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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biblical references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Book of Genesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Joshua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Joshua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Book of Joshua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Joshua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Book of Judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Samuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Samuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Book of Samuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Samuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Book_of_Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Book_of_Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>First Book of Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Book_of_Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Book_of_Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Book_of_Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Second Book of Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Book_of_Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_of_Amos,_Hosea_and_Jeremiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_of_Amos,_Hosea_and_Jeremiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Books of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_of_Amos,_Hosea_and_Jeremiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_of_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_of_Ezra_and_Nehemiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Books of Ezra and Nehemiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_of_Ezra_and_Nehemiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chalcolithic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_medieval_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_medieval_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and medieval periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_medieval_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_&_Ayyubid_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_&_Ayyubid_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Crusader & Ayyubid periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_&_Ayyubid_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bethel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B4%E1%88%8D" title="ቤቴል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤቴል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3)" title="بيت إيل (الكتاب المقدس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيت إيل (الكتاب المقدس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bethel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бэтэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэтэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9t-el" title="Bét-el – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bét-el" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_(Israel)" title="Bethel (Israel) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bethel (Israel)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-El" title="Bet-El – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bet-El" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Βαιθήλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαιθήλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bethel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-El" title="Bet-El – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bet-El" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB%E2%80%8C%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بث‌ئیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بث‌ئیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9thel" title="Béthel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béthel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A7%EC%97%98" title="벧엘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벧엘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%B7%D5%AC" title="Բեթ Էլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթ Էլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99)" title="בית אל (יישוב מקראי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית אל (יישוב מקראי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_(Biblia)" title="Bethel (Biblia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bethel (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tel_(Palesztina)" title="Bétel (Palesztina) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bétel (Palesztina)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betela" title="Betela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Betela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_(Kana%C3%A4n)" title="Bethel (Kanaän) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bethel (Kanaän)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="ベテル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベテル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_(miasto_biblijne)" title="Betel (miasto biblijne) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betel (miasto biblijne)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вефиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вефиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bethel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_(Kanaaninmaa)" title="Betel (Kanaaninmaa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betel (Kanaaninmaa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel,_Samarien" title="Betel, Samarien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betel, Samarien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_(ng_Bibliya)" title="Betel (ng Bibliya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Betel (ng Bibliya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெத்தேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெத்தேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%95%D0%BB" title="Бет-Ел – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бет-Ел" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bethel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C" title="בית אל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בית אל" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethel&params=31.9226_N_35.245_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°55′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.9226°N 35.245°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.9226; 35.245</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Israelite city mentioned in the Bible, located in the modern-day West Bank</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the deity, see <a href="/wiki/Bethel_(god)" title="Bethel (god)">Bethel (god)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bethel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethel (disambiguation)">Bethel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg/220px-Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg/330px-Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg/440px-Bethel_MET_DP116361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a>, the site of ancient Bethel, during the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bethel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בֵּית אֵל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bēṯ ʾĒl</i></span>, "House of <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>" or "House of God",<sup id="cite_ref-Bleekerp257_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleekerp257-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> <i>Beth El</i>, <i>Beth-El</i>, <i>Beit El</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βαιθήλ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Bethel</i>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">sacred space</a> that is frequently mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bethel is first referred to in the Bible as being near the place where <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abram</a> pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location of <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> that Jacob named Bethel "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a> and that of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">tribe of Ephraim</a>, which first belonged to the Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> described Bethel as a small village that lay 12 <a href="/wiki/Roman_miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman miles">Roman miles</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to the right or the east of the road leading to <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Neapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinsonp449-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of <a href="/wiki/Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodsky_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodsky-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader kingdom</a>, Bethel was left in ruins under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, remaining uninhabited for centuries until the mid-19th century when modern-day Beitin was established.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beit_El" title="Beit El">Beit El</a>, founded nearby. In several countries, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the name has been given to various locations (see <a href="/wiki/Bethel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethel (disambiguation)">Bethel (disambiguation)</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bethel is widely identified by most scholars with the modern Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a>, situated in the central part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodsky_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodsky-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Among the earliest proponents of this identification was biblical scholar and traveler <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a>, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine" title="Biblical Researches in Palestine">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a></i> (1838–52). Robinson based this assessment on the location described in ancient texts, and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine" title="Place names of Palestine">the replacement</a> of the Hebrew <i>el</i> with the Arabic <i>in</i> was not unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viewpoint was later reaffirmed by another early scholar, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_Tristram" title="Henry Baker Tristram">Henry Baker Tristram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_Tristram_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_Tristram-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final 'l' in the name "Bethel" endured until the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> period. The name "Beitin," with the /n/ ending, was not documented until the 19th century, possibly coming into use after the Early Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethel,_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg/250px-Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg/375px-Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg/500px-Bethel%2C_72.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5096" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>Beitin in 1894, from the book <i>Holy Land</i> photographed by Daniel B. Shepp</figcaption></figure><p>A minority view was proposed by David Palmer Livingston and John J. Bimson, who proposed an alternative identification, suggesting that Bethel might be equated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">al-Bireh</a>, while positing Beitin as biblical <a href="/wiki/Taybeh,_Ramallah" title="Taybeh, Ramallah">Ophrah</a>. However, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Taybeh,_Ramallah" title="Taybeh, Ramallah">Taybeh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These proposals have been rejected by Jules Francis Gomes, who wrote that "The voices of Livingston and Bimson have hardly been taken seriously by those who worked on the excavations of Bethel."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Genesis">Book of Genesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Book of Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob,_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg/220px-El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg/330px-El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg/440px-El_sue%C3%B1o_de_Jacob%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Jacob's dream at Bethel, by <a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Bethel is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. It is first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201213&version=nrsv">Genesis 12 and 13</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a place near the place where <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abram</a> stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a> and just to the west of it. More famously, it is mentioned again in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2028&version=nrsv">Genesis 28</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, falls asleep on a stone and <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">dreams of a ladder</a> stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone (<a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">baetyl</a>) with oil and names the place Bethel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2035&version=nrsv">Genesis 35</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place as El-Bethel, and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that the original name of the place was <a href="/wiki/Luz_(biblical_place)" title="Luz (biblical place)">Luz</a>, a Canaanite name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Joshua">Book of Joshua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Book of Joshua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bethel is mentioned again in the book of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+7:2,+8:9&version=NRSV">Joshua 7:2, 8:9</a> as being close to <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai (Bible)">Ai</a> and on the west side of it; in this episode <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> sent men from <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a> to capture Ai. At <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2016:1&version=nrsv">16:1</a> it is again said to be next to Luz, near <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a>, and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a>, cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2016:4&version=nrsv">Joshua 16:4</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Judges">Book of Judges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Book of Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the book of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:22&version=nrsv">Judges 1:22</a> the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%204:5&version=nrsv">Judges 4:5</a> the prophetess <a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a> is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2035:8&version=nrsv">Genesis 35:8</a>, where another <a href="/wiki/Deborah_(Genesis)" title="Deborah (Genesis)">Deborah</a>, the nurse of Jacob's mother <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a>, is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel is said in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%204:5&version=nrsv">Judges 4:5</a> to be in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">Mount Ephraim</a>. </p><p>In the narrative of <a href="/wiki/Levite%27s_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Levite's concubine</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2020:18&version=nrsv">Judges 20:18</a>, where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> as the "House of God", the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Tribe of Benjamin</a> at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2020:26&version=nrsv">Judges 20:26</a>) after losing the battle. </p><p>Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was kept there, under the care of <a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a> the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2020:27&version=nrsv">Judges 20:27</a> f). At <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2021:19&version=nrsv">Judges 21:19</a>, Bethel is said to be south of <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Samuel">Book of Samuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book of Samuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the next mention of the Ark, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%204:3&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 4:3</a>, it is said to be kept at Shiloh. </p><p>In the book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%207:16&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 7:16</a>, it is said that the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, who resided at <a href="/wiki/Ramah_in_Benjamin" title="Ramah in Benjamin">Ramah</a>, used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel, <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel is mentioned again in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2013:2&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 13:2</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2030:27&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 30:27</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Book_of_Kings">First Book of Kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Book of Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (c.931 BC), <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a>, the first king of the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, made two <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calves</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2012:28&version=nrsv">1 Kings 12:28</a> ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in <a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a> in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2013:1&version=nrsv">1 Kings 13:1</a> ff of how a man from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Book_of_Kings">Second Book of Kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Book of Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%202:1&version=nrsv">2 Kings 2:1</a>ff, the prophets <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> visited Bethel on a journey from <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a> to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven alive (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%202:11&version=nrsv">2 Kings 2:11</a>). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What authority says to translate it this way? (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%202:23&version=nrsv">2 Kings 2:23</a> ff). </p><p>Bethel is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel, <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> (c. 842–815 BC). Despite his killing of the prophets of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2010:29&version=nrsv">2 Kings 10:29</a>). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> of Judah (c. 640–609 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_of_Amos,_Hosea_and_Jeremiah"><span id="Books_of_Amos.2C_Hosea_and_Jeremiah"></span>Books of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> (c. 750): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not seek Bethel, do not go to Gilgal, do not journey to Beersheba. For Gilgal will surely go into exile, and Bethel will be reduced to nothing.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a>, 5:5</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_(Book_of_Amos)" title="Amaziah (Book of Amos)">Amaziah</a>, a priest of Bethel, expels Amos from the shrine: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Don’t prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king’s sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a>, 7:13</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A few years later, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> (8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of the "wickedness" of Bethel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%2010:15&version=nrsv">Hosea 10:15</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2048:13&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 48:13</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%2013:1–3&version=nrsv">Hosea 13:1–3</a> describes how the Israelites are abandoning <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a> for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_of_Ezra_and_Nehemiah">Books of Ezra and Nehemiah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books of Ezra and Nehemiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bethel is mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:28&version=nrsv">Ezra 2:28</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:32&version=nrsv">Nehemiah 7:32</a> as being resettled at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return of the exiles from Babylon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_archaeology">History and archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History and archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethel_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethel_1912.jpg/220px-Bethel_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethel_1912.jpg/330px-Bethel_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethel_1912.jpg/440px-Bethel_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Bethel, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> first excavated a test pit in Bethel in 1927, while Extensive excavations were conducted at Beitin by Albright and James L. Kelso in 1934, which continued under the direction of Kelso in 1937, 1954, 1957, and 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his excavation campaigns, James Kelso found a clay stamp in contextually challenging debris near a Middle Bronze Age wall on the site’s south-west side in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intriguingly, this find bore a striking resemblance to one <a href="/wiki/James_Theodore_Bent" title="James Theodore Bent">Theodore Bent</a> brought back from al-Mašhad <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Dawan" title="Wadi Dawan">Wādī Dawʿan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>) in 1894. Indeed, such was the similarity, some scholars considered that the Bethel stamp was actually the Bent find and that the latter’s wife, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Bent" title="Mabel Bent">Mabel Bent</a>, had somehow, and for some reason, deposited the object there after her husband’s untimely death in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bizarrely, neither of the stamps (or the single one) have been traced for decades, and the only evidence that can be seen today is a <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_paper" title="Squeeze paper">squeeze</a> made of the Bent stamp, which is now in the <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Glaser" title="Eduard Glaser">Eduard Glaser</a> Collection, Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent excavations at Elevation Point 914, a prominent hill located 900 meters east of the village of Beitin, by Aharon Tavger have uncovered several Middle Bronze and Iron II remains which have led excavator at E.P. 914 to propose this place as the ancient cult site of Bethel, and perhaps the location of Abram’s altar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipschits2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipschits2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 243">: 243 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic_period">Chalcolithic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human settlement at the site of Beitin dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period. Archaeological excavations in 1950 uncovered flint tools, pottery and animal bones from that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG/220px-Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG/330px-Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG/440px-Jeroboam%27s_Temple_in_Bet_El_IMG_1944.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Early Bronze Age Canaanite ritual site, cut through the <a href="/wiki/High_place" title="High place">bamah</a> by Middle Bronze Age II city wall. Tel Beit El, Beitin, 2017.</figcaption></figure><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> (around 3200 BCE) normally nomadic populations settled in the area. <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> tombs, houses and olive presses were discovered to the north and southeast of the village. The remains of a Canaanite temple were also excavated by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-TWP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> (around 1750 BCE) its status was elevated from a village to a fortified Canaanite town which is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Luz_(biblical_place)" title="Luz (biblical place)">Luz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JMCC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMCC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STFJ_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STFJ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two city gates dating to this period have been excavated, one in the northeast and the other northwest of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-TWP_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second temple was built in Luz during this period, but was destroyed as a result of an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-TWP_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> city at Bethel was destroyed at some point during the late 13th or early 12th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipschits_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipschits-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Early Iron Age, a newer settlement was established.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> This settlement was continuously inhabited during the early and later phases of the Iron Age, although the exact date of its destruction remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelso_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–52">: 51–52 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_medieval_periods"><span id="Hellenistic.2C_Roman.2C_Byzantine_and_medieval_periods"></span>Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and medieval periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and medieval periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bethel/Beitin was again inhabited and fortified by <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides the Syrian</a> in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinsonp449-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> captured Bethel in the summer of 69 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robinson notes that after the writings of Eusebius and Jerome, he found no further references to Bethel in the written historical record. However, he notes that the ruins at Beitin are greater than those of a village and seem to have undergone expansion after the time of Jerome, noting also the presence of what appear to be ruins of churches from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinsonp449-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town appears on the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> as <b>Louza</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λουζα</span></span>), also known as Bethel (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βεθηλ</span></span>, <i>Bethēl</i>)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early Muslim period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg/220px-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg/330px-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg/440px-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF000848.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A domed structure in Bethel, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The church fell into ruin after the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquered</a> the area.<sup id="cite_ref-STFJ_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STFJ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_&_Ayyubid_periods"><span id="Crusader_.26_Ayyubid_periods"></span>Crusader & Ayyubid periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crusader & Ayyubid periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church was rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-STFJ_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STFJ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Crusader period, the village was given as <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V of Jerusalem</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Crusaders were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in 1187, the church was destroyed and the village was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-STFJ_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STFJ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bayt-Allah, another name for the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in Mecca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_(god)" title="Bethel (god)">Bethel (god)</a>, name of a god or an aspect of a god from the Assyrian to Hellenistic periods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allon_Bachuth" title="Allon Bachuth">Allon Bachuth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bleekerp257-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bleekerp257_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleeker and Widegren, 1988, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGomes2006" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Jules (13 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nj09AWrgpnkC&pg=PA2"><i>The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110189933" title="Special:BookSources/9783110189933"><bdi>9783110189933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctuary+of+Bethel+and+the+Configuration+of+Israelite+Identity&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006-05-13&rft.isbn=9783110189933&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnj09AWrgpnkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinsonp449-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinsonp449_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. 449–450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodsky-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brodsky_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodsky_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Brodsky (1990). "Bethel". In the <i>Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary</i>. 1:710-712.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitzur2004" class="citation book cs1">Elitzur, Yoel (2004). <i>Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation and History</i>. Jerusalem ; Winona Lake, Virginia: The Hebrew University Magness Press ; Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Place+Names+in+the+Holy+Land%3A+Preservation+and+History&rft.place=Jerusalem+%3B+Winona+Lake%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magness+Press+%3B+Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=Yoel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2006" class="citation book cs1">Rainey, Anson F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYearm8YobQC&pg=PA270">"Looking for Bethel: An Exercise in Historical Geography"</a>. In Gitin, Seymour; Wright, J. Edward; Dessel, J. P. (eds.). <i>Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever</i>. Eisenbrauns. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-117-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Bethel%3A+An+Exercise+in+Historical+Geography&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Past%3A+Archaeological+and+Historical+Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Dever&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-117-7&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=Anson+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYearm8YobQC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_Tristram-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_Tristram_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker_Tristram1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_Tristram" title="Henry Baker Tristram">Baker Tristram, Henry</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landisraelajour00trisgoog"><i>The Land of Israel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landisraelajour00trisgoog/page/n193">162</a>. <q>Bethel Beitin ruins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Israel&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Baker+Tristram&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandisraelajour00trisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2006" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Jules (13 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nj09AWrgpnkC&pg=PA2"><i>The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110189933" title="Special:BookSources/9783110189933"><bdi>9783110189933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctuary+of+Bethel+and+the+Configuration+of+Israelite+Identity&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006-05-13&rft.isbn=9783110189933&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnj09AWrgpnkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.12?lang=bi&aliyot=0">"Genesis 12"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FGenesis.12%3Flang%3Dbi%26aliyot%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.28.19?lang=bi&aliyot=0">"Genesis 28:19"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+28%3A19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FGenesis.28.19%3Flang%3Dbi%26aliyot%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bethel" in M. G. Easton, <i>Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i>, T. Nelson and Sons, London, 1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.35?lang=bi&aliyot=0">"Genesis 35"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FGenesis.35%3Flang%3Dbi%26aliyot%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_L._Cook2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen L. Cook (2004). <i>The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism, Part 2</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Roots+of+Biblical+Yahwism%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Stephen+L.+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelso-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsoAlbright1968" class="citation book cs1">Kelso, James Leon; <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, William Foxwell</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9RwPQAACAAJ"><i>The Excavation of Bethel (1934-1960)</i></a>. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Vol. 39. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American School of Oriental Research">American School of Oriental Research</a> in Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3768539">10.2307/3768539</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-0035">0066-0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768539">3768539</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Excavation+of+Bethel+%281934-1960%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.pub=American+School+of+Oriental+Research+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0066-0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3768539&rft.aulast=Kelso&rft.aufirst=James+Leon&rft.au=Albright%2C+William+Foxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9RwPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Beek and Jamme (1958), 'An inscribed South Arabian Clay Stamp From Bethel', in <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> 151: 9-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamme (1990), 'The Bethel Inscribed Stamp Again: A Vindication of Mrs. Theodore Bent', in <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> 280: 89-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Squeeze A727 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://glaser.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/gl/rec/110007437/0">https://glaser.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/gl/rec/110007437/0</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavger2021" class="citation book cs1">Tavger, Aharon (2021). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"And He Called the Name of that Place Bethel" (Gen 28: 19): Historical-Geography and Archaeology of the Sanctuary of Bethel". In Hensel, Benedikt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDQ7zgEACAAJ"><i>The History of the Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25-35)</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 201–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159927-9"><bdi>978-3-16-159927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22And+He+Called+the+Name+of+that+Place+Bethel%22+%28Gen+28%3A+19%29%3A+Historical-Geography+and+Archaeology+of+the+Sanctuary+of+Bethel&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jacob+Cycle+%28Genesis+25-35%29&rft.pages=201-222&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-16-159927-9&rft.aulast=Tavger&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDQ7zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipschits2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipschits2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2017" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35303818">"Bethel Revisited"</a>. In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.). <i>Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 233–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bethel+Revisited&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Israel%3A+Studies+in+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+Israel+Finkelstein&rft.pages=233-246&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-787-2&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35303818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWP-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002133/http://thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=762&ed=68&edid=68">"Site of the Week: Beitin"</a>. <i>This Week in Palestine</i>. 9 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=762&ed=68&edid=68">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Week+in+Palestine&rft.atitle=Site+of+the+Week%3A+Beitin&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthisweekinpalestine.com%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D762%26ed%3D68%26edid%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMCC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMCC_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310193404/http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/sites.htm#beitin">"Palestinian Cultural Sites: Beitin-Ramallah"</a>. Jerusalem Media and Communications Center (JMCC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/sites.htm#beitin">the original</a> on 10 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Cultural+Sites%3A+Beitin-Ramallah&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Media+and+Communications+Center+%28JMCC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmcc.org%2Fpalculture%2Fsites.htm%23beitin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STFJ-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STFJ_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STFJ_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STFJ_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STFJ_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/048discuss.html">Luza, also Bethel - (Beitin)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003050538/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/048discuss.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. 2000-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipschits-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipschits_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2017" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35303818">"Bethel Revisited"</a>. In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.). <i>Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 233–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bethel+Revisited&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Israel%3A+Studies+in+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+Israel+Finkelstein&rft.pages=233-246&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-787-2&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35303818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5"><bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+the+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24813-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy+MacLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/11/mode/1up">11</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleekerWidengren1988" class="citation cs2">Bleeker, C. J.; Widengren, G. (1988), <i>Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08928-0"><bdi>978-90-04-08928-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Religionum%3A+Handbook+for+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08928-0&rft.aulast=Bleeker&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Widengren%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2006" class="citation cs2">Gomes, Jules Francis (2006), <i>The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity</i>, Walter de Gruyter & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018993-3"><bdi>978-3-11-018993-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctuary+of+Bethel+and+the+Configuration+of+Israelite+Identity&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018993-3&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Jules+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsoSwauger1968" class="citation book cs1">Kelso, James Leon; Swauger, James L. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9RwPQAACAAJ"><i>The excavation of Bethel (1934-1960)</i></a>. American Schools of Oriental Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+excavation+of+Bethel+%281934-1960%29&rft.pub=American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kelso&rft.aufirst=James+Leon&rft.au=Swauger%2C+James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9RwPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, Eli</a> (1856), <i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+1838%E2%80%9352%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+Year+1838&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bethel_(biblical_village)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bethel (biblical village)">Bethel (biblical village)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sites_of_the_Israelite_settlement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Template:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Template talk:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sites_of_the_Israelite_settlement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement" title="Israelite highland settlement">Israelite settlement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite Settlement</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Site" title="Bull Site">Bull Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Tel Dor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Izbet Sartah</a></li> <li>Tell el-Ful (<a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giloh" title="Giloh">Giloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a></li> <li>Khirbet ed-Dawwara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Mastarah" title="Khirbet el-Mastarah">Khirbet el-Mastarah</a></li> <li>Khirbet Ghuraba</li> <li>Khirbet Ibn Nasir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>)</li> <li>Tel Esdar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Tell es-Sa'idiyeh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Zaretan</a>)</li> <li>Tell Radanna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethzur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethzur">Bethzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan">Tel Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Et-Tell" title="Et-Tell">Et-Tell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li>Khirbet Marjameh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Tel Kinrot</a> (Kinneret)</li> <li>Tel Masos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_en-Nasbeh" title="Tell en-Nasbeh">Tell en-Nasbeh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asdudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdudu">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Deir Alla</a> (Succoth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabud" title="Rabud">Rabud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beit_Mirsim" title="Tell Beit Mirsim">Tell Beit Mirsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon, Canaan">Tel 'Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Tel Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beth-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-shan">Beth-shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Taanach">Taanach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3876767#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3876767#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3876767#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/169149616584603750499">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007337152205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethel&params=31.9226_N_35.245_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°55′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.9226°N 35.245°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.9226; 35.245</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel&oldid=1259666030">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel&oldid=1259666030</a>"</div></div> 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