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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decoying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Materials used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Materials used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materials_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyrotechnic_flares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrotechnic_flares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pyrotechnic flares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrotechnic_flares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blackbody_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackbody_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Blackbody payloads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackbody_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectrally_balanced_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrally_balanced_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Spectrally balanced payloads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrally_balanced_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrophoric_flares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrophoric_flares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pyrophoric flares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrophoric_flares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highly_flammable_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highly_flammable_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Highly flammable payloads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highly_flammable_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flare (countermeasure)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مشعل حراري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشعل حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(aviasiya)" title="Flare (aviasiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Flare (aviasiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_(contramesura)" title="Bengala (contramesura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bengala (contramesura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare" title="Flare – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flare" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR-T%C3%A4uschk%C3%B6rper" title="IR-Täuschkörper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IR-Täuschkörper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_(contramedida)" title="Bengala (contramedida) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bengala (contramedida)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="شراره (پادکار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراره (پادکار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leurre_(contre-mesure)" title="Leurre (contre-mesure) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leurre (contre-mesure)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(contromisura)" title="Flare (contromisura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flare (contromisura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%A7_(%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93)" title="בזק (אמצעי נגד) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזק (אמצעי נגד)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare" title="Flare – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Flare" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracsapda" title="Infracsapda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infracsapda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2_(%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8)" title="フレア (兵器) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレア (兵器)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrebluss" title="Narrebluss – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Narrebluss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrebluss" title="Narrebluss – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Narrebluss" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flare (countermeasure)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotna_vaba" title="Toplotna vaba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplotna vaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facklor_(motmedel)" title="Facklor (motmedel) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Facklor (motmedel)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏவுகணை எதிர்த்தாக்குதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏவுகணை எதிர்த்தாக்குதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k)" title="Flare (havacılık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flare (havacılık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Теплова пастка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теплова пастка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%AF%B1%E9%A5%B5%E5%BC%B9" title="热诱饵弹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热诱饵弹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15208208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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missiles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Special:EditPage/Flare (countermeasure)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flare%22+countermeasure">"Flare" countermeasure</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flare%22+countermeasure+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flare%22+countermeasure&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flare%22+countermeasure+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flare%22+countermeasure">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flare%22+countermeasure&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040920-N-6213R-032_An_AIM-9M_Sidewinder_air-to-air_missile,_launched_from_an_F-A-18C_Hornet_scores_a_direct_hit_on_an_air_launched_LUU-2B-B_illumination_flare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_040920-N-6213R-032_An_AIM-9M_Sidewinder_air-to-air_missile%2C_launched_from_an_F-A-18C_Hornet_scores_a_direct_hit_on_an_air_launched_LUU-2B-B_illumination_flare.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_040920-N-6213R-032_An_AIM-9M_Sidewinder_air-to-air_missile%2C_launched_from_an_F-A-18C_Hornet_scores_a_direct_hit_on_an_air_launched_LUU-2B-B_illumination_flare.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_040920-N-6213R-032_An_AIM-9M_Sidewinder_air-to-air_missile%2C_launched_from_an_F-A-18C_Hornet_scores_a_direct_hit_on_an_air_launched_LUU-2B-B_illumination_flare.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>An infrared guided <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9M Sidewinder</a> missile hitting a flare</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/220px--CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm/CJTF-OIR_Crisis_Response_to_Protests_DOD_107565097-5e0cec395974d.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> releasing decoy flares</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flare</b> or <b>decoy flare</b> is an aerial <a href="/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure" title="Infrared countermeasure">infrared countermeasure</a> used by an aircraft to counter an <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">infrared homing</a> ("heat-seeking") <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missile</a>. Flares are commonly composed of a <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition" title="Pyrotechnic composition">pyrotechnic composition</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> or another hot-burning metal, with burning temperature equal to or hotter than engine exhaust. The aim is to make the infrared-guided missile seek out the heat signature from the flare rather than the aircraft's engines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg/220px-Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg/330px-Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg/440px-Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Knights" title="Russian Knights">Russian Knights</a> fire their flares as a salute to <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tkachenko" title="Igor Tkachenko">Igor Tkachenko</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to radar-<a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">guided missiles</a>, IR-guided missiles are very difficult to find as they approach aircraft. They do not emit detectable radar, and they are generally fired from behind, directly toward the engines. In most cases, pilots have to rely on their wingmen to spot the missile's smoke trail and alert of a launch. Since IR-guided missiles have a shorter range than their radar-guided counterparts, good situational awareness of altitude and potential threats continues to be an effective defense. More advanced <a href="/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">electro-optical</a> systems can detect missile launches automatically from the distinct thermal emissions of a missile's rocket motor. </p><p>Once the presence of a "live" IR missile is indicated, flares are released by the aircraft in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">decoy</a> the missile. Some systems are automatic, while others require manual jettisoning of the flares. The aircraft would then pull away at a sharp angle from the flare (and the terminal trajectory of the missile) and reduce engine power in attempt to cool the thermal signature. Ideally the missile's seeker head is then confused by this change in temperature and flurry of new heat signatures, and starts to follow one of the flares rather than the aircraft. </p><p>More modern IR-guided missiles have sophisticated on-board electronics and secondary electro-optical sensors that help discriminate between flares and targets, reducing the effectiveness of flares as a reactionary countermeasure. A newer procedure involves preemptively deploying flares in anticipation of a missile launch, which distorts the expected image of the target should one be let loose. This "pre-flaring" increases the chances that the missile then follows the flares or the open sky in between, rather than a part of the actual defender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from military use, some civilian aircraft are also equipped with countermeasure flares, against <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> airline <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a>, having been the target of the failed <a href="/wiki/2002_Mombasa_hotel_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Mombasa hotel bombing">2002 airliner attack</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Shoulder-launched_missile_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder-launched missile weapon">shoulder-launched</a> surface-to-air missiles were fired at an airliner while taking off, began equipping its fleet with radar-based, automated flare release countermeasures from June 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused concerns in some European countries, which proceeded to ban such aircraft from landing at their airports.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 June 2017, after an AIM-9X did not successfully track a targeted <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Su-22_Fitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-22 Fitter">Su-22 Fitter</a>, US Navy Lt. Cmdr. Michael "Mob" Tremel flying a F/A-18E Super Hornet used an <a href="/wiki/AMRAAM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMRAAM">AMRAAM</a> AAM to successfully destroy the enemy aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a theory that the Sidewinder is tested against American and not Soviet/Russian flares. The Sidewinder is used to rejecting American but not Soviet/Russian flares. Similar issues arose from the testing of the AIM-9P model. The missile would ignore American flares but go for Soviet ones due to these flares have "different burn time, intensity and separation."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoying">Decoying</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decoying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-130_Hercules_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/C-130_Hercules_10.jpg/220px-C-130_Hercules_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/C-130_Hercules_10.jpg/330px-C-130_Hercules_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/C-130_Hercules_10.jpg/440px-C-130_Hercules_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>A C-130 Hercules deploying flares</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG/220px-C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG/330px-C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG/440px-C-130_Hercules_flare_and_CHAFF_dispensers.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>C-130 flare and <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a> dispensers</figcaption></figure> <p>Flares burn at thousands of degrees Celsius, which is much hotter than the exhaust of a jet engine. IR missiles seek out the hotter flame, believing it to be an aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a> or the beginning of the engine's exhaust source. </p><p>As the more modern infrared seekers tend to have spectral sensitivity tailored to more closely match the emissions of airplanes and reject other sources (the so-called CCM, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_counter-countermeasure" title="Electronic counter-countermeasure">counter-countermeasures</a>), the modernized decoy flares have their emission spectrum optimized to also match the radiation of the airplane (mainly its engines and engine exhaust). In addition to spectral discrimination, the CCMs can include trajectory discrimination and detection of size of the radiation source. </p><p>The newest generation of the <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a> uses a dual IR and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> seeker head, which allows for a redundant tracking solution, effectively negating the effectiveness of modern decoy flares (according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>). While research and development in flare technology has produced an IR signature on the same wavelength as hot engine exhaust, modern flares still produce a notably (and immutably) different UV signature than an aircraft engine burning kerosene jet-fuel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg/220px-HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg/330px-HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg/440px-HMS_Dragon%27s_Lynx_Helicopter_Firing_Flares_-_Flickr_-_Defence_Images.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Dragon_(D35)" title="HMS Dragon (D35)">HMS <i>Dragon</i></a>'s <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lynx" title="Westland Lynx">Westland Lynx</a> helicopter fires flares during an exercise over the <a href="/wiki/Type_45_destroyer" title="Type 45 destroyer">Type 45 destroyer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_used">Materials used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Materials used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg/220px-Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg/330px-Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg/440px-Een_Cougar_tijdens_nachtelijk_flare-dispensing_boven_zee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>A Dutch <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS532_Cougar" title="Eurocopter AS532 Cougar">Eurocopter AS532 Cougar</a> fires its flares during a night exercise.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg/220px-RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg/330px-RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg/440px-RIAS_2014_Polish_MiG-29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a> at the 2014 Rome International Air Show</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg/170px-391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg/255px-391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg/340px-391st_Expeditionary_Fighter_Squadron_-_F-15E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E Strike Eagle</a> releasing flares</figcaption></figure> <p>For the infrared generating charge, two approaches are possible: pyrotechnic and <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophoric">pyrophoric</a> as stored, chemical-energy-source IR-decoy flares contain <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> compositions, liquid or solid pyrophoric substances, or liquid or solid highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> substances.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon ignition of the decoy flare, a strongly exothermal reaction is started, releasing infrared energy and visible smoke and flame, emission being dependent on the chemical nature of the payload used. </p><p>There is a wide variety of calibres and shapes available for aerial decoy flares. Due to volume storage restrictions onboard platforms, many aircraft of American origin use square decoy flare cartridges. Nevertheless, cylindrical cartridges are also available onboard American aircraft, such as MJU 23/B on the <a href="/wiki/B-1_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancer</a> or MJU-8A/B on the <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a>; however, these are used mainly onboard French aircraft and those of Russian origin (e.g. PPI-26 IW on the <a href="/wiki/MiG_29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG 29">MiG 29</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MJU-7AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MJU-7AB.JPG/220px-MJU-7AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MJU-7AB.JPG/330px-MJU-7AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MJU-7AB.JPG/440px-MJU-7AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of a MJU-7A/B decoy flare cartridge : anodised aluminium cartridge (1); an electrical impulse cartridge (2), providing both expulsion and, in some cases, direct ignition of the payload; a pusher plate acting as a safe&arm device (3); the payload (4) with first fire layer (5); the wrapping self-adhesive polyester reinforced aluminum foil (6); and a front washer (7).</figcaption></figure> <p>Square calibres and typical decoy flares: </p> <ul><li>1x1x8 Inch e.g. M-206, MJU-61, (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium/Teflon/Viton" title="Magnesium/Teflon/Viton">Magnesium/Teflon/Viton</a> (MTV) based) M-211, M-212 (spectral flares)</li> <li>2x1x8 Inch e.g. MJU-7A/B (MTV based), MJU-59/B (spectral flare)</li> <li>2x2.5x8 Inch e.g. MJU-10/B (MTV based)</li></ul> <p>Cylindrical calibres and typical decoy flares: </p> <ul><li>2.5 Inch e.g. MJU-23/B (MTV based)</li> <li>1.5 Inch e.e. MJU 8 A/B (MTV based)</li> <li>1 Inch e.g. PPI 26 IW</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrotechnic_flares">Pyrotechnic flares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pyrotechnic flares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyrotechnic flares use a slow-burning fuel-oxidizer mixture that generates intense heat. <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">Thermite</a>-like mixtures (e.g. Magnesium/Teflon/Viton [MTV]), are common. Other combinations include <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">ammonium perchlorate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">anthracene</a>/magnesium, or can be based on <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>. </p><p>To adjust the emission characteristics to match closer the spectrum of jet engines, charges on the base of <a href="/wiki/Double_base_propellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Double base propellant">double base propellants</a>. These compositions can avoid the metal content and achieve cleaner burning without the prominent smoke trail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blackbody_payloads">Blackbody payloads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blackbody payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain pyrotechnic compositions, for example MTV, give a great flame emission upon combustion and yield a temperature-dependent signature and can be understood as <a href="/wiki/Grey_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey body">gray bodies</a> of high <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>~0.95). Such payloads are called <a href="/wiki/Blackbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody">blackbody</a> payloads. Other payloads, like iron/potassium perchlorate pellets, only yield a low flame emission but also show temperature-dependent signature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the lower combustion temperature as compared to MTV results in a lower amount of energy released in the short-wavelength IR range. Other blackbody payloads include ammonium perchlorate/anthracene/magnesium and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (<a href="/wiki/HTPB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTPB">HTPB</a>) binder.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spectrally_balanced_payloads">Spectrally balanced payloads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spectrally balanced payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LLU-2B_flare.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/LLU-2B_flare.png/220px-LLU-2B_flare.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/LLU-2B_flare.png/330px-LLU-2B_flare.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/LLU-2B_flare.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption>A sectional of the typical LLU-2B ground-illumination flare</figcaption></figure> <p>Other payloads provide large amounts of hot <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> upon combustion and thus provide a temperature-independent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_emission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selective emission (page does not exist)">selective emission</a> in the wavelength range between 3 and 5 μm. Typical pyrotechnic payloads of this type resemble <a href="/wiki/Whistle_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle mix">whistling compositions</a> and are often made up from <a href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">potassium perchlorate</a> and hydrogen lean organic fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other spectrally balanced payloads are made up similarly as <a href="/wiki/Double_base_propellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Double base propellants">double base propellants</a> and contain <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> (NC), and other esters of nitric acid<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro compounds</a> as oxidizers such as <a href="/wiki/Hexanitroethane" title="Hexanitroethane">hexanitroethane</a> and nitro compounds and <a href="/wiki/Nitramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitramine">nitramines</a> as high-energy fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrophoric_flares">Pyrophoric flares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pyrophoric flares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyrophoric flares work on the principle of ejecting a special pyrophoric material out of an airtight cartridge, usually using a <a href="/wiki/Gas_generator" title="Gas generator">gas generator</a> (e.g. a small pyrotechnic charge or pressurized gas). The material then self-ignites in contact with air. The materials can be solid, e.g. iron platelets coated with <a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrafine particles">ultrafine</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, or liquid, often <a href="/wiki/Organometallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic">organometallic</a> compounds; e.g. alkyl aluminium compounds (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Triethylaluminium" title="Triethylaluminium">triethylaluminium</a>). Pyrophoric flares may have reduced effectiveness at high altitudes, due to lower air temperature and lower availability of oxygen; however oxygen can be co-ejected with the pyrophoric fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advantage of alkyl aluminium and similar compounds is the high content of carbon and hydrogen, resulting in bright emission lines similar to spectral signature of burning jet fuel. Controlled content of solid combustion products, generating continuous <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">black-body radiation</a>, allows further matching of emission characteristics to the net infrared emissions of fuel exhaust and hot engine components. </p><p>The flames of pyrophoric fuels can also reach the size of several metres, in comparison with about less than one metre flame of MTV flares. The trajectory can be also influenced by tailoring the aerodynamic properties of the ejected containers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highly_flammable_payloads">Highly flammable payloads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Highly flammable payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These payloads contain red phosphorus as an energetic filler. The red phosphorus is mixed with organic binders to give brushable pastes that can be coated on thin <a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">polyimide</a> platelets. The combustion of those platelets yields a temperature-dependent signature. Endergonic additives such as highly dispersed <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkali_halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali halides">alkali halides</a> may further lower the combustion temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-ballistic missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">Countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">Electronic countermeasure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Fegg et al., "Spektrale Scheinzielanpassung und dazu verwendbare Flarewirkmasse", published 1995</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=&rft.cc=de&rft.title=Spektrale+Scheinzielanpassung+und+dazu+verwendbare+Flarewirkmasse&rft.inventor=H.+Bannasch&rft.pubdate=1995"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Decoy_flares" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Decoy flares">Decoy flares</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&oldid=1256422138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flare_(countermeasure)&oldid=1256422138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missile_countermeasures" title="Category:Missile countermeasures">Missile countermeasures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnics" title="Category:Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2015">Articles needing additional references from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 21:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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