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font-style:italic; color: #595959;">0 comments</div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><a href="#142" data-featherlight="glossary">Hormones</a> are chemical messengers in the body that <a href="#263" data-featherlight="glossary">glands</a> form and release, or secrete, into the bloodstream, where they travel to various <a href="#27" data-featherlight="glossary">organs</a> and <a href="#85" data-featherlight="glossary">tissues</a> to change biological functions. Hormone levels fluctuate during a lifespan and even on a daily basis. </p> <p>Growth spurts in toddlers or sudden changes in adolescents are directly related to large hormonal shifts during development and puberty. Smaller changes occur throughout each day to help maintain normal bodily functions, such as our sleep-wake cycle known as our <a data-featherlight="glossary" href="#176">circadian rhythm</a>.</p> <span id="more-13595"></span> <div class="wp-block-image biobeat-img"> <figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="266" height="350" src="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/BioBeat-7.17.2024-1-2.jpg" alt="Divided outline of the human body that shows a male on the left and female on the right. Labels point to the different endocrine glands mentioned in this post." class="wp-image-13603" style="width:230px"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Endocrine glands in the body. Credit: NCI.</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Hormones and the glands that secrete them make up the endocrine system. Scientists have identified more than 50 hormones in humans. Glands in the brain (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland) and in the body (thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, and testes) make these hormones. </p> <p><strong>How Hormones Work</strong></p> <p>After entering the bloodstream, hormones travel throughout the body and bind to specific <a href="#52" data-featherlight="glossary">receptors</a> on or in <a href="#104" data-featherlight="glossary">cells</a> to tell them to change or start certain processes. Such processes may include triggering signaling <a href="#221" data-featherlight="glossary">pathways</a> or turning on <a href="#127" data-featherlight="glossary">genes</a> to make new <a href="#49" data-featherlight="glossary">proteins</a>. For example, the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin when the blood glucose (sugar) level is high. The hormone binds to insulin receptors on liver or muscle cells, triggering a signaling pathway that causes proteins called glucose transporters to move to the cell surface. Glucose enters the cells through these proteins, which lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis鈥攁 stable environment. When a person has <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes">diabetes</a>, their body doesn’t produce or respond to insulin normally, so they have to monitor their blood glucose level and sometimes take <a href="#252" data-featherlight="glossary">medication</a> or insulin to help manage it. </p> <p>Often, multiple hormones work together to create larger changes in the body including:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Growth and development by growth and thyroid hormones</li> <li>Reproductive organ development and function by estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone</li> <li>Blood sugar control and energy balance by insulin, glucagon, leptin, and ghrelin</li> <li>Sleep-wake cycle by cortisol and melatonin</li> <li>Response to stress by adrenaline and cortisol</li> </ul> <p>The endocrine system uses feedback loops to help regulate hormone levels. Feedback loops are coordinated systems that link the output of the system to its input. For instance, a gland can receive a signal to stop producing a hormone if too much of it is in the bloodstream. </p> <p><strong>Hormone Imbalance</strong></p> <p>Hormone imbalance occurs when a gland produces too much or too little of a hormone. Hormone imbalance naturally exists during certain periods of life鈥攊ncluding puberty, pregnancy, and menopause鈥攊n which the body undergoes significant physical changes. Other times, stress or certain medicines may cause it. These changes are usually temporary, and people can manage them by reducing stress or changing the medicine. However, endocrine gland damage, <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000816.htm">autoimmune disorders</a>, tumors, or chemical exposure can cause long-term hormonal imbalance that doctors may be able to treat with medicine, <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html">radiation therapy</a>, or surgery. Scientists, including those with NIGMS support, are learning more about how hormones work, which can aid in developing new ways to treat hormonal imbalance. </p> <p>Compared with other important <a data-featherlight="glossary" href="#196">molecules</a> like proteins and <a data-featherlight="glossary" href="#242">nucleic acids</a>, hormones are tiny. But they are key messengers that have big impacts on your body. The next time you feel full after meal or sleepy at the end of the day, remember the hormones that regulate these feelings and help the parts of your body communicate.</p> <div class="wp-block-group biobeat-recent-group has-background" style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,244,219) 5%,rgb(216,223,220) 53%,rgb(200,245,250) 100%)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color"><strong>Other Posts You May Like</strong></h2> <ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list is-grid columns-2 biobeat-recent-items wp-block-latest-posts"><li><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image aligncenter"><a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/haley-bridgewater-taking-the-sting-out-of-vaccines/" aria-label="Haley Bridgewater: Taking the Sting Out of Vaccines"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" 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