dataframe","azure","firebase","list","multithreading","docker","vb.net","react-native","eclipse","algorithm","powershell","macos","visual-studio","numpy","image","forms","scala","function","vue.js","performance","twitter-bootstrap","selenium","winforms","kotlin","loops","express","dart","hibernate","sqlite","matlab","python-2.7","shell","rest","apache","entity-framework","android-studio","csv","api","maven","linq","qt","dictionary","unit-testing","facebook","asp.net-core","tensorflow","apache-spark","file","swing","class","unity-game-engine","sorting","date","authentication","go","symfony","opencv","t-sql","matplotlib",".htaccess","google-chrome","for-loop","datetime","codeigniter","http","perl","validation","sockets","google-maps","object","uitableview","xaml","oop","if-statement","visual-studio-code","cordova","ubuntu","web-services","email","android-layout","github","elasticsearch","spring-mvc","kubernetes","selenium-webdriver","ms-access","user-interface","parsing","ggplot2","pointers","machine-learning","c++11","google-sheets","security","flask","google-apps-script","ruby-on-rails-3","nginx","templates","variables","exception","sql-server-2008","gradle","debugging","tkinter","listview","delphi","jpa","asynchronous","pdf","web-scraping","haskell","jsp","ssl","amazon-s3","google-cloud-platform","jenkins","testing","xamarin","wcf","npm","batch-file","generics","ionic-framework","network-programming","unix","recursion","google-app-engine","mongoose","visual-studio-2010",".net-core","android-fragments","assembly","animation","math","next.js","session","svg","hadoop","intellij-idea","curl","django-models","join","laravel-5","winapi","rust","url","heroku","http-redirect","tomcat","google-cloud-firestore","inheritance","webpack","keras","image-processing","asp.net-mvc-4","gcc","web","logging","dom","swiftui","matrix","pyspark","actionscript-3","button","post","optimization","firebase-realtime-database","jquery-ui","cocoa","iis","xpath","d3.js","firefox","javafx","internet-explorer","xslt","caching","select","asp.net-mvc-3","opengl","events","asp.net-web-api","plot","dplyr","magento","encryption","search","stored-procedures","amazon-ec2","ruby-on-rails-4","memory","audio","canvas","multidimensional-array","jsf","random","cookies","vector","redux","facebook-graph-api","input","flash","xamarin.forms","indexing","arraylist","ipad","cocoa-touch","data-structures","video","apache-kafka","model-view-controller","serialization","jdbc","woocommerce","routes","razor","awk","azure-devops","servlets","mod-rewrite","beautifulsoup","docker-compose","iframe","filter","excel-formula","aws-lambda","design-patterns","text","django-rest-framework","visual-c++","cakephp","mobile","android-intent","react-hooks","struct","methods","groovy","mvvm","ssh","lambda","checkbox","google-chrome-extension","ecmascript-6","time","grails","installation","sharepoint","cmake","shiny","spring-security","jakarta-ee","android-recyclerview","plsql","core-data","types","meteor","android-activity","sed","bootstrap-4","websocket","activerecord","graph","replace","scikit-learn","file-upload","group-by","vim","junit","deep-learning","boost","import","sass","memory-management","error-handling","async-await","eloquent","dynamic","soap","silverlight","dependency-injection","charts","layout","apache-spark-sql","deployment","browser","gridview","svn","while-loop","google-bigquery","vuejs2","ffmpeg","dll","highcharts","view","foreach","plugins","c#-4.0","makefile","redis","reporting-services","jupyter-notebook","server","merge","https","unicode","reflection","google-maps-api-3","twitter","oauth-2.0","extjs","axios","pytorch","terminal","pip","split","mysqli","cmd","django-views","encoding","automation","netbeans","database-design","collections","hash","data-binding","ember.js","build","tcp","sqlalchemy","pdo","apache-flex","concurrency","command-line","entity-framework-core","spring-data-jpa","printing","java-8","react-redux","jestjs","service","html-table","neo4j","ansible","lua","parameters","module","material-ui","visual-studio-2012","enums","promise","flexbox","outlook","webview","firebase-authentication","web-applications","uwp","jquery-mobile","utf-8","datatable","python-requests","parallel-processing","drop-down-menu","colors","scroll","hive","tfs","scipy","count","syntax","ms-word","twitter-bootstrap-3","ssis","google-analytics","three.js","fonts","constructor","graphql","powerbi","rxjs","file-io","paypal","discord","cassandra","socket.io","graphics","compiler-errors","gwt","nlp","react-router","solr","backbone.js","url-rewriting","datatables","memory-leaks","oauth","datagridview","terraform","drupal","oracle11g","zend-framework","neural-network","knockout.js","triggers","django-forms","interface","google-api","angular-material","casting","jmeter","linked-list","path","proxy","timer","django-templates","arduino","orm","directory","parse-platform","visual-studio-2015","windows-phone-7","cron","push-notification","conditional-statements","primefaces","functional-programming","pagination","model","jar","xamarin.android","hyperlink","uiview","visual-studio-2013","gitlab","vbscript","google-cloud-functions","azure-active-directory","jwt","download","swift3","sql-server-2005","process","configuration","rspec","properties","pygame","combobox","callback","windows-phone-8","safari","linux-kernel","permissions","scrapy","raspberry-pi","scripting","emacs","clojure","scope","io","x86","compilation","mongodb-query","responsive-design","nhibernate","angularjs-directive","request","expo","bluetooth","3d","dns","azure-functions","binding","reference","discord.js","architecture","playframework","pyqt","version-control","doctrine-orm","package","pycharm","get","sql-server-2012","rubygems","f#","autocomplete","datepicker","openssl","kendo-ui","tree","jackson","controller","yii","nested","grep","xamarin.ios","static","statistics","dockerfile","transactions","null","datagrid","active-directory","uiviewcontroller","phpmyadmin","webforms","discord.py","notifications","computer-vision","sas","duplicates","mocking","youtube","nullpointerexception","yaml","menu","sum","bitmap","electron","asp.net-mvc-5","visual-studio-2008","time-series","yii2","jsf-2","css-selectors","android-listview","stl","blazor","floating-point","cryptography","ant","stream","hashmap","character-encoding","msbuild","sdk","asp.net-core-mvc","google-drive-api","selenium-chromedriver","jboss","joomla","navigation","devise","cors","anaconda","frontend","background","camera","pyqt5","multiprocessing","binary","cuda","linq-to-sql","iterator","mariadb","onclick","ios7","plotly","rabbitmq","android-asynctask","android-jetpack-compose","microsoft-graph-api","tabs","laravel-4","insert","amazon-dynamodb","uicollectionview","environment-variables","linker","console","xsd","coldfusion","upload","continuous-integration","ftp","textview","opengl-es","operating-system","mockito","localization","vuejs3","xml-parsing","macros","formatting","json.net","kivy","type-conversion","data.table","timestamp","calendar","integer","segmentation-fault","android-ndk","drag-and-drop","prolog","char","crash","jasmine","automated-tests","dependencies","geometry","android-gradle-plugin","itext","firebase-cloud-messaging","header","sprite-kit","mfc","fortran","attributes","nosql","nuxt.js","format","nestjs","azure-pipelines","odoo","jquery-plugins","db2","leaflet","jenkins-pipeline","event-handling","postman","flutter-layout","annotations","julia","keyboard","textbox","arm","visual-studio-2017","gulp","libgdx","stripe-payments","xampp","synchronization","crystal-reports","azure-web-app-service","timezone","dom-events","android-emulator","swagger","uikit","sequelize.js","wso2","aggregation-framework","namespaces","uiscrollview","jvm","chart.js","google-sheets-formula","com","subprocess","geolocation","centos","webdriver","html5-canvas","widget","garbage-collection","dialog","numbers","concatenation","snowflake-cloud-data-platform","sql-update","qml","windows-10","set","mapreduce","smtp","tuples","ionic2","java-stream","rotation","modal-dialog","android-edittext","spring-data","http-headers","nuget","doctrine","radio-button","grid","sonarqube","lucene","xmlhttprequest","internationalization","listbox","components","initialization","switch-statement","google-play","boolean","apache-camel","serial-port","ldap","ios5","youtube-api","return","gdb","pivot","latex","eclipse-plugin","frameworks","tags","containers","dataset","github-actions","asp-classic","foreign-keys","subquery","label","copy","uinavigationcontroller","google-cloud-storage","delegates","c++17","struts2","migration","base64","protractor","sql-server-2008-r2","queue","find","uibutton","embedded","arguments","composer-php","append","jaxb","zip","stack","cucumber","autolayout","ide","entity-framework-6","popup","iteration","windows-7","airflow","r-markdown","ssl-certificate","vb6","gmail","hover","jqgrid","g++","udp","tailwind-css"],"TriggerEvent":"homepageWizardShow","OauthInPopup":true,"ReturnUrl":"https://stackoverflow.com","ReturnUrlForPopup":"https://stackoverflow.com/users/after-signup/oauth-only","ThemePreferenceFlags":0}</script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/svelte.en.js?v=f1f216c36f5e"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/stacks-svelte.en.js?v=585200d05e44"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/2784.en.js?v=414ac3934ec2"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/8901.en.js?v=9ff34567d3a5"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/webpack-chunks/6719.en.js?v=5cd743a95ced"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/islands/homepage-wizard.en.js?v=7eef21a5b01c"></script> <div id="left-sidebar" data-is-here-when="" class="left-sidebar js-pinned-left-sidebar ps-relative"> <div class="left-sidebar--sticky-container js-sticky-leftnav"> <nav aria-label="Primary"> <ol class="nav-links"> <li> <ol class="nav-links"> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a href="/" class="s-block-link pl8 js-homepage-wizard-link js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:8, has_activity_notification:False});home_nav.click({location:7})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconHome" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M15 10v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5H0l9-9 9 9zm-8 1v6h4v-6z"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Home</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a id="nav-questions" href="/questions" class="s-block-link pl8 js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:1, has_activity_notification:False})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconQuestion" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 15-3 3V4c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h12c1.09 0 2 .91 2 2v9c0 1.09-.91 2-2 2zm7.75-3.97c.72-.83.98-1.86.98-2.94 0-1.65-.7-3.22-2.3-3.83a4.4 4.4 0 0 0-3.02 0 3.8 3.8 0 0 0-2.32 3.83q0 1.93 1.03 3a3.8 3.8 0 0 0 2.85 1.07q.94 0 1.71-.34.97.66 1.06.7.34.2.7.3l.59-1.13a5 5 0 0 1-1.28-.66m-1.27-.9a5 5 0 0 0-1.5-.8l-.45.9q.5.18.98.5-.3.1-.65.11-.92 0-1.52-.68c-.86-1-.86-3.12 0-4.11.8-.9 2.35-.9 3.15 0 .9 1.01.86 3.03-.01 4.08"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Questions</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a href="/tags" class="s-block-link pl8 js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:2, has_activity_notification:False})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTags" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M9.24 1a3 3 0 0 0-2.12.88l-5.7 5.7a2 2 0 0 0-.38 2.31 3 3 0 0 1 .67-1.01l6-6A3 3 0 0 1 9.83 2H14a3 3 0 0 1 .79.1A2 2 0 0 0 13 1z" opacity=".4"/><path d="M9.83 3a2 2 0 0 0-1.42.59l-6 6a2 2 0 0 0 0 2.82L6.6 16.6a2 2 0 0 0 2.82 0l6-6A2 2 0 0 0 16 9.17V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zM12 9a2 2 0 1 1 0-4 2 2 0 0 1 0 4"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Tags</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="pb24"></li> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a id="nav-users" href="/users" class="s-block-link pl8 js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:3, has_activity_notification:False})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconPeople" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M17 14c0 .44-.45 1-1 1H9a1 1 0 0 1-1-1H2c-.54 0-1-.56-1-1 0-2.63 3-4 3-4s.23-.4 0-1c-.84-.62-1.06-.59-1-3s1.37-3 2.5-3 2.44.58 2.5 3-.16 2.38-1 3c-.23.59 0 1 0 1s1.55.71 2.42 2.09c.78-.72 1.58-1.1 1.58-1.1s.23-.4 0-1c-.84-.61-1.06-.58-1-3s1.37-3 2.5-3 2.44.59 2.5 3c.05 2.42-.16 2.39-1 3-.23.6 0 1 0 1s3 1.38 3 4"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Users</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a id="nav-companies" href="https://stackoverflow.com/jobs/companies?so_medium=stackoverflow&so_source=SiteNav" class="s-block-link pl8 js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:12, has_activity_notification:False})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconIndustry" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M10 16v-4H8v4H2V4c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h6c1.09 0 2 .91 2 2v2h2c1.09 0 2 .91 2 2v8zM4 4v2h2V4zm0 4v2h2V8zm4-4v2h2V4zm0 4v2h2V8zm-4 4v2h2v-2zm8 0v2h2v-2zm0-4v2h2V8z"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Companies</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ml8 mt32 mb8"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="s-link s-link d-flex fl-grow1 fc-black-400 h:fc-black-600 fs-fine" role="button" aria-controls="popover-labs-left-nav" data-controller="s-popover" data-action="s-popover#toggle" data-s-popover-placement="top" data-s-popover-toggle-class="is-selected" > <div class="flex--item fl-grow1 tt-uppercase fc-black-600 fw-bold">Labs</div> <div class="flex--item px12"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconInfoSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 1a6 6 0 1 1 0 12A6 6 0 0 1 7 1m1 10V6H6v5zm0-6V3H6v2z"/></svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ps-relative" aria-current="false"> <a id="nav-labs-discussions" href="/beta/discussions" class="s-block-link pl8 ai-center js-gps-track nav-links--link -link__with-icon" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current: false, location:7, destination:24, has_activity_notification:False})" aria-controls="" data-controller=" " data-s-popover-placement="right" aria-current="false" data-s-popover-auto-show="true" data-s-popover-hide-on-outside-click="never" > <div class="d-flex ai-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="w16 svg-icon iconMessage" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M5 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1m1 2a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2zm-5 9V4c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h12c1.09 0 2 .91 2 2v9c0 1.09-.91 2-2 2H4.5zm2.76-5h11.23v-.01H15V4H3v9.65z"/></svg> <span class="-link--channel-name pl6">Discussions</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ml8 mt32 mb4"> <div class="d-flex jc-space-between ai-center"> <a class="s-link d-flex fl-grow1 fc-black-400 h:fc-black-600 fs-fine" href="javascript:void(0)" role="button" aria-controls="popover-discover-collectives" data-controller="s-popover" data-action="s-popover#toggle" data-s-popover-placement="top" data-s-popover-toggle-class="is-selected" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current:false, location:7, destination:17})" > <div class="flex--item fl-grow1 tt-uppercase fc-black-600 fw-bold">Collectives</div> <div class="flex--item px12 js-collectives-navcta-toggle"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconPlusSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M8 2H6v4H2v2h4v4h2V8h4V6H8z"/></svg> </div> </a> </div> </li> <li class="ps-relative js-collectives-navcta-toggle"> <p class="fs-fine pr8 pl8 pt4 fc-black-400"> Communities for your favorite technologies. <a href="/collectives-all" class="s-link s-link__grayscale s-link__underlined fw-bold">Explore all Collectives</a> </p> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="js-freemium-cta ps-relative mt32 mb8"> <div class="fs-fine tt-uppercase fc-black-600 fw-bold ml8 mt16 mb8">Teams</div> <div class="px12 pt8 pb0 mb12 fc-medium overflow-hidden"> <img class="wmx100 mx-auto mb12 h-auto d-block" width="151" height="24" src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Img/teams/teams-promo.svg?v=e507948b81bf" alt=""> <p class="fs-fine"> Ask questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams. </p> <a href="https://stackoverflowteams.com/teams/create/free/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=side-bar&utm_content=explore-teams" class="w100 s-btn s-btn__filled s-btn__xs bg-orange-400 h:bg-orange-500 js-gps-track pt8 pr7 pb6 pl7" data-gps-track="teams.create.left-sidenav.click({ Action: 6 })" data-ga="["teams left navigation - anonymous","left nav free cta","stackoverflow.com/teams/create/free",null,null]">Try Teams for free</a> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=side-bar&utm_content=explore-teams" class="w100 s-btn s-btn__muted s-btn__xs mt1 js-gps-track" data-gps-track="teams.create.left-sidenav.click({ Action: 5 })" data-ga="["teams left navigation - anonymous","left nav free cta","stackoverflow.com/teams",null,null]">Explore Teams</a> </div> </li> <li class="d-flex ai-center jc-space-between ml8 mt32 mb8 js-create-team-cta d-none"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="s-link d-flex fl-grow1 fc-black-400 h:fc-black-600 fs-fine js-gps-track" role="button" aria-controls="popover-teams-create-cta" data-controller="s-popover" data-action="s-popover#toggle" data-s-popover-placement="bottom-start" data-s-popover-toggle-class="is-selected" data-gps-track="teams.create.left-sidenav.click({ Action: ShowInfo })" data-ga="["teams left navigation - anonymous","left nav show teams info",null,null,null]" > <div class="flex--item fl-grow1 fc-black-600 fw-bold tt-uppercase">Teams</div> <div class="flex--item px12"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconPlusSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M8 2H6v4H2v2h4v4h2V8h4V6H8z"/></svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="ps-relative js-create-team-cta d-none"> <p class="fs-fine pr8 pl8 pb4 fc-black-400"> Ask questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams. <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=side-bar&utm_content=explore-teams-compact" class="s-link s-link__grayscale s-link__underlined fw-bold">Explore Teams</a> </p> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="s-popover ws2" id="popover-discover-collectives" role="menu"> <div class="s-popover--arrow"></div> <div> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fc-orange-400 float-right ml24 svg-spot spotCollective" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48"><path d="M25.5 7a2.5 2.5 0 1 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M14 18.25c0-.69.56-1.25 1.25-1.25h22.5c.69 0 1.25.56 1.25 1.25V37.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.6.8l-4.07-3.05a1.3 1.3 0 0 0-.75-.25H15.25c-.69 0-1.25-.56-1.25-1.25zM7 24.5a2.5 2.5 0 1 1-5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5 0M25.5 48a2.5 2.5 0 1 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M48 24.5a2.5 2.5 0 1 1-5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5 0" opacity=".2"/><path d="M21 3.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 7 0 3.5 3.5 0 0 1-7 0M24.5 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3M0 23.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 7 0 3.5 3.5 0 0 1-7 0M3.5 22a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3M21 44.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 7 0 3.5 3.5 0 0 1-7 0m3.5-1.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3m20-23a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7M43 23.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 1 3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0m-23.23-3.14a1 1 0 0 1-.13 1.4l-2.08 1.74 2.08 1.73a1 1 0 1 1-1.28 1.54l-2.42-2.02a1.63 1.63 0 0 1 0-2.5l2.42-2.02a1 1 0 0 1 1.4.13m7.6 1.41a1 1 0 1 1 1.28-1.54l2.42 2.02c.78.65.78 1.85 0 2.5l-2.42 2.02a1 1 0 1 1-1.28-1.54l2.08-1.73zM24.12 18a1 1 0 0 1 .87 1.12l-1 8a1 1 0 1 1-1.98-.24l1-8a1 1 0 0 1 1.11-.87M12.25 13C11.01 13 10 14 10 15.25v15.5c0 1.24 1 2.25 2.25 2.25h17.33q.09 0 .15.05l4.07 3.05a2 2 0 0 0 3.2-1.6V15.25c0-1.24-1-2.25-2.25-2.25zM12 15.25q.02-.23.25-.25h22.5q.23.02.25.25V34.5l-4.07-3.05q-.6-.45-1.35-.45H12.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.25-.25zm7.24-10.68a1 1 0 1 0-.48-1.94A22 22 0 0 0 2.91 17.7a1 1 0 1 0 1.92.58 20 20 0 0 1 14.4-13.72m11.06-1.65a1 1 0 0 0-.58 1.92c6.45 1.92 11.54 7 13.46 13.46a1 1 0 1 0 1.92-.58 22 22 0 0 0-14.8-14.8M4.57 28.76a1 1 0 0 0-1.94.48 22 22 0 0 0 16.13 16.13 1 1 0 1 0 .48-1.94A20 20 0 0 1 4.57 28.76m40.8.48a1 1 0 1 0-1.94-.48 20 20 0 0 1-13.72 14.41 1 1 0 0 0 .58 1.92 22 22 0 0 0 15.08-15.85"/></svg> <h5 class="pt4 fw-bold">Collectives™ on Stack Overflow</h5> <p class="my16 fs-caption fc-black-500">Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.</p> <a href="/collectives" class="js-gps-track s-btn s-btn__filled s-btn__xs" data-gps-track="top_nav.click({is_current:false, location:7, destination:18})"> Learn more about Collectives </a> </div> </div> <div class="s-popover ws2" id="popover-teams-create-cta" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="s-popover--arrow"></div> <div class="ps-relative overflow-hidden"> <p class="mb2"><strong>Teams</strong></p> <p class="mb12 fs-caption fc-black-400">Q&A for work</p> <p class="mb12 fs-caption fc-black-500">Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.</p> <a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/" class="js-gps-track s-btn s-btn__filled s-btn__xs" data-gps-track="teams.create.left-sidenav.click({ Action: CtaClick })" data-ga="["teams left navigation - anonymous","left nav cta","stackoverflow.com/teams",null,null]"> Learn more about Teams </a> </div> <div class="ps-absolute t8 r8"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fc-orange-400 svg-spot spotPeople" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48"><path d="M13.5 28a4.5 4.5 0 1 0 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 0 0 9M7 30a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h11v-5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H33v5a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H20a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-5H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1zm25-6.5a4.5 4.5 0 1 0 9 0 4.5 4.5 0 0 0-9 0M24.5 34a4.5 4.5 0 1 0 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 0 0 9" opacity=".2"/><path d="M16.4 26.08A6 6 0 1 0 7.53 26C5.64 26.06 4 27.52 4 29.45V40a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h9a1 1 0 1 0 0-2h-4v-7a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v7H6v-9.55c0-.73.67-1.45 1.64-1.45H16a1 1 0 0 0 .4-1.92M12 18a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8m16.47 14a6 6 0 1 0-8.94 0A3.6 3.6 0 0 0 16 35.5V46a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h14a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V35.5c0-1.94-1.64-3.42-3.53-3.5M20 28a4 4 0 1 1 8 0 4 4 0 0 1-8 0m-.3 6h8.6c1 0 1.7.75 1.7 1.5V45h-2v-7a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v7h-4v-7a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v7h-2v-9.5c0-.75.7-1.5 1.7-1.5M42 22c0 1.54-.58 2.94-1.53 4A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 44 29.45V40a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4v-7a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v7h2v-9.55A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 40.48 28H32a1 1 0 0 1-.4-1.92A6 6 0 1 1 42 22m-2 0a4 4 0 1 0-8 0 4 4 0 0 0 8 0"/><g opacity=".35"><path d="M17 10a1 1 0 011-1h12a1 1 0 110 2H18a1 1 0 01-1-1m1-5a1 1 0 100 2h12a1 1 0 100-2zM14 1a1 1 0 00-1 1v12a1 1 0 001 1h5.09l4.2 4.2a1 1 0 001.46-.04l3.7-4.16H34a1 1 0 001-1V2a1 1 0 00-1-1zm1 12V3h18v10h-5a1 1 0 00-.75.34l-3.3 3.7-3.74-3.75a1 1 0 00-.71-.29z"/></g></svg> </div> </div> <div class="s-popover ws2" id="popover-labs-left-nav" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="s-popover--arrow"></div> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fc-black-600 mb8 svg-icon iconLabsAltSm" width="42" height="18" viewBox="0 0 42 18"><path fill="var(--black-600)" d="M11.5 13.62c0 .21-.17.38-.37.38H5.36a.37.37 0 0 1-.37-.38V4.38c0-.21.17-.38.37-.38h1.26c.2 0 .37.17.37.38v7.6h4.14c.2 0 .37.18.37.38zm9.43.22a.4.4 0 0 1-.3.16h-1.5q-.25-.01-.36-.25l-.55-1.7h-3.1l-.56 1.7a.4.4 0 0 1-.35.25h-1.5a.38.38 0 0 1-.35-.5l3.39-9.25c.05-.15.2-.25.35-.25h1.13q.26.01.36.25l3.39 9.24q.06.19-.05.35m-4.16-7.39-1.21 3.53h2.26zm13.34 5.71a.37.37 0 0 0 0 .53A4.5 4.5 0 0 0 33.59 14c1.02 0 1.92-.27 2.58-.79a2.8 2.8 0 0 0 1.07-2.25c0-.86-.27-1.62-.87-2.15-.46-.4-1-.63-1.89-.76l-1.04-.16a2 2 0 0 1-.83-.33q-.22-.19-.22-.57 0-.46.3-.73c.2-.18.53-.32 1-.32.7 0 1.25.15 1.72.6.14.14.37.14.52 0l.88-.87a.37.37 0 0 0-.01-.53A4.2 4.2 0 0 0 33.72 4c-1.01 0-1.87.3-2.48.84a3 3 0 0 0-.93 2.2q-.02 1.24.78 2.01.72.66 1.93.83l1.07.15c.5.07.65.15.8.29q.23.2.24.67-.01.5-.35.73-.34.29-1.16.3c-.87 0-1.49-.19-2.07-.76a.37.37 0 0 0-.52 0zM22.37 14a.37.37 0 0 1-.37-.38V4.38c0-.21.17-.38.37-.38h3.54q1.4 0 2.26.78c.56.52.86 1.26.86 2.13 0 .84-.37 1.52-.87 1.95A2.6 2.6 0 0 1 29.17 11q0 1.42-.9 2.23c-.56.51-1.34.76-2.22.76zm3.54-1.98c.96 0 .96-1 .96-1s0-1.02-.96-1.02H24v2.02zm-.11-4.06c1.07 0 1.07-1.02 1.07-1.02s0-1.01-1.07-1.01H24v2.03zM0 4v10a4 4 0 0 0 4 4h34a4 4 0 0 0 4-4V4a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H4a4 4 0 0 0-4 4m4-2h34a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4c0-1.1.9-2 2-2"/></svg> <p class="fs-caption">Get early access and see previews of new features.</p> <a class="s-btn s-btn__filled s-btn__xs s-btn__icon fs-fine" href="https://stackoverflow.co/labs/"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconShareSm" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M5 1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v8c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V9h-2v2H3V3h2zm2 0h6v6h-2V4.5L6.5 9 5 7.5 9.5 3H7z"/></svg> Learn more about Labs</a> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="snippet-hidden"> <div class="mainbar-full help-center" id="help-index"> <div class="s-page-title mb16"> <div class="s-page-title--text"> <h1 class="s-page-title--header"> Help center </h1> </div> </div> <form id="bigsearch" class="mx-auto mt48 mb64 wmx6" action="/help/search" method="get"> <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex--item fl1 ps-relative mr8"> <input name="q" maxlength="300" class="s-input s-input__md s-input__search h100" type="text" placeholder="Search help pages…" /> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="s-input-icon s-input-icon__search svg-icon iconSearch" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m18 16.5-5.14-5.18h-.35a7 7 0 1 0-1.19 1.19v.35L16.5 18zM12 7A5 5 0 1 1 2 7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0"/></svg> </div> <div class="flex--item"> <button class="s-btn s-btn__filled s-btn__md" type="submit">Search</button> </div> </div> </form> <div class="wiki-ph" data-placeholder="WikiPlaceholder-HelpCenterIntro"> <div class="wiki-ph-content"><h2>Welcome to the Stack Overflow Help Center!</h2> <p>If you are unable to find the answer you need here, you can also search for or ask a question about Stack Overflow on <a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com">Meta Stack Overflow</a>!</p> <h2>We have a <a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/251225">curated list of frequently asked questions</a>. Top FAQ questions include:</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/255583">What can I do when getting “We are no longer accepting questions/answers from this account”?</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/334822">How do I ask and answer homework questions?</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/269653">Why did I gain/lose reputation? Can I audit my reputation history?</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/252252">"This question already has answers here" - but it does not. What can I do when I think a question is not a duplicate?</a></li> </ul> <h2>AI-assisted Generated Content Ban</h2> <p>Please be aware that all AI-assisted generated content (including ChatGPT) is currently banned. For more information, see:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/ai-policy">Why can't I use Artificial Intelligence tools to generate answers?</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/421831">Policy: Generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT) is banned</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2>Find out more about…</h2> <div class="help-center-index"> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Asking</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/dont-ask"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What types of questions should I avoid asking? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/on-topic"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What topics can I ask about here? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/closed-questions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What does it mean if a question is "closed"? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/no-one-answers"> What should I do if no one answers my question? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/what-to-do-instead-of-deleting-question"> I've thought better of my question; can I delete it? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/asking">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Our model</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/conduct"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Code of Conduct </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/behavior"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Expected Behavior </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/interesting-topics"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> How do I use tags to find topics I'm interested in? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/delete-content"> How do I delete all my contributions? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/gen-ai-policy"> What is this site’s policy on content generated by generative artificial intelligence tools? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/stackexchange">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Reputation & Moderation</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/site-moderators"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Who are the site moderators, and what is their role here? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/why-vote"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Why is voting important? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/whats-reputation"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What is reputation? How do I earn (and lose) it? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/user-was-removed"> Why do I have a reputation change on my reputation page that says 'User was removed'? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/declined-flags"> What are declined flags, and what should I do about them? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/reputation">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Answering</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-answer"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> How do I write a good answer? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/accepted-answer"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What does it mean when an answer is "accepted"? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/self-answer"> Can I answer my own question? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/deleted-answers"> Why and how are some answers deleted? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/referencing"> How to reference material written by others </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/answering">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-big-box"> <div class="help-category-box"> <h3>Badges</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/help/badges">View a full list of badges you can earn</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="help-category-box"> <h3>Privileges</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/help/privileges">View a full list of privileges you can earn</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>My Account</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/merging-accounts"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> I accidentally created two accounts; how do I merge them? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/edit-credentials"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> How do I add or remove login credentials from my account? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/reset-password"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> I lost my password; how do I reset it? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/deleting-account"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> How do I delete my account? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/data-dumps"> How do I access a data dump for a Stack Exchange site? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/account">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Review Queues</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/reviews-intro"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What are review queues? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/review-warnings"> Why was I issued a review warning? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/review-suspensions"> Why was I suspended from reviewing? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/review-first-answers"> How do I use the First answers queue? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/review-close"> How do I use the Close votes queue? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/review-queues">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Collectives on Stack Overflow</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/collectives-what-are"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What is Collectives on Stack Overflow? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/article-guidelines"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Article guidelines </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/collectives-user-types"> What are the different types of users in a collective? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/collectives-transitioned"> What happens when a provider-focused collective transitions to become a topic-focused collective? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/collectives-decommissioned"> What happens when a collective is decommissioned? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/collectives">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Staging Ground</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/what-is-staging-ground"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What is the Staging Ground? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/staging-ground-badges"> What badges can reviewers and askers earn in Staging Ground? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/staging-ground-successful-question"> As an asker, what is considered a successful question from Staging Ground? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/staging-ground-reviewer-guidelines"> Guidelines and best practices for reviewers on the Staging Ground </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/staging-ground-reviewer-stats"> What stats can I see as a Staging Ground reviewer? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/staging-ground">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Discussions</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> What is the Discussions feature, and how does it work? </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/discussions-guidelines"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconTack" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.79 12.67 3.53 3.53a6 6 0 0 0 1.18-6.83l2.03-2.03A4 4 0 0 0 18 5.5L12.53.03A4 4 0 0 0 10.7 4.5L8.67 6.54a6 6 0 0 0-6.83 1.18l3.53 3.53-3.18 3.18-1.77 3.19 3.18-1.77z"/></svg> Discussions guidelines </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/discussions-moderators"> Who are the Discussions moderators and what do they do? </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/discussions">» View more</a> </div> <div class="help-category-box help-category-big-box"> <h3>Stack Overflow Jobs</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/jobs-faq"> Frequently Asked Questions </a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/report-job"> How to Report a Listing on Stack Overflow Jobs </a></li> </ul> <a href="/help/stack-overflow-jobs">» View more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="site-footer js-footer theme-light__forced" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-footer--container"> <div class="site-footer--logo"> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com" aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="native svg-icon iconGlyphMd" width="32" height="37" viewBox="0 0 32 37"><path fill="#BCBBBB" d="M26 33v-9h4v13H0V24h4v9z"/><path fill="#F48024" d="m21.5 0-2.7 2 9.9 13.3 2.7-2zM26 18.4 13.3 7.8l2.1-2.5 12.7 10.6zM9.1 15.2l15 7 1.4-3-15-7zm14 10.79.68-2.95-16.1-3.35L7 23zM23 30H7v-3h16z"/></svg></a> </div> <nav class="site-footer--nav" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="site-footer--col"> <h5 class="-title"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com" class="js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 15})">Stack Overflow</a></h5> <ul class="-list js-primary-footer-links"> <li><a href="/questions" class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 16})">Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/help" class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 3 })">Help</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 5 })" href="https://chat.stackoverflow.com/?tab=site&host=stackoverflow.com">Chat</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--col"> <h5 class="-title"><a href="https://stackoverflow.co/" class="js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 19 })">Products</a></h5> <ul class="-list"> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.co/teams/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=teams" class="js-gps-track -link" data-ga="["teams traffic","footer - site nav","stackoverflow.com/teams",null,{"dimension4":"teams"}]" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 29 })">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.co/advertising/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertising" class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 21 })">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.co/advertising/employer-branding/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=stackoverflow-community&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=talent" class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 20 })">Talent</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--col"> <h5 class="-title"><a class="js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 1 })" href="https://stackoverflow.co/">Company</a></h5> <ul class="-list"> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 1 })" href="https://stackoverflow.co/">About</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 27 })" href="https://stackoverflow.co/company/press/">Press</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 9 })" href="https://stackoverflow.co/company/work-here/">Work Here</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 7 })" href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 8 })" href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 37 })" href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/terms-of-service/public">Terms of Service</a></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 13 })" href="/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="consent-footer-link"><button type="button" data-controller="cookie-settings" data-action="click->cookie-settings#toggle" class="s-btn s-btn__link py4 js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 38 })" data-consent-popup-loader="footer">Cookie Settings</button></li> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 39 })" href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--col site-footer--categories-nav"> <div> <h5 class="-title"><a href="https://stackexchange.com" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 30 })">Stack Exchange Network</a></h5> <ul class="-list"> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#technology" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Technology </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#culturerecreation" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Culture & recreation </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#lifearts" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Life & arts </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#science" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Science </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#professional" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Professional </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://stackexchange.com/sites#business" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Business </a> </li> <li class="mt16 md:mt0"> <a href="https://api.stackexchange.com/" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> API </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://data.stackexchange.com/" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 24 })"> Data </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="site-footer--copyright fs-fine md:mt24"> <ul class="-list -social md:mb8"> <li><a class="js-gps-track -link" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link:4 })" href="https://stackoverflow.blog?blb=1">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/officialstackoverflow/" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 31 })">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/stackoverflow" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 32 })">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://linkedin.com/company/stack-overflow" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 33 })">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/thestackoverflow" class="-link js-gps-track" data-gps-track="footer.click({ location: 7, link: 36 })">Instagram</a></li> </ul> <p class="md:mb0"> <span>Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc; </span> <span>user contributions licensed under </span> <a class="-link s-link td-underline" href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/licensing">CC BY-SA</a> <span>. </span> <span id="svnrev">rev 2025.2.21.22958</span> </p> </div> </div> </footer>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WCZ03SZFCQ"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } </script> <script> StackExchange.ready(function() { var ga3Settings = { autoLink: ["stackoverflow.blog","info.stackoverflowsolutions.com","stackoverflowsolutions.com"], sendTitles: true, tracker: window.ga, trackingCodes: [ 'UA-108242619-1' ], checkDimension: 'dimension42' }; var customGA4Dimensions = {}; customGA4Dimensions["requestid"] = "782c24f4-39ea-40dd-9eee-efeebf508140"; customGA4Dimensions["routename"] = "Help/Index"; var ga4Settings = { tracker: gtag, trackingCodes: [ 'G-WCZ03SZFCQ' ], consentsToPerformanceCookies: "denied", consentsToTargetingCookies: "denied", eventParameters: customGA4Dimensions, checkForAdBlock: true, sendTitles: true, trackClicks: false, }; StackExchange.ga.init({ GA3: ga3Settings, GA4: ga4Settings }); StackExchange.ga.setDimension('dimension3', 'Help/Index'); StackExchange.ga.setDimension('dimension7', "1740218022.1238075620"); StackExchange.ga.trackPageView(); }); </script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" charset="UTF-8" data-document-language="true" data-domain-script="c3d9f1e3-55f3-4eba-b268-46cee4c6789c"></script> <script defer src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Js/modules/cookie-consent.en.js?v=36bebc18e04f"></script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'915e172e7a334088',t:'MTc0MDIxODAyMi4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Help Center - Stack Overflow