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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Logos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-lingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-lingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Multi-lingual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-lingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiktionary_data_in_natural_language_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiktionary_data_in_natural_language_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wiktionary data in natural language processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiktionary_data_in_natural_language_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wiktionary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWoordeboek" title="WikiWoordeboek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="WikiWoordeboek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ويكاموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكاموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquizionario" title="Biquizionario – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biquizionario" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar" title="Wikționar – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Wikționar" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ৱিক্স্যনেৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিক্স্যনেৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikcionariu" title="Wikcionariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wikcionariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDndy" title="Vikiñe'ẽndy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vikiñe'ẽndy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81" title="Викикъамус – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Викикъамус" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikil%C3%BC%C4%9F%C9%99t" title="Vikilüğət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikilüğət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ویکی‌سؤزلوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌سؤزلوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উইকিঅভিধান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিঅভিধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Вікіслоўнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіслоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Вікіслоўнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіслоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiksyunaryo" title="Wiksyunaryo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wiksyunaryo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Уикиречник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикиречник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikeriadur" title="Wikeriadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wikeriadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viccionari" title="Viccionari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viccionari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Викисăмахсар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Викисăмахсар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikislovn%C3%ADk" title="Wikislovník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikislovník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiduramazwi" title="Wikiduramazwi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Wikiduramazwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiciadur" title="Wiciadur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wiciadur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ويقاموس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويقاموس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikis%C3%B5nastik" title="Vikisõnastik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikisõnastik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Βικιλεξικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιλεξικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikcionario" title="Wikcionario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikcionario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikivortaro" title="Vikivortaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikivortaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiztegia" title="Wikiztegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wikiztegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="ویکی‌واژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌واژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionnaire" title="Wiktionnaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wiktionnaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%C3%ADfhocl%C3%B3ir" title="Vicífhoclóir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vicífhoclóir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6" title="વિકિકોશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિકોશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiwez%E1%BA%B9hom%E1%BA%B9" title="Wikiwezẹhomẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Wikiwezẹhomẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%82%B1%EB%A7%90%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="위키낱말사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키낱말사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վիքիբառարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիբառարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विक्षनरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विक्षनरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wje%C4%8Dnik" title="Wječnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wječnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikikamus" title="Wikikamus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikikamus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionario" title="Wiktionario – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wiktionario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikior%C3%B0ab%C3%B3kin" title="Wikiorðabókin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wikiorðabókin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikizionario" title="Wikizionario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikizionario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויקימילון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקימילון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisastra" title="Wikisastra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikisastra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಿಕ್ಷನರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕ್ಷನರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვიქსიკონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიქსიკონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84%DB%84%D8%BA%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="وِکیٖلۄغَتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِکیٖلۄغَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ow%C3%B4rz_Wikipediji" title="Słowôrz Wikipediji – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słowôrz Wikipediji" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiksy%C3%B2nari" title="Wiksyònari – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wiksyònari" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEferheng" title="Wîkîferheng – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wîkîferheng" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viksiyonaryo" title="Viksiyonaryo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Viksiyonaryo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ວິກິວັດຈະນານຸກົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິກິວັດຈະນານຸກົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victionarium" title="Victionarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Victionarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikiv%C4%81rdn%C4%ABca" title="Vikivārdnīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikivārdnīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki%C5%BEodynas" title="Vikižodynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikižodynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionair" title="Wiktionair – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wiktionair" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikizzionari" title="Wikizzionari – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Wikizzionari" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisz%C3%B3t%C3%A1r" title="Wikiszótár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikiszótár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Викиречник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викиречник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibolana" title="Wikibolana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wikibolana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="വിക്ഷണറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ഷണറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikizzjunarju" title="Wikizzjunarju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wikizzjunarju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विक्शनरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विक्शनरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ويكشينارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكشينارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B3" title="ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikikamus" title="Wikikamus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikikamus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ဝစ်ရှင်နရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝစ်ရှင်နရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiwoordebook" title="Wikiwoordebook – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wikiwoordebook" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विक्सनरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विक्सनरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ウィクショナリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィクショナリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiccionari" title="Wikiccionari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wikiccionari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଇକିଅଭିଧାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିଅଭିଧାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikilug%CA%BBat" title="Vikilugʻat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikilugʻat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਵਿਕਸ਼ਨਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕਸ਼ਨਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پنجابی وکشنری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجابی وکشنری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ဝိစ်သိဉ်နရီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝိစ်သိဉ်နရီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98" title="វិគីនានុក្រម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិគីនានុក្រម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikis%C5%82ownik" title="Wikisłownik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikisłownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikcion%C3%A1rio" title="Wikcionário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikcionário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar" title="Wikționar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikționar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Викисловарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Викисловарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AFk%C3%AFt%C3%ABn%C3%ABb%C3%BBku" title="Wïkïtënëbûku – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Wïkïtënëbûku" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionar" title="Wiktionar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wiktionar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiFjalori" title="WikiFjalori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="WikiFjalori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikizziunariu" title="Wikizziunariu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wikizziunariu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="වික්‍ෂනරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වික්‍ෂනරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AA" title="وڪي لغت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪي لغت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikislovn%C3%ADk" title="Wikislovník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikislovník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikislovar" title="Wikislovar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikislovar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ویکیفەرھەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیفەرھەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Викиречник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Викиречник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikikamus" title="Wikikamus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wikikamus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisanakirja" title="Wikisanakirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikisanakirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="விக்சனரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்சனரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Викисүзлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Викисүзлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="ဝိၵ်ႇသျိၼ်ႇၼရီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝိၵ်ႇသျိၼ်ႇၼရီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="విక్షనరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విక్షనరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วิกิพจนานุกรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพจนานุกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Викилуғат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Викилуғат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikis%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk" title="Vikisözlük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikisözlük" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A1nga%CC%B1lyiatwuki" title="Swánga̱lyiatwuki – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swánga̱lyiatwuki" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вікісловник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікісловник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AA" title="ویکی لغت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکی لغت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veizgiek_Swzdenj" title="Veizgiek Swzdenj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Veizgiek Swzdenj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisionario" title="Wikisionario – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wikisionario" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccionaire" title="Wiccionaire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Wiccionaire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" title="維基爾雅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="維基爾雅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wiktionary" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikbaatukaay" title="Wikbaatukaay – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wikbaatukaay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维基词典" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="וויקיווערטערבוך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויקיווערטערבוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="維基辭典 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維基辭典" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维基词典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikikamus" title="Wikikamus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wikikamus" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multilingual online dictionary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For the English Wiktionary itself, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:">en.wiktionary.org</a>. For Wikipedia's guideline about Wiktionary, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Wiktionary</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg/125px-WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg/188px-WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg/250px-WiktionaryEn_-_DP_Derivative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of English Wiktionary</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:gainsboro;text-align:center">Screenshot</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png/300px-English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png/450px-English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png/600px-English_Wiktionary_Main_Page.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2219" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Main Page of the English Wiktionary on April 2, 2021.</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Online dictionary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">Multilingual</a> (171 active)<sup id="cite_ref-Sitematrix_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sitematrix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia</a> community</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://wiktionary.org">wiktionary<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Optional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">December 12, 2002<span class="noprint">; 21 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2002-12-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/wiktionary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/wiktionary">wiktionary</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Wiktionary</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg\/En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg/En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Wiktionary.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WIK</span>-shə-nər-ee</i></a>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg\/En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg/En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg" title="File:En-us-Wiktionary-3.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WIK</span>-shə-nerr-ee</i></a>; rhyming with "dictionary") is a multilingual, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>-based project to create a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> of terms (including <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">linguistic reconstructions</a>, etc.) in all <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> and in a number of <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">artificial languages</a>. These entries may contain <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> for illustration, <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a>, usage examples, <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a>, related terms, and <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translations</a> of terms into other languages, among other features. It is <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_editing" title="Collaborative editing">collaboratively edited</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary">Its name</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wiki" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:wiki">wiki</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dictionary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dictionary">dictionary</a></i>. It is available in 195 languages and in <a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Simple English</a>. Like its sister project <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, Wiktionary is run by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, and is written collaboratively by <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>, dubbed "Wiktionarians". Its <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">wiki software</a>, <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>, allows almost anyone with access to the website to create and edit entries. </p><p>Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of Wiktionary's language editions provide definitions and translations of terms from many languages, and some editions offer additional information typically found in <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesauri</a>. </p><p>Wiktionary's data is frequently used in various <a href="#Wiktionary_data_in_natural_language_processing">natural language processing tasks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2></div> <p>Wiktionary was brought online on December 12, 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a proposal by Daniel Alston and an idea by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, co-founder of Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 28, 2004, the first non-<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> Wiktionaries were initiated in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. Wiktionaries in numerous other languages have since been started. Wiktionary was hosted on a temporary <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> (wiktionary.wikipedia.org) until May 1, 2004, when it switched to the current domain name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag ref" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Wikipedia_statistics/data.tab">[ref]</a></sup>, Wiktionary features over 30 million articles (and even more entries) across its editions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of the language editions is the English Wiktionary, with over 7.5 million entries, followed by the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> Wiktionary with over 4.7 million and the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> Wiktionary with over 3.5 million entries. Forty-three Wiktionary language editions contain over 100,000 entries each.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wiktionary_growth.png/250px-Wiktionary_growth.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wiktionary_growth.png/375px-Wiktionary_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wiktionary_growth.png/500px-Wiktionary_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The use of <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> to generate large numbers of articles is visible as "growth spurts" in this graph of article counts at the largest eight Wiktionary editions. (Data as of December 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the definitions at the project's largest language editions were created by <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> that found creative ways to generate entries or (rarely) automatically imported thousands of entries from previously published dictionaries. Seven of the 18 bots registered at the English Wiktionary in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created 163,000 of the entries there.<sup id="cite_ref-Edit_counter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edit_counter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another of these bots, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/User:ThirdPersBot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:User:ThirdPersBot">ThirdPersBot</a>", was responsible for the addition of a number of third-person <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a> that would not have received their own entries in standard dictionaries; for instance, it defined "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smoulders" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:smoulders">smoulders</a>" as the "third-person singular simple present form of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smoulder" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:smoulder">smoulder</a>." Of the 1,269,938 definitions the English Wiktionary provides for 996,450 English words, 478,068 are "form of" definitions of this kind.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that even without such entries, its coverage of English is significantly larger than that of major monolingual print dictionaries. <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#Webster's_Third_New_International_Dictionary_(1961)" title="Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a> of the English Language, Unabridged</i>, for instance, has 475,000 entries (with many additional embedded headwords); the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> has 615,000 headwords, but includes <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> as well, for which the English Wiktionary has an additional 34,234 gloss definitions. Detailed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Statistics#Detail" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Statistics">statistics</a> exist to show how many entries of various kinds exist. </p><p>The English Wiktionary does not rely on bots to the extent that some other editions do. The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> Wiktionaries, for example, imported large sections of the Free <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> Dictionary Project (FVDP), which provides free content bilingual dictionaries to and from Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These imported entries make up virtually all of the Vietnamese edition's contents. Like the English edition, the French Wiktionary has imported approximately 20,000 entries from the <a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Unihan</a> database of <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indian characters</a>. The French Wiktionary grew rapidly in 2006 thanks in a large part to bots copying many entries from old, freely licensed dictionaries, such as the eighth edition of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dictionnaire de l'Académie française">Dictionnaire de l'Académie française</a></i></span> (1935, around 35,000 words), and using bots to add words from other Wiktionary editions with French translations. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> edition grew by nearly 80,000 entries as "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:LXbot" class="extiw" title="ru:wikt:Участник:LXbot">LXbot</a>" added boilerplate entries (with headings, but without definitions) for words in English and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LXbot_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LXbot-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of July 2021, the English Wiktionary has over 791,870 <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> definitions and over 1,269,938 total definitions (including different forms) for English entries alone, with a total of over 9,928,056 definitions across all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logos">Logos</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Only_primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/45px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/68px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/90px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>only references primary sources</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wiktionary%22">"Wiktionary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wiktionary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wiktionary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wiktionary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wiktionary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wiktionary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wiktionary has historically lacked a uniform logo across its numerous language editions. Some editions use logos that depict a dictionary entry about the term "Wiktionary", based on the previous English Wiktionary logo, which was designed by Brooke Vibber, a <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> developer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because a purely textual logo must vary considerably from language to language, a four-phase contest to adopt a uniform logo was held at the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki from September to October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktionary_logo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktionary_logo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities adopted the winning entry by "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/User:Smurrayinchester" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:User:Smurrayinchester">Smurrayinchester</a>", a 3×3 grid of wooden tiles, each bearing a character from a different writing system. However, the poll did not see as much participation from the Wiktionary community as some community members had hoped, and a number of the larger wikis ultimately kept their textual logos.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktionary_logo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktionary_logo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, the issue was resurrected with a new contest. This time, a depiction by "AAEngelman" of an open hardbound dictionary won a head-to-head vote against the 2006 logo, but the process to refine and adopt the new logo then stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, some wikis replaced their textual logos with one of the two newer logos. In 2012, 55 wikis that had been using the English Wiktionary logo received localized versions of the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2016, the English Wiktionary adopted a variant of this logo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 4 July 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 135 wikis, representing 61% of Wiktionary's entries, use a logo based on the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester", 33 wikis (36%) use a textual logo, and three wikis (3%) use the 2009 design by "AAEngelman".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-lingual">Multi-lingual</h2></div> <p>As of November 2024, there are Wiktionary sites for 195 languages of which 171 are active and 24 are closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sitematrix_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sitematrix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The active sites have 42,015,554 articles, and the closed sites have 339 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Siteinfo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siteinfo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 7,407,630 registered users of which 6,927 are recently active.<sup id="cite_ref-Siteinfo_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siteinfo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The top ten Wiktionary language projects by mainspace article count:<sup id="cite_ref-Siteinfo_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siteinfo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>№</th> <th>Language</th> <th>Wiki</th> <th>Good</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Edits</th> <th>Admins</th> <th>Users</th> <th>Active users</th> <th>Files </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>1 </td> <td>English </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:">en</a> </td> <td>8,237,607 </td> <td>9,843,196 </td> <td>82,701,905 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>4,232,443 </td> <td>2,219 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>2 </td> <td>French </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fr:" class="extiw" title="wikt:fr:">fr</a> </td> <td>6,484,683 </td> <td>7,155,104 </td> <td>36,408,659 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>380,329 </td> <td>526 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>3 </td> <td>Malagasy </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mg:" class="extiw" title="wikt:mg:">mg</a> </td> <td>4,933,421 </td> <td>5,000,348 </td> <td>33,941,100 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>12,527 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>4 </td> <td>Chinese </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zh:" class="extiw" title="wikt:zh:">zh</a> </td> <td>1,906,654 </td> <td>2,618,051 </td> <td>8,948,759 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>123,536 </td> <td>94 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>5 </td> <td>Greek </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/el:" class="extiw" title="wikt:el:">el</a> </td> <td>1,541,501 </td> <td>1,598,814 </td> <td>6,963,273 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>63,135 </td> <td>101 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>6 </td> <td>Russian </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ru:" class="extiw" title="wikt:ru:">ru</a> </td> <td>1,379,952 </td> <td>2,905,128 </td> <td>13,558,703 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>322,457 </td> <td>239 </td> <td>191 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>7 </td> <td>German </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de:" class="extiw" title="wikt:de:">de</a> </td> <td>1,143,841 </td> <td>1,327,276 </td> <td>10,140,741 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>242,736 </td> <td>187 </td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>8 </td> <td>Kurdish </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ku:" class="extiw" title="wikt:ku:">ku</a> </td> <td>1,004,660 </td> <td>1,100,845 </td> <td>6,027,592 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>12,996 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>9 </td> <td>Swedish </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sv:" class="extiw" title="wikt:sv:">sv</a> </td> <td>962,499 </td> <td>1,001,987 </td> <td>4,078,590 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>57,989 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>10 </td> <td>Spanish </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/es:" class="extiw" title="wikt:es:">es</a> </td> <td>932,782 </td> <td>989,557 </td> <td>5,670,834 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>171,642 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For a complete list with totals see Wikimedia Statistics: <sup id="cite_ref-Wikimedia_Statistics_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikimedia_Statistics-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Critical reception of Wiktionary has been mixed. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Lepore" title="Jill Lepore">Jill Lepore</a> wrote in the article "Noah's Ark" for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>There's no show of hands at <i>Wiktionary</i>. There's not even an editorial staff. "Be your own lexicographer!", might be <i>Wiktionary's</i> motto. Who needs experts? Why pay good money for a dictionary written by lexicographers when we could cobble one together ourselves?<br /><br /> <i>Wiktionary</i> isn't so much <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">republican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">democratic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a>. And it's only as good as the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain#Expiration_of_copyright" title="Public domain">copyright-expired</a> books from which it pilfers.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Keir_Graff" title="Keir Graff">Keir Graff</a>'s review for <i><a href="/wiki/Booklist" title="Booklist">Booklist</a></i> was less critical: </p> <blockquote><p>Is there a place for Wiktionary? Undoubtedly. The industry and enthusiasm of its many creators are proof that there's a market. And it's wonderful to have another strong source to use when searching the odd terms that pop up in today's fast-changing world and the online environment. But as with so many Web sources (including this column), it's best used by sophisticated users in conjunction with more reputable sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>References in other publications are fleeting and part of larger discussions of Wikipedia, not progressing beyond a definition, although David Brooks in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Nashua)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Nashua)">The Nashua Telegraph</a></i> described it as "wild and woolly".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the impediments to independent coverage of Wiktionary is the continuing confusion that it is merely an extension of Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measure of correctness of the inflections for a subset of the Polish words in the English Wiktionary showed that this grammatical data is very stable (a study showed that only 131 out of 4,748 Polish words have had their inflection data corrected).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurmas2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurmas2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Wiktionary has seen growing use in <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wiktionary_data_in_natural_language_processing">Wiktionary data in natural language processing</h2></div> <p>Wiktionary has <a href="/wiki/Semi-structured_data" title="Semi-structured data">semi-structured data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych2012140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych2012140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiktionary <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographic</a> data can be converted to <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine-readable format</a> in order to be used in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeschMüllerGurevych20084Figure_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeschMüllerGurevych20084Figure_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych201040_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych201040-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Transformation20101_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Transformation20101-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wiktionary's <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> is a complex task. There are the following difficulties:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmannAuer2013302p._16_in_PDF_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmannAuer2013302p._16_in_PDF-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>(1) the constant and frequent changes to data and schemata</li> <li>(2) the heterogeneity in Wiktionary language edition schemata<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>(3) the human-centric nature of a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsers</a> for different Wiktionary language editions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer20123Table_1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer20123Table_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>DBpedia Wiktionary :<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a subproject of <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, the data are extracted from English, French, German, and Russian Wiktionaries; the data includes language, <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">parts of speech</a>, definitions, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic relationship">semantic relations</a> and translations. The declarative description of the <a href="/wiki/Page_schematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Page schematic">page schema</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer20128–9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer20128–9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer201210_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer201210-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Finite_state_transducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite state transducer">finite state transducer</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer201211_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmannBrekleAuer201211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used in order to extract information.</li> <li>JWKTL (<a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> Wiktionary Library) :<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides access to English Wiktionary and German Wiktionary dumps via a Java <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_Knowledge_Processing_Lab#Wiktionary_API" title="Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab">Wiktionary API</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeschMüllerGurevych2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeschMüllerGurevych2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data includes language, parts of speech, definitions, quotations, semantic relations, etymologies and translations. JWKTL is distributed under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>.</li> <li>wikokit :<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser">parser</a> of English Wiktionary and Russian Wiktionary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Transformation2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Transformation2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parsed data includes language, parts of speech, definitions, quotations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmirnov_et_al.2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmirnov_et_al.2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> semantic relations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Comparison2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrizhanovsky,_Comparison2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and translations. This is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-licensing#License_compatibility" title="Multi-licensing">multi-licensed</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymological</a> entries have been parsed in the Etymological <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> tasks which have been solved with the help of Wiktionary data include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based machine translation</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>; data of English Wiktionary, Dutch Wiktionary and Wikipedia were used with the <a href="/wiki/Apertium" title="Apertium">Apertium</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a> platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtteTyers2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtteTyers2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">machine-readable dictionary</a> by the parser NULEX, which integrates open linguistic resources: English Wiktionary, <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VerbNet" title="VerbNet">VerbNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFateForbus2011_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFateForbus2011-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parser NULEX <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">scrapes</a> English Wiktionary for tense information (verbs), plural form and parts of speech (nouns).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">synthesis</a>, where Wiktionary was used to automatically create pronunciation dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word-pronunciation pairs were retrieved from 6 Wiktionary language editions (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, English, French, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, Polish, and German). Pronunciations are in terms of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">ASR</a> system based on English Wiktionary has the highest word error rate, where each third <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> has to be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz20124804_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz20124804-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerGurevych2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">semantic network</a> constructing.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_alignment" title="Ontology alignment">Ontology matching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinKrizhanovsky2011_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinKrizhanovsky2011-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a>. Medero & <a href="/wiki/Mari_Ostendorf" title="Mari Ostendorf">Ostendorf</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMederoOstendorf2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMederoOstendorf2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assessed vocabulary difficulty (<a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">reading level</a> detection) with the help of Wiktionary data. Properties of words extracted from Wiktionary entries (definition length and <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">POS</a>, sense, and translation counts) were investigated. Medero & Ostendorf expected that <ul><li>(1) very common words will be more likely to have multiple parts of speech,</li> <li>(2) common words will be more likely to have multiple senses,</li> <li>(3) common words will be more likely to have been translated into multiple languages. These features extracted from Wiktionary entries were useful in distinguishing word types that appear in <a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English Wikipedia</a> articles from words that only appear in the Standard English comparable articles.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a>. Li et al. (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiGraçaTaskar2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiGraçaTaskar2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built multilingual POS-taggers for eight resource-poor languages on the basis of English Wiktionary and <a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging#Use_of_hidden_Markov_models" title="Part-of-speech tagging">hidden Markov models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesleyVincentXuSrihari2006_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesleyVincentXuSrihari2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>:Lexicographical data" was started in 2018 to provide structured data support to Wiktionaries. It stores word data of all languages in a machine readable data model, under a dedicated "<a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">Lexeme</a>" namespace in Wikidata. As of October 2021, the project has amassed over 600,000 lexeme entries of various languages.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Libre" title="Lingua Libre">Lingua Libre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiktionary's current URL is <span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wiktionary.org/">www<wbr />.wiktionary<wbr />.org</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiktionary total article counts are <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiktionary">here.</a> Detailed statistics by word type are available here <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Statistics#Detail">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AListUsers&username=&group=bot&limit=60">user list</a> at the English Wiktionary identifies accounts that have been given "bot status".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hồ Ngọc Đức, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/">Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project</a>. <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Wiktionary:Ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c/FVDP" class="extiw" title="vi:wikt:Wiktionary:Nguồn gốc/FVDP">Details</a> at the Vietnamese Wiktionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiktionary_logo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiktionary_logo_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiktionary_logo_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo" class="extiw" title="m:Wiktionary/logo">Wiktionary/logo</a>", Meta-Wiki, <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/translators-l/2012-December/002193.html" class="extiw" title="mailarchive:translators-l/2012-December/002193.html">[Translators-l] 56 Wiktionaries got a localised logo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full article is not available on-line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepore2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepore2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this citation, the author refers to Wiktionary as part of the Wikipedia site: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdapted_from_an_article_by_Naomi_DeTullio2006" class="citation news cs1">Adapted from an article by Naomi DeTullio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605203652/http://www.netls.org/NewContent/NewsAndPictures/NEWSLETTERS/NEWS2006/142final.pdf">"Wikis for Librarians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NETLS News #142</i>. Northeast Texas Library System. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netls.org/NewContent/NewsAndPictures/NEWSLETTERS/NEWS2006/142final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF newsletter)</span> on June 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NETLS+News+%23142&rft.atitle=Wikis+for+Librarians&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Adapted+from+an+article+by+Naomi+DeTullio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netls.org%2FNewContent%2FNewsAndPictures%2FNEWSLETTERS%2FNEWS2006%2F142final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. compare the entry structure and formatting rules in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout_explained" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Entry layout explained">English Wiktionary</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ru:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ru:Викисловарь:Правила оформления статей">Russian Wiktionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotations are extracted only from Russian Wiktionary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmirnov_et_al.2012_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmirnov_et_al.2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If there are several IPA notations on a Wiktionary page – either for different languages or for pronunciation variants, then the first pronunciation was extracted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz20124802_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlippeOchsSchultz20124802-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source code and the results of POS-tagging are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger">https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sitematrix-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sitematrix_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sitematrix_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Sitematrix" class="extiw" title="mw:API:Sitematrix">API:Sitematrix</a>. Retrieved November 2024 from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Wikipedia_statistics/meta.tab" class="extiw" title="c:Data:Wikipedia statistics/meta.tab">Data:Wikipedia statistics/meta.tab</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html">"Wikipedia mailing list archive discussion announcing the opening of the Wiktionary project"</a>. December 12, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620100425/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+mailing+list+archive+discussion+announcing+the+opening+of+the+Wiktionary+project&rft.date=2002-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2002-December%2F008311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-April/000076.html">Wikipedia mailing list archive discussion from Larry Sanger giving the idea on Wiktionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620072635/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-April/000076.html">Archived</a> June 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Retrieved May 3, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wiktionary.org/">"Wiktionary"</a>. <i>www.wiktionary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913141733/http://www.wiktionary.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wiktionary.org&rft.atitle=Wiktionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiktionary.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edit_counter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edit_counter_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheDaveBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">TheDaveBot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064312/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheDaveBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheCheatBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">TheCheatBot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064411/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheCheatBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=Websterbot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Websterbot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064313/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=Websterbot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=PastBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">PastBot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064300/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=PastBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=NanshuBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">NanshuBot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064233/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=NanshuBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics/generated&oldid=63135332">Detailed statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723054334/https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics/generated&oldid=63135332">Archived</a> July 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as of July 21, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LXbot-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LXbot_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524015303/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=LXbot&dbname=ruwiktionary_p">"LXbot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=LXbot&dbname=ruwiktionary_p">the original</a> on May 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LXbot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.wikimedia.de%2F~interiot%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcount_edits%3Fuser%3DLXbot%26dbname%3Druwiktionary_p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics&oldid=66261764">"Wiktionary:Statistics"</a>. March 29, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306042852/https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics&oldid=66261764">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2021</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexikos&rft.atitle=How+Many+People+Constitute+a+Crowd+and+What+Do+They+Do%3F+Quantitative+Analyses+of+Revisions+in+the+English+and+German+Wiktionary+Editions&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=347-371&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7211535994&rft.issn=1684-4904&rft.aulast=Sascha&rft.aufirst=Wolfer&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Spitzer%2C+Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1859872658%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlippeOchsSchultz2012" class="citation conference cs1">Schlippe, Tim; Ochs, Sebastian; <a href="/wiki/Tanja_Schultz" title="Tanja Schultz">Schultz, Tanja</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006052459/http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf">"Grapheme-to-phoneme model generation for Indo-European languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)</i>. Kyoto, Japan. pp. 4801–4804. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Grapheme-to-phoneme+model+generation+for+Indo-European+languages&rft.btitle=Acoustics%2C+Speech+and+Signal+Processing+%28ICASSP%29&rft.place=Kyoto%2C+Japan&rft.pages=4801-4804&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Schlippe&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Ochs%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Schultz%2C+Tanja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsl.ira.uka.de%2F~schlippe%2Fpubs%2FICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnov_et_al.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Smirnov A, Levashova T, Karpov A, Kipyatkova I, Ronzhin A, Krizhanovsky A, Krizhanovsky N (2012). "Analysis of the quotation corpus of the Russian Wiktionary". <i>Research in Computing Science</i>. <b>56</b>: 101–112. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00734">2002.00734</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.9627">10.1.1.694.9627</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13053%2Frcs-56-1-11">10.13053/rcs-56-1-11</a> (inactive November 1, 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10726045">10726045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Computing+Science&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+quotation+corpus+of+the+Russian+Wiktionary&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=101-112&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2002.00734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10726045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.9627%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13053%2Frcs-56-1-11&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Levashova%2C+T&rft.au=Karpov%2C+A&rft.au=Kipyatkova%2C+I&rft.au=Ronzhin%2C+A&rft.au=Krizhanovsky%2C+A&rft.au=Krizhanovsky%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeschMüllerGurevych2008" class="citation conference cs1">Zesch, Torsten; Müller, Christof; Gurevych, Iryna (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2008/lrec08_camera_ready.pdf">"Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Wikipedia and Wiktionary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)</i>. Marrakech, Morocco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Extracting+Lexical+Semantic+Knowledge+from+Wikipedia+and+Wiktionary&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28LREC%29&rft.place=Marrakech%2C+Morocco&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zesch&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Christof&rft.au=Gurevych%2C+Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FGroup_UKP%2Fpublikationen%2F2008%2Flrec08_camera_ready.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPC_Mag2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051221053113/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1786207,00.asp">"Wiktionary"</a>. Top 101 Web Sites. <i>PC Magazine</i>. Ziff Davis. April 6, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1786207,00.asp">the original</a> on December 21, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wiktionary&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C1895%2C1786207%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiktionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://wiktionary.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_Wiktionaries" title="Wikipedia:List of Wiktionaries">Wikipedia:List of Wiktionaries</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/Table" class="extiw" title="m:Wiktionary/Table">List of all Wiktionary editions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://f-droid.org/packages/org.wiktionary/"><i>Wiktionary</i></a> Android package at the <a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a> repository</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Multilingual_statistics">Wiktionary's multilingual statistics</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wiktionaries" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wiktionaries">Wikimedia's page on Wiktionary</a> (including list of all existing Wiktionaries)</li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="meta:Category:Wiktionary">Pages about Wiktionary in Meta</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community (Wikipedians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Lintorn-Catlin" title="Hampton Lintorn-Catlin">Hampton Lintorn-Catlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danese_Cooper" title="Danese Cooper">Danese Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishakha_Datta" title="Bishakha Datta">Bishakha Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_van_Dillen" title="Oscar van Dillen">Oscar van Dillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnnon_Geshuri" title="Arnnon Geshuri">Arnnon Geshuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Mike Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Halfaker" title="Aaron Halfaker">Aaron Halfaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Kawasaki" title="Guy Kawasaki">Guy Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricio_Lorente" title="Patricio Lorente">Patricio Lorente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Polska" title="Wikimedia Polska">Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_UK" title="Wikimedia UK">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Ukraine" title="Wikimedia Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_the_Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_v._NSA" title="Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA">Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engine_(search_engine)" title="Knowledge Engine (search engine)">Knowledge Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_Wikimedia_projects" title="Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects">Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dictionaries_of_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dictionaries_of_English" title="Template:Dictionaries of English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dictionaries_of_English" title="Template talk:Dictionaries of English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dictionaries_of_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dictionaries of English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dictionaries_of_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_dictionaries" title="Category:English dictionaries">Dictionaries of English</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Anglo-Saxon_Dictionary" title="An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary">An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Old_English" title="Dictionary of Old English">Dictionary of Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Dictionary" title="Middle English Dictionary">Middle English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholicon_Anglicum" title="Catholicon Anglicum">Catholicon Anglicum</a></i> (1483)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Schoole-Master" title="The English Schoole-Master">The English Schoole-Master</a></i> (1596)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_World_of_English_Words" title="The New World of English Words">The New World of English Words</a></i> (1658)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_New_English_Dictionary" title="A New English Dictionary">A New English Dictionary</a></i> (1702)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Universal_Etymological_English_Dictionary" title="An Universal Etymological English Dictionary">An Universal Etymological English Dictionary</a></i> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">Johnson's <i>A Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (1755)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Emerson_Worcester" title="Joseph Emerson Worcester">Worcester's <i>Dictionary</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richardson_(lexicographer)" title="Charles Richardson (lexicographer)">Richardson's <i>New Dictionary</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language">Imperial Dictionary</a></i> (1847–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a></i> (1889–1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Dictionary" title="World Book Dictionary">World Book Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_English" title="Dictionary of American English">Dictionary of American English</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins</a></i></li> <li><i>Oxford</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">ODE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_Oxford_English_Dictionary_of_Current_English" title="Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_English_Dictionary" title="Penguin English Dictionary">Penguin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Regional_English" title="Dictionary of American Regional English">American Regional</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encarta_Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Encarta Webster's Dictionary">Encarta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_Dictionary" title="Webster's New World Dictionary">Webster's New World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Oxford_Dictionary" title="Canadian Oxford Dictionary">Canadian Oxford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Canadianisms_on_Historical_Principles" title="A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles">Dictionary of Canadianisms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Newfoundland_English" title="Dictionary of Newfoundland English">Dictionary of Newfoundland English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gage_Canadian_Dictionary" title="Gage Canadian Dictionary">Gage Canadian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian 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