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1960s–1973: Precursors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1960s–1973:_Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garage_rock_and_beat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garage_rock_and_beat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Garage rock and beat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garage_rock_and_beat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Proto-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974–1976:_First_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1976:_First_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1974–1976: First wave </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1974–1976:_First_wave-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1974–1976: First wave subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1974–1976:_First_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 New York City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–1978:_Second_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–1978:_Second_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1977–1978: Second wave </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1977–1978:_Second_wave-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1977–1978: Second wave subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1977–1978:_Second_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1979–1984: Schism and diversification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1979–1984: Schism and diversification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 New wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Post-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardcore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardcore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hardcore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardcore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985–present:_Legacy_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–present:_Legacy_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 1985–present: Legacy and revival </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1985–present:_Legacy_and_revival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1985–present: Legacy and revival subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1985–present:_Legacy_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Alternative rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal-rap-punk_fusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal-rap-punk_fusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Metal-rap-punk fusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-rap-punk_fusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queercore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queercore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Queercore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queercore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riot_grrrl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riot_grrrl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Riot grrrl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riot_grrrl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punk_revival_and_mainstream_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_revival_and_mainstream_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Punk revival and mainstream success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_revival_and_mainstream_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_influential_subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_influential_subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other influential subgenres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_influential_subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other influential subgenres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_influential_subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oi!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oi!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Oi! </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oi!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarcho-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarcho-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Anarcho-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarcho-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Pop-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusions_and_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusions_and_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Fusions and directions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusions_and_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_viewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_viewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Suggested viewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_viewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Punk rock: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="بانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank_rok" title="Pank rok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pank rok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="পাংক রক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাংক রক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank-rok" title="Pank-rok – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pank-rok" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pync-roc" title="Pync-roc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pync-roc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk-rock" title="Punk-rock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punk-rock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(Musik)" title="Punk (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punk (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA" title="Πανκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punko" title="Punko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Punko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پانک راک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانک راک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiche_punk" title="Musiche punk – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Musiche punk" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punc-rac" title="Punc-rac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Punc-rac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punc" title="Punc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Punc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%91%ED%81%AC_%EB%A1%9D" title="펑크 록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펑크 록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Փանկ ռոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փանկ ռոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk-rock" title="Punk-rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Punk-rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk-muziko" title="Punk-muziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Punk-muziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6nk" title="Pönk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pönk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="פאנק רוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנק רוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პანკ-როკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანკ-როკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_punkiana" title="Musica punkiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica punkiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankroks" title="Pankroks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pankroks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankrokas" title="Pankrokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pankrokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="پانك روك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پانك روك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_punk" title="Rock punk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rock punk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_i%C3%A8u-g%C5%ABng" title="Punk ièu-gūng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Punk ièu-gūng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ပန့်ခ် ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန့်ခ် ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(muziek)" title="Punk (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punk (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="पंक रक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पंक रक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="パンク・ロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンク・ロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkrock" title="Punkrock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punkrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B8nkrock" title="Pønkrock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pønkrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank-rok" title="Pank-rok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pank-rok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%A9_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9" title="پەنک ڕۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنک ڕۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkrock" title="Punkrock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punkrock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பங்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பங்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พังก์ร็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พังก์ร็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Панк-рок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панк-рок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Punk rock" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" title="朋克摇滚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朋克摇滚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%85%E5%AE%A2%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="鬅客搖滾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬅客搖滾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="朋克搖滾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朋克搖滾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_rock&action=edit&oldid=1231734751" title="Punk rock">edit</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_rock&action=edit&undoafter=1230305400&undo=1231734751" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2601:600:9100:92E0:B5CF:D8AC:CF1C:E21C" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/2601:600:9100:92E0:B5CF:D8AC:CF1C:E21C" data-mw-revid="1231734751"><bdi>2601:600:9100:92e0:b5cf:d8ac:cf1c:e21c</bdi></a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2601:600:9100:92E0:B5CF:D8AC:CF1C:E21C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2601:600:9100:92E0:B5CF:D8AC:CF1C:E21C (page does not exist)">talk</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <a href="#See_also">→<bdi dir="ltr">See also</bdi></a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: Mobile edit Mobile web edit</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_rock&diff=next&oldid=1231734751" title="Punk rock" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 340:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 340:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Punk ideologies]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Punk ideologies]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Women in punk rock]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Women in punk rock]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[[emo punk]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Suggested viewing==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Suggested viewing==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 23:49, 29 June 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of rock music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1960s genre also known as "punk rock", see <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a>. For the 2009 play, see <a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_(play)" title="Punk Rock (play)">Punk Rock (play)</a>. For the Mekons album, see <a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_(album)" title="Punk Rock (album)">Punk Rock (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Punk rock</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Punk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">pub rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-1970s, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">NWOBHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">glam punk</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">skate punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres" title="Punk rock subgenres">complete list</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">folk punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a><a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">punk rap</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Frikis" title="Los Frikis">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru punk">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_punk_scene" title="Philadelphia punk scene">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Birmingham#Punk_rock" title="Popular music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_punk_rock" title="Brisbane punk rock">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Leeds#Punk_rock" title="Music in Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Proto_punk,_new_wave_and_no_wave" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">list of bands, 0–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">list of bands, L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">list of festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_punk_subculture" title="History of the punk subculture">History of the punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">timeline</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" 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order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Punk rock (also known as simply punk) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that emerged in the mid-1970s. Rooted in 1950s <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and 1960s <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, punk bands rejected the corporate nature of mainstream 1970s rock music. They typically produced short, fast-paced songs with hard-edged melodies and singing styles with stripped-down instrumentation. Lyricism in punk typically revolves around <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a> themes. Punk embraces a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>; many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent labels</a>. The term "punk rock" was previously used by American <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">rock critics</a> in the early 1970s to describe the mid-1960s garage bands. Certain late 1960s and early 1970s Detroit acts, such as <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iggy_and_the_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggy and the Stooges">Iggy and the Stooges</a>, and other bands from elsewhere created out-of-the-mainstream music that became highly influential on what was to come. <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a> in the UK and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Dolls" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Dolls">the New York Dolls</a> from New York have also been cited as key influences. Between 1974 and 1976, when the genre that became known as punk was developing, prominent acts included <a href="/wiki/Television_(band)" title="Television (band)">Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> in New York City; <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_punk_rock" title="Brisbane punk rock">Brisbane</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">the Damned</a> in London, and the <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> in Manchester. By late 1976, punk had become a major cultural phenomenon in the UK. It gave rise to a <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> that expressed youthful rebellion through distinctive <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">styles of clothing</a>, such as T-shirts with deliberately offensive graphics, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewelry, safety pins, and bondage and S&M clothes. In 1977, the influence of the music and subculture spread worldwide. It took root in a wide range of local scenes that often rejected affiliation with the mainstream. In the late 1970s, punk experienced a second wave, when new acts that had not been active during its formative years adopted the style. By the early 1980s, faster and more aggressive subgenres, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sham_69" title="Sham 69">Sham 69</a>), <a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">the Exploited</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>), became some of the predominant modes of punk rock, while bands more similar in form to the first wave (e.g., <a href="/wiki/X_(American_band)" title="X (American band)">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Adicts" title="The Adicts">the Adicts</a>) also flourished. Many musicians who identified with punk or were inspired by it went on to pursue other musical directions, giving rise to movements such as <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>. Following alternative rock's mainstream breakthrough in the 1990s with <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, punk rock saw renewed major-label interest and mainstream appeal exemplified by the rise of the California bands <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">the Offspring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NOFX" title="NOFX">NOFX</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outlook">Outlook</h3></div> The first wave of punk rock was "aggressively modern" and differed from what came before.<a href="#cite_note-RMB-5">[5]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Ramone" title="Tommy Ramone">Tommy Ramone</a>, "In its initial form, a lot of <a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a> stuff was innovative and exciting. Unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Hendrix</a> started noodling away. Soon you had endless <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">solos</a> that went nowhere. By 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock 'n' roll."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Holmstrom" title="John Holmstrom">John Holmstrom</a>, founding editor of <a href="/wiki/Punk_(magazine)" title="Punk (magazine)">Punk</a> magazine, recalls feeling "punk rock had to come along because the rock scene had become so tame that [acts] like <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Garfunkel">Simon and Garfunkel</a> were being called rock and roll, when to me and other fans, rock and roll meant this wild and rebellious music."<a href="#cite_note-MM-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, punk "scornfully rejected the political idealism and Californian flower-power silliness of <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> myth."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Hippies were rainbow extremists; punks are romantics of black-and-white. Hippies forced warmth; punks cultivate <a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">cool</a>. Hippies kidded themselves about <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>; punks pretend that <a href="/wiki/S%26m" class="mw-redirect" title="S&m">s&m</a> is our condition. As symbols of protest, swastikas are no less fatuous than flowers. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide</a> (1981)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></cite> </div> Technical accessibility and a <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">do it yourself</a> (DIY) spirit are prized in punk rock. <a href="/wiki/UK_pub_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="UK pub rock">UK pub rock</a> from 1972 to 1975 contributed to the emergence of punk rock by developing a network of small venues, such as pubs, where non-mainstream bands could play.<a href="#cite_note-Laing,_Dave_2015._p._18-10">[10]</a> Pub rock also introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent record labels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Records" title="Stiff Records">Stiff Records</a>, which put out basic, low-cost records.<a href="#cite_note-Laing,_Dave_2015._p._18-10">[10]</a> Pub rock bands organized their own small venue tours and put out small pressings of their records. In the early days of punk rock, this DIY ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion. According to Holmstrom, punk rock was "rock and roll by people who didn't have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music".<a href="#cite_note-MM-7">[7]</a> In December 1976, the English <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> Sideburns published a now-famous illustration of three chords, captioned "This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. Now form a band".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> British punk rejected contemporary mainstream rock, the broader culture it represented, and their musical predecessors: "No <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> in 1977", declared <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a> song "1977".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> 1976, when the punk revolution began in Britain, became a musical and a cultural "Year Zero".<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p4-14">[14]</a> As nostalgia was discarded, many in the scene adopted a <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> attitude summed up by the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>' slogan "No Future";<a href="#cite_note-RMB-5">[5]</a> in the later words of one observer, amid the unemployment and social unrest in 1977, "punk's nihilistic swagger was the most thrilling thing in England."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While "self-imposed <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>" was common among "drunk punks" and "gutter punks", there was always a tension between their nihilistic outlook and the "radical leftist utopianism"<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> of bands such as <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>, who found positive, liberating meaning in the movement. As a Clash associate describes singer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Strummer" title="Joe Strummer">Joe Strummer</a>'s outlook, "Punk rock is meant to be our freedom. We're meant to be able to do what we want to do."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a> has always been important in the punk subculture—the pejorative term "<a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">poseur</a>" is applied to those who adopt its stylistic attributes but do not actually share or understand its underlying values and philosophy. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that "attaining authenticity in the punk identity can be difficult"; as the punk scene matured, he observes, eventually "everyone got called a poseur".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_and_lyrical_elements">Musical and lyrical elements</h3></div> The early punk bands emulated the minimal musical arrangements of 1960s <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Typical punk rock instrumentation is stripped down to one or two guitars, bass, drums and vocals. Songs tend to be shorter than those of other rock genres and played at fast tempos.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Most early punk rock songs retained a traditional rock 'n' roll <a href="/wiki/Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">verse-chorus form</a> and 4/4 <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a>. However, later bands often broke from this format.<a href="#cite_note-blush-21">[21]</a> The vocals are sometimes nasal,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and the lyrics often shouted in an "arrogant snarl", rather than conventionally sung.<a href="#cite_note-S159-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-laing_21-24">[24]</a> Complicated <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a> were considered self-indulgent, although basic guitar breaks were common.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Guitar parts tend to include highly <a href="/wiki/Distortion_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distortion pedal">distorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barre_chord" title="Barre chord">barre chords</a>, creating a characteristic sound described by Christgau as a "buzzsaw drone".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Some punk rock bands take a <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf rock</a> approach with a lighter, twangier guitar tone. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Quine" title="Robert Quine">Robert Quine</a>, lead guitarist of <a href="/wiki/The_Voidoids" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voidoids">the Voidoids</a>, have employed a wild, "<a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">gonzo</a>" attack, a style that stretches back through <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">the Velvet Underground</a> to the 1950s recordings of <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Bass guitar lines are often uncomplicated; the quintessential approach is a relentless, repetitive "forced rhythm",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing198562-28">[28]</a> although some punk rock bass players—such as <a href="/wiki/Mike_Watt" title="Mike Watt">Mike Watt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minutemen_(band)" title="Minutemen (band)">the Minutemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firehose_(band)" title="Firehose (band)">Firehose</a>—emphasize more technical bass lines. Bassists often use a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">pick</a> due to the rapid succession of notes, making <a href="/wiki/Fingerpicking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerpicking">fingerpicking</a> impractical. Drums typically sound heavy and dry, and often have a minimal set-up. Compared to other forms of rock, <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> is much less the rule.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Hardcore drumming tends to be especially fast.<a href="#cite_note-S159-23">[23]</a> Production tends to be minimalistic, with tracks sometimes laid down on home tape recorders<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing1985118–19-30">[30]</a> or four-track portastudios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing198553-31">[31]</a> Punk rock lyrics are typically blunt and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they often focus on social and political issues.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Trend-setting songs such as the Clash's "<a href="/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)" title="Career Opportunities (song)">Career Opportunities</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_(band)" title="Chelsea (band)">Chelsea</a>'s "Right to Work" deal with unemployment and the grim realities of urban life.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Especially in early British punk, a central goal was to outrage and shock the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Sex Pistols' "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>" openly disparaged the British political system and social mores. Anti-sentimental depictions of relationships and sex are common, as in "Love Comes in Spurts", recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Voidoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Voidoids">Voidoids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a>, variously expressed in the poetic terms of Richard Hell's "<a href="/wiki/Blank_Generation_(song)" title="Blank Generation (song)">Blank Generation</a>" and the bluntness of the Ramones' "<a href="/wiki/Now_I_Wanna_Sniff_Some_Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue">Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue</a>", is a common theme.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The controversial content of punk lyrics has frequently led to certain punk records being banned by radio stations and refused shelf space in major chain stores.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Christgau said that "Punk is so tied up with the disillusions of growing up that punks do often age poorly."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_and_other_elements">Visual and other elements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punk-27947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg/220px-Punk-27947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg/330px-Punk-27947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>1980s punks with leather jackets and dyed mohawk hairstyles</figcaption></figure> The classic punk rock look among male American musicians harkens back to the T-shirt, motorcycle jacket, and jeans ensemble favored by American <a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">greasers</a> of the 1950s associated with the <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> scene and by British <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">rockers</a> of the 1960s. In addition to the T-shirt, and leather jackets they wore ripped jeans and boots, typically <a href="/wiki/Doc_Martens" class="mw-redirect" title="Doc Martens">Doc Martens</a>. The punk look was inspired to shock people. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hell" title="Richard Hell">Richard Hell</a>'s more androgynous, ragamuffin look—and reputed invention of the <a href="/wiki/Safety_pin#Culture" title="Safety pin">safety-pin aesthetic</a>—was a major influence on Sex Pistols impresario <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a> and, in turn, British punk style.<a href="#cite_note-RHV-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_D_Morton" title="John D Morton">John D Morton</a> of Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Electric_Eels_(band)" title="Electric Eels (band)">Electric Eels</a> may have been the first rock musician to wear a safety-pin-covered jacket.)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> McLaren's partner, fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a>, credits <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rotten" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Rotten">Johnny Rotten</a> as the first British punk musician to rip his shirt, and Sex Pistols bassist <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a> as the first to use safety pins,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> although few of those following punk could afford to buy McLaren and Westwood's designs so famously worn by the Pistols, so they made their own, diversifying the 'look' with various different styles based on these designs. Young women in punk demolished the typical female types in rock of either "coy sex kittens or wronged blues belters" in their fashion.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Early female punk musicians displayed styles ranging from <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a>'s bondage gear to <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>'s "straight-from-the-gutter androgyny".<a href="#cite_note-Strohm-43">[43]</a> The former proved much more influential on female fan styles.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Over time, tattoos, <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercings</a>, and metal-studded and -spiked accessories became increasingly common elements of <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">punk fashion</a> among both musicians and fans, a "style of adornment calculated to disturb and outrage".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Among the other facets of the punk rock scene, a punk's hair is an important way of showing their freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-Sklar-46">[46]</a> The typical male punk haircut was originally short and choppy; the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle" title="Mohawk hairstyle">mohawk</a> later emerged as a characteristic style.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Along with the mohawk, long spikes have been associated with the punk rock genre.<a href="#cite_note-Sklar-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s–1973:_Precursors">1960s–1973: Precursors</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garage_rock_and_beat">Garage rock and beat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod (subculture)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat music</a></div> The early to mid-1960s garage rock bands in the United States and elsewhere are often recognized as punk rock's progenitors. <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">the Kingsmen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Louie,_Louie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louie, Louie">Louie, Louie</a>" is often cited as punk rock's defining "<a href="/wiki/Urtext_edition" title="Urtext edition">ur-text</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999157-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[nb 1]</a> After the success of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, the garage phenomenon gathered momentum around the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemlich19922–3-52">[51]</a> By 1965, the harder-edged sound of British acts, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, became increasingly influential with American garage bands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999159-53">[52]</a> The raw sound of U.S. groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">the Sonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Seeds" title="The Seeds">the Seeds</a> predicted the style of later acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999159-53">[52]</a> In the early 1970s some rock critics used the term "punk rock" to refer to the mid-1960s garage genre,<a href="#cite_note-laing_21-24">[24]</a> as well as for subsequent acts perceived to be in that stylistic tradition, such as the Stooges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs2003101-54">[53]</a> In Britain, largely under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mod_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod subculture">mod</a> movement and beat groups, the Kinks' 1964 hit singles "<a href="/wiki/You_Really_Got_Me" title="You Really Got Me">You Really Got Me</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/All_Day_and_All_of_the_Night" title="All Day and All of the Night">All Day and All of the Night</a>", were both influenced by "Louie, Louie".<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[nb 2]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a> released the mod anthem "<a href="/wiki/My_Generation" title="My Generation">My Generation</a>", which according to John Reed, anticipated the kind of "cerebral mix of musical ferocity and rebellious posture" that would characterize much of the later British punk rock of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200549-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[nb 3]</a> The garage/beat phenomenon extended beyond North America and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger_(Trans_World)-61">[58]</a> In America, the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> movement birthed an array of garage bands that would later become influences on punk, <a href="/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle" title="The Austin Chronicle">the Austin Chronicle</a> described the <a href="/wiki/13th_Floor_Elevators" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Floor Elevators">13th Floor Elevators</a> as a band who can lay claim to influencing the movement, "the seeds of punk remain blatant in the howling ultimatum <a href="/wiki/Roky_Erickson" title="Roky Erickson">Erickson</a> transferred from his previous teen combo to the Elevators"<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> as well as describing other bands in the <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> scene as "a prime example of the opaque <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a> undertow at the heart of the best <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a>". Hippie <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Peel_(musician)" title="David Peel (musician)">David Peel</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City's</a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> was the first person to use the word "<a href="/wiki/Motherfucker" title="Motherfucker">motherfucker</a>" in a song title and also directly influenced <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a></div> In August 1969, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, premiered with a <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges_(album)" title="The Stooges (album)">self-titled album</a>. According to critic <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a>, the band, led by singer <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, created "the sound of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/You_Can%27t_Catch_Me" title="You Can't Catch Me">Airmobile</a>—after thieves stripped it for parts".<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The album was produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a>, a former member of New York's experimental rock group <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">the Velvet Underground</a>, who inspired many of those involved in the creation of punk rock.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a> updated 1950s' rock 'n' roll in a fashion that later became known as <a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">glam punk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The New York duo <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(band)" title="Suicide (band)">Suicide</a> played spare, experimental music with a confrontational stage act inspired by that of the Stooges.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> In Boston, <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers" title="The Modern Lovers">the Modern Lovers</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Richman" title="Jonathan Richman">Jonathan Richman</a>, gained attention for their minimalistic style. In 1974, as well, the Detroit band <a href="/wiki/Death_(protopunk_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death (protopunk band)">Death</a>—made up of three African-American brothers—recorded "scorching blasts of feral ur-punk", but could not arrange a release deal.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-68">[65]</a> In Ohio, a small but influential underground rock scene emerged, led by <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-69">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent,_Ohio" title="Kent, Ohio">Kent</a> and by Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Electric_Eels_(band)" title="Electric Eels (band)">Electric Eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirrors_(Ohio_band)" title="Mirrors (Ohio band)">Mirrors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Tombs" title="Rocket from the Tombs">Rocket from the Tombs</a>. Bands anticipating the forthcoming movement were appearing as far afield as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, West Germany, where "punk before punk" band <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a> formed in 1971, building on the <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> tradition of groups such as <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trouser2-70">[67]</a> In Japan, the anti-establishment Zunō Keisatsu (Brain Police) mixed <a href="/wiki/Garage-psych" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage-psych">garage-psych</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>. The combo regularly faced censorship challenges, their live act at least once including onstage masturbation.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> A new generation of Australian garage rock bands, inspired mainly by the Stooges and <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a>, was coming closer to the sound that would soon be called "punk": In <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a> evoked the live sound of the British <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Things" title="Pretty Things">Pretty Things</a>, who had toured Australia and New Zealand in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Between the late 16th and the 18th centuries, punk was a common, coarse synonym for <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> used it with that meaning in <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a> (1602) and <a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a> (1603–4).<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The term eventually came to describe "a young male hustler, a gangster, a hoodlum, or a ruffian".<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> The first known use of the phrase "punk rock" appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> on March 22, 1970, when <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a>, co-founder of New York's anarcho-prankster band <a href="/wiki/The_Fugs" title="The Fugs">the Fugs</a> described his first solo album as "punk rock – redneck sentimentality".<a href="#cite_note-flashbak1-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> In 1969 Sanders recorded a song for an album called "Street Punk" but it was only released in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-flashbak1-75">[72]</a> In the December 1970 issue of <a href="/wiki/Creem" title="Creem">Creem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a>, mocking more mainstream rock musicians, ironically referred to <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> as "that Stooge punk".<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(band)" title="Suicide (band)">Suicide</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alan_Vega" title="Alan Vega">Alan Vega</a> credits this usage with inspiring his duo to bill its gigs as "punk music" or a "punk mass" for the next couple of years.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In the March 1971 issue of Creem, critic <a href="/wiki/Greg_Shaw" title="Greg Shaw">Greg Shaw</a> wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows of Knight">Shadows of Knight</a>'s "hard-edge punk sound". In an April 1971 issue of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>, he referred to a track by <a href="/wiki/The_Guess_Who" title="The Guess Who">the Guess Who</a> as "good, not too imaginative, punk rock and roll". The same month John Medelsohn described <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Love_It_to_Death" title="Love It to Death">Love It to Death</a> as "nicely wrought mainstream punk raunch".<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Marsh" title="Dave Marsh">Dave Marsh</a> used the term in the May 1971 issue of <a href="/wiki/Creem" title="Creem">Creem</a>, where he described <a href="/wiki/Question_Mark_%26_the_Mysterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Mark & the Mysterians">? and the Mysterians</a> as giving a "landmark exposition of punk rock".<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Later in 1971, in his fanzine <a href="/wiki/Bomp!" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomp!">Who Put the Bomp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Shaw" title="Greg Shaw">Greg Shaw</a> wrote about "what I have chosen to call "punkrock" bands—white teenage hard rock of '64–66 (<a href="/wiki/Standells" class="mw-redirect" title="Standells">Standells</a>, Kingsmen, <a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows of Knight">Shadows of Knight</a>, etc.)".<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[nb 4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bangs" title="Lester Bangs">Lester Bangs</a> used the term "punk rock" in several articles written in the early 1970s to refer to mid-1960s garage acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs20038,_56,_57,_61,_64,_101-84">[80]</a> In the liner notes of the 1972 anthology LP, <a href="/wiki/Nuggets:_Original_Artyfacts_from_the_First_Psychedelic_Era,_1965%E2%80%931968" title="Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968">Nuggets</a>, musician and rock journalist <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kaye" title="Lenny Kaye">Lenny Kaye</a>, later a member of the Patti Smith Group, used the term "punk rock" to describe the genre of 1960s garage bands and "garage-punk", to describe a song recorded in 1966 by the Shadows of Knight.<a href="#cite_note-letitrock-85">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Kent" title="Nick Kent">Nick Kent</a> referred to Iggy Pop as the "Punk Messiah of the Teenage Wasteland" in his review of <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a> July, 1972 performance at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cross_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Cross Cinema">King's Cross Cinema</a> in London for a British magazine called Cream (no relation to the more famous US publication).<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> In the January 1973 Rolling Stone review of Nuggets, Greg Shaw commented "Punk rock is a fascinating genre... Punk rock at its best is the closest we came in the '60s to the original rockabilly spirit of Rock 'n Roll."<a href="#cite_note-Shaw_(Review_of_Nuggets)-87">[83]</a> In February 1973, Terry Atkinson of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, reviewing the debut album by a hard rock band, <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, declared that it "achieves all that punk-rock bands strive for but most miss."<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> A March 1973 review of an Iggy and the Stooges show in the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a> dismissively referred to Pop as "the apotheosis of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> punk music".<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> In May 1973, Billy Altman launched the short-lived punk magazine in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo, NY</a> which was largely devoted to discussion of 1960s garage and psychedelic acts. <a href="#cite_note-Laing_(punk/Altman)-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rock band is onstage. A drumkit is on the left. A singer, Iggy Pop, sings into a microphone. He is wearing jeans and has no shirt on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg/170px-Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg/255px-Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg/340px-Iggy-Pop_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, the "godfather of punk"<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1974, Los Angeles Times critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hilburn" title="Robert Hilburn">Robert Hilburn</a> reviewed the second New York Dolls album, <a href="/wiki/Too_Much_Too_Soon_(album)" title="Too Much Too Soon (album)">Too Much Too Soon</a>. "I told ya the New York Dolls were the real thing," he wrote, describing the album as "perhaps the best example of raw, thumb-your-nose-at-the-world, punk rock since <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>' <a href="/wiki/Exile_on_Main_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile on Main Street">Exile on Main Street</a>."<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In a 1974 interview for his fanzine Heavy Metal Digest, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Sugerman" title="Danny Sugerman">Danny Sugerman</a> told Iggy Pop "You went on record as saying you never were a punk" and Iggy replied "...well I ain't. I never was a punk."<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> By 1975, punk was being used to describe acts as diverse as the <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Patti Smith Group">Patti Smith Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_City_Rollers" title="Bay City Rollers">Bay City Rollers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sav131-95">[91]</a> As the scene at New York's <a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a> club attracted notice, a name was sought for the developing sound. Club owner <a href="/wiki/Hilly_Kristal" title="Hilly Kristal">Hilly Kristal</a> called the movement "Street rock"; <a href="/wiki/John_Holmstrom" title="John Holmstrom">John Holmstrom</a> credits <a href="/wiki/The_Aquarian_Weekly" title="The Aquarian Weekly">Aquarian</a> magazine with using punk "to describe what was going on at CBGBs".<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Holmstrom, <a href="/wiki/Legs_McNeil" title="Legs McNeil">Legs McNeil</a>, and Ged Dunn's magazine <a href="/wiki/Punk_(magazine)" title="Punk (magazine)">Punk</a>, which debuted at the end of 1975, was crucial in codifying the term.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> "It was pretty obvious that the word was getting very popular", Holmstrom later remarked. "We figured we'd take the name before anyone else claimed it. We wanted to get rid of the bullshit, strip it down to rock 'n' roll. We wanted the fun and liveliness back."<a href="#cite_note-sav131-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1974–1976:_First_wave">1974–1976: First wave</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_City">New York City</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBGB_club_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front of the music club CBGB is shown. An awning has the letters CBGB painted on it. Below the name are the letters "OMFUG"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CBGB_club_facade.jpg/220px-CBGB_club_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CBGB_club_facade.jpg/330px-CBGB_club_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CBGB_club_facade.jpg/440px-CBGB_club_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Facade of legendary music club <a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> The origins of New York's punk rock scene can be traced back to such sources as the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Trash_culture" title="Trash culture">trash culture</a> and an early 1970s <a href="/wiki/Underground_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground rock">underground rock</a> movement centered on the <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercer Arts Center">Mercer Arts Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a> performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage199186–90,_59–60-98">[94]</a> In early 1974, a new scene began to develop around the <a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a> club, also in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>. At its core was <a href="/wiki/Television_(band)" title="Television (band)">Television</a>, described by critic John Walker as "the ultimate garage band with pretensions".<a href="#cite_note-W-99">[95]</a> Their influences ranged from <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a> to the staccato guitar work of <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)" title="Dr. Feelgood (band)">Dr. Feelgood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wilko_Johnson" title="Wilko Johnson">Wilko Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The band's bassist/singer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hell" title="Richard Hell">Richard Hell</a>, created a look with cropped, ragged hair, ripped T-shirts, and black leather jackets credited as the basis for punk rock visual style.<a href="#cite_note-S89-101">[97]</a> In April 1974, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> came to CBGB for the first time to see the band perform.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> A veteran of independent theater and performance poetry, Smith was developing an intellectual, feminist take on rock 'n' roll. On June 5, she recorded the single "<a href="/wiki/Hey_Joe" title="Hey Joe">Hey Joe</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Piss_Factory" title="Piss Factory">Piss Factory</a>", featuring Television guitarist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Verlaine" title="Tom Verlaine">Tom Verlaine</a>; released on her own Mer Records label, it heralded the scene's DIY ethic and has often been cited as the first punk rock record.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> By August, Smith and Television were gigging together at <a href="/wiki/Max%27s_Kansas_City" title="Max's Kansas City">Max's Kansas City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S89-101">[97]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg/230px-Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg/345px-Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg/460px-Ramones_Toronto_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1976. The Ramones are often described as the first true punk band, popularizing the punk movement in the United States. They are regarded as highly influential in today's <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills, Queens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> drew on sources ranging from the Stooges to <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> to <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a> and 1960s <a href="/wiki/Girl_group" title="Girl group">girl groups</a>, and condensed rock 'n' roll to its primal level: "'1–2–3–4!' bass-player <a href="/wiki/Dee_Dee_Ramone" title="Dee Dee Ramone">Dee Dee Ramone</a> shouted at the start of every song as if the group could barely master the rudiments of rhythm."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage199190–91-104">[100]</a> The band played its first show at CBGB in August 1974.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> By the end of the year, the Ramones had performed seventy-four shows, each about seventeen minutes long.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> "When I first saw the Ramones", critic <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harron" title="Mary Harron">Mary Harron</a> later remembered, "I couldn't believe people were doing this. The dumb brattiness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1991132–33-107">[103]</a> That spring, Smith and Television shared a two-month-long weekend residency at CBGB that significantly raised the club's profile.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> The Television sets included Richard Hell's "Blank Generation", which became the scene's emblematic anthem.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Soon after, Hell left Television and founded a band featuring a more stripped-down sound, <a href="/wiki/The_Heartbreakers" title="The Heartbreakers">the Heartbreakers</a>, with former New York Dolls <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Thunders" title="Johnny Thunders">Johnny Thunders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nolan" title="Jerry Nolan">Jerry Nolan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RHV-38">[38]</a> In August, Television recorded a single, "Little Johnny Jewel". In the words of John Walker, the record was "a turning point for the whole New York scene" if not quite for the punk rock sound itself — Hell's departure had left the band "significantly reduced in fringe aggression".<a href="#cite_note-W-99">[95]</a> Early in 1976, Hell left the Heartbreakers to form <a href="/wiki/The_Voidoids" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voidoids">the Voidoids</a>, described as "one of the most harshly uncompromising [punk] bands".<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> That April, the Ramones' debut album was released by <a href="/wiki/Sire_Records" title="Sire Records">Sire Records</a>; the first single was "<a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg_Bop" title="Blitzkrieg Bop">Blitzkrieg Bop</a>", opening with the rallying cry "Hey! Ho! Let's go!" According to a later description, "Like all cultural watersheds, <a href="/wiki/Ramones_(album)" title="Ramones (album)">Ramones</a> was embraced by a discerning few and slagged off as a bad joke by the uncomprehending majority."<a href="#cite_note-trouser3-113">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cramps" title="The Cramps">The Cramps</a>, whose core members were from <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, had debuted at CBGB in November 1976, opening for the Dead Boys. They were soon playing regularly at Max's Kansas City and CBGB.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> At this early stage, the term punk applied to the scene in general, not necessarily a particular stylistic approach as it would later—the early New York punk bands represented a broad variety of influences. Among them, the Ramones, the Heartbreakers, Richard Hell and the Voidoids, and the Dead Boys were establishing a distinct musical style. Even where they diverged most clearly, in lyrical approach — the Ramones' apparent guilelessness at one extreme, Hell's conscious craft at the other — there was an abrasive attitude in common. Their shared attributes of minimalism and speed, however, had not yet come to define punk rock.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy_in_the_UK.ogg" title="File:Anarchy in the UK.ogg">"Anarchy in the U.K."</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Anarchy_in_the_UK.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Anarchy_in_the_UK.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3a/Anarchy_in_the_UK.ogg/Anarchy_in_the_UK.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnarchy_in_the_UK.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">With its "inflammatory, venomous lyrics [and] crude energy", the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>' debut single "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a>" "established punk's modus operandi".<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Producer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)" title="Chris Thomas (record producer)">Chris Thomas</a> layered multiple tracks of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a>'s guitar to create a "searing wall of sound",<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> while <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">Johnny Rotten</a> spewed the vocals "as if his teeth had been ground down to points."<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> After a brief period unofficially managing the New York Dolls, Briton <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a> returned to London in May 1975, inspired by the new scene he had witnessed at CBGB. The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a> clothing store he co-owned, recently renamed <a href="/wiki/Sex_(boutique)" title="Sex (boutique)">Sex</a>, was building a reputation with its outrageous "anti-fashion".<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Among those who frequented the shop were members of a band called the Strand, which McLaren had also been managing. In August, the group was seeking a new lead singer. Another Sex habitué, <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">Johnny Rotten</a>, auditioned for and won the job. Adopting a new name, the group played its first gig as the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> on 6 November 1975, at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_School_of_Art" title="Saint Martin's School of Art">Saint Martin's School of Art</a>, and soon attracted a small but dedicated following.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In February 1976, the band received its first significant press coverage; guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a> declared that the Sex Pistols were not so much into music as they were "chaos".<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> The band often provoked its crowds into near-riots. Rotten announced to one audience, "Bet you don't hate us as much as we hate you!"<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> McLaren envisioned the Sex Pistols as central players in a new youth movement, "hard and tough".<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> As described by critic <a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Jon Savage</a>, the band members "embodied an attitude into which McLaren fed a new set of references: late-sixties radical politics, sexual fetish material, pop history, [...] youth sociology".<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Members of rock band the Sex Pistols onstage in a concert." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg/220px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg/330px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg/440px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rotten" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Rotten">Johnny Rotten</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> flanked by guitarists <a href="/wiki/Glen_Matlock" title="Glen Matlock">Glen Matlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a>, in front of drummer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cook" title="Paul Cook">Paul Cook</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The rock band the Clash performing onstage. Three members are shown. All three have short hair. Two of the members are playing electric guitars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg/220px-Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg/330px-Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg/440px-Clash_21051980_12_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a> performing in 1980</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rhodes" title="Bernard Rhodes">Bernard Rhodes</a>, an associate of McLaren, similarly aimed to make stars of the band <a href="/wiki/London_SS" title="London SS">London SS</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, which was joined by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Strummer" title="Joe Strummer">Joe Strummer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> On 4 June 1976, the Sex Pistols played Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall" title="Free Trade Hall">Lesser Free Trade Hall</a> in what became one of the most influential rock shows ever. Among the approximately forty audience members were the two locals who organised the gig—they had formed <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> after seeing the Sex Pistols in February. Others in the small crowd went on to form <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, and — in the 1980s — <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">the Smiths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In July, the Ramones played two London shows that helped spark the nascent UK punk scene.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Over the next several months, many new punk rock bands formed, often directly inspired by the Sex Pistols.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> In London, women were near the center of the scene—among the initial wave of bands were the female-fronted <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Spex" title="X-Ray Spex">X-Ray Spex</a>, and the all-female <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a>. There were female bassists <a href="/wiki/Gaye_Advert" title="Gaye Advert">Gaye Advert</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Adverts" title="The Adverts">the Adverts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanne_Bradley" title="Shanne Bradley">Shanne Bradley</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Nipple_Erectors" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nipple Erectors">the Nipple Erectors</a>, while Sex store frontwoman <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rooke" title="Pamela Rooke">Jordan</a> not only managed <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants" title="Adam and the Ants">Adam and the Ants</a> but also performed screaming vocals on their song "Lou". Other groups included <a href="/wiki/Subway_Sect" title="Subway Sect">Subway Sect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_TV" title="Alternative TV">Alternative TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_(band)" title="Wire (band)">Wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">the Stranglers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eater_(band)" title="Eater (band)">Eater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_X_(band)" title="Generation X (band)">Generation X</a>. Farther afield, <a href="/wiki/Sham_69" title="Sham 69">Sham 69</a> began practicing in the southeastern town of <a href="/wiki/Hersham" title="Hersham">Hersham</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/Penetration_(band)" title="Penetration (band)">Penetration</a>, with lead singer <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Murray" title="Pauline Murray">Pauline Murray</a>. On September 20–21, the <a href="/wiki/100_Club_Punk_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Club Punk Festival">100 Club Punk Festival</a> in London featured the Sex Pistols, Clash, Damned, and Buzzcocks, as well as Paris's female-lead <a href="/wiki/Stinky_Toys" title="Stinky Toys">Stinky Toys</a>. Siouxsie and the Banshees and Subway Sect debuted on the festival's first night. On the festival's second night, audience member <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a> was arrested for having thrown a glass at the Damned that shattered and destroyed a girl's eye. Press coverage of the incident reinforced punk's reputation as a social menace.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Some new bands, such as London's <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox!</a>, Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Rezillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezillos">Rezillos</a>, Manchester's the Fall, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Leamington Spa">Leamington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Shapes_(British_band)" title="The Shapes (British band)">the Shapes</a>, identified with the scene even as they pursued more experimental music. Others of a comparatively traditional rock 'n' roll bent were also swept up by the movement: <a href="/wiki/The_Vibrators" title="The Vibrators">the Vibrators</a>, formed as a pub rock–style act in February 1976, soon adopted a punk look and sound.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> A few even longer-active bands including <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> neo-mods <a href="/wiki/The_Jam" title="The Jam">the Jam</a> and pub rockers <a href="/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods" title="Eddie and the Hot Rods">Eddie and the Hot Rods</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">the Stranglers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cock_Sparrer" title="Cock Sparrer">Cock Sparrer</a> also became associated with the punk rock scene. Alongside the musical roots shared with their American counterparts and the calculated confrontationalism of the early <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">Who</a>, the British punks also reflected the influence of <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> and related artists and bands such as <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slade_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slade (band)">Slade</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T.Rex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> However, Sex Pistols frontman Johnny Rotten (real name John Lydon) insisted that the influences of the UK punk scene were not from the US and NY. "I’ve heard an awful lot of American journalists pretending that the whole punk influence came out of New York." He argued: "T. Rex, David Bowie, Slade, <a href="/wiki/Mott_The_Hoople" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott The Hoople">Mott The Hoople</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Alex_Harvey_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alex Harvey Band">the Alex Harvey Band</a> — their influence was enormous. And they try to write that all off and wrap it around Patti Smith. It’s so wrong!".<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> In October 1976, the Damned released the first UK punk rock band single, "<a href="/wiki/New_Rose" title="New Rose">New Rose</a>".<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The Vibrators followed the next month with "We Vibrate". On 26 November 1976, the Sex Pistols' released their debut single "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a>", which succeeded in its goal of becoming a "national scandal".<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Reid" title="Jamie Reid">Jamie Reid</a>'s "anarchy flag" poster and his other design work for the Sex Pistols helped establish a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">punk visual aesthetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-P245-135">[131]</a> On 1 December 1976, an incident took place that sealed punk rock's notorious reputation, when the Sex Pistols and several members of the <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Contingent" title="Bromley Contingent">Bromley Contingent</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Severin" title="Steven Severin">Steven Severin</a>, filled a vacancy for <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> on the early evening <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a> London television show <a href="/wiki/Today_(Thames_Television_series)" title="Today (Thames Television series)">Today</a> to be interviewed by host <a href="/wiki/Bill_Grundy" title="Bill Grundy">Bill Grundy</a>. When Grundy asked Siouxsie how she was doing, she made fun of him saying, "I've always wanted to meet you, Bill". Grundy who was drunk, told her on the air; "we shall meet afterwards then". This instantly generated a reaction from Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones who pronounced a series of terms inappropriate for prime-time television.<a href="#cite_note-fader-136">[132]</a> Jones proceeded to call Grundy a "dirty bastard", a "dirty fucker", and a "fucking rotter", triggering a media controversy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The episode had a major impact on the history of the scene and the punk term became a household name in 24 hours thanks to the press coverage, and several front covers of newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-fader-136">[132]</a> Two days later, the Sex Pistols, the Clash, the Damned, and the Heartbreakers set out on the Anarchy Tour, a series of gigs throughout the UK. Many of the shows were cancelled by venue owners in response to the media outrage following the Grundy interview.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> A punk subculture began in Australia around the same time, centered around <a href="/wiki/Radio_Birdman" title="Radio Birdman">Radio Birdman</a> and the Oxford Tavern in Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Darlinghurst" title="Darlinghurst">Darlinghurst</a> suburb. By 1976, <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a> were hiring Brisbane <a href="/wiki/Hall_(concept)#Public_halls" title="Hall (concept)">local halls</a> to use as venues, or playing in "Club 76", their shared house in the inner suburb of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district" title="Brisbane central business district">Petrie Terrace</a>. The band soon discovered that musicians were exploring similar paths in other parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/Ed_Kuepper" title="Ed Kuepper">Ed Kuepper</a>, co-founder of the Saints, later recalled: <blockquote> One thing I remember having had a really depressing effect on me was the first Ramones album. When I heard it [in 1976], I mean it was a great record [...] but I hated it because I knew we'd been doing this sort of stuff for years. There was even a <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> on that album that we used [...] and I thought, "Fuck. We're going to be labeled as influenced by the Ramones", when nothing could have been further from the truth.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> </blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Manikins" title="The Manikins">Cheap Nasties</a> formed in August.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> In September 1976, the Saints became the first punk rock band outside the U.S. to release a recording, the single "<a href="/wiki/(I%27m)_Stranded_(song)" title="(I'm) Stranded (song)">(I'm) Stranded</a>". The band self-financed, packaged, and distributed the single.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> "(I'm) Stranded" had limited impact at home, but the British music press recognized it as groundbreaking.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1977–1978:_Second_wave">1977–1978: Second wave</h2></div> A second wave of punk rock emerged in 1977. These bands often sounded very different from each other.<a href="#cite_note-R211-143">[139]</a> While punk remained largely an underground phenomenon in the US, in the UK it had become a major sensation.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> During this period punk music also spread beyond the English speaking world, inspiring local scenes in other countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_2">North America</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California punk scene</a> was fully developed by early 1977. In Los Angeles, there were: <a href="/wiki/The_Weirdos" title="The Weirdos">the Weirdos</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Zeros_(American_band)" title="The Zeros (American band)">the Zeros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bags_(Los_Angeles_band)" title="Bags (Los Angeles band)">the Bags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Randy_and_the_Metrosquad" title="Black Randy and the Metrosquad">Black Randy and the Metrosquad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germs_(band)" title="Germs (band)">the Germs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear_(band)" title="Fear (band)">Fear</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s" title="The Go-Go's">The Go-Go's</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_(American_band)" title="X (American band)">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dickies" title="The Dickies">the Dickies</a>, and the relocated Tupperwares, now dubbed <a href="/wiki/The_Screamers" title="The Screamers">the Screamers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> formed in <a href="/wiki/Hermosa_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermosa Beach">Hermosa Beach</a> in 1976 under the name Panic. They developed a <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> sound and played their debut public performance in a garage in <a href="/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California" title="Redondo Beach, California">Redondo Beach</a> in December 1977.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> San Francisco's second wave included <a href="/wiki/Avengers_(band)" title="Avengers (band)">the Avengers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nuns" title="The Nuns">The Nuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negative_Trend" title="Negative Trend">Negative Trend</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mutants_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mutants (band)">the Mutants</a>, and the Sleepers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> By mid-1977 in downtown New York, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Jesus_and_the_Jerks" title="Teenage Jesus and the Jerks">Teenage Jesus and the Jerks</a> led what became known as <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Misfits_(band)" title="Misfits (band)">Misfits</a> formed in nearby New Jersey. Still developing what would become their signature <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a>–inspired style, later dubbed <a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">horror punk</a>, they made their first appearance at CBGB in April 1977.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The rock band The Misfits performing onstage. The band's name in large lettering is printed on a fabric panel behind the performers along with a skull image. From left to right are the electric bassist, drummer, and electric guitarist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG/220px-Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG/330px-Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG/440px-Misfits_2012-11-08_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Misfits developed a "<a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">horror punk</a>" style in New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> The Dead Boys' debut LP, <a href="/wiki/Young,_Loud_and_Snotty" title="Young, Loud and Snotty">Young, Loud and Snotty</a>, was released at the end of August.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> October saw two more debut albums from the scene: Richard Hell and the Voidoids' first full-length, <a href="/wiki/Blank_Generation_(album)" title="Blank Generation (album)">Blank Generation</a>, and the Heartbreakers' <a href="/wiki/L.A.M.F." title="L.A.M.F.">L.A.M.F.</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> One track on the latter exemplified both the scene's close-knit character and the popularity of heroin within it: "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rocks" title="Chinese Rocks">Chinese Rocks</a>" — the title refers to a strong form of the drug — was written by Dee Dee Ramone and Hell, both users, as were the Heartbreakers' Thunders and Nolan.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> (During the Heartbreakers' 1976 and 1977 tours of Britain, Thunders played a central role in popularizing heroin among the punk crowd there, as well.)<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The Ramones' third album, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_to_Russia" title="Rocket to Russia">Rocket to Russia</a>, appeared in November 1977.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>' live TV skirmish with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Grundy" title="Bill Grundy">Bill Grundy</a> on December 1, 1976, was the signal moment in <a href="/wiki/British_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="British punk">British punk</a>'s transformation into a major media phenomenon, even as some stores refused to stock the records and radio airplay was hard to come by.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Press coverage of punk misbehavior grew intense: On January 4, 1977, <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_News_(London_newspaper)" title="The Evening News (London newspaper)">The Evening News</a> of London ran a front-page story on how the Sex Pistols "vomited and spat their way to an Amsterdam flight".<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> In February 1977, the first album by a British punk band appeared: <a href="/wiki/Damned_Damned_Damned" title="Damned Damned Damned">Damned Damned Damned</a> (by the Damned) reached number thirty-six on the UK chart. The EP <a href="/wiki/Spiral_Scratch_(EP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral Scratch (EP)">Spiral Scratch</a>, self-released by Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a>, was a benchmark for both the DIY ethic and regionalism in the country's punk movement.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Clash_(album)" title="The Clash (album)">self-titled debut album</a> came out two months later and rose to number twelve; the single "<a href="/wiki/White_Riot" title="White Riot">White Riot</a>" entered the top forty. In May, the Sex Pistols achieved new heights of controversy (and number two on the singles chart) with "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>". The band had recently acquired a new bassist, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a>, who was seen as exemplifying the punk persona.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The swearing during the Grundy interview and the controversy over "God Save the Queen" led to a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Scores of new punk groups formed around the United Kingdom, as far from London as <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers" title="Stiff Little Fingers">Stiff Little Fingers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, Scotland's <a href="/wiki/The_Skids" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skids">the Skids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Though most survived only briefly, perhaps recording a small-label single or two, others set off new trends. <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, merged a vehement, straight-ahead punk rock style with a committed anarchist mission, and played a major role in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Sham 69, London's Menace, and the <a href="/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts" title="Angelic Upstarts">Angelic Upstarts</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> in the Northeast combined a similarly stripped-down sound with populist lyrics, a style that became known as <a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a>. These expressly working-class bands contrasted with others in the second wave that presaged the <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> phenomenon. Liverpool's first punk group, <a href="/wiki/Big_in_Japan_(band)" title="Big in Japan (band)">Big in Japan</a>, moved in a glam, theatrical direction.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The band did not survive long, but it spun off several well-known post-punk acts.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The songs of London's <a href="/wiki/Wire_(band)" title="Wire (band)">Wire</a> were characterized by sophisticated lyrics, minimalist arrangements, and extreme brevity.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Alongside thirteen original songs that would define classic punk rock, the Clash's debut had included a cover of the recent Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Police_and_Thieves" title="Police and Thieves">Police and Thieves</a>".<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Other first wave bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a> and new entrants to the scene like <a href="/wiki/The_Ruts" title="The Ruts">the Ruts</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a> interacted with the reggae and <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> subcultures, incorporating their rhythms and production styles. The punk rock phenomenon helped spark a full-fledged ska revival movement known as <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a>, centered on bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Specials" title="The Specials">the Specials</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beat_(British_band)" title="The Beat (British band)">the Beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Selecter" title="The Selecter">the Selecter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> In July, the Sex Pistols' third single, "<a href="/wiki/Pretty_Vacant" title="Pretty Vacant">Pretty Vacant</a>", reached number six and Australia's the Saints had a top-forty hit with "<a href="/wiki/This_Perfect_Day_(song)" title="This Perfect Day (song)">This Perfect Day</a>".<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> In September, Generation X and the Clash reached the top forty with, respectively, "Your Generation" and "<a href="/wiki/Complete_Control" title="Complete Control">Complete Control</a>". X-Ray Spex's "<a href="/wiki/Oh_Bondage_Up_Yours!" title="Oh Bondage Up Yours!">Oh Bondage Up Yours!</a>" did not chart, but it became a requisite item for punk fans.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> The BBC banned "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" due to its controversial lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In October, the Sex Pistols hit number eight with "<a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_the_Sun_(song)" title="Holidays in the Sun (song)">Holidays in the Sun</a>", followed by the release of their first and only "official" album, <a href="/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Bollocks,_Here%27s_the_Sex_Pistols" title="Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols">Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols</a>. Inspiring yet another round of controversy, it topped the British charts. In December, one of the first books about punk rock was published: The Boy Looked at Johnny, by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Burchill" title="Julie Burchill">Julie Burchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Parsons_(British_journalist)" title="Tony Parsons (British journalist)">Tony Parsons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[nb 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3></div> In February 1977, EMI released <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a>' debut album, <a href="/wiki/(I%27m)_Stranded" title="(I'm) Stranded">(I'm) Stranded</a>, which the band recorded in two days.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> The Saints had relocated to Sydney; in April, they and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Birdman" title="Radio Birdman">Radio Birdman</a> united for a major gig at <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Town_Hall" title="Paddington Town Hall">Paddington Town Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Last_Words_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Words (band)">Last Words</a> had also formed in the city. The following month, the Saints relocated again, to Great Britain. In June, Radio Birdman released the album <a href="/wiki/Radios_Appear" title="Radios Appear">Radios Appear</a> on its own Trafalgar label.<a href="#cite_note-M507-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1979–1984:_Schism_and_diversification">1979–1984: Schism and diversification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flipper_930club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The band Flipper is performing at a club. From left to right are the singer, drummer, and electric guitarist. The singer is seated on a stool, and he is holding a pair of crutches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flipper_930club.jpg/220px-Flipper_930club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flipper_930club.jpg/330px-Flipper_930club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flipper_930club.jpg/440px-Flipper_930club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flipper_(band)" title="Flipper (band)">Flipper</a>, performing in 1984</figcaption></figure> By 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> movement was emerging in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. A rivalry developed between adherents of the new sound and the older punk rock crowd. Hardcore, appealing to a younger, more suburban audience, was perceived by some as anti-intellectual, overly violent, and musically limited. In Los Angeles, the opposing factions were often described as "Hollywood punks" and "beach punks", referring to Hollywood's central position in the original L.A. punk rock scene and to hardcore's popularity in the shoreline communities of <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, Los Angeles">South Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> In contrast to North America, more of the bands from the original British punk movement remained active, sustaining extended careers even as their styles evolved and diverged. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> movements were emerging. Musically in the same aggressive vein as American hardcore, they addressed different constituencies with overlapping but distinct anti-establishment messages. As described by Dave Laing, "The model for self-proclaimed punk after 1978 derived from the Ramones via the eight-to-the-bar rhythms most characteristic of the Vibrators and Clash [...] It became essential to sound one particular way to be recognized as a 'punk band' now."<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> In February 1979, former Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious died of a heroin overdose in New York. If the Sex Pistols' breakup the previous year had marked the end of the original UK punk scene and its promise of cultural transformation, for many the death of Vicious signified that it had been doomed from the start.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> By the turn of the decade, the punk rock movement had split deeply along cultural and musical lines. The "Great Schism" of punk occurred right as the 1980s were approaching, when melodic <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> artists began to separate themselves from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>. This left a variety of derivative scenes and forms. On one side were <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> and post-punk artists; some adopted more accessible musical styles and gained broad popularity, while some turned in more experimental, less commercial directions. On the other side, hardcore punk, Oi!, and anarcho-punk bands became closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">underground cultures</a> and spun off an array of <a href="/wiki/Cross-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-genre">subgenres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> Somewhere in between, <a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a> groups created blends like that of the ideal record, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Mekons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekons">Mekons</a> cofounder Kevin Lycett: "a cross between <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">Abba</a> and the Sex Pistols".<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> A range of other styles emerged, many of them <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusions</a> with long-established genres. The Clash album <a href="/wiki/London_Calling" title="London Calling">London Calling</a>, released in December 1979, exemplified the breadth of classic punk's legacy. Combining punk rock with reggae, ska, R&B, and rockabilly, it went on to be acclaimed as one of the best rock records ever.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> At the same time, as observed by Flipper singer Bruce Loose, the relatively restrictive hardcore scenes diminished the variety of music that could once be heard at many punk gigs.<a href="#cite_note-R211-143">[139]</a> If early punk, like most rock scenes, was ultimately male-oriented, the hardcore and Oi! scenes were significantly more so, marked in part by the slam dancing and <a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">moshing</a> with which they became identified.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_wave">New wave</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blondie_(Debbie_Harry)_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Singer Debbie Harry is shown onstage at a concert. She is wearing jeans and a T-shirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg/170px-Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a> performing in Toronto in 1977</figcaption></figure> In 1976—first in London, then in the United States—"New Wave" was introduced as a complementary label for the formative scenes and groups also known as "punk"; the two terms were essentially interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Roy_Carr" title="Roy Carr">Roy Carr</a> is credited with proposing the term's use (adopted from the cinematic <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> of the 1960s) in this context.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Over time, "new wave" acquired a distinct meaning: bands such as <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> from the CBGB scene; <a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">the Cars</a>, who emerged from the Rat in Boston; <a href="/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s" title="The Go-Go's">the Go-Go's</a> in Los Angeles; and <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a> in London that were broadening their instrumental palette, incorporating dance-oriented rhythms, and working with more polished production were specifically designated "new wave" and no longer called "punk". Dave Laing suggests that some punk-identified British acts pursued the new wave label in order to avoid radio censorship and make themselves more palatable to concert bookers.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Bringing elements of punk rock music and fashion into more pop-oriented, less "dangerous" styles, new wave artists became very popular on both sides of the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> New wave became a catch-all term,<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> encompassing disparate styles such as <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a> ska, the <a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">mod revival</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Jam" title="The Jam">the Jam</a>, the sophisticated pop-rock of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a> and <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> phenomenon typified by <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/Tubeway_Army" title="Tubeway Army">Tubeway Army</a> (which had started out as a straight-ahead punk band) and <a href="/wiki/Human_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Human League">Human League</a>, and the sui generis subversions of <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a>, who had gone "beyond punk before punk even properly existed".<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> New wave crossed into the mainstream with the debut of the cable television network <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> in 1981, which put many new wave videos into regular rotation.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> According to Stuart Borthwick and Ron Moy, authors of Popular Music Genres: an Introduction, the "height of popularity for new wave" coincided with the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">election of Margaret Thatcher</a> in spring 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Borthwick-189">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-punk">Post-punk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></div> During 1976–1977, in the midst of the original UK punk movement, bands emerged such as Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(band)" title="Magazine (band)">Magazine</a>, Leeds' <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, and London's <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">the Raincoats</a> that became central post-punk figures. Some bands classified as post-punk, such as <a href="/wiki/Throbbing_Gristle" title="Throbbing Gristle">Throbbing Gristle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(band)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (band)">Cabaret Voltaire</a>, had been active well before the punk scene coalesced;<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> others, such as <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">the Slits</a>, transitioned from punk rock into post-punk. A few months after the Sex Pistols' breakup, <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">John Lydon</a> (no longer "Rotten") cofounded <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd" title="Public Image Ltd">Public Image Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Logic" title="Lora Logic">Lora Logic</a>, formerly of X-Ray Spex, founded <a href="/wiki/Essential_Logic" title="Essential Logic">Essential Logic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Killing_Joke" title="Killing Joke">Killing Joke</a> formed in 1979. These bands were often musically experimental; the term "post-punk" is used to describe sounds that were more dark and abrasive—sometimes verging on the <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a>, as with Subway Sect and Wire. The bands incorporated a range of influences ranging from <a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a> to <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a>. Post-punk brought together a new fraternity of musicians, journalists, managers, and entrepreneurs; the latter, notably <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Travis" title="Geoff Travis">Geoff Travis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records" title="Rough Trade Records">Rough Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wilson" title="Tony Wilson">Tony Wilson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Factory_Records" title="Factory Records">Factory</a>, helped to develop the production and distribution infrastructure of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie music</a> scene that blossomed in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Smoothing the edges of their style in the direction of new wave, several post-punk bands such as <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a> crossed over to a mainstream U.S. audience. Others, like Gang of Four, the Raincoats, and Throbbing Gristle, who had little more than cult followings at the time, are seen in retrospect as significant influences on modern popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Television's debut album <a href="/wiki/Marquee_Moon" title="Marquee Moon">Marquee Moon</a>, released in 1977, is frequently cited as a seminal album in the field.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a> movement that developed in New York in the late 1970s, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Lunch" title="Lydia Lunch">Lydia Lunch</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Chance" title="James Chance">James Chance</a>, is often treated as the phenomenon's U.S. parallel.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> The later work of Ohio protopunk pioneers <a href="/wiki/Pere_Ubu" title="Pere Ubu">Pere Ubu</a> is also commonly described as post-punk.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> One of the most influential American post-punk bands was Boston's <a href="/wiki/Mission_of_Burma" title="Mission of Burma">Mission of Burma</a>, who brought abrupt rhythmic shifts derived from hardcore into a highly experimental musical context.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> In 1980, Australia's Boys Next Door moved to London and changed their name to <a href="/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_(band)" title="The Birthday Party (band)">the Birthday Party</a>, which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave_and_the_Bad_Seeds" title="Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds">Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds</a>. Led by the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Calculators" title="Primitive Calculators">Primitive Calculators</a>, Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Little_band_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Little band scene">Little Band scene</a> further explored the possibilities of post-punk.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> The original post-punk bands were highly influential on 1990s and 2000s <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> musicians.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardcore">Hardcore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_brains_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bad_brains_1983.jpg/230px-Bad_brains_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bad_brains_1983.jpg/345px-Bad_brains_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bad_brains_1983.jpg/460px-Bad_brains_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Bad Brains at 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., 1983</figcaption></figure> A distinctive style of punk, characterized by superfast, aggressive beats, <a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screaming vocals</a>, and often politically aware lyrics, began to emerge in 1978 among bands scattered around the United States and Canada. The first major scene of what came to be known as hardcore punk developed in Southern California in 1978–79, initially around such punk bands as <a href="/wiki/Germs_(band)" title="Germs (band)">the Germs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear_(band)" title="Fear (band)">Fear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> The movement soon spread around North America and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-andersen-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardcore-201">[196]</a> According to author <a href="/wiki/Steven_Blush" title="Steven Blush">Steven Blush</a>, "Hardcore comes from the bleak suburbs of America. Parents moved their kids out of the cities to these horrible suburbs to save them from the 'reality' of the cities and what they ended up with was this new breed of monster".<a href="#cite_note-blush-21">[21]</a> In 1981, hardcore punk was exposed to mainstream television audiences following a live performance from Fear on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>, which prompted a live-broadcast riot and <a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">mosh pit</a>, which included members of the emerging hardcore scene such as <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacKaye" title="Ian MacKaye">Ian MacKaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harley_Flanagan" title="Harley Flanagan">Harley Flanagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesco_Vee" title="Tesco Vee">Tesco Vee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Brannon_(musician)" title="John Brannon (musician)">John Brannon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-callwood-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-burrows-203">[198]</a> Among the earliest hardcore bands, regarded as having made the first recordings in the style, were Southern California's <a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_(band)" title="Middle Class (band)">Middle Class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hardcore-201">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bad_Brains" title="Bad Brains">Bad Brains</a> — all of whom were black, a rarity in punk of any era — launched the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C._hardcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C. hardcore">D.C. scene</a> with their rapid-paced single "<a href="/wiki/Pay_to_Cum" title="Pay to Cum">Pay to Cum</a>" in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-andersen-200">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Big_Boys" title="Big Boys">Big Boys</a>, San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s <a href="/wiki/D.O.A._(band)" title="D.O.A. (band)">D.O.A.</a> were among the other initial hardcore groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They were soon joined by bands such as the <a href="/wiki/Minutemen_(band)" title="Minutemen (band)">Minutemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descendents_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descendents (band)">Descendents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circle_Jerks" title="Circle Jerks">Circle Jerks</a> in Southern California; D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Alert" title="State of Alert">State of Alert</a>; and Austin's <a href="/wiki/MDC_(band)" title="MDC (band)">MDC</a>. By 1981, hardcore was the dominant punk rock style not only in California but much of the rest of North America as well.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_York_hardcore" title="New York hardcore">New York hardcore</a> scene grew, including the relocated Bad Brains, New Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Misfits_(band)" title="Misfits (band)">Misfits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrenalin_O.D." title="Adrenalin O.D.">Adrenalin O.D.</a>, and local acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Mob_(American_hardcore_band)" title="The Mob (American hardcore band)">the Mob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Youth" title="Reagan Youth">Reagan Youth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agnostic_Front" title="Agnostic Front">Agnostic Front</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>, who would become famous as a hip-hop group, debuted that year as a hardcore band. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Cro-Mags" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cro-Mags">the Cro-Mags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band)" title="Murphy's Law (band)">Murphy's Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leeway_(band)" title="Leeway (band)">Leeway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> By 1983, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_hardcore" title="Minneapolis hardcore">St. Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a>, Willful Neglect, Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Naked_Raygun" title="Naked Raygun">Naked Raygun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zero_Boys" title="Zero Boys">Zero Boys</a>, and D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/The_Faith_(American_band)" title="The Faith (American band)">the Faith</a> were taking the hardcore sound in experimental and ultimately more melodic directions.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-206">[201]</a> Hardcore would constitute the American punk rock standard throughout the decade.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The lyrical content of hardcore songs is often critical of commercial culture and middle-class values, as in Dead Kennedys' celebrated "<a href="/wiki/Holiday_in_Cambodia" title="Holiday in Cambodia">Holiday in Cambodia</a>" (1980).<a href="#cite_note-vandorston-208">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> bands like Minor Threat, <a href="/wiki/Boston_hardcore" title="Boston hardcore">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SS_Decontrol" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Decontrol">SS Decontrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/7_Seconds_(band)" title="7 Seconds (band)">7 Seconds</a> rejected the self-destructive lifestyles of their peers, and built a movement based on positivity and abstinence from cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and casual sex.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Skate punk innovators pointed in other directions: including <a href="/wiki/Venice,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, California">Venice, California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies" title="Suicidal Tendencies">Suicidal Tendencies</a> who had a formative effect on the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>–influenced <a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover thrash</a> style. Toward the middle of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Rotten_Imbeciles" title="Dirty Rotten Imbeciles">D.R.I</a> spawned the superfast <a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">thrashcore</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1985–present:_Legacy_and_revival">1985–present: Legacy and revival</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_rock">Alternative rock</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drummer, Dave Grohl, is playing drumkit. He is not wearing a shirt and his long hair is wet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/220px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/330px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/440px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a>, later of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, in 1989</figcaption></figure> The underground punk rock movement inspired countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound or brought its outsider spirit to very different kinds of music. The original punk explosion also had a long-term effect on the music industry, spurring the growth of the independent sector.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> During the early 1980s, British bands like <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a> and the Cure that straddled the lines of post-punk and new wave developed both new musical styles and a distinctive industrial niche. Though commercially successful over an extended period, they maintained an underground-style, <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultural</a> identity.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> In the United States, bands such as Hüsker Dü and their Minneapolis protégés <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">the Replacements</a> bridged the gap between punk rock genres like hardcore and the more melodic, explorative realm of what was then called "<a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">college rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> declared that "Primal punk is passé. The best of the American punk rockers have moved on. They have learned how to play their instruments. They have discovered melody, guitar solos and lyrics that are more than shouted political slogans. Some of them have even discovered the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>."<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> By the mid-to-late 1980s, these bands, who had largely eclipsed their punk rock and post-punk forebears in popularity, were classified broadly as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>. Alternative rock encompasses a diverse set of styles—including <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">dream pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoegazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoegazing">shoegaze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, among others—unified by their debt to punk rock and their origins outside of the musical mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-215">[210]</a> As American alternative bands like <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, which had grown out of the "no-wave" scene, and Boston's <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a> started to gain larger audiences, major labels sought to capitalize on the underground market.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> emerged from Washington State's underground, DIY grunge scene; after recording their first album, <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a> in 1989 for about $600, the band achieved huge (and unexpected) commercial success with its second album, <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a>. The band's members cited punk rock as a key influence on their style.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> "Punk is musical freedom", wrote frontman <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>. "It's saying, doing, and playing what you want."<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Nirvana's success opened the door to mainstream popularity for a wide range of other "left-of-the-dial" acts, such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, and fueled the alternative rock boom of the early and mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Erlewine-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal-rap-punk_fusion">Metal-rap-punk fusion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></div> During the early 1990s, new alternative forms of punk rock began to fuse with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> released their eponymous debut studio album <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine_(album)" title="Rage Against the Machine (album)">Rage Against the Machine</a> in November 1992, to commercial and critical acclaim. The band presented itself with politically themed, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> lyrical content, accompanied by the aggressive vocal delivery of lead singer <a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Zack de la Rocha</a>. Rage Against the Machine would go on to achieve back-to-back number 1 debuts on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a>, with their second studio album, <a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_(album)" title="Evil Empire (album)">Evil Empire</a> (1996), and their third studio album, <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Los_Angeles_(album)" title="The Battle of Los Angeles (album)">The Battle of Los Angeles</a> (1999). In a 2016 interview with Audio Ink Radio, Rage Against the Machine bassist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Commerford" title="Tim Commerford">Tim Commerford</a> was asked about the band's status as a punk band:<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Rage is a punk band. We were a punk band and our ethics were punk. We didn't do anything that anyone wanted us to do. We only did what we wanted to do and that is the essence of punk rock.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tim Commerford</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queercore">Queercore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PansyDivision2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PansyDivision2016.jpg/220px-PansyDivision2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PansyDivision2016.jpg/330px-PansyDivision2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PansyDivision2016.jpg/440px-PansyDivision2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Queercore band Pansy Division performing in 2016</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></div> In the 1990s, the queercore movement developed around a number of punk bands with gay, lesbian, bisexual, or genderqueer members such as <a href="/wiki/God_Is_My_Co-Pilot_(band)" title="God Is My Co-Pilot (band)">God Is My Co-Pilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pansy_Division" title="Pansy Division">Pansy Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_Dresch" title="Team Dresch">Team Dresch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sister_George" title="Sister George">Sister George</a>. Inspired by openly gay punk musicians of an earlier generation such as <a href="/wiki/Jayne_County" title="Jayne County">Jayne County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phranc" title="Phranc">Phranc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Turner" title="Randy Turner">Randy Turner</a>, and bands like <a href="/wiki/Nervous_Gender" title="Nervous Gender">Nervous Gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Screamers" title="The Screamers">the Screamers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coil_(band)" title="Coil (band)">Coil</a>, queercore embraces a variety of punk and other alternative music styles. Queercore lyrics often treat the themes of prejudice, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, and individual rights. The movement has continued into the 21st century, supported by festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Queeruption" title="Queeruption">Queeruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riot_grrrl">Riot grrrl</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratmobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/220px-Bratmobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/330px-Bratmobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bratmobile.jpg/440px-Bratmobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Riot grrrl band Bratmobile in 1994</figcaption></figure> The riot grrrl movement, a significant aspect in the formation of the Third Wave feminist movement, was organized by taking the values and rhetoric of punk and using it to convey feminist messages.<a href="#cite_note-Garrison_141–170-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-EmilyWhite-223">[218]</a> In 1991, a concert of female-led bands at the <a href="/wiki/International_Pop_Underground_Convention" title="International Pop Underground Convention">International Pop Underground Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, heralded the emerging riot grrrl phenomenon. Billed as "Love Rock Revolution Girl Style Now", the concert's lineup included <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratmobile" title="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Normal" title="Mecca Normal">Mecca Normal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> The riot grrrl movement foregrounded feminist concerns and progressive politics in general; the DIY ethic and fanzines were also central elements of the scene.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> This movement relied on media and technology to spread their ideas and messages, creating a cultural-technological space for feminism to voice their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Garrison_141–170-222">[217]</a> They embodied the punk perspective, taking the anger and emotions and creating a separate culture from it. With riot grrrl, they were grounded in girl punk past but also rooted in modern feminism.<a href="#cite_note-EmilyWhite-223">[218]</a> Tammy Rae Carbund, from <a href="/wiki/Mr._Lady_Records" title="Mr. Lady Records">Mr. Lady Records</a>, explains that without riot grrrl bands, "[women] would have all starved to death culturally."<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Singer-guitarists <a href="/wiki/Corin_Tucker" title="Corin Tucker">Corin Tucker</a> of Heavens to Betsy and <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Brownstein" title="Carrie Brownstein">Carrie Brownstein</a> of <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a>, bands active in both the queercore and riot grrrl scenes, cofounded the indie/punk band <a href="/wiki/Sleater-Kinney" title="Sleater-Kinney">Sleater-Kinney</a> in 1994. Bikini Kill's lead singer, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a>, the iconic figure of riot grrrl, moved on to form the <a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">art punk</a> group <a href="/wiki/Le_Tigre" title="Le Tigre">Le Tigre</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk_revival_and_mainstream_success">Punk revival and mainstream success</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two members of rock band Green Day shown onstage at a concert. From left to right, singer/guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bass guitarist Mike Dirnt. Behind them are a row of large guitar speaker cabinets. Billie Joe gestures with both hands to the audience." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg/170px-RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg/255px-RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg/340px-RiP2013_GreenDay_Billie_Joe_Armstrong_0017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="4334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong" title="Billie Joe Armstrong">Billie Joe Armstrong</a>, with bassist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dirnt" title="Mike Dirnt">Mike Dirnt</a> to the right. Green Day is credited with reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOFX2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NOFX2.jpg/220px-NOFX2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NOFX2.jpg/330px-NOFX2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NOFX2.jpg/440px-NOFX2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NOFX" title="NOFX">NOFX</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Late 1970s punk music was anti-conformity and anti-mainstream and achieved limited commercial success. By the 1990s, punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as "rebels". Marketers capitalized on the style and hipness of punk rock to such an extent that a 1993 ad campaign for an automobile, the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Impreza" title="Subaru Impreza">Subaru Impreza</a>, claimed that the car was "like punk rock".<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> In 1993, California's <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</a> were both signed to major labels. The next year, Green Day put out <a href="/wiki/Dookie" title="Dookie">Dookie</a>, which sold nine million albums in the United States in just over two years.<a href="#cite_note-RIAAD-229">[224]</a> Bad Religion's <a href="/wiki/Stranger_than_Fiction_(Bad_Religion_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranger than Fiction (Bad Religion album)">Stranger Than Fiction</a> was certified <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> Other California punk bands on the independent label <a href="/wiki/Epitaph_Records" title="Epitaph Records">Epitaph</a>, run by Bad Religion guitarist <a href="/wiki/Brett_Gurewitz" title="Brett Gurewitz">Brett Gurewitz</a>, also began achieving mainstream popularity. In 1994, Epitaph released <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_(Rancid_album)" title="Let's Go (Rancid album)">Let's Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Drublic" title="Punk in Drublic">Punk in Drublic</a> by <a href="/wiki/NOFX" title="NOFX">NOFX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smash_(The_Offspring_album)" title="Smash (The Offspring album)">Smash</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">the Offspring</a>, each eventually certified gold or better. That June, Green Day's "<a href="/wiki/Longview_(song)" title="Longview (song)">Longview</a>" reached number one on Billboard's <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Songs">Modern Rock Tracks</a> chart and became a top forty airplay hit, arguably the first ever American punk song to do so; just one month later, the Offspring's "<a href="/wiki/Come_Out_and_Play_(The_Offspring_song)" title="Come Out and Play (The Offspring song)">Come Out and Play</a>" followed suit. <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and radio stations such as Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/KROQ-FM" title="KROQ-FM">KROQ-FM</a> played a major role in these bands' crossover success, though NOFX refused to let MTV air its videos.<a href="#cite_note-punkbroke-231">[226]</a> Following the lead <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones" title="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones">Mighty Mighty Bosstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No_Doubt" title="No Doubt">No Doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">ska punk</a> and ska-core became widely popular in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/...And_Out_Come_the_Wolves" title="...And Out Come the Wolves">...And Out Come the Wolves</a>, the 1995 album by Rancid became the first record in the ska revival to be certified gold;<a href="#cite_note-233">[nb 6]</a> Sublime's <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(album)" title="Sublime (album)">self-titled 1996 album</a> was certified platinum early in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-RIAAD-229">[224]</a> In Australia, two popular groups, skatecore band <a href="/wiki/Frenzal_Rhomb" title="Frenzal Rhomb">Frenzal Rhomb</a> and pop-punk act <a href="/wiki/Bodyjar" title="Bodyjar">Bodyjar</a>, also established followings in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> Green Day and Dookie's enormous sales paved the way for a host of bankable North American pop-punk bands in the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> With punk rock's renewed visibility came concerns among some in the punk community that the music was being co-opted by the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-punkbroke-231">[226]</a> They argued that by signing to major labels and appearing on MTV, punk bands like Green Day were buying into a system that punk was created to challenge.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> Such controversies have been part of the punk culture since 1977 when the Clash were widely accused of "selling out" for signing with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">CBS Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> The Vans <a href="/wiki/Warped_Tour" title="Warped Tour">Warped Tour</a> and the mall chain store <a href="/wiki/Hot_Topic" title="Hot Topic">Hot Topic</a> brought punk even further into the U.S. mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> The Offspring's 1998 album <a href="/wiki/Americana_(The_Offspring_album)" title="Americana (The Offspring album)">Americana</a>, released by the major <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> label, debuted at number two on the album chart. A bootleg MP3 of Americana's first single, "<a href="/wiki/Pretty_Fly_(for_a_White_Guy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)">Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)</a>", made it onto the Internet and was downloaded a record 22 million times—illegally.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Enema_of_the_State" title="Enema of the State">Enema of the State</a>, the first fully major-label release by pop-punk band <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a>, reached the top ten and sold four million copies in under twelve months.<a href="#cite_note-RIAAD-229">[224]</a> On February 19, 2000, the album's second single, "<a href="/wiki/All_the_Small_Things" title="All the Small Things">All the Small Things</a>", peaked at number 6 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>. While they were viewed as Green Day "acolytes",<a href="#cite_note-Spitz144-240">[234]</a> critics also found <a href="/wiki/Teen_pop" title="Teen pop">teen pop</a> acts such as <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Backstreet_Boys" title="Backstreet Boys">Backstreet Boys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%27N_Sync" class="mw-redirect" title="'N Sync">'N Sync</a> suitable points of comparison for Blink-182's sound and market niche.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The band's <a href="/wiki/Take_Off_Your_Pants_and_Jacket" title="Take Off Your Pants and Jacket">Take Off Your Pants and Jacket</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Blink-182_(album)" title="Blink-182 (album)">Untitled</a> (2003) respectively rose to numbers one and three on the album chart. In November 2003, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> described how the "giddily puerile" act had "become massively popular with the mainstream audience, a demographic formerly considered untouchable by punk-rock purists."<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> Other new North American pop-punk bands, though often critically dismissed, also achieved major sales in the first decade of the 2000s. Ontario's <a href="/wiki/Sum_41" title="Sum 41">Sum 41</a> reached the Canadian top ten with its 2001 debut album, <a href="/wiki/All_Killer_No_Filler" title="All Killer No Filler">All Killer No Filler</a>, which eventually went platinum in the United States. The record included the number one U.S. Alternative hit "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Lip" title="Fat Lip">Fat Lip</a>", which incorporated verses of what one critic called "brat rap".<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Elsewhere around the world, "<a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">punkabilly</a>" band <a href="/wiki/The_Living_End" title="The Living End">the Living End</a> became major stars in Australia with their <a href="/wiki/The_Living_End_(The_Living_End_album)" title="The Living End (The Living End album)">self-titled 1998 debut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> The effect of commercialization on the music became an increasingly contentious issue. As observed by scholar Ross Haenfler, many punk fans "despise corporate punk rock", typified by bands Sum 41 and Blink-182.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_influential_subgenres">Other influential subgenres</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oi!">Oi!</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Exploited_Punks_not_dead.ogg" title="File:The Exploited Punks not dead.ogg">"Punks Not Dead"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="The_Exploited_Punks_not_dead.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/The_Exploited_Punks_not_dead.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/d/df/The_Exploited_Punks_not_dead.ogg/The_Exploited_Punks_not_dead.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The title track of <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">the Exploited</a>'s debut, <a href="/wiki/Punks_Not_Dead" title="Punks Not Dead">Punks Not Dead</a>, the top independent UK album of 1981.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> The song exemplifies the Oi! sound as "harsher, darker, and cruder" than first-wave punk.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Following the lead of first-wave British punk bands <a href="/wiki/Cock_Sparrer" title="Cock Sparrer">Cock Sparrer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sham_69" title="Sham 69">Sham 69</a>, in the late 1970s second-wave groups like <a href="/wiki/Cockney_Rejects" title="Cockney Rejects">Cockney Rejects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts" title="Angelic Upstarts">Angelic Upstarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">the Exploited</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_4-Skins" title="The 4-Skins">the 4-Skins</a> sought to realign punk rock with a working class, street-level following.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999p._216_n._17-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> They believed the music needed to stay "accessible and unpretentious", in the words of music historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Their style was originally called "real punk" or <a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)" title="Sounds (magazine)">Sounds</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Bushell" title="Garry Bushell">Garry Bushell</a> is credited with labelling the genre Oi! in 1980. The name is partly derived from the Cockney Rejects' habit of shouting "Oi! Oi! Oi!" before each song, instead of the time-honored "1,2,3,4!"<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The Oi! movement was fueled by a sense that many participants in the early punk rock scene were, in the words of <a href="/wiki/The_Business_(band)" title="The Business (band)">the Business</a> guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic ... and losing touch".<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> According to Bushell, "Punk was meant to be of the voice of <a href="/wiki/The_dole" class="mw-redirect" title="The dole">the dole</a> queue, and in reality, most of them were not. But Oi was the reality of the punk mythology. In the places where [these bands] came from, it was harder and more aggressive and it produced just as much quality music."<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Lester Bangs described Oi! as "politicized football chants for unemployed louts".<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> One song in particular, the Exploited's "Punks Not Dead", spoke to an international constituency. It was adopted as an anthem by the groups of disaffected Mexican urban youth known in the 1980s as bandas; one banda named itself PND, after the song's initials.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Although most Oi! bands in the initial wave were apolitical or <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a>, many of them began to attract a <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">white power skinhead</a> following. Racist skinheads sometimes disrupted Oi! concerts by shouting fascist slogans and starting fights, but some Oi! bands were reluctant to endorse criticism of their fans from what they perceived as the "middle-class establishment".<a href="#cite_note-tzvi-256">[250]</a> In the popular imagination, the movement thus became linked to the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strength_Thru_Oi!" title="Strength Thru Oi!">Strength Thru Oi!</a>, an album compiled by Bushell and released in May 1981, stirred controversy, especially when it was revealed that the belligerent figure on the cover was a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> jailed for racist violence (Bushell claimed ignorance).<a href="#cite_note-Bushell-258">[252]</a> On July 3, a concert at Hamborough Tavern in <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall</a> featuring the Business, the 4-Skins, and the Last Resort was firebombed by local Asian youths who believed that the event was a neo-Nazi gathering.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Following the Southall riot, press coverage increasingly associated Oi! with the extreme right, and the movement soon began to lose momentum.<a href="#cite_note-Robb511-260">[254]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crass3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two members of the rock band Crass are shown at a performance. From left to right are an electric guitarist and a singer. Both are dressed in all-black clothing. The singer is making a hand gesture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Crass3.jpg/220px-Crass3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Crass3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a> were the originators of anarcho-punk.<a href="#cite_note-W35-261">[255]</a> Spurning the "cult of rock star personality", their plain, all-black dress became a staple of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a></figcaption></figure> Anarcho-punk developed alongside the Oi! and American hardcore movements. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Dial_House,_Essex" title="Dial House, Essex">Dial House</a> commune, and its independent <a href="/wiki/Crass_Records" title="Crass Records">Crass Records</a> label, a scene developed around British bands such as <a href="/wiki/Subhumans_(British_band)" title="Subhumans (British band)">Subhumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flux_of_Pink_Indians" title="Flux of Pink Indians">Flux of Pink Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(band)" title="Conflict (band)">Conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_Girls" title="Poison Girls">Poison Girls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Apostles_(band)" title="The Apostles (band)">the Apostles</a> that was as concerned with anarchist and DIY principles as it was with music. Several Crass members were of an older generation of artist and cultural provocateur and thus linked their version of punk directly back to the 1960s counterculture and early 1970s avant-gardism.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> The acts featured ranting vocals, discordant instrumental sounds, seemingly primitive production values, and lyrics filled with political and social content, often addressing issues such as class inequalities and military violence.<a href="#cite_note-G170-264">[258]</a> Anarcho-punk disdained the older punk scene from which theirs had evolved. In historian Tim Gosling's description, they saw "safety pins and Mohicans as little more than ineffectual fashion posturing stimulated by the mainstream media and industry. [...] Whereas the Sex Pistols would proudly display bad manners and opportunism in their dealings with 'the establishment,' the anarcho-punks kept clear of 'the establishment' altogether".<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> The movement spun off several subgenres of a similar political bent. <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a>, founded back in 1977, established <a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a> in the early 1980s. Other groups in the movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Amebix" title="Amebix">Amebix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisect" title="Antisect">Antisect</a>, developed the extreme style known as <a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">crust punk</a>. Several of these bands rooted in anarcho-punk such as <a href="/wiki/The_Varukers" title="The Varukers">the Varukers</a>, Discharge, and Amebix, along with former Oi! groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">the Exploited</a> and bands from farther afield like Birmingham's <a href="/wiki/Charged_GBH" class="mw-redirect" title="Charged GBH">Charged GBH</a>, became the leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/UK_82" class="mw-redirect" title="UK 82">UK 82</a> hardcore movement. The anarcho-punk scene also spawned bands such as <a href="/wiki/Napalm_Death" title="Napalm Death">Napalm Death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carcass_(band)" title="Carcass (band)">Carcass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Noise_Terror" title="Extreme Noise Terror">Extreme Noise Terror</a> that in the mid-1980s defined <a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a>, incorporating extremely fast tempos and <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>–style guitarwork.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Led by Dead Kennedys, a U.S. anarcho-punk scene developed around such bands as Austin's <a href="/wiki/MDC_(band)" title="MDC (band)">MDC</a> and Southern California's Another Destructive System.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben-weasel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ben-weasel2.jpg/170px-Ben-weasel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ben-weasel2.jpg/255px-Ben-weasel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ben-weasel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Weasel" title="Ben Weasel">Ben Weasel</a> of pop-punk band Screeching Weasel</figcaption></figure> With their love of <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> and late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a>, the Ramones paved the way to what became known as pop-punk.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> In the late 1970s, UK bands such as <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Undertones" title="The Undertones">the Undertones</a> combined <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>-style tunes and lyrical themes with punk's speed and chaotic edge.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> In the early 1980s, some of the leading bands in Southern California's hardcore punk rock scene emphasized a more melodic approach than was typical of their peers. According to music journalist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Myers" title="Ben Myers">Ben Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</a> "layered their pissed off, politicized sound with the smoothest of harmonies"; <a href="/wiki/Descendents_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descendents (band)">Descendents</a> "wrote almost surfy, Beach Boys-inspired songs about girls and food and being young(ish)".<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epitaph_Records" title="Epitaph Records">Epitaph Records</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Brett_Gurewitz" title="Brett Gurewitz">Brett Gurewitz</a> of Bad Religion, was the base for many future pop-punk bands. The mainstream pop-punk of latter-day bands such as <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> are criticized by many punk rock fans; in critic Christine Di Bella's words, "It's punk taken to its most accessible point, a point where it barely reflects its lineage at all, except in the three-chord song structures."<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusions_and_directions">Fusions and directions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk rock subgenres</a></div> From 1977 on, punk rock crossed lines with many other <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> genres. Los Angeles punk rock bands laid the groundwork for a wide variety of styles: <a href="/wiki/The_Flesh_Eaters" title="The Flesh Eaters">the Flesh Eaters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">deathrock</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Plugz" title="The Plugz">the Plugz</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chicano_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicano punk">Chicano punk</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Gun_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Club">Gun Club</a> with <a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">punk blues</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Meteors" title="The Meteors">The Meteors</a>, from <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Cramps" title="The Cramps">the Cramps</a> were innovators in the <a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">psychobilly</a> fusion style.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Violent_Femmes" title="Violent Femmes">Violent Femmes</a> jumpstarted the American <a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">folk punk</a> scene, while <a href="/wiki/The_Pogues" title="The Pogues">the Pogues</a> did the same on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Other artists to fuse elements of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> into punk included <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Proclaimers" title="The Proclaimers">the Proclaimers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReidLyrics-274">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/22px-Guitar_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/34px-Guitar_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/45px-Guitar_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="886" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Rock music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Emo punk">emo punk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_viewing">Suggested viewing</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Hardcore_(film)" title="American Hardcore (film)">American Hardcore</a> (2006, dir. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rachman" title="Paul Rachman">Paul Rachman</a>) – American hardcore punk scene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Another_State_of_Mind_(film)" title="Another State of Mind (film)">Another State of Mind</a> (1984, dir. Adam Small, Peter Stuart) – <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_Brigade_(band)" title="Youth Brigade (band)">Youth Brigade</a> on tour, also <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clash:_Westway_to_the_World" title="The Clash: Westway to the World">The Clash: Westway to the World</a> (2000, dir. <a href="/wiki/Don_Letts" title="Don Letts">Don Letts</a>) – Story of the <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned:_Don%27t_You_Wish_That_We_Were_Dead" title="The Damned: Don't You Wish That We Were Dead">The Damned: Don't You Wish That We Were Dead</a> (2015, dir. Wes Orshoski) – Story of <a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_Western_Civilization" title="The Decline of Western Civilization">The Decline of Western Civilization</a> (1981, dir. <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris" title="Penelope Spheeris">Penelope Spheeris</a>) – Early Los Angeles punk scene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.O.A.:_A_Rite_of_Passage" title="D.O.A.: A Rite of Passage">D.O.A.: A Rite of Passage</a> (2014, dir. Craig DeLuz, Michael Allen) – Origins of punk rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Filth_and_the_Fury" title="The Filth and the Fury">The Filth and the Fury</a> (2000, dir. Julien Temple) – Story of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> from the band's perspective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_(miniseries)" title="Pistol (miniseries)">Pistol</a> (2022, dir. <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>) - scripted miniseries based on the memoir Lonely Boy by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a>.</li> <li>Punk Rock Britannia Part 1 Pre-Punk: 1972–1976 (2012, dir. Andy Dunn) -Documentary from a three-part TV series produced by the BBC</li> <li>Punk Rock Britannia Part 2 Punk: 1976–1978 (2012, dir. Sam Bridger) – Documentary from a three-part TV series produced by the BBC</li> <li>Punk Rock Britannia Part 3 Post-Punk: 1978–1981 (2012, dir. Benjamin Whalley) – Documentary from a three-part TV series produced by the BBC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Punk_Rock_Movie" title="The Punk Rock Movie">The Punk Rock Movie</a> (1978, dir. Don Letts) – The early punk scene in London</li> <li>The Punk Rock Singer (2013, dir. <a href="/wiki/Sini_Anderson" title="Sini Anderson">Sini Anderson</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">riot grrrl</a></li> <li>Salad Days: A Decade of Punk in Washington, DC (2014, dir. Scott Crawford) – DC punk bands and <a href="/wiki/Dischord_Records" title="Dischord Records">Dischord Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X:_The_Unheard_Music" title="X: The Unheard Music">X: The Unheard Music</a> (1986, dir. W. T. Morgan) – Los Angeles band <a href="/wiki/X_(American_band)" title="X (American band)">X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> In the Kingsmen's version, the song's "El Loco Cha-Cha" riffs were pared down to a more simple and primitive rock arrangement providing a stylistic model for countless garage rock bands.<a href="#cite_note-Pareles_(Berry_Obituary)-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The Ramones' 1978 'I Don't Want You,' was largely Kinks-influenced.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Reed describes the Clash's emergence as a "tight ball of energy with both an image and rhetoric reminiscent of a young <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a>—speed obsession, pop-art clothing, art school ambition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200549-58">[56]</a> The Who and <a href="/wiki/The_Small_Faces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Small Faces">the Small Faces</a> were among the few rock elders acknowledged by the Sex Pistols.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> writing for the Village Voice in October 1971 refers to "mid-60s punk" as a historical period of rock-and-roll.<a href="#cite_note-Christgau_(60s_punk)-82">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The title echoes a lyric from the title track of Patti Smith's 1975 album Horses. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> ... And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold in January 1996. Let's Go, Rancid's previous album, received gold certification in July 2000. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allmusic_grunge-1"><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/style/grunge-ma0000002626">"Grunge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220936/http://www.allmusic.com/style/grunge-ma0000002626">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Grunge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fgrunge-ma0000002626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/02/a-short-history-of-punk-from-late-50s-rockabilly-and-garage-rock-to-the-ramones-sex-pistols.html">"A Short History of How Punk Became Punk: From Late 50s Rockabilly and Garage Rock to The Ramones & Sex Pistols | Open Culture"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved November 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Punks+Have+Only+Re+%27scovered+Rockabilly&rft.date=1978-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F04%2F23%2Farchives%2Fthe-punks-have-only-rediscovered-rockabilly-punk-and-rockabilly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMB-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RMB_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMB_5-1">b</a> Robb (2006), p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamone2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Ramone, Tommy (January 2007). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5263364.stm">the original</a> on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Punk+Celebrates+30+Years+of+Subversion&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F5263364.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020182250/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bkrev/mcneil-nyt.php">""Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk by Legs McNeil and Gillian McCain" (review)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Book Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bkrev/mcneil-nyt.php">the original</a> on October 20, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.atitle=%22Please+Kill+Me%3A+The+Uncensored+Oral+History+of+Punk+by+Legs+McNeil+and+Gillian+McCain%22+%28review%29&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbkrev%2Fmcneil-nyt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=S&bk=70">"Consumer Guide '70s: S"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899190266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899190266"><bdi>978-0899190266</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413002147/https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=S&bk=70">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019. 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Robb (2006) ascribes it to <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">the Stranglers</a>' in-house fanzine, Strangled (p. 311). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Harris (2004), p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p4-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p4_14-0">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Jeffries, Stuart. "A Right Royal Knees-Up". The Guardian. July 20, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Washburne, Christopher, and Maiken Derno. Bad Music. Routledge, 2004. Page 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmo_Vinyl2004" class="citation book cs1">Kosmo Vinyl (2004). The Last Testament: The Making of London Calling. 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One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock. PM Press, 2015. p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-blush-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blush_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blush_21-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Blush" title="Steven Blush">Blush, Steven</a>, "Move Over My Chemical Romance: The Dynamic Beginnings of US Punk", <a href="/wiki/UNCUT_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCUT (magazine)">Uncut</a>, January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Wells (2004), p. 41; Reed (2005), p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-S159-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S159_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S159_23-1">b</a> Shuker (2002), p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-laing_21-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laing_21_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laing_21_24-1">b</a> Laing, Dave. One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock. PM Press, 2015. p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Chong, Kevin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/guitarsolos.html">"The Thrill Is Gone"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203054425/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/guitarsolos.html">Archived</a> December 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, August 2006. Retrieved on December 17, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLaing1985">Laing (1985)</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Palmer (1992), p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing198562-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing198562_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaing1985">Laing 1985</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaing1985">Laing (1985)</a>, pp. 61–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing1985118–19-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing1985118–19_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaing1985">Laing 1985</a>, pp. 118–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing198553-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing198553_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaing1985">Laing 1985</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Sabin (1999), pp. 4, 226; Dalton, Stephen, "Revolution Rock", Vox, June 1993. See also Laing (1985), pp. 27–32, for a statistical comparison of lyrical themes. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Laing (1985), p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Laing (1985), pp. 81, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Savage (1991), p. 440. See also Laing (1985), pp. 27–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Laing, Dave. One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock. PM Press, 2015. p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau2021" class="citation web cs1">Christgau, Robert (April 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/xgau-sez-april-2021">"Xgau Sez: April, 2021"</a>. And It Don't Stop. <a href="/wiki/Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417124959/https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/xgau-sez-april-2021">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=And+It+Don%27t+Stop&rft.atitle=Xgau+Sez%3A+April%2C+2021&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobertchristgau.substack.com%2Fp%2Fxgau-sez-april-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHV-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHV_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHV_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsler,_ScottRobbins,_Ira" class="citation web cs1">Isler, Scott; Robbins, Ira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=richard_hell_and_the_voidoids">"Richard Hell & the Voidoids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trouser_Press" title="Trouser Press">Trouser Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022221054/http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=richard_hell_and_the_voidoids">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trouser+Press&rft.atitle=Richard+Hell+%26+the+Voidoids&rft.au=Isler%2C+Scott&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Ira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouserpress.com%2Fentry.php%3Fa%3Drichard_hell_and_the_voidoids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Strongman (2008), pp. 58, 63, 64; Colegrave and Sullivan (2005), p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldon,_Michael" class="citation web cs1">Weldon, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123003715/http://www.cleveland.com/music/index_story.ssf?%2Fmusic%2Fmore%2Flocal%2Fcle%2F2%2Findex.html">"Electric Eels: Attendance Required"</a>. Cleveland.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/music/index_story.ssf?/music/more/local/cle/2/index.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+Eels%3A+Attendance+Required&rft.pub=Cleveland.com&rft.au=Weldon%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmusic%2Findex_story.ssf%3F%2Fmusic%2Fmore%2Flocal%2Fcle%2F2%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Charles_M.1977" class="citation magazine cs1">Young, Charles M. (October 20, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914225550/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed">"Rock Is Sick and Living in London"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed">the original</a> on September 14, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Rock+Is+Sick+and+Living+in+London&rft.date=1977-10-20&rft.au=Young%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fthebeatles%2Farticles%2Fstory%2F9437647%2Fsex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london%3Fsource%3Dthebeatles_rssfeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Habell-Pallan, Michelle (2012). "Death to Racism and Punk Rock Revisionism", Pop: When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt. p. 247-270. Durham : Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822350996" title="Special:BookSources/9780822350996">9780822350996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Strohm-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Strohm_43-0">^</a> Strohm (2004), p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See, e.g., Laing (1985), "Picture Section", p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Wojcik (1997), p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sklar-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sklar_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sklar_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklar2013" class="citation book cs1">Sklar, Monica (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bfwAAAAQBAJ">Punk Style</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. 5–6, 26–27, 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472557339" title="Special:BookSources/9781472557339"><bdi>9781472557339</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Style&rft.pages=5-6%2C+26-27%2C+37-39&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472557339&rft.aulast=Sklar&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bfwAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Wojcik (1995), pp. 16–19; Laing (1985), p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999157-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabin1999157_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pareles_(Berry_Obituary)-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Pareles_(Berry_Obituary)_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles1997" class="citation news cs1">Pareles, Jon (January 25, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/25/arts/richard-berry-songwriter-of-louie-louie-dies-at-61.html">"Richard Berry, Songwriter of 'Louie Louie,' Dies at 61"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326174905/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/25/arts/richard-berry-songwriter-of-louie-louie-dies-at-61.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Berry%2C+Songwriter+of+%27Louie+Louie%2C%27+Dies+at+61&rft.date=1997-01-25&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F01%2F25%2Farts%2Frichard-berry-songwriter-of-louie-louie-dies-at-61.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvant-Mier2008" class="citation book cs1">Avant-Mier, Roberto (2008). Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora. 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Retrieved May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+Kent+State+massacre+helped+give+birth+to+punk+rock&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Fhow-the-kent-state-massacre-changed-music%2F2018%2F05%2F03%2Fb45ca462-4cb6-11e8-b725-92c89fe3ca4c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trouser2-70"><a href="#cite_ref-trouser2_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeate" class="citation magazine cs1">Neate, Wilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=neu">"NEU!"</a>. Trouser Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112175958/http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=neu">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trouser+Press&rft.atitle=NEU%21&rft.aulast=Neate&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouserpress.com%2Fentry.php%3Fa%3Dneu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Anderson (2002), p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Unterberger (2000), p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Dickson (1982), p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Leblanc (1999), p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-flashbak1-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flashbak1_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flashbak1_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, J.P. (November 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flashbak.com/the-story-of-punk-421670/">"The Story Of 'Punk'"</a>. Flashbak. Retrieved February 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+Of+%27Punk%27&rft.pub=Flashbak&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflashbak.com%2Fthe-story-of-punk-421670%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Shapiro (2006), p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Bangs, Lester, "Of Pop and Pies and Fun" Archived December 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Creem, December 1970. Retrieved on November 29, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Nobahkt (2004), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoThornton1971" class="citation web cs1">Otto, Mark; Thornton, Jacob (April 15, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alicecooperechive.com/articles/feature/rost/710415">"Rolling Stone: April 15, 1971"</a>. Bootstrap contributors. Alice Cooper eChive. Retrieved February 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rolling+Stone%3A+April+15%2C+1971&rft.pub=Alice+Cooper+eChive&rft.date=1971-04-15&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alicecooperechive.com%2Farticles%2Ffeature%2Frost%2F710415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Shapiro (2006), p. 492. Taylor (2003) misidentifies the year of publication as 1970 (p. 16). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gendron (2002), p. 348 n. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christgau_(60s_punk)-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Christgau_(60s_punk)_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (October 14, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg20.php">"Consumer Guide (20)"</a>. The Village Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903214950/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg20.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Consumer+Guide+%2820%29&rft.date=1971-10-14&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fcg%2Fcg20.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs20038,_56,_57,_61,_64,_101-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs20038,_56,_57,_61,_64,_101_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBangs2003">Bangs 2003</a>, pp. 8, 56, 57, 61, 64, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-letitrock-85"><a href="#cite_ref-letitrock_85-0">^</a> Houghton, Mick, "White Punks on Coke", Let It Rock. December 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peterstanfield.com/blog/tag/Patrice+Kindl">"Photographing Iggy and the Stooges at King Sound, Kings Cross, 1972"</a>. peterstanfield.com. October 25, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peterstanfield.com&rft.atitle=Photographing+Iggy+and+the+Stooges+at+King+Sound%2C+Kings+Cross%2C+1972&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterstanfield.com%2Fblog%2Ftag%2FPatrice%2BKindl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_(Review_of_Nuggets)-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_(Review_of_Nuggets)_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1973" class="citation magazine cs1">Shaw, Greg (January 4, 1973). "Punk Rock: the arrogant underbelly of Sixties pop (review of Nuggets)". Rolling Stone. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Punk+Rock%3A+the+arrogant+underbelly+of+Sixties+pop+%28review+of+Nuggets%29&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1973-01-04&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Atkinson, Terry, "Hits and Misses", Los Angeles Times, February 17, 1973, p. B6. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53086946/detroit-free-press-ford-review-30373/">"Detroit Press Ford review"</a>. Detroit Free Press. March 30, 1973. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Detroit+Press+Ford+review&rft.date=1973-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F53086946%2Fdetroit-free-press-ford-review-30373%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laing_(punk/Altman)-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Laing_(punk/Altman)_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2015" class="citation book cs1">Laing, Dave (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQZ_BwAAQBAJ&q=billy+altman+punk+magazine&pg=PA23">One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock</a> (Second ed.). Oakland, CA: PM Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629630335" title="Special:BookSources/9781629630335"><bdi>9781629630335</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507014413/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQZ_BwAAQBAJ&q=billy+altman+punk+magazine&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Chord+Wonders%3A+Power+and+Meaning+in+Punk+Rock&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781629630335&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQZ_BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbilly%2Baltman%2Bpunk%2Bmagazine%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> – Laing mentions original "punk" magazine. He indicates that much "punk" fanfare in the early 70s was in relation to mid-60s garage rock and artists perceived as following in that tradition. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Sauders, "Metal" Mike. "Blue Cheer More Pumice than Lava." punk magazine. Fall 1973. In this punk magazine article Saunders discusses Randy Holden, former member of garage rock acts <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Half_(band)" title="The Other Half (band)">the Other Half</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Adam" title="The Sons of Adam">the Sons of Adam</a>, then later protopunk/heavy rock band, Blue Cheer. He refers to an album by the Other Half as "acid punk." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iggy-pop-still-the-godfather-of-punk/">"Iggy Pop: Still the 'godfather of punk'"</a>. CBS News. January 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225001946/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iggy-pop-still-the-godfather-of-punk/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Iggy+Pop%3A+Still+the+%27godfather+of+punk%27&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Figgy-pop-still-the-godfather-of-punk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Hilburn, Robert, "Touch of Stones in Dolls' Album", Los Angeles Times, May 7, 1974, p. C12. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2009" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Joe (November 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwpJFOSyEmEC&pg=PT202">Gimme Danger: The Story of Iggy Pop</a>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8571-2031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8571-2031-1"><bdi>978-0-8571-2031-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819211657/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwpJFOSyEmEC&pg=PT202">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimme+Danger%3A+The+Story+of+Iggy+Pop&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8571-2031-1&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwpJFOSyEmEC%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sav131-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sav131_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sav131_95-1">b</a> Savage (1991), p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Savage (1991), pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Taylor (2003), pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage199186–90,_59–60-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage199186–90,_59–60_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1991">Savage 1991</a>, pp. 86–90, 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-W-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W_99-1">b</a> Walker (1991), p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Strongman (2008), pp. 53, 54, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-S89-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S89_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S89_101-1">b</a> Savage (1992), p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Bockris and Bayley (1999), p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103053048/http://www.arista.com/psmith/smithbio.html">"Patti Smith—Biography"</a>. Arista Records. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arista.com/psmith/smithbio.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patti+Smith%E2%80%94Biography&rft.pub=Arista+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arista.com%2Fpsmith%2Fsmithbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> Strongman (2008), p. 57; Savage (1991), p. 91; Pareles and Romanowski (1983), p. 511; Bockris and Bayley (1999), p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage199190–91-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage199190–91_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1991">Savage 1991</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Gimarc (2005), p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Bessman (1993), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1991132–33-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1991132–33_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1991">Savage 1991</a>, pp. 132–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Bowe 2010, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinderSchwartz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33847-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Rock%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Legends+Who+Changed+Music+Forever&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33847-2&rft.aulast=Schinder&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Bockris and Bayley (1999), p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Savage (1992) claims that "Blank Generation" was written around this time (p. 90). However, the Richard Hell anthology album Spurts includes a live Television recording of the song that he dates "spring 1974." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Pareles and Romanowski (1983), p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-trouser3-113"><a href="#cite_ref-trouser3_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsler,_ScottRobbins,_Ira" class="citation web cs1">Isler, Scott; Robbins, Ira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=ramones">"Ramones"</a>. Trouser Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102185040/http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=ramones">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trouser+Press&rft.atitle=Ramones&rft.au=Isler%2C+Scott&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Ira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrouserpress.com%2Fentry.php%3Fa%3Dramones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Porter (2007), pp. 48–49; Nobahkt (2004), pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Walsh (2006), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Unterberger (2002), p. 1337. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Gimarc (2005), p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Marcus (1989), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-sex-pistols/biography">"The Sex Pistols"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119121526/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-sex-pistols/biography">Archived</a> January 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock 'n' Roll (2001). Retrieved on September 11, 2006; Robb (2006), pp. 83–87; Savage (1992), pp. 99–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Gimarc (2005), p. 22; Robb (2006), p. 114; Savage (1992), p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Savage (1992), pp. 151–152. The quote has been incorrectly ascribed to McLaren (e.g., Laing [1985], pp. 97, 127) and Rotten (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A791336">"Punk Music in Britain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110730180831/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A791336">Archived</a> July 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC, October 7, 2002), but Savage directly cites the <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">New Musical Express</a> issue in which the quote originally appeared. Robb (2006), p. 148, also describes the NME article in some detail and ascribes the quote to Jones. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Quoted in Friedlander and Miller (2006), p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Quoted in Savage (1992), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Savage (1992), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Savage (1992), pp. 124, 171, 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/05/11/110506_sex_pistols_gig_feature.shtml">"Sex Pistols Gig: The Truth"</a>. BBC. 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Trebuchet Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422220240/https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/walter-lure/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trebuchet+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Romance+of+Junk%3A+Heartbreaker+Walter+Lure&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.aulast=Wengrofsky&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trebuchet-magazine.com%2Fwalter-lure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> Retrieved May 12, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Boot and Salewicz (1997), p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Gimarc (2005), p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Savage (1992), pp. 260, 263–67, 277–79; Laing (1985), pp. 35, 37, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Savage (1992), p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Savage (1992), pp. 296–98; Reynolds (2005), pp. 26–27. Though see also McKay 2023 for an alternative view of the extent of punk's 'DIY-ness'. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Colegrave and Sullivan (2005), p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Laing, Dave. One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock. PM Press, 2015. p. 48-49 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> See Worley (2017) for an overview of the regional spread of punk in its early years. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwash2010" class="citation news cs1">Swash, Rosie (October 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/24/crass-penny-rimbaud-steve-ignorant">"Crass's political punk is as relevant now as ever"</a>. 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PM Press, 2015. p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> McFaarlane, p. 547. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Cameron, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,2129910,00.html">"Come the Revolution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209232253/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,2129910,00.html">Archived</a> December 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guardian, July 20, 2007. Retrieved on November 25, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-M507-174"><a href="#cite_ref-M507_174-0">^</a> McFarlane (1999), p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Blush (2001), p. 18; Reynolds (2006), p. 211; Spitz and Mullen (2001), pp. 217–32; Stark (2006), "Dissolution" (pp. 91–93); see also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flipsidefanzine.com/PortalHome.html">"Round-Table Discussion: Hollywood Vanguard vs. Beach Punks!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604162955/http://www.flipsidefanzine.com/PortalHome.html">Archived</a> June 4, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Flipsidezine.com article archive). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Laing (1985), p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Savage (1992), p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Quoted in Wells (2004), p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> See, e.g., Spencer, Neil, and James Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/story/0,,1934098,00.html">"Why the Clash Are Still Rock Titans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109224609/http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/story/0,,1934098,00.html">Archived</a> November 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Observer (UK), October 29, 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Namaste (2000), p. 87; Laing (1985), pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Gendron (2002), pp. 269–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Strongman (2008), p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Laing (1985), pp. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Wojcik (1995), p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Schild, Matt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aversion.com/bands/interviews.cfm?f_id=292">"Stuck in the Future"</a>, Aversion.com, July 11, 2005. Retrieved on January 21, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/">"New Wave"</a>, AllMusic. Retrieved on January 17, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borthwick-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Borthwick_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._BorthwickR._Moy2004" class="citation cs2">S. Borthwick & R. Moy (2004), "Synthpop: into the digital age", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGPdDwAAQBAJ">Popular Music Genres: an Introduction</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1745-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-1745-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Synthpop%3A+into+the+digital+age&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+Genres%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1745-6&rft.au=S.+Borthwick&rft.au=R.+Moy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGPdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Reynolds (2005), pp. xxvii, xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuirk" class="citation web cs1">McGuirk, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110005347/http://www.rhapsody.com/television/more.html">"Television"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhapsody.com/television/more.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2007;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhapsody&rft.atitle=Television&rft.aulast=McGuirk&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhapsody.com%2Ftelevision%2Fmore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r19770">Marquee Moon Review</a>" by Stephen Thomas Erlewine, AllMusic; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelt" class="citation web cs1">Felt, Hunter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212122416/http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/t/television-marquee2003.shtml">"Television: Marquee Moon (remastered edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PopMatters" title="PopMatters">PopMatters</a>. 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Retrieved March 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bdcwire&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Riot+Grrrl+Movement+in+Honor+of+Boston%27s+Riot+Grrrl+Day&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcwire.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-riot-grrrl-movement-in-honor-of-bostons-riot-grrrl-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> McGowen, Brice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/glbtsa/lambda/articles/28/3/letigre.htm">"Eye of the Tiger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205020338/http://www.unc.edu/glbtsa/lambda/articles/28/3/letigre.htm">Archived</a> December 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lamda, February/March 2005. Retrieved on November 26, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Klein (2000), p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-RIAAD-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RIAAD_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIAAD_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIAAD_229-2">c</a> See, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH">Searchable Database—Gold and Platinum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH">Archived</a> June 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, RIAA. 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Retrieved on December 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Myers (2006), p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Knowles (2003), p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Diehl (2007), pp. 2, 145, 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Diehl (2003), p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitz144-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Spitz144_240-0">^</a> Spitz (2006), p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Blasengame, Bart. "Live: Blink-182". Spin. September 2000, p. 80; Pappademas, Alex. "Blink-182: The Mark, Tom and Travis Show: The Enema Strikes Back". Spin. December 2000, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> "Goings On About Town: Nightlife". The New Yorker. 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Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Living+End+%27Rolls+On%27+with+Aussie+Punkabilly+Sound&rft.date=2001-02-27&rft.au=Aiese%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F80523%2Fliving-end-rolls-on-with-aussie-punkabilly-sound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Haenfler (2006), p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Hess (2007), p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Lamey and Robbins (1991), p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999p._216_n._17-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabin1999p._216_n._17_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, p. 216 n. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Dalton, Stephen, "Revolution Rock", Vox, June 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Reynolds (2005), p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Robb (2006), p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Quoted in Robb (2006), pp. 469–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Robb (2006), p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Bangs, Lester. "If Oi Were a Carpenter". Village Voice. April 27, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Berthier (2004), p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-tzvi-256"><a href="#cite_ref-tzvi_256-0">^</a> Fleischer, Tzvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2000/258/sounds.html">"Sounds of Hate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214043644/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2000/258/sounds.html">Archived</a> December 14, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC), August 2000. Retrieved on January 14, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Robb (2006), pp. 469, 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushell-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushell_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushell,_Garry" class="citation web cs1">Bushell, Garry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp">"Oi!—The Truth"</a>. garry-bushell.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp">the original</a> on July 31, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oi%21%E2%80%94The+Truth&rft.pub=garry-bushell.co.uk&rft.au=Bushell%2C+Garry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garry-bushell.co.uk%2Foi%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Gimarc (1997), p. 175; Laing (1985), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robb511-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Robb511_260-0">^</a> Robb (2006), p. 511. </li> <li id="cite_note-W35-261"><a href="#cite_ref-W35_261-0">^</a> Wells (2004), p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Hardman (2007), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> McKay 1996, chapter 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-G170-264"><a href="#cite_ref-G170_264-0">^</a> Gosling (2004), p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Gosling (2004), pp. 169–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Purcell (2003), pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218223342/http://sosrecords.us/label/taxonomy/term/1">"News Items"</a>. SOS Records. March 12, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sosrecords.us/label/taxonomy/term/1">the original</a> on December 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOS+Records&rft.atitle=News+Items&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsosrecords.us%2Flabel%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animamundi.org/links.html">Links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050227185258/http://www.animamundi.org/links.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Anima Mundi. Both retrieved on November 25, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Besssman (1993), p. 16; Carson (1979), p. 114; Simpson (2003), p. 72; McNeil (1997), p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Cooper, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punkmusic.about.com/od/artistprofiles/p/buzzcocksfinal.htm">"The Buzzcocks, Founders of Pop Punk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204233639/http://punkmusic.about.com/od/artistprofiles/p/buzzcocksfinal.htm">Archived</a> February 4, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. About.com. Retrieved on December 16, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Myers (2006), p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Di Bella, Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/blink-182-020611-2496087285.html">"Blink 182 + Green Day"</a>. PopMatters.com. June 11, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323083826/http://www.popmatters.com/music/concerts/b/blink-182-020611.shtml">Archived</a> on March 23, 2007. Retrieved on February 4, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Porter (2007), p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Hendrickson, Tad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101915358">"Irish Pub-Rock: Boozy Punk Energy, Celtic Style"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904225820/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101915358">Archived</a> September 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NPR Music, March 16, 2009. Retrieved on November 12, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReidLyrics-274"><a href="#cite_ref-ReidLyrics_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidReid2014" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Craig; Reid, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYmWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT164">The Proclaimers Lyrics</a>. Coffee Table Digital Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993117794" title="Special:BookSources/9780993117794"><bdi>9780993117794</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504181433/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYmWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT164">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proclaimers+Lyrics&rft.pub=Coffee+Table+Digital+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780993117794&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Reid%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYmWBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Andersen, Mark, and Mark Jenkins (2001). Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital (New York: <a href="/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Skull Press">Soft Skull Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887128-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-887128-49-2">1-887128-49-2</a></li> <li>Anderson, Mark (2002). "Zunō keisatsu", in Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, ed. Sandra Buckley (London and New York: Routledge), p. 588. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6">0-415-14344-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Azerrad, Michael</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Our_Band_Could_Be_Your_Life" title="Our Band Could Be Your Life">Our Band Could Be Your Life</a> (New York: Little, Brown). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-78753-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-78753-1">0-316-78753-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1980" class="citation book cs1">Bangs, Lester (1980). "Protopunk: The Garage Bands". The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll (second ed.). New York City: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394739380" title="Special:BookSources/9780394739380"><bdi>9780394739380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protopunk%3A+The+Garage+Bands&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+Illustrated+History+of+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780394739380&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs2003" class="citation book cs1">Bangs, Lester (2003). Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung. Anchor Books, a division of Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychotic+Reactions+and+Carburetor+Dung&rft.pub=Anchor+Books%2C+a+division+of+Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bennett, Andy (2001). "'Plug in and Play!': UK Indie Guitar Culture", in Guitar Cultures, eds. Andy Bennett and Kevin Dawe (Oxford and New York: Berg), pp. 45–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-434-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-434-0">1-85973-434-0</a></li> <li>Berthier, Héctor Castillo (2001). "My Generation: Rock and la Banda's Forced Survival Opposite the Mexican State", in Rockin' las Américas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America, ed. Deborah Pacini Hernandez (Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>), pp. 241–60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-4226-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-4226-7">0-8229-4226-7</a></li> <li>Bessman, Jim (1993). Ramones: An American Band (New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09369-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-09369-1">0-312-09369-1</a></li> <li>Bockris, Victor, and Roberta Bayley (1999). Patti Smith: An Unauthorized Biography (New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82363-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82363-2">0-684-82363-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonHellLydonSavage2013" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hell" title="Richard Hell">Hell, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">Lydon, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Savage, Jon</a> (May 15, 2013). Bell, Eugenia (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Punk:_Chaos_to_Couture" title="Punk: Chaos to Couture">PUNK: Chaos to Couture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19185-1"><bdi>978-0-300-19185-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813393428">813393428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PUNK%3A+Chaos+to+Couture&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813393428&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19185-1&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hell%2C+Richard&rft.au=Lydon%2C+John&rft.au=Savage%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boot, Adrian, and Chris Salewicz (1997). Punk: The Illustrated History of a Music Revolution (New York: Penguin). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026098-6">0-14-026098-6</a></li> <li>Buckley, Peter, ed. (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock (London: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4">1-84353-105-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchillParsons1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Burchill" title="Julie Burchill">Burchill, Julie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tony_Parsons_(British_journalist)" title="Tony Parsons (British journalist)">Parsons, Tony</a> (1978). The Boy Looked at Johnny: The Obituary of Rock and Roll. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86104-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86104-030-9"><bdi>0-86104-030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy+Looked+at+Johnny%3A+The+Obituary+of+Rock+and+Roll&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-86104-030-9&rft.aulast=Burchill&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Burns, Rob, and Wilfried Van Der Will (1995). "The Federal Republic 1968 to 1990: From the Industrial Society to the Culture Society", in German Cultural Studies: An Introduction, ed. Burns (Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>), pp. 257–324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-871503-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-871503-X">0-19-871503-X</a></li> <li>Campbell, Michael, with James Brody (2008). Rock and Roll: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Schirmer). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64295-0">0-534-64295-0</a></li> <li>Carson, Tom (1979). "Rocket to Russia", in Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island, ed. Greil Marcus (New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf">Knopf</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73827-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73827-6">0-394-73827-6</a></li> <li>Catucci, Nick (2004a). "Blink-182", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside Books</a>), p. 85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a></li> <li>Catucci, Nick (2004b). "Green Day", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside Books</a>), pp. 347–48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a></li> <li>Colegrave, Stephen, and Chris Sullivan (2005). Punk: The Definitive Record of a Revolution (New York: Thunder's Mouth). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-769-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-769-5">1-56025-769-5</a></li> <li>Coon, Caroline (1977). "1988": the New Wave [and] Punk Rock Explosion. (London: <a href="/wiki/Orbach_and_Chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbach and Chambers">Orbach and Chambers</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8015-6129-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8015-6129-9">0-8015-6129-9</a>.</li> <li>Creswell, Toby (2006). 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them (New York: Thunder's Mouth). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-915-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-915-9">1-56025-915-9</a></li> <li>Dickson, Paul (1982). Words: A Connoisseur's Collection of Old and New, Weird and Wonderful, Useful and Outlandish Words (New York: Delacorte). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-09606-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-09606-5">0-440-09606-5</a></li> <li>Diehl, Matt (2007). My So-Called Punk: Green Day, Fall Out Boy, the Distillers, Bad Religion—How Neo-Punk Stage-Dived into the Mainstream (New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33781-7">0-312-33781-7</a></li> <li>Dougan, John (2002). "X-Ray Spex", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3rd ed., eds. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a></li> <li>Ellis, Iain (2008). Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists (Berkeley, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Skull Press">Soft Skull Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59376-206-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59376-206-2">1-59376-206-2</a>.</li> <li>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). "The Birthday Party", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3rd ed., eds. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a></li> <li>Fletcher, Tony (2000). Moon: The Life and Death of a Rock Legend (New York: HarperCollins). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-78827-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-78827-6">0-380-78827-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Frere-Jones" title="Sasha Frere-Jones">Frere-Jones, Sasha</a> (2004). "Bad Brains", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside Books</a>), pp. 34–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a></li> <li>Friedlander, Paul, with Peter Miller (2006). Rock and Roll: A Social History, 2nd ed. (Boulder, Co.: Westview). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4306-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4306-2">0-8133-4306-2</a></li> <li>Friskics-Warren, Bill (2005). I'll Take You There: Pop Music And the Urge for Transcendence (New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum International">Continuum International</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1700-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1700-0">0-8264-1700-0</a></li> <li>Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll, 2nd ed. (New York: Seal). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58005-078-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58005-078-6">1-58005-078-6</a></li> <li>Gendron, Bernard (2002). Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde (Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-28735-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-28735-1">0-226-28735-1</a></li> <li>Gimarc, George (1997). Post Punk Diary, 1980–1982. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16968-8">978-0-312-16968-8</a></li> <li>Gimarc, George (2005). Punk Diary: The Ultimate Trainspotter's Guide to Underground Rock, 1970–1982. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8793-0848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8793-0848-3">978-0-8793-0848-3</a></li> <li>Glasper, Ian (2004). Burning Britain—The History of UK Punk 1980–1984 (London: <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Red_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry Red Books">Cherry Red Books</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901447-24-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-901447-24-3">1-901447-24-3</a></li> <li>Goodlad, Lauren M. E., and Michael Bibby (2007). "Introduction", in Goth: Undead Subculture, ed. Goodlad and Bibby (Durham, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3921-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3921-8">0-8223-3921-8</a></li> <li>Gosling, Tim (2004). "'Not for Sale': The Underground Network of Anarcho-Punk", in Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual, eds. Andy Bennett and Richard A. Peterson (Nashville, Tenn.: <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press" title="Vanderbilt University Press">Vanderbilt University Press</a>), pp. 168–83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1450-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8265-1450-2">0-8265-1450-2</a></li> <li>Gray, Marcus (2005 [1995]). The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town, 5th rev. ed. (London: Helter Skelter). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905139-10-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-905139-10-1">1-905139-10-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Greenwald" title="Andy Greenwald">Greenwald, Andy</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Nothing_Feels_Good:_Punk_Rock,_Teenagers,_and_Emo" title="Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo">Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo</a> (New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30863-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30863-9">0-312-30863-9</a></li> <li>Gross, Joe (2004). "Rancid", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside Books</a>), p. 677. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a></li> <li>Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean-Living Youth, and Social Change (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3852-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3852-1">0-8135-3852-1</a></li> <li>Hannon, Sharon M. (2009). Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36456-3">978-0-313-36456-3</a></li> <li>Hardman, Emilie (2007). "Before You Can Get Off Your Knees: Profane Existence and Anarcho-Punk as a Social Movement". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York City, August 11, 2007 (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120204203/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/4/5/3/p184536_index.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Harrington, Joe S. (2002). Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll (Milwaukee: Hal Leonard). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-02861-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-02861-8">0-634-02861-8</a></li> <li>Harris, John (2004). Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81367-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81367-X">0-306-81367-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Hebdige, Dick</a> (1987). Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music (London: Routledge). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05875-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05875-9">0-415-05875-9</a></li> <li>Hess, Mickey (2007). Is Hip Hop Dead?: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Most Wanted Music (Westport, Conn.: Praeger). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99461-9">0-275-99461-9</a></li> <li>Heylin, Clinton (1993). From the Velvets to the Voidoids: The Birth of American Punk Rock (Chicago: A Cappella Books). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-575-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-575-3">1-55652-575-3</a></li> <li>Heylin, Clinton (2007). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge (New York: Canongate). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84195-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84195-879-4">1-84195-879-4</a></li> <li>Home, Stewart (1996). Cranked Up Really High: Genre Theory and Punk Rock (Hove, UK: Codex). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899598-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-899598-01-4">1-899598-01-4</a></li> <li>Jackson, Buzzy (2005). A Bad Woman Feeling Good: Blues and the Women Who Sing Them (New York: W. W. Norton). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05936-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05936-7">0-393-05936-7</a></li> <li>James, Martin (2003). French Connections: From Discothèque to Discovery (London: Sanctuary). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-449-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86074-449-4">1-86074-449-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Keithley" class="mw-redirect" title="Joey Keithley">Keithley, Joe</a> (2004). I, Shithead: A Life in Punk (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55152-148-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55152-148-2">1-55152-148-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein, Naomi</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No LOGO: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies</a> (New York: Picador). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20343-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20343-8">0-312-20343-8</a></li> <li>Knowles, Chris (2003). Clash City Showdown (Otsego, Mich.: PageFree). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58961-138-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58961-138-1">1-58961-138-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing1985" class="citation book cs1">Laing, Dave (1985). One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock. Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15065-6"><bdi>978-0-335-15065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Chord+Wonders%3A+Power+and+Meaning+in+Punk+Rock&rft.place=Milton+Keynes+and+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-335-15065-6&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lamey, Charles P., and Ira Robbins (1991). "Exploited", in The Trouser Press Record Guide, 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins (New York: Collier), pp. 230–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3">0-02-036361-3</a></li> <li>Leblanc, Lauraine (1999). Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2651-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2651-5">0-8135-2651-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">Lydon, John</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Rotten:_No_Irish,_No_Blacks,_No_Dogs" title="Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs">Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs</a> (New York: Picador). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11883-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-11883-X">0-312-11883-X</a></li> <li>Mahon, Maureen (2008). "African Americans and Rock 'n' Roll", in African Americans and Popular Culture, Volume 3: Music and Popular Art, ed. Todd Boyd (Westport, Conn.: Praeger), pp. 31–60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98925-5">978-0-275-98925-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Marcus, Greil</a>, ed. (1979). Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island (New York: Knopf). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73827-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73827-6">0-394-73827-6</a></li> <li>Marcus, Greil (1989). Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-53581-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-53581-2">0-674-53581-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksMcIntyre2010" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Ian D.; McIntyre, Iain (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH0R2srt8osC&pg=PA7">Wild About You: The Sixties Beat Explosion in Australia and New Zealand</a> (1st ed.). Verse Chorus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891241-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891241-28-4"><bdi>978-1-891241-28-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507084345/https://books.google.com/books?id=IH0R2srt8osC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+About+You%3A+The+Sixties+Beat+Explosion+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Verse+Chorus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-891241-28-4&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft.au=McIntyre%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIH0R2srt8osC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McCaleb, Ian (1991). "Radio Birdman", in The Trouser Press Record Guide, 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins (New York: Collier), pp. 529–30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3">0-02-036361-3</a></li> <li>McFarlane, Ian (1999). The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop (St Leonards, Aus.: Allen & Unwin). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1">1-86508-072-1</a></li> <li>McGowan, Chris, and Ricardo Pessanha (1998). The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil (Philadelphia: Temple University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-545-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-545-3">1-56639-545-3</a></li> <li>McKay, George (1996). Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties. London: Verso, chapter 3: 'CRASS 621984 ANOK4U2', 73–101. ISBN 1-85984-028-0</li> <li>McKay, George (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/27538702231216190">'Was punk DIY? Is DIY punk? Interrogating the DIY/punk nexus, with particular reference to the early UK punk scene, c. 1976-1984.'</a> DIY, Alternative Cultures and Society journal.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeilMcCain1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Legs_McNeil" title="Legs McNeil">McNeil, Legs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gillian_McCain" title="Gillian McCain">McCain, Gillian</a> (1996). Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk. New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316881470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316881470"><bdi>978-0316881470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Please+Kill+Me%3A+The+Uncensored+Oral+History+of+Punk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0316881470&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Legs&rft.au=McCain%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemlich1992" class="citation book cs1">Lemlich, Jeffrey M. (1992). Savage Lost: Florida Garage Bands: The '60s and Beyond (1st ed.). Miami, Florida: Distinctive Punishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-0-942960" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-0-942960"><bdi>978-978-0-942960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savage+Lost%3A+Florida+Garage+Bands%3A+The+%2760s+and+Beyond&rft.place=Miami%2C+Florida&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Distinctive+Punishing+Corp.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-978-0-942960&rft.aulast=Lemlich&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Miles, Barry, Grant Scott, and Johnny Morgan (2005). The Greatest Album Covers of All Time (London: Collins & Brown). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-301-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84340-301-3">1-84340-301-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Myers" title="Ben Myers">Myers, Ben</a> (2006). Green Day: American Idiots & the New Punk Explosion (New York: Disinformation). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932857-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-932857-32-X">1-932857-32-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Mullen" title="Brendan Mullen">Mullen, Brendan</a>, with Don Bolles and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Parfrey" title="Adam Parfrey">Adam Parfrey</a> (2002). Lexicon Devil: The Fast Times and Short Life of Darby Crash and the Germs (Los Angeles: Feral House). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-70-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-922915-70-9">0-922915-70-9</a></li> <li>Nichols, David (2003). The Go-Betweens (Portland, Ore.: Verse Chorus Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891241-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-891241-16-8">1-891241-16-8</a></li> <li>Nobahkt, David (2004). Suicide: No Compromise (London: SAF). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946719-71-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-946719-71-3">0-946719-71-3</a></li> <li>O'Hara, Craig (1999). The Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise (San Francisco and Edinburgh: AK Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873176-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-873176-16-3">1-873176-16-3</a></li> <li>Palmer, Robert (1992). "The Church of the Sonic Guitar", in Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture, ed. Anthony DeCurtis (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press), pp. 13–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a></li> <li>Pardo, Alona (2004). "Jamie Reid", in Communicate: Independent British Graphic Design Since the Sixties, ed. Rick Poyner (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), p. 245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10684-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10684-X">0-300-10684-X</a></li> <li>Pareles, Jon, and Patricia Romanowski (eds.) (1983). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (New York: Rolling Stone Press/Summit Books). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44071-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44071-3">0-671-44071-3</a></li> <li>Porter, Dick (2007). The Cramps: A Short History of Rock 'n' Roll Psychosis (London: Plexus). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85965-398-6">0-85965-398-6</a></li> <li>Purcell, Natalie J. (2003). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture (Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1585-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1585-1">0-7864-1585-1</a></li> <li>Raha, Maria (2005). Cinderella's Big Score: Women of the Punk and Indie Underground (Emeryville, Calif.: Seal). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58005-116-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58005-116-2">1-58005-116-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2005" class="citation book cs1">Reed, John (2005). Paul Weller: My Ever Changing Moods. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-491-0"><bdi>978-1-84449-491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Weller%3A+My+Ever+Changing+Moods&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84449-491-0&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ripitupstartagai00reyn">Rip It Up and Start Again: Post Punk 1978–1984</a>. London and New York: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21569-0"><bdi>978-0-571-21569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rip+It+Up+and+Start+Again%3A+Post+Punk+1978%E2%80%931984&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-571-21569-0&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fripitupstartagai00reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(musician)" title="John Robb (musician)">Robb, John</a> (2006). Punk Rock: An Oral History (London: Elbury Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-190511-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-190511-7">0-09-190511-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Robinson" title="Lisa Robinson">Robinson, Lisa</a> (2014). There Goes Gravity: A Life in Rock and Roll. New York: Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594487149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594487149"><bdi>978-1594487149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Goes+Gravity%3A+A+Life+in+Rock+and+Roll&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1594487149&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rodel, Angela (2004). "Extreme Noise Terror: Punk Rock and the Aesthetics of Badness", in Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate, eds. Christopher Washburne and Maiken Derno (New York: Routledge), pp. 235–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94365-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94365-5">0-415-94365-5</a></li> <li>Rooksby, Rikky (2001). Inside Classic Rock Tracks (San Francisco: Backbeat). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-654-8">0-87930-654-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1999" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Roger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punkrocksowhatcu00roge">Punk Rock: So What?: the Cultural Legacy of Punk</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17030-7"><bdi>978-0-415-17030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Rock%3A+So+What%3F%3A+the+Cultural+Legacy+of+Punk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17030-7&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunkrocksowhatcu00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Savage, Jon</a> (1991). England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28822-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28822-8"><bdi>978-0-312-28822-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Dreaming%3A+The+Sex+Pistols+and+Punk+Rock&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28822-8&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1992" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Jon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandsdreaming00sava">England's Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08774-6"><bdi>978-0-312-08774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Dreaming%3A+Anarchy%2C+Sex+Pistols%2C+Punk+Rock%2C+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08774-6&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandsdreaming00sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). Yale Book of Quotations (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10798-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10798-6">0-300-10798-6</a></li> <li>Schmidt, Axel, and Klaus Neumann-Braun (2004). Die Welt der Gothics: Spielräume düster konnotierter Tranzendenz (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-14353-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-14353-0">3-531-14353-0</a></li> <li>Shuker, Roy (2002). Popular Music: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28425-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28425-2">0-415-28425-2</a></li> <li>Simpson, Paul (2003). The Rough Guide to Cult Pop: The Songs, the Artists, the Genres, the Dubious Fashions. London: Rough Guides. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-229-3">978-1-84353-229-3</a></li> <li>Sinagra, Laura (2004). "Sum 41", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Books">Fireside Books</a>), pp. 791–92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8">0-7432-0169-8</a></li> <li>Smith, Kerry L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Indie Rock (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34119-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34119-9">978-0-313-34119-9</a></li> <li>Spencer, Amy (2005). DIY: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture (London: Marion Boyars). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-3105-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-3105-7">0-7145-3105-7</a></li> <li>Spitz, Marc (2006). Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times, and Music of Green Day (New York: Hyperion). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-0274-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-0274-2">1-4013-0274-2</a></li> <li>Spitz, Marc, and Brendan Mullen (2001). We Got the Neutron Bomb: The Untold Story of L.A. Punk (New York: Three Rivers Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80774-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80774-9">0-609-80774-9</a></li> <li>Stafford, Andrew (2006). Pig City: From the Saints to Savage Garden, 2nd rev. ed. (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-3561-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-3561-X">0-7022-3561-X</a></li> <li>Stark, James (2006). Punk '77: An Inside Look at the San Francisco Rock N' Roll Scene, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: RE/Search Publications). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889307-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-889307-14-9">1-889307-14-9</a></li> <li>Strohm, John (2004). "Women Guitarists: Gender Issues in Alternative Rock", in The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, ed. A. J. Millard (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 181–200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7862-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7862-4">0-8018-7862-4</a></li> <li>Strongman, Phil (2008). Pretty Vacant: A History of UK Punk (Chicago: Chicago Review Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-752-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-752-7">1-55652-752-7</a></li> <li>St. Thomas, Kurt, with Troy Smith (2002). Nirvana: The Chosen Rejects (New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20663-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20663-1">0-312-20663-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falseprophetfiel00tayl">False Prophet: Field Notes from the Punk Underground</a>. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6668-3"><bdi>978-0-8195-6668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False+Prophet%3A+Field+Notes+from+the+Punk+Underground&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6668-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffalseprophetfiel00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atoxofalternativ00tayl">The A to X of Alternative Music</a>. London and New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8217-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-8217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+X+of+Alternative+Music&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8217-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatoxofalternativ00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrue2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_True" title="Everett True">True, Everett</a> (2002). Hey Ho Let's Go: The Story of the Ramones. <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8444-9413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8444-9413-2"><bdi>978-1-8444-9413-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hey+Ho+Let%27s+Go%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ramones&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8444-9413-2&rft.aulast=True&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Unterberger, Richie (2002). "British Punk", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3rd ed., eds. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (San Francisco: Backbeat). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Walker" title="Clinton Walker">Walker, Clinton</a> (1982/2004) Inner City Sound (Portland, Oregon: Verse Chorus Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891241-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-891241-18-4">1-891241-18-4</a></li> <li>Walker, Clinton (1996) Stranded (Sydney: Macmillan) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7329%2B0883%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/0+7329+0883+3">0 7329 0883 3</a></li> <li>Walker, John (1991). "Television", in The Trouser Press Record Guide, 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins (New York: Collier), p. 662. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-036361-3">0-02-036361-3</a></li> <li>Walsh, Gavin (2006). Punk on 45; Revolutions on Vinyl, 1976–79 (London: Plexus). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-370-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85965-370-6">0-85965-370-6</a></li> <li>Weinstein, Deena (2000). Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture (New York: Da Capo). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80970-2">0-306-80970-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Wells" title="Steven Wells">Wells, Steven</a> (2004). Punk: Loud, Young & Snotty: The Story Behind the Songs (New York and London: Thunder's Mouth). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-573-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-573-0">1-56025-573-0</a></li> <li>Wilkerson, Mark Ian (2006). Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend (Louisville: Bad News Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-7700-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-7700-5">1-4116-7700-5</a></li> <li>Wojcik, Daniel (1995). Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-735-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-735-8">0-87805-735-8</a></li> <li>Wojcik, Daniel (1997). The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America (New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9283-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9283-9">0-8147-9283-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Wolf, Mary Montgomery (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/k35695185">"We Accept You, One of Us?": Punk Rock, Community, and Individualism in an Uncertain Era, 1974–1985</a> (Thesis). Department of History, College of Arts and Sciences, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17615%2Fe26e-6m88">10.17615/e26e-6m88</a>. <q>A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22We+Accept+You%2C+One+of+Us%3F%22%3A+Punk+Rock%2C+Community%2C+and+Individualism+in+an+Uncertain+Era%2C+1974%E2%80%931985&rft.inst=Department+of+History%2C+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17615%2Fe26e-6m88&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mary+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fconcern%2Fdissertations%2Fk35695185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+rock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Worley, Matthew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/history/twentieth-century-british-history/no-future-punk-politics-and-british-youth-culture-19761984?format=PB">No Future: Punk, Politics and British Youth Culture, 1976-1984</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Punk rock at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punk_rock" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Punk rock">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punk_rock" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Punk rock">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Punk_rock" class="extiw" title="q:Punk rock">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071" class="extiw" title="d:Q3071">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Curlie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Curlie (page does not exist)">Template:Curlie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/fales/downtown.html">Fales Library of NYU Downtown Collection</a> archival collection with the personal papers of NYC punk figures.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000510062822/http://www.fastnbulbous.com/punk.htm">A History of Punk</a> 1990 essay by rock critic A.S. Van Dorston</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420025514/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-10-18/specials/we-have-to-deal-with-it-punk-england-report/">"We Have to Deal With It: Punk England Report"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>, January 9, 1978</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020613141145/http://www.roctober.com/roctober/blackpunk1.html">Black Punk Time: Blacks in Punk, New Wave and Hardcore 1976–1984 by James Porter and Jake Austen and many other contributors Roctober Magazine 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southendpunk.com">Southend Punk Rock History 1976 – 1986, a detailed site containing information on the Punk Rock explosion as experienced by Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SchmockNumber2WildbergGermany/mode/2up/">Schmock Fanzine, 1984</a> Germany's first English-language punk rock fanzine from Wildberg, West Germany</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punk_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hardcore_punk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hardcore_punk" title="Template:Hardcore punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hardcore_punk" title="Template talk:Hardcore punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hardcore_punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hardcore punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hardcore_punk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandana_thrash" title="Bandana thrash">Bandana thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nardcore">Nardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerviolence" title="Powerviolence">Powerviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screamo" title="Screamo">Screamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Skacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Hardcore" title="Buenos Aires Hardcore">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hardcore" title="Australian hardcore">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hardcore_punk" title="Canadian hardcore punk">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hardcore" title="Italian hardcore">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_hardcore" title="Boston hardcore">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hardcore" title="Chicago hardcore">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_hardcore" title="Minneapolis hardcore">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_hardcore" title="New York hardcore">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_hardcore" title="Washington, D.C., hardcore">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hardcore_punk_bands" title="List of hardcore punk bands">List of hardcore punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hardcore_punk_subgenres" title="List of hardcore punk subgenres">List of hardcore punk subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_skinhead" title="Hardcore skinhead">Hardcore skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a> (includes section on hardcore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_crew" title="Youth crew">Youth crew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock" title="Template talk:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres" title="Category:Alternative rock genres">Styles and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">College rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolewave" title="Dolewave">Dolewave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek_rock" title="Geek rock">Geek rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_rock" title="Wizard rock">Wizard rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Sound">Dunedin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowcore" title="Slowcore">Slowcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Latin alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangue_bit" title="Mangue bit">Mangue bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_gaze" title="Nu gaze">Nu gaze</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave" title="New wave of new wave">New wave of new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pop" title="Noise pop">Noise pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_rock" title="Pagan rock">Pagan rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alternative_metal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists" title="List of alternative rock artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">Outsider music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock" title="Category:Alternative rock">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084153/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176370-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109128">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486954n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486954n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX553230">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550911405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_rock&oldid=1231734751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_rock&oldid=1231734751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punk_rock" title="Category:Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Category:Culture of New York City">Culture of New York City</a></li><li><a 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