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url(https://images.theconversation.com/files/615883/original/file-20240827-19-ytzk5w.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C747%2C5247%2C2619&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop);"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:68.4375%;--background-color:#2d334f"><img alt="Close-up of young man sitting in wheelchair holding a ball while wearing a white pinny that reads 'USA.'" class="lazyloaded" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615883/original/file-20240827-19-ytzk5w.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=70%2C39%2C5176%2C3540&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip" data-id="615883" itemprop="image"></div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <figcaption> A wheelchair rugby player trains for the 2024 Summer Paralympic Games in Paris. <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/detailed-view-during-a-team-united-states-training-session-news-photo/2168820575?adppopup=true">Alex Davidson/Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </div> <div class="magazine-title"> <div class="wrapper"> <header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div> <div class="content-header-block"> <h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline"> <strong> When Paralympic athletes fake the extent of their disability </strong> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <time datetime="2024-08-28T12:33:55Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-08-28T12:33:55Z">Published: August 28, 2024 1.33pm BST</time> </div> </header> </div> </div> </figure> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last"> <section class="content-authors"> <div class="content-authors-synopsis"> <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle"> <i class="icon-caret-down"></i> <i class="icon-caret-up"></i> <span class="nobr">Jaime Schultz</span>, <em class="institution_name">Penn State</em> </a> </div> <div class="content-authors-group"> <h3 class="border">Author</h3> <ol> <li class="vcard" id="author-594779" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jaime-schultz-285525"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/285525/width170/FID-533-Schultz.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jaime Schultz </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Kinesiology, Penn State </p> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <section class="content-disclosure-statement"> <h3 class="border">Disclosure statement</h3> <p><span>Jaime Schultz does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></p> </section> <section class="content-partners"> <h3 class="border">Partners</h3> <p 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class="flex grow relative mr-2 h-10 bg-gray-50 border-none rounded-full pr-11 max-[300px]:hidden"> <div id="share-article-url" class="bg-transparent border border-solid !border-transparent cursor-text !rounded-l-full w-0 grow text-xs !overflow-hidden truncate focus:text-clip text-black py-2.5 !pl-3 !pr-0 z-0" tabindex="0"> https://theconversation.com/when-paralympic-athletes-fake-the-extent-of-their-disability-237101 </div> <button aria-label="Copy article link" id="share-article-copy-url" class="bg-black border-none cursor-pointer rounded-full text-white absolute right-0 top-0 w-10 h-10 p-3 z-10 opacity-100 ease-in-out"> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="size-4"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M13.19 8.688a4.5 4.5 0 0 1 1.242 7.244l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-6.364-6.364l1.757-1.757m13.35-.622 1.757-1.757a4.5 4.5 0 0 0-6.364-6.364l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 0 1.242 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class="flex-none size-4 mr-1"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M7.217 10.907a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 0 2.186m0-2.186c.18.324.283.696.283 1.093s-.103.77-.283 1.093m0-2.186 9.566-5.314m-9.566 7.5 9.566 5.314m0 0a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.935 2.186 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.935-2.186Zm0-12.814a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.933-2.185 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.933 2.185Z" /> </svg> <span class="leading-none text-xs font-bold mx-1 grow text-left"> Share article </span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body inline-promos" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>More than 4,000 athletes with physical, vision and intellectual impairments will compete in 22 sports during <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/paris-2024/about-us">the 2024 Paralympic Games</a> in Paris.</p> <p>Within those 22 sports, there will be 549 medal events. That number seems high because several sports include multiple “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.01.010">sport classes</a>,” which are used to even the playing field for athletes with different disabilities.</p> <p>Some athletes compete in classes based on their specific impairment. Other classes include athletes with a range of different impairment types that result in similar degrees of “<a href="https://www.paralympic.org/classification">activity limitation</a>,” as the International Paralympic Committee puts it. </p> <p>For example, swimmers with physical impairments compete in categories that range from “S1” to “S10.” S indicates swimming; the number is the sport class. <a href="https://www.espn.com/espnw/story/_/id/32396817/paralympic-swimmer-29-medalist-jessica-long-shut-self-doubt-become-best">The lower the number</a>, the more severe the limitation. So the S10 class might include competitors with hip restrictions, foot amputations, or cerebral palsy. They all compete in the same group because their different impairments similarly affect their swimming abilities.</p> <p>The IPC sees this as <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/classification">akin to grouping athletes by age, gender and weight</a>. </p> <p>Despite the rigor and training that goes into the classification process, problems arise. Sport classes can be broad, putting some competitors at a disadvantage. Classification testing can be tiring or stressful for the athletes. And there can be classifier errors that put athletes in the wrong class. </p><div class="slot clear" data-id="17"> <div class="inline-promos-skeleton"> <h5></h5> <button></button> </div> </div> <p>Then there’s the issue of “<a href="https://www.paralympic.org/news/bac-sanctions-athlete-vinod-kumar-two-years-intentional-misrepresentation">intentional misrepresentation</a>.” Over the years, a handful of athletes have exaggerated their impairment to gain a competitive advantage. They cheat during the classification process to improve their chances of winning against competitors who have greater limitations. </p> <p>Intentional misrepresentation <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-04/paralympics-athletes-and-officials-call-for-action-on-cheating/102173494">has been called the biggest threat</a> to the integrity of parasports.</p> <h2>Building a bigger tent</h2> <p>As I detail in my book “<a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/regulating-bodies-9780197616499">Regulating Bodies</a>,” Ludwig Guttmann, a Jewish neurologist who left Nazi Germany just before the outbreak of World War II, is considered the father of the Paralympic Games. </p> <p>Guttmann established the national spinal injuries center at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England. There, he implemented a sports program as part of the rehabilitation process for his patients. </p> <figure class="align-right "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:137.9746835443038%;--background-color:#7e7e7e"><img alt="Black and white headshot of a middle-aged man who has a mustache and is wearing glasses." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=828&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=828&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=828&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1041&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1041&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615838/original/file-20240827-24-d6mjpx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1041&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Ludwig Guttmann saw sports as a good outlet for rehabilitation. But just as important – if not more so – sports were fun and could be played with friends.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/german-neurologist-dr-ludwig-guttmann-founder-and-director-news-photo/150713936?adppopup=true">Raymond Kleboe/Picture Post via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/textbook-of-sport-for-the-disabled/oclc/2920851">As Guttmann later wrote</a>, sports were “the most natural form of remedial exercise.” They also “had a psychological impact of restoring pleasure in life and contributing to social reintegration.”</p> <p>In 1948, Guttmann staged the first Stoke Mandeville Games for Paraplegics, where 14 men and two women competed in archery. Initially, the Games were reserved for athletes who used wheelchairs. Over the years, the program expanded to include new sports and athletes with different impairments. </p> <p>The 1976 Paralympic Games – then called the Olympiad for the Physically Disabled – introduced sports for athletes <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.01.010">with amputations and visual impairments</a>. Four years later, athletes diagnosed with cerebral palsy were able to compete in the 1980 Games. In 1984, organizers added “Les Autres” competitions – French for “the others” – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2012.10598739">a category that included athletes</a> with “locomotor disabilities” such as short stature, multiple sclerosis and limb length differences. Athletes with intellectual impairments – <a href="https://paralympics.ie/intellectual-impairment/">for those with documented IQs below 75</a> – first participated in the 1996 Paralympic Summer Games in Atlanta. </p> <p>With the addition of different impairment types, parasport organizers began to devise ways to streamline competitions while preserving fairness. </p> <p>Classification was one solution. </p> <h2>A painstaking classification process</h2> <p>The current IPC Athlete Classification Code outlines <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151218123255973_2015_12_17+Classification+Code_FINAL.pdf">a multistep classification process</a>.</p> <p>There’s a panel that includes medical classifiers – typically a physical therapist, physician, physician’s assistant or occupational therapist. There are also technical classifiers who have expertise in the sport, and can include coaches, scientists or physical educators. </p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:76.12732095490716%;--background-color:#986762"><img alt="Young, short woman with brown hair spins as she tosses a discus." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=940%2C749%2C3468%2C2639&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615858/original/file-20240827-18-3pnl50.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Niamh McCarthy of Ireland competed in the ‘F41’ class in women’s discus at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/tokyo-japan-1-september-2021-niamh-mccarthy-of-ireland-news-photo/1234984546?adppopup=true">Sam Barnes/Sportsfile via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Before a competition, classifiers first verify that the athlete meets the “<a href="https://www.paralympic.org/classification#:%7E:text=Minimum%20Impairment%20Criteria%20must%20ensure,activities%20fundamental%20to%20the%20sport">minimum impairment criteria</a>,” established by each sport’s international federation. This involves reviewing medical documents and detailed histories of training and performance. It might also include simple assessments of height, limb difference, muscle strength and stiffness, and range of motion.</p> <p>Next, classifiers conduct a battery of sport- and impairment-specific tests to determine the athlete’s sport class. Finally, they review their decision by observing the athlete during competition. In other words, they check to make sure they got it right and that the athlete was being honest during their evaluation.</p> <p>Classification is crucial. “Without it,” <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208095376">argues Paralympian and medical anthropologist P. David Howe</a>, “Paralympic sport could not exist.” </p> <h2>Gaming the system</h2> <p>Despite the rigor of the classification process, intentional misrepresentation happens. </p> <p>There are accounts <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-03/allegations-target-australian-paralympic-swimming/9221084">of athletes exhausting themselves</a> before classification so that they seem weaker than they really are. They might stiffen their muscles with cold showers, take a plunge into snow or wrap their arms and legs with overly tight bandages. Athletes <a href="https://worldparavolley.org/classification-intentional-misrepresentation-case-december-1-2020/">might pretend</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffresc.2022.865133">to be less coordinated</a> or weaker, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2015.1058744">fake slower reaction times</a> or <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/171102172733152_Detecting+intentional+misrepresentation.pdf">feign having poorer vision</a>. </p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:55.702917771883286%;--background-color:#9c6d5d"><img alt="Young man wearing blue jersey and white eye mask kicks ball as player wearing red jersey runs toward him." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/615859/original/file-20240827-22-714l23.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Blind soccer, which made its Paralympic debut at the Athens Games in 2004, has players wear eye masks to level the playing field.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/brazils-jefferson-goncalves-fights-for-the-ball-with-spains-news-photo/82732829?adppopup=true">STR/AFP via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016379/spaniard-behind-sydney-2000-paralympic-basketball-scandal-finally-brought-to-justice">Perhaps the most infamous case of intentional misrepresentation</a> involved the Spanish basketball team that won gold in the intellectual impairment class at the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney.</p> <p>Shortly after the conclusion of the Games, a team member revealed that 10 of the 12 athletes on the team <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/15/sports/plus-paralympics-paralympic-team-to-return-medals.html">were not actually impaired</a>. The Spanish Federation of Sportspeople with Intellectual Disabilities, he disclosed, had deliberately signed unimpaired athletes to “win medals and gain more sponsorship.” As a result, sports for athletes with intellectual impairments <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/news/athletes-intellectual-impairment-return-paralympics">did not appear again on the Paralympic program until 2012</a>.</p> <p>More recently, <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/news/bac-sanctions-athlete-vinod-kumar-two-years-intentional-misrepresentation">the IPC stripped Indian discus thrower Vinod Kumar</a> of his bronze medal in the 2020 Paralympic Games. Kumar had been assigned <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/classification">to the F52 class</a>, which is for athletes in field events who compete from a seated position due to “limb deficiency, leg length difference, impaired muscle power or impaired range of movement.”</p> <p>However, Kumar was observed competing with less impairment than he had shown during the classification process. </p> <p>The IPC consequently suspended him from competing in the sport for two years. A second offense results in a lifetime ban.</p> <h2>A bad apple doesn’t spoil the bunch</h2> <p>It’s impossible to tell how often intentional misrepresentation happens, partly because it can be difficult to prove. </p> <p>In advance of the 2016 Paralympic Games, the IPC investigated allegations against more than 80 athletes from 24 countries across six sports. In each instance, IPC officials <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-provide-update-alleged-cases-intentional-misrepresentation">were unable to find evidence</a> of cheating that went beyond reasonable doubt.</p> <p>It’s important to remember that most Paralympians complete the classification process with integrity. It’s like any form of cheating: Should the few athletes who do something egregious taint the entire competition?</p> <p>Of course, there’s always that risk. And the complex process of classification creates opportunities.</p> <p>More than anything, though, intentional misrepresentation should not deter viewers from watching some of the world’s greatest athletes. The “para” in Paralympic indicates <a href="https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history">that they run “parallel”</a> to so-called able-bodied sports. </p> <p>But a comparison to “able-bodied” doesn’t do para athletes justice; just watch a snippet of the Paralympic Games and you’ll see those bodies are more than able.</p> </div> <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list"> <i class="icon-tag"></i> <ul> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/classification-209">Classification</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/competition-846">Competition</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/disability-1181">Disability</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/sports-4768">Sports</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/athletes-11330">Athletes</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/paralympics-11494">Paralympics</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a 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E=new R;class C{constructor(){this.observers={}}on(t,e){return t.split(" ").forEach((t=>{this.observers[t]||(this.observers[t]=new Map);const n=this.observers[t].get(e)||0;this.observers[t].set(e,n+1)})),this}off(t,e){this.observers[t]&&(e?this.observers[t].delete(e):delete this.observers[t])}emit(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new Array(e>1?e-1:0),r=1;r<e;r++)n[r-1]=arguments[r];if(this.observers[t]){Array.from(this.observers[t].entries()).forEach((t=>{let[e,r]=t;for(let t=0;t<r;t++)e(...n)}))}if(this.observers["*"]){Array.from(this.observers["*"].entries()).forEach((e=>{let[r,o]=e;for(let e=0;e<o;e++)r.apply(r,[t,...n])}))}}}class N extends C{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"};super(),this.data=t||{},this.options=e,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),void 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s=[t,e];n&&(s=s.concat(i?n.split(i):n)),t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(s=t.split("."),r=e,e=s[1]),this.addNamespaces(e),y(this.data,s,r),o.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n,r)}addResources(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{silent:!1};for(const r in n)(l(n[r])||Array.isArray(n[r]))&&this.addResource(t,e,r,n[r],{silent:!0});r.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n)}addResourceBundle(t,e,n,r,o){let i=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{silent:!1,skipCopy:!1},s=[t,e];t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(s=t.split("."),r=n,n=e,e=s[1]),this.addNamespaces(e);let a=m(this.data,s)||{};i.skipCopy||(n=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(n))),r?b(a,n,o):a={...a,...n},y(this.data,s,a),i.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n)}removeResourceBundle(t,e){this.hasResourceBundle(t,e)&&delete this.data[t][e],this.removeNamespaces(e),this.emit("removed",t,e)}hasResourceBundle(t,e){return void 0!==this.getResource(t,e)}getResourceBundle(t,e){return e||(e=this.options.defaultNS),this.getResource(t,e)}getDataByLanguage(t){return this.data[t]}hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t){const e=this.getDataByLanguage(t);return!!(e&&Object.keys(e)||[]).find((t=>e[t]&&Object.keys(e[t]).length>0))}toJSON(){return this.data}}var A={processors:{},addPostProcessor(t){this.processors[t.name]=t},handle(t,e,n,r,o){return t.forEach((t=>{e=this.processors[t]?.process(e,n,r,o)??e})),e}};const $={};class T extends C{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};super(),((t,e,n)=>{t.forEach((t=>{e[t]&&(n[t]=e[t])}))})(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector","i18nFormat","utils"],t,this),this.options=e,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),this.logger=E.create("translator")}changeLanguage(t){t&&(this.language=t)}exists(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};if(null==t)return!1;const n=this.resolve(t,e);return 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e&&this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(e=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments)),"object"==typeof e&&(e={...e}),e||(e={}),null==t)return"";Array.isArray(t)||(t=[String(t)]);const r=void 0!==e.returnDetails?e.returnDetails:this.options.returnDetails,o=void 0!==e.keySeparator?e.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,{key:i,namespaces:s}=this.extractFromKey(t[t.length-1],e),a=s[s.length-1],u=e.lng||this.language,c=e.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if("cimode"===u?.toLowerCase()){if(c){const t=e.nsSeparator||this.options.nsSeparator;return r?{res:`${a}${t}${i}`,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:u,usedNS:a,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(e)}:`${a}${t}${i}`}return r?{res:i,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:u,usedNS:a,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(e)}:i}const f=this.resolve(t,e);let p=f?.res;const h=f?.usedKey||i,d=f?.exactUsedKey||i,g=Object.prototype.toString.apply(p),v=void 0!==e.joinArrays?e.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,y=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,m=!l(p)&&"boolean"!=typeof p&&"number"!=typeof p;if(!(y&&p&&m&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(g)<0)||l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))if(y&&l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))p=p.join(v),p&&(p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,n));else{let r=!1,s=!1;const c=void 0!==e.count&&!l(e.count),h=T.hasDefaultValue(e),d=c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,e):"",g=e.ordinal&&c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",v=c&&!e.ordinal&&0===e.count,y=v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||e[`defaultValue${d}`]||e[`defaultValue${g}`]||e.defaultValue;!this.isValidLookup(p)&&h&&(r=!0,p=y),this.isValidLookup(p)||(s=!0,p=i);const m=(e.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&s?void 0:p,b=h&&y!==p&&this.options.updateMissing;if(s||r||b){if(this.logger.log(b?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,a,i,b?y:p),o){const t=this.resolve(i,{...e,keySeparator:!1});t&&t.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let t=[];const n=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,e.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&n&&n[0])for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)t.push(n[e]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?t=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e.lng||this.language):t.push(e.lng||this.language);const r=(t,n,r)=>{const o=h&&r!==p?r:m;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(t,a,n,o,b,e):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(t,a,n,o,b,e),this.emit("missingKey",t,a,n,p)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&c?t.forEach((t=>{const n=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(t,e);v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&n.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&n.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),n.forEach((n=>{r([t],i+n,e[`defaultValue${n}`]||y)}))})):r(t,i,y))}p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,f,n),s&&p===i&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(p=`${a}:${i}`),(s||r)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(p=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${a}:${i}`:i,r?p:void 0))}else{if(!e.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const t=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(h,p,{...e,ns:s}):`key '${i} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return r?(f.res=t,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):t}if(o){const t=Array.isArray(p),n=t?[]:{},r=t?d:h;for(const t in p)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(p,t)){const i=`${r}${o}${t}`;n[t]=this.translate(i,{...e,joinArrays:!1,ns:s}),n[t]===i&&(n[t]=p[t])}p=n}}return r?(f.res=p,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):p}extendTranslation(t,e,n,r,o){var i=this;if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)t=this.i18nFormat.parse(t,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n},n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,r.usedNS,r.usedKey,{resolved:r});else if(!n.skipInterpolation){n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...n,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...n.interpolation}});const s=l(t)&&(void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let a;if(s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a=e&&e.length}let u=n.replace&&!l(n.replace)?n.replace:n;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(u={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...u}),t=this.interpolator.interpolate(t,u,n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,n),s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a<(e&&e.length)&&(n.nest=!1)}!n.lng&&r&&r.res&&(n.lng=this.language||r.usedLng),!1!==n.nest&&(t=this.interpolator.nest(t,(function(){for(var t=arguments.length,r=new Array(t),s=0;s<t;s++)r[s]=arguments[s];return o?.[0]!==r[0]||n.context?i.translate(...r,e):(i.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${r[0]} in key: ${e[0]}`),null)}),n)),n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const s=n.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,a=l(s)?[s]:s;return null!=t&&a?.length&&!1!==n.applyPostProcessor&&(t=A.handle(a,t,e,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...r,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(n)},...n}:n,this)),t}resolve(t){let e,n,r,o,i,s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return l(t)&&(t=[t]),t.forEach((t=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(t,s),u=a.key;n=u;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const f=void 0!==s.count&&!l(s.count),p=f&&!s.ordinal&&0===s.count,h=void 0!==s.context&&(l(s.context)||"number"==typeof s.context)&&""!==s.context,d=s.lngs?s.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(s.lng||this.language,s.fallbackLng);c.forEach((t=>{this.isValidLookup(e)||(i=t,$[`${d[0]}-${t}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(i)||($[`${d[0]}-${t}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${n}" for languages "${d.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${i}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),d.forEach((n=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;o=n;const i=[u];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,u,n,t,s);else{let t;f&&(t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(n,s.count,s));const e=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,r=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(f&&(i.push(u+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(u+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(u+e)),h){const n=`${u}${this.options.contextSeparator}${s.context}`;i.push(n),f&&(i.push(n+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(n+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(n+e))}}let a;for(;a=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(e)||(r=a,e=this.getResource(n,t,a,s))})))}))})),{res:e,usedKey:n,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:o,usedNS:i}}isValidLookup(t){return!(void 0===t||!this.options.returnNull&&null===t||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===t)}getResource(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(t,e,n,r):this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,r)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const e=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],n=t.replace&&!l(t.replace);let r=n?t.replace:t;if(n&&void 0!==t.count&&(r.count=t.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...r}),!n){r={...r};for(const t of e)delete r[t]}return r}static hasDefaultValue(t){const e="defaultValue";for(const n in t)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&e===n.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==t[n])return!0;return!1}}class I{constructor(t){this.options=t,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=E.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),"x"===e[e.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;const e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])}formatLanguageCode(t){if(l(t)&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){let e;try{e=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(t)[0]}catch(t){}return e&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(e=e.toLowerCase()),e||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t}isSupportedCode(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(t)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(t){if(!t)return null;let e;return t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.formatLanguageCode(t);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(n)||(e=n)})),!e&&this.options.supportedLngs&&t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);if(this.isSupportedCode(n))return e=n;e=this.options.supportedLngs.find((t=>t===n?t:t.indexOf("-")<0&&n.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:t.indexOf("-")>0&&n.indexOf("-")<0&&t.substring(0,t.indexOf("-"))===n||0===t.indexOf(n)&&n.length>1?t:void 0))})),e||(e=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),e}getFallbackCodes(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("function"==typeof t&&(t=t(e)),l(t)&&(t=[t]),Array.isArray(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];let n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]}toResolveHierarchy(t,e){const n=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],o=t=>{t&&(this.isSupportedCode(t)?r.push(t):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${t}`))};return l(t)&&(t.indexOf("-")>-1||t.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):l(t)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),n.forEach((t=>{r.indexOf(t)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t))})),r}}const F={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},D={select:t=>1===t?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class M{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=t,this.options=e,this.logger=E.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(t,e){this.rules[t]=e}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const 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i=`{${r[1]}`;t=r[0],i=this.interpolate(i,o);const s=i.match(/'/g),a=i.match(/"/g);((s?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(i=i.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(i),e&&(o={...e,...o})}catch(e){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${t}`,e),`${t}${n}${i}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete o.defaultValue,t};for(;n=this.nestingRegexp.exec(t);){let a=[];o={...i},o=o.replace&&!l(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==n[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(n[1])){const t=n[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((t=>t.trim()));n[1]=t.shift(),a=t,u=!0}if(r=e(s.call(this,n[1].trim(),o),o),r&&n[0]===t&&!l(r))return r;l(r)||(r=p(r)),r||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${n[1]} for nesting ${t}`),r=""),u&&(r=a.reduce(((t,e)=>this.format(t,e,i.lng,{...i,interpolationkey:n[1].trim()})),r.trim())),t=t.replace(n[0],r),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return t}}const H=t=>{const e={};return(n,r,o)=>{let i=o;o&&o.interpolationkey&&o.formatParams&&o.formatParams[o.interpolationkey]&&o[o.interpolationkey]&&(i={...i,[o.interpolationkey]:void 0});const s=r+JSON.stringify(i);let a=e[s];return a||(a=t(L(r),o),e[s]=a),a(n)}};class K{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("formatter"),this.options=t,this.formats={number:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),currency:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e,style:"currency"});return t=>n.format(t)})),datetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),relativetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t,e.range||"day")})),list:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.ListFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)}))},this.init(t)}init(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 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0===a[e]&&(a[e]=!0)))})),r||(s[t]=!0)})),(Object.keys(o).length||Object.keys(i).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:i,pendingCount:Object.keys(i).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:r}),{toLoad:Object.keys(o),pending:Object.keys(i),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(s),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(t,e,n){const r=t.split("|"),o=r[0],i=r[1];e&&this.emit("failedLoading",o,i,e),!e&&n&&this.store.addResourceBundle(o,i,n,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[t]=e?-1:2,e&&n&&(this.state[t]=0);const s={};this.queue.forEach((n=>{((t,e,n)=>{const{obj:r,k:o}=v(t,e,Object);r[o]=r[o]||[],r[o].push(n)})(n.loaded,[o],i),((t,e)=>{void 0!==t.pending[e]&&(delete t.pending[e],t.pendingCount--)})(n,t),e&&n.errors.push(e),0!==n.pendingCount||n.done||(Object.keys(n.loaded).forEach((t=>{s[t]||(s[t]={});const e=n.loaded[t];e.length&&e.forEach((e=>{void 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n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. 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