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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thanu Padmanabhan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثانو بادمانابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثانو بادمانابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تانو پادمنابان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تانو پادمنابان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thanu Padmanabhan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thanu Padmanabhan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تانو پادمنابان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تانو پادمنابان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thanu Padmanabhan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8" title="तनु पद्मनाभन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तनु पद्मनाभन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thanu Padmanabhan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%BB" title="താണു പദ്മനാഭൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താണു പദ്മനാഭൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thanu Padmanabhan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாணு பத்மநாபன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாணு பத்மநாபன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%B3%E7%8F%AD" title="塔努·帕德马纳班 – Chinese" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian physicist and cosmologist (1957–2021)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the writer, see <a href="/wiki/T._Padmanabhan" title="T. Padmanabhan">T. Padmanabhan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thanu Padmanabhan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ThanuPadmanabhan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ThanuPadmanabhan.png/220px-ThanuPadmanabhan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ThanuPadmanabhan.png/330px-ThanuPadmanabhan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ThanuPadmanabhan.png/440px-ThanuPadmanabhan.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1957<sup id="cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-09-17)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">Kerala University</a>,<br />• <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</a> (1996) <br />• <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> (2007)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Infosys_Prize" title="Infosys Prize">Infosys Science Foundation Prize</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a><sup id="cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thanu Padmanabhan</b> (10 March 1957 – 17 September 2021) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmologist">cosmologist</a> whose research spanned a wide variety of topics in <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">structure formation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>. He published nearly 300 papers and reviews in international journals and ten books in these areas. He made several contributions related to the analysis and modelling of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> in the universe and the interpretation of gravity as an <a href="/wiki/Emergent_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent phenomenon">emergent phenomenon</a>. He was a Distinguished Professor at the <a href="/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> (IUCAA) at <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born to Thanu Iyer and Lakshmi on 10 March 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> (then Trivandrum), Padmanabhan attended school there. He earned his <a href="/wiki/B.Sc." class="mw-redirect" title="B.Sc.">B.Sc.</a> (1977) and <a href="/wiki/M.Sc." class="mw-redirect" title="M.Sc.">M.Sc.</a> (1979) in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College Thiruvananthapuram</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">Kerala University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published his first research paper (on <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>) when he was still a B.Sc. student, at the age of 20.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (TIFR) in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in 1979 for his <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> and became a faculty member there in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held various faculty positions at TIFR from 1980 to 1992 and also spent a year (in 1986–87) at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Astronomy,_Cambridge" title="Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge">Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge</a>. He moved to Pune to work at the <a href="/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> in 1992 and served as its Dean, Core Academic Programmes, for 18 years (1997–2015).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Padmanabhan served as adjunct faculty of TIFR, the <a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Raman_Research_Institute" title="Raman Research Institute">Raman Research Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/IISER" class="mw-redirect" title="IISER">Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research</a> (IISER, Pune) at different periods in his career. He was adjunct faculty of IISER, <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Padmanabhan served as chairman (2006–09) of the Time Allocation Committee<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope of NCRA. He was chairman (2008–11) of the Indian National Science Academy's National Committee<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which interfaces with the activities of the International Astronomical Union. In addition to advising the Government on policy issues, this also required him to coordinate the International Year of Astronomy 2009 activities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected president of the Cosmology Commission (2009–2012) of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) and provided advice to IAU activities in this field. He was elected in 2011 as chairman of the Astrophysics Commission (2011–2014) of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-ordinated the activities of IUPAP in this area. He was also a visiting faculty at many institutes including the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and a Sackler Distinguished Astronomer of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Astronomy,_Cambridge" title="Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge">Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge</a>. He was an elected fellow of <a href="/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The World Academy of Sciences">The World Academy of Sciences</a> and of all three National Academies of Science in India (the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India" title="National Academy of Sciences, India">National Academy of Sciences, India</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his scientific research, Padmanabhan worked actively to popularize science and gave over 300 popular science lectures and authored more than 100 popular science articles. He did a comic strip serial <i>The Story of Physics</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aimed at school children. Published by Vigyan Prasar (New Delhi), it was translated into half a dozen regional Indian languages and made available at an affordable price at Indian schools. To commemorate the International Year of Astronomy (IYA) in 2009, he published (with <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">J. V. Narlikar</a> and Samir Dhurde) the IYA Astronomical Diary 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which comprises 53 illustrated pages of astronomical information. In 2019, he co-authored with Vasanthi Padmanabhan <i>The Dawn of Science</i> (published by Springer<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>He was married to Vasanthi Padmanabhan, who has a Ph.D. in astrophysics from TIFR, Mumbai, and they had one daughter, Hamsa Padmanabhan, who herself has a Ph.D. in astrophysics from IUCAA, Pune.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 17 September 2021 at the age of 64 after a heart attack at his residence in Pune.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tribute article written by his former graduate students and post-doctoral fellows and physics friends from college days has been posted on the Physics arXiv.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_awards_and_distinctions">Key awards and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Key awards and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Padmanabhan received several national and international awards including:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li>Kerala Shastra Puraskaram, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>M. P. Birla Memorial Award, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Homi Bhabha Lecturer at UK (IoP-IPA award), 2014<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWAS_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="TWAS Prize">TWAS Prize</a> in Physics (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infosys_Prize" title="Infosys Prize">Infosys Science Foundation Prize</a> for Physical Sciences (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>J. C. Bose National Fellowship (<a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Board" title="Science and Engineering Research Board">Science and Engineering Research Board</a>, DST<sup id="cite_ref-SERB_JCBoseFellowship_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SERB_JCBoseFellowship-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-IndiaTimes_Physicist_dies_at_64_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndiaTimes_Physicist_dies_at_64-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">INSA</a> <a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a> Gold Medal (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_Awards_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Miegunah Fellowship Award (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, 2004)</li> <li>Homi Bhabha Fellowship (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla_Award_for_Scientific_Research" title="G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research">G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarizmi_International_Award" title="Khwarizmi International Award">Al-Khwarizmi International Award</a> (2002)</li> <li>The Millennium Medal (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">CSIR</a>, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</a> (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Birla Science Prize (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Young Scientist Award, (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>) (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>His research work won prizes nine times (in 1984, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2018 and 2020) including the First Prize in 2008 from the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Research_Foundation" title="Gravity Research Foundation">Gravity Research Foundation</a>, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Stanford study in 2020, listing top scientists in different fields, ranked Padmanabhan as 24th in the world in his research area.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Padmanabhan's research was on the fields of gravitation and cosmology which includes <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> and nature of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Reports_2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Reports_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2002–2015, he provided a clear interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> as an emergent phenomenon (like elasticity or fluid dynamics) and showed that this paradigm extends to a wide class of theories of gravitation including, but not limited to, general relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Padmanabhan could show that several peculiar aspects of classical gravitational theories find natural interpretations in this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an interpretation also provides a novel solution to the cosmological constant problem.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave two lectures at the Oxford–Cambridge collaborative conference on "Cosmology and the Constants of Nature" about this.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular (non-technical) descriptions of Padmanabhan's research have been published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> (India),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a more technical description is available in an article from the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Research_Foundation" title="Gravity Research Foundation">Gravity Research Foundation</a> in 2008, that describes his First Prize work. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wissenschaft.de/archiv/-/journal_content/56/12054/4771028/Die-Atome-der-Raumzeit/">Another popular article</a> about his work which appeared in a German science magazine along with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081918/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/german-article.pdf">English translation</a> is available on his home page. An interview of Padmanabhan by George Musser about his work can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spookyactionbook.com/2015/12/23/an-interview-with-thanu-padmanabhan-video/">here</a>. </p><p>In the earlier part of Padmanabhan's career (1980–2001), he made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">quantum cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">structure formation</a> in the universe and statistical mechanics of gravitating systems. In the 1980s, he came up with an interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Planck_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck length">Planck length</a> as the 'zero-point length' of the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> based on very general considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-AnnalsPhysics1985_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnalsPhysics1985-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This result, established by theoretical considerations and well-chosen thought experiments,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds an echo in more recent results in several other candidate models for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>. He developed the complex path method (in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to study <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">black hole thermodynamics</a> which was a precursor to the 'tunneling paradigm' that became quite popular later on. He was a recognized authority in the subject of the statistical mechanics of gravitating systems<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Reports_1990_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Reports_1990-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a pioneer in the systematic application of these concepts to study the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitational clustering (page does not exist)">gravitational clustering</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Expanding_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanding universe">expanding universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was invited to lecture twice at the Les Houches Schools (in 2002 and 2008) to a broader community about this subject. </p><p>In November 2016, Padmanabhan published research studies advocating a new <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> in understanding <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20161110_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20161110-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENS-20161115_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS-20161115-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key question in quantum gravity lies in understanding the primordial, pre-geometric phase of the universe, from which the classical, geometric phase described by Einstein's equations emerges along with the notions of space and time themselves. Padmanabhan introduced the notion of Cosmic Information (called 'CosmIn'), which allows these two phases to be connected in a fascinating manner. CosmIn, which is a <a href="/wiki/Conserved_quantity" title="Conserved quantity">conserved quantity</a>, measures the total information transferred from the quantum gravitational phase to the classical phase of the universe. Quantum gravitational considerations advocate an astonishingly simple value for CosmIn: 4π, the number of information 'bits' on the surface of a sphere of unit radius. Using these considerations, CosmIn was able to relate the numerical value of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a> – possibly the deepest unsolved problem in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> today – to the energy scale at which the universe made the quantum-to-classical transition.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time that a model with no adjustable parameters is able to provide a holistic explanation for both these observations, which has far-reaching implications for the quantum structure of spacetime. A non-technical account covering this latest development in Padmanabhan's research was published in the magazine <i>Nautilus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_authored">Books authored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books authored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Padmanabhan authored several advanced level textbooks. In addition, he authored several popular-level science books. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085"><i>The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind</i></a>, Springer, Heidelberg (2019)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783319281711"><i>Quantum Field Theory: The Why, What and How</i></a>, Springer, Heidelberg (2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783319134420"><i>Sleeping Beauties in Theoretical Physics: 26 Surprising Insights</i></a>, Springer, Heidelberg (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2709751"><i>Gravitation: Foundations and Frontiers</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/6010"><i>An Invitation to Astrophysics</i></a>, World Scientific, Singapore, (2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521562423">Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume III : <i>Galaxies and Cosmology</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521562416">Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume II : <i>Stars and Stellar Systems</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521566322">Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume I : <i>Astrophysical Processes</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2000) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2001Obs...121..197P">Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1146022/"><i>Cosmology and Astrophysics through Problems</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0264-9381/14/4/019">Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1142185/"><i>Structure Formation in the Universe</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1993) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818765.200-review-on-the-origin-of-the-lumpy-bits.html">Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XC_dfPLWz4AC"><i>Gravity, Gauge Theories and Quantum Cosmology</i></a>, (co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">J.V. Narlikar</a>), Reidel (1986)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/7047.html"><i>Quantum Themes: The Charms of the Microworld</i></a>, World Scientific, Singapore, (2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521620390"><i>After the First Three Minutes - The Story of Our Universe</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1998)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_technical_review_articles">Selected technical review articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected technical review articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300013"><i>Gravity and Quantum Theory: Domains of Conflict and Contact</i></a>, Invited Review, IJMPD (2020) 2030001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1631070517300269?via%3Dihub"><i>Do We really Understand the Cosmos?</i></a>, Comptes Rendus Physique, 18 (3–4): 275–291, arXiv:1611.03505, Bibcode:2017CRPhy..18..275P. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2017.02.001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.6285"><i>Emergent Gravity Paradigm: Recent Progress</i></a>, Mod. Phys. Letters A, 30, 1540007 (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370157390900513"><i>Statistical Mechanics of Gravitating Systems</i></a>, Physics Reports, Vol.188, pp. 285–362 (1990)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0212290"><i>Cosmological Constant - the Weight of the Vacuum</i></a>, Physics Reports, Vol. 380, pp. 235–320 (2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.5004"><i>Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights</i></a>, Reports in Progress of Physics, 73, 046901 (2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.4476"><i>Lessons from Classical Gravity about the Quantum Structure of Spacetime</i></a>, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 306:012001 (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11007/50"><i>Physical significance of Planck length</i></a>, Annals of Physics, Vol. 165, pp. 38, (1985)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_popular_science_articles">Selected popular science articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected popular science articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang"><i>The Universe Began With a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang</i></a>, Nautilus, Issue 53, 5 October 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722003933/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/SAfinalarticle.pdf"><i>Grappling with Gravity</i></a>, Scientific American India, January 2011, 30-35</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205014219/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html">The IYA Astronomical Diary - 2009</a>, 53 illustrated pages of astronomical information, celebrating the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Astronomy" title="International Year of Astronomy">International Year of Astronomy</a> (2009) (with <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">J.V.Narlikar</a> and Samir Dhurde).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715010432/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html"><i>The Story of Physics</i></a>, a comic strip serialised in the magazine Science Age, from Sept. 1984 to Dec. 1986; published in book form by <a href="/wiki/Vigyan_Prasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigyan Prasar">Vigyan Prasar</a>, New Delhi, (2002) and now translated into several Indian regional languages.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homepage_of_Padmanabhan_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/">"Homepage of Padmanabhan"</a>. <i>www.iucaa.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060318/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iucaa.in&rft.atitle=Homepage+of+Padmanabhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucaa.in%2F~paddy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.in:8080/iucaa/jsp/N-People.jsp">"IUCAA - People"</a>. <i>IUCAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111015055/http://www.iucaa.in:8080/iucaa/jsp/N-People.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCAA&rft.atitle=IUCAA+-+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucaa.in%3A8080%2Fiucaa%2Fjsp%2FN-People.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan1977" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02846243">"T.Padmanabhan, Solutions of scalar and electromagnetic wave equations in the field of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, Pramana, (1977), 9, 371"</a>. <i>Pramana</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 371–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02846243">10.1007/BF02846243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123557221">123557221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603150132/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02846243">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pramana&rft.atitle=T.Padmanabhan%2C+Solutions+of+scalar+and+electromagnetic+wave+equations+in+the+field+of+gravitational+and+electromagnetic+waves%2C+Pramana%2C+%281977%29%2C+9%2C+371.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-384&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02846243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123557221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF02846243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/renowned-astrophysicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away/article36513555.ece">"Renowned astrophysicist Thanu Padmanabhan passes away"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 17 September 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070416/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/renowned-astrophysicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away/article36513555.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Renowned+astrophysicist+Thanu+Padmanabhan+passes+away&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Frenowned-astrophysicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away%2Farticle36513555.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/bio60.pdf">"Prof. Padmanabhan: A Personal and Professional History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070415/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/bio60.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Padmanabhan%3A+A+Personal+and+Professional+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucaa.in%2F~paddy%2Fbiodata%2Fbio60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/gmrt/gtac">"GMRT Time Allocation Committee"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202140143/http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/gmrt/gtac">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GMRT+Time+Allocation+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncra.tifr.res.in%2Fncra%2Fgmrt%2Fgtac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insaindia.res.in/com.php">"INSA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115182700/http://www.insaindia.res.in/com.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsaindia.res.in%2Fcom.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupap.org/members-liaisons/">"Members & Liaisons | IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124093009/http://iupap.org/members-liaisons/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+%26+Liaisons+%26%23124%3B+IUPAP%3A+The+International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupap.org%2Fmembers-liaisons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scipop.iucaa.in/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html">"The Story of Physics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917194711/https://scipop.iucaa.in/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscipop.iucaa.in%2FLiterature%2Ftsop%2Ftsop01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205014219/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html">"IYA Diary : 2009"</a>. <i>www.iucaa.ernet.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iucaa.ernet.in&rft.atitle=IYA+Diary+%3A+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucaa.ernet.in%2F~scipop%2FLiterature%2Fiyadiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhanPadmanabhan2019" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabhan, Thanu; Padmanabhan, Vasanthi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085"><i>The Dawn of Science</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17509-2">10.1007/978-3-030-17509-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17508-5"><bdi>978-3-030-17508-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167177582">167177582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120052412/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Science&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167177582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-17509-2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-17508-5&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rft.au=Padmanabhan%2C+Vasanthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9783030175085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/scientific-community-in-kerala-mourns-thanu-padmanabhans-demise/articleshow/86312578.cms">"Scientific community in Kerala mourns Thanu Padmanabhan's demise | Kochi News"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 18 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919080340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/scientific-community-in-kerala-mourns-thanu-padmanabhans-demise/articleshow/86312578.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Scientific+community+in+Kerala+mourns+Thanu+Padmanabhan%27s+demise+%7C+Kochi+News&rft.date=2021-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2Fscientific-community-in-kerala-mourns-thanu-padmanabhans-demise%2Farticleshow%2F86312578.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/theoretical-physicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away-in-pune-7514922/">"Theoretical physicist Thanu Padmanabhan passes away in Pune"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 17 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917153742/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/theoretical-physicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away-in-pune-7514922/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Theoretical+physicist+Thanu+Padmanabhan+passes+away+in+Pune&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fpune%2Ftheoretical-physicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away-in-pune-7514922%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaglaBhattacharyaChakrabortyEngineer2021" class="citation arxiv cs1">Bagla, Jasjeet Singh; Bhattacharya, Krishnakanta; Chakraborty, Sumanta; Engineer, Sunu; Faraoni, Valerio; Kolekar, Sanved; Kothawala, Dawood; Lochan, Kinjalk; Modak, Sujoy; Nair, V. Parameswaran; Paranjape, Aseem (7 October 2021). "The Life and Science of Thanu Padmanabhan". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.03208">2110.03208</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph">physics.hist-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Science+of+Thanu+Padmanabhan&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2110.03208&rft.aulast=Bagla&rft.aufirst=Jasjeet+Singh&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Krishnakanta&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Sumanta&rft.au=Engineer%2C+Sunu&rft.au=Faraoni%2C+Valerio&rft.au=Kolekar%2C+Sanved&rft.au=Kothawala%2C+Dawood&rft.au=Lochan%2C+Kinjalk&rft.au=Modak%2C+Sujoy&rft.au=Nair%2C+V.+Parameswaran&rft.au=Paranjape%2C+Aseem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/padmanabhan_cv.pdf">"padmanabhan_cv.dvi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009021552/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/padmanabhan_cv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=padmanabhan_cv.dvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucaa.in%2F~paddy%2Fbiodata%2Fpadmanabhan_cv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/keralas-prestigious-science-honor-for-m-s-swaminathan-and-thanu-padmanabhan/articleshow/85402647.cms">"Kerala's prestigious science honor for M S Swaminathan and Thanu Padmanabhan"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 17 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827173942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/keralas-prestigious-science-honor-for-m-s-swaminathan-and-thanu-padmanabhan/articleshow/85402647.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kerala%27s+prestigious+science+honor+for+M+S+Swaminathan+and+Thanu+Padmanabhan&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Feducation%2Fnews%2Fkeralas-prestigious-science-honor-for-m-s-swaminathan-and-thanu-padmanabhan%2Farticleshow%2F85402647.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/physics-scientists-thanu-padmanabhan-receives-m-p-birla-memorial-award-in-cosmology-7424631.html">"Physics scientist Thanu Padmanabhan receives M P Birla Memorial Award in cosmology"</a>. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017064228/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/physics-scientists-thanu-padmanabhan-receives-m-p-birla-memorial-award-in-cosmology-7424631.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+scientist+Thanu+Padmanabhan+receives+M+P+Birla+Memorial+Award+in+cosmology&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fphysics-scientists-thanu-padmanabhan-receives-m-p-birla-memorial-award-in-cosmology-7424631.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/exlist.php">"Indian Physics Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127145103/https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/exlist.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Physics+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tifr.res.in%2F~ipa1970%2Fexlist.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners">"Announcement of TWAS Prize in Physics (2011)"</a>. 21 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110112833/http://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300013">"Gravity and quantum theory: Domains of conflict and contact"</a>. <i>International Journal of Modern Physics D</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 2030001–2030745. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02015">1909.02015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJMPD..2930001P">2020IJMPD..2930001P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218271820300013">10.1142/S0218271820300013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0218-2718">0218-2718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202537535">202537535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+D&rft.atitle=Gravity+and+quantum+theory%3A+Domains+of+conflict+and+contact&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2030001-2030745&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202537535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IJMPD..2930001P&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1909.02015&rft.issn=0218-2718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0218271820300013&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1142%2FS0218271820300013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (2010). "Thermodynamical aspects of gravity: New insights". <i>Reports on Progress in Physics</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 046901. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.5004">0911.5004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RPPh...73d6901P">2010RPPh...73d6901P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F73%2F4%2F046901">10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209835245">209835245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Thermodynamical+aspects+of+gravity%3A+New+insights&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=046901&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0911.5004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209835245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F73%2F4%2F046901&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010RPPh...73d6901P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (2014). "General relativity from a thermodynamic perspective". <i>General Relativity and Gravitation</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 1673. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3253">1312.3253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GReGr..46.1673P">2014GReGr..46.1673P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10714-014-1673-7">10.1007/s10714-014-1673-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119177380">119177380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Relativity+and+Gravitation&rft.atitle=General+relativity+from+a+thermodynamic+perspective&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1673&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1312.3253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119177380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10714-014-1673-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GReGr..46.1673P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, Thanu (2011). "Lessons from classical gravity about the quantum structure of spacetime". <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>. <b>306</b> (1): 012001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.4476">1012.4476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPhCS.306a2001P">2011JPhCS.306a2001P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F306%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119249958">119249958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+classical+gravity+about+the+quantum+structure+of+spacetime&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012001&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.4476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119249958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F306%2F1%2F012001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPhCS.306a2001P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhanPadmanabhan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T.; Padmanabhan, Hamsa (2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Video+%3A+Cosmological+constants+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%28Thanu+Padmanabhan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPcd911qSTBk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPkspt1XrKQ">"Video : Cosmological constants – Part 2 (Thanu Padmanabhan)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423150450/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPkspt1XrKQ&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Video+%3A+Cosmological+constants+%E2%80%93+Part+2+%28Thanu+Padmanabhan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsPkspt1XrKQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722003933/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/SAfinalarticle.pdf">Article : <i>Scientific American</i> (India)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnnalsPhysics1985-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnnalsPhysics1985_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000349168580004X">"Physical significance of planck length"</a>. <i>Annals of Physics</i>. <b>165</b> (1): 38–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AnPhy.165...38P">1985AnPhy.165...38P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-4916%2885%2980004-X">10.1016/S0003-4916(85)80004-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918202751/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000349168580004X">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Physical+significance+of+planck+length&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-58&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-4916%2885%2980004-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985AnPhy.165...38P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS000349168580004X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan1987" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (1987). "Limitations on the operational definition of spacetime events and quantum gravity". <i>Classical and Quantum Gravity</i>. <b>4</b> (4): L107–L113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987CQGra...4L.107P">1987CQGra...4L.107P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F4%2F4%2F007">10.1088/0264-9381/4/4/007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250887977">250887977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+and+Quantum+Gravity&rft.atitle=Limitations+on+the+operational+definition+of+spacetime+events+and+quantum+gravity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=L107-L113&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250887977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F4%2F4%2F007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987CQGra...4L.107P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasanPadmanabhan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, K.; Padmanabhan, T. (1999). "Particle production and complex path analysis". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 024007. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9812028">gr-qc/9812028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhRvD..60b4007S">1999PhRvD..60b4007S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.60.024007">10.1103/PhysRevD.60.024007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53450120">53450120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Particle+production+and+complex+path+analysis&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=024007&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F9812028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53450120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.60.024007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhRvD..60b4007S&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Padmanabhan%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physics_Reports_1990-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physics_Reports_1990_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan1990" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T. (April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370157390900513">"Statistical mechanics of gravitating systems"</a>. <i>Physics Reports</i>. <b>188</b> (5): 285–362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhR...188..285P">1990PhR...188..285P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-1573%2890%2990051-3">10.1016/0370-1573(90)90051-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070418/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370157390900513">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&rft.atitle=Statistical+mechanics+of+gravitating+systems&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=285-362&rft.date=1990-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-1573%2890%2990051-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PhR...188..285P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0370157390900513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabhan, Thanu (2002). "Statistical Mechanics of Gravitating Systems in Static and Cosmological Backgrounds". <i>Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Systems with Long-Range Interactions</i>. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 602. pp. 165–207. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0206131">astro-ph/0206131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45835-2_7">10.1007/3-540-45835-2_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44315-5"><bdi>978-3-540-44315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statistical+Mechanics+of+Gravitating+Systems+in+Static+and+Cosmological+Backgrounds&rft.btitle=Dynamics+and+Thermodynamics+of+Systems+with+Long-Range+Interactions&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Physics&rft.pages=165-207&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0206131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45835-2_7&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44315-5&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARX-20161110-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARX-20161110_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Padmanabhan, Thanu</a> (2017). "Do We really Understand the Cosmos?". <i>Comptes Rendus Physique</i>. <b>18</b> (3–4): 275–291. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03505">1611.03505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CRPhy..18..275P">2017CRPhy..18..275P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.02.001">10.1016/j.crhy.2017.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119214901">119214901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Physique&rft.atitle=Do+We+really+Understand+the+Cosmos%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=275-291&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1611.03505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119214901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CRPhy..18..275P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENS-20161115-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ENS-20161115_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2016" class="citation news cs1">Staff (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/14675133">"Research shows paradigm shift in understanding of gravity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010313/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/14675133">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Research+shows+paradigm+shift+in+understanding+of+gravity&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.indianexpress.com%2Fc%2F14675133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhanPadmanabhan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Padmanabhan, T.; Padmanabhan, Hamsa (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269317306408">"Cosmic information, the cosmological constant and the amplitude of primordial perturbations"</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>773</b>: 81–85. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06144">1703.06144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLB..773...81P">2017PhLB..773...81P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2017.07.066">10.1016/j.physletb.2017.07.066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118886523">118886523</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917113228/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269317306408?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Cosmic+information%2C+the+cosmological+constant+and+the+amplitude+of+primordial+perturbations&rft.volume=773&rft.pages=81-85&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1703.06144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118886523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2017.07.066&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PhLB..773...81P&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Padmanabhan%2C+Hamsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0370269317306408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang">"The Universe Began with a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang"</a>. 5 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134711/http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Universe+Began+with+a+Big+Melt%2C+Not+a+Big+Bang&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautil.us%2Fissue%2F53%2Fmonsters%2Fthe-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanu+Padmanabhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanu_Padmanabhan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/">Thanu Padmanabhan's Home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xCZFk0ycrM">A 50-hour course by Padmanabhan on Quantum Field Theory</a> (available on YouTube)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gr-lectures-paddy.blogspot.in/2009_07_21_archive.html">A one-semester course of lectures</a> on general relativity by Padmanabhan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcc2341f.unige.ch/videos/VideosPadmanabhan.htm">Another set of lectures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110115239/http://pcc2341f.unige.ch/videos/VideosPadmanabhan.htm">Archived</a> 10 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (15 hours) by Padmanabhan on Advanced Topics in general relativity at the 'troisieme cycle de la physique en suisse romande' course (Geneva, Switzerland).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Physical_Science" title="Template:SSBPST recipients in Physical Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SSBPST_recipients_in_Physical_Science" title="Template talk:SSBPST recipients in Physical Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Physical_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SSBPST recipients in Physical Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology_in_Physical_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Physical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Science">Physical Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariamanickam_Srinivasa_Krishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan">K. S. Krishnan</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambillikalathil_Govind_Kumar_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Ramachandran" title="G. N. Ramachandran">G. N. Ramachandran</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Ambalal_Sarabhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Ram_Verma" title="Ajit Ram Verma">A. R. Verma</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Barry Ramachandra Rao">B. Ramachandra Rao</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._C._Jain" title="S. C. Jain">Suresh Chand Jain</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Ramaseshan" title="S. Ramaseshan">S. Ramaseshan</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Lal" title="Devendra Lal">Devendra Lal</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashesh_Prosad_Mitra" title="Ashesh Prosad Mitra">A. P. Mitra</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoke_Nath_Mitra" title="Asoke Nath Mitra">Asoke Nath Mitra</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manali_Kallat_Vainu_Bappu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu"> Vainu Bappu</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Krishnagopala_Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmanabha Krishnagopala Iyengar">P. K. Iyengar</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaramakrishna_Chandrasekhar" title="Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar">S. Chandrasekhar</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Joshi" title="Shri Krishna Joshi">S. K. Joshi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendra_Singh_(physicist)" title="Virendra Singh (physicist)">Virendra Singh</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krityunjai_Prasad_Sinha" title="Krityunjai Prasad Sinha">K. P. Sinha</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Sodha" title="Mahendra Singh Sodha">M. S. Sodha</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturi_Lal_Chopra" title="Kasturi Lal Chopra">K. L. Chopra</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswa_Ranjan_Nag" title="Biswa Ranjan Nag">B. R. Nag</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanchal_Kumar_Majumdar" title="Chanchal Kumar Majumdar">C. K. Majumdar</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja_Vijayaraghavan" title="Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan">Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._S._Raja_Gopal" title="E. S. Raja Gopal">E. S. Raja Gopal</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghatak" title="Ajoy Ghatak">Ajoy Ghatak</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhanshu_Shekhar_Jha" title="Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha">S. S. Jha</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narasimhaiengar_Mukunda" title="Narasimhaiengar Mukunda">N. Mukunda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Satya_Murthy" title="N. S. Satya Murthy">N. S. Satya Murthy</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasanka_Mohan_Roy" title="Shasanka Mohan Roy">S. M. Roy</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanujan_Srinivasan" title="Ramanujan Srinivasan">Ramanujan Srinivasan</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Saran_Agarwal" title="Girish Saran Agarwal">Girish Saran Agarwal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppattur_Venkatachalamurti_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppattur Venkatachalamurti Ramakrishnan">T. V. Ramakrishnan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Sunder_Kapoor" title="Shyam Sunder Kapoor">S. S. Kapoor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramamurti_Rajaraman" title="Ramamurti Rajaraman">Ramamurti Rajaraman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanath_Cowsik" title="Ramanath Cowsik">Ramanath Cowsik</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathan_Shashidhar" title="Ranganathan Shashidhar">Ranganathan Shashidhar</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_(physicist)" title="Narendra Kumar (physicist)">Narendra Kumar</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehar_Singh_(physicist)" title="Kehar Singh (physicist)">K. Singh</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predhiman_Krishan_Kaw" title="Predhiman Krishan Kaw">P. K. Kaw</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Kapahi" title="Vijay Kumar Kapahi">Vijay Kumar Kapahi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probir_Roy" title="Probir Roy">Probir Roy</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kumar_(physicist)" title="Deepak Kumar (physicist)">Deepak Kumar</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkar_Nath_Srivastava" title="Onkar Nath Srivastava">O. N. Srivastava</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthusamy_Lakshmanan" title="Muthusamy Lakshmanan">M. Lakshmanan</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Madhusudana" title="N. V. Madhusudana">N. V. Madhusudana</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_Baskaran" title="Ganapathy Baskaran">G. Baskaran</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_K._Sood" title="Ajay K. Sood">A. K. Sood</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Dhar" title="Deepak Dhar">Deepak Dhar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Mathur" title="Deepak Mathur">Deepak Mathur</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Kumar_(physicist)" title="Vikram Kumar (physicist)">Vikram Kumar (physicist)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Raghunath_Shenoy" title="Subodh Raghunath Shenoy">S. R. Shenoy</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_(astronomer)" title="Gopal Krishna (astronomer)">Gopal Krishna</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiah_Simon" title="Rajiah Simon">Rajiah Simon</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Kumar_Raychaudhuri" title="Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri">A. K. Raychaudhuri</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Ashoke Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansir_Barma" title="Mustansir Barma">Mustansir Barma</a> (1995)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanu Padmanabhan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikas_K_Chakrabarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikas K Chakrabarti">B. K. Chakrabarti</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitava_Raychaudhuri" title="Amitava Raychaudhuri">A. Raychaudhuri</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumit_Ranjan_Das" title="Sumit Ranjan Das">S. R. Das</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Jayannavar" title="A. M. Jayannavar">A. M. Jayannavar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi" title="Sunil Mukhi">Sunil Mukhi</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._V._Sampathkumaran" title="E. V. Sampathkumaran">E. V. Sampathkumaran</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sriram_Ramaswamy" title="Sriram Ramaswamy">Sriram Ramaswamy</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varun_Sahni" title="Varun Sahni">Varun Sahni</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Pandit" title="Rahul Pandit">Rahul Pandit</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Deshpande" title="Avinash Deshpande">Avinash Anant Deshpande</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Randeria" title="Mohit Randeria">Mohit Randeria</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ravindra_Kumar" title="G. Ravindra Kumar">G. Ravindra Kumar</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswarup_Mukhopadhyaya" title="Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya">Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Rao" title="Madan Rao">Madan Rao</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi" title="Sandip Trivedi">Sandip Trivedi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atish_Dabholkar" title="Atish Dabholkar">Atish Dabholkar</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Puri_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjay Puri (physicist)">Sanjay Puri (physicist)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Gupta" title="Yashwant Gupta">Yashwant Gupta</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaki_Majumdar" title="Pinaki Majumdar">Pinaki Majumdar</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathan_Srianand" title="Raghunathan Srianand">Raghunathan Srianand</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikanth_Sastry" title="Srikanth Sastry">Srikanth Sastry</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar" title="Rajesh Gopakumar">Rajesh Gopakumar</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Dhar" title="Abhishek Dhar">Abhishek Dhar</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalobaran_Maiti" title="Kalobaran Maiti">Kalobaran Maiti</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umesh_Waghmare" title="Umesh Waghmare">Umesh Waghmare</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla" title="Shiraz Minwalla">Shiraz Minwalla</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arindam_Ghosh_(physicist)" title="Arindam Ghosh (physicist)">Arindam Ghosh</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnendu_Sengupta" title="Krishnendu Sengupta">Krishnendu Sengupta</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol_Dighe" title="Amol Dighe">Amol Dighe</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Balakrishna_Shenoy" title="Vijay Balakrishna Shenoy">Vijay Balakrishna Shenoy</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Raychaudhuri" title="Pratap Raychaudhuri">Pratap Raychaudhuri</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiqali_Abbas_Rangwala" title="Sadiqali Abbas Rangwala">Sadiqali Abbas Rangwala</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedangadas_Mohanty" title="Bedangadas Mohanty">Bedangadas Mohanty</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_Madhukar_Deshmukh" title="Mandar Madhukar Deshmukh">Mandar Madhukar Deshmukh</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Anantha_Ramakrishna" title="S. Anantha Ramakrishna">S. Anantha Ramakrishna</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Kumar_Vempati" title="Sudhir Kumar Vempati">Sudhir Kumar Vempati</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_Kanekar" title="Nissim Kanekar">Nissim Kanekar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Gupta" title="Vinay Gupta">Vinay Gupta</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi_De" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditi De">Aditi De</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambarish_Ghosh" title="Ambarish Ghosh">Ambarish Ghosh</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aninda_Sinha" title="Aninda Sinha">Aninda Sinha</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Ghosh_(physicist)" title="Shankar Ghosh (physicist)">Shankar Ghosh</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surajit_Dhara" title="Surajit Dhara">Surajit Dhara</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Ganapathy" title="Rajesh Ganapathy">Rajesh Ganapathy</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Saha" title="Kanak Saha">Kanak Saha</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anindya_Das" title="Anindya Das">Anindya Das</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basudeb_Dasgupta_(physicist)" title="Basudeb Dasgupta (physicist)">Basudeb Dasgupta</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Template:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientific Research in Kerala</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre 19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candravakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Candravakyas">Candravakyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrabhanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrabhanu">Citrabhanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Damodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganita-yukti-bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganita-yukti-bhasa">Ganita-yukti-bhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridatta" title="Haridatta">Haridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jy%C4%81,_koti-jy%C4%81_and_utkrama-jy%C4%81" title="Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā">Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karanapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Katapayadi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyakramakari" title="Kriyakramakari">Kriyakramakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Madhava series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava%27s_sine_table" title="Madhava's sine table">Madhava's sine table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa">Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-DAC_Thiruvananthapuram" title="C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram">C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_Studies" title="Centre for Development Studies">Centre for Development Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Earth Science Studies">Centre for Earth Science Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Mathematical_Sciences_(Kerala)" title="Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)">Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Rural_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Rural Management (page does not exist)">Centre for Rural Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Science_and_Technology_for_Rural_Development" title="Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development">Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpark">Cyberpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Mathematical_Association" title="Kerala Mathematical Association">Kerala Mathematical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_Congress" title="Kerala Science Congress">Kerala Science Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Council_for_Science,_Technology_and_Environment" title="Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment">Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishi_Vigyan_Kendra_Kannur" title="Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur">Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Centre_for_Biotechnology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology">Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Agricultural_Research_Station,_Pattambi" title="Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi">Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Research_Station,_Moncombu" title="Rice Research Station, Moncombu">Rice Research Station, Moncombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Anakkayam" title="Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam">Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Mannuthy" title="Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy">Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomic_Research_Station,_Chalakudy" title="Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy">Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre">Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_and_Medicinal_Plants_Research_Station,_Odakkali" title="Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali">Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Research_Station,_Kannara" title="Banana Research Station, Kannara">Banana Research Station, Kannara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Research_Station,_Madakkathara" title="Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara">Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Fisheries_Technology" title="Central Institute of Fisheries Technology">Central Institute of Fisheries Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute" title="Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute">Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tuber_Crops_Research_Institute" title="Central Tuber Crops Research Institute">Central Tuber Crops Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Marine_Living_Resources_%26_Ecology" title="Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology">Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Horticulture" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Horticulture">College of Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Rehabilitation_and_Research_Centre" title="Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre">Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Handloom_and_Textile_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology">Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Spices_Research" title="Indian Institute of Spices Research">Indian Institute of Spices Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Mission_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute" title="Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute">Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Forest_Research_Institute" title="Kerala Forest Research Institute">Kerala Forest Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_School_of_Mathematics,_Kozhikode" title="Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode">Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Athanasios_College_for_Advanced_Studies,_Tiruvalla" title="Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla">Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Science_and_Technology" title="National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Speech_and_Hearing" title="National Institute of Speech and Hearing">National Institute of Speech and Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Institute_for_Panchakarma" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Institute for Panchakarma">National Research Institute for Panchakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Physical_and_Oceanographic_Laboratory" title="Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_%26_Manuscripts_Library" title="Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library">Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology">Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan_Institute_of_Basic_Sciences" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences">Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ephrem_Ecumenical_Research_Institute" title="St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute">St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Botanical_Garden_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute">Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakke_Madham_Brahmaswam_Vedic_Research_Centre" title="Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre">Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Varki" title="Ajit Varki">Ajit Varki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Subramanian" title="C. V. Subramanian">C. V. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dileep_George" title="Dileep George">Dileep George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">E. C. George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Radhakrishnan">K. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pothen_Thekaekara" title="Matthew Pothen Thekaekara">Matthew Pothen Thekaekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Vinayachandran" title="P. N. Vinayachandran">P. N. Vinayachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisharoth_Rama_Pisharoty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty">Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulickel_Ajayan" title="Pulickel Ajayan">Pulickel Ajayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._Krishnan" title="R. S. Krishnan">R. S. Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainudeen_Pattazhy" title="Sainudeen Pattazhy">Sainudeen Pattazhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Venkitasubramanian" title="T. A. Venkitasubramanian">T. A. Venkitasubramanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanu Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zacharia" title="Thomas Zacharia">Thomas Zacharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varghese_Mathai" title="Varghese Mathai">Varghese Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Scaria" title="Vinod Scaria">Vinod Scaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assorted articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_Infinity" title="A Passage to Infinity">A Passage to Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FORV_Sagar_Sampada" title="FORV Sagar Sampada">FORV Sagar Sampada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_2014" title="Swatantra 2014">Swatantra 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-lodge" title="Techno-lodge">Techno-lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Business_Incubator_TBI-NITC" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Business Incubator TBI-NITC">Technology Business Incubator TBI-NITC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Kerala_School_of_Hindu_Astronomy" title="A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy">A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" 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title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Balakrishnan_Nair" title="N. Balakrishnan Nair">N. Balakrishnan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._K._Easwaran" title="K. R. K. Easwaran">K. R. K. Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Vijayan" title="M. Vijayan">M. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathees_Chukkurumbal_Raghavan" title="Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan">Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_T._Nair" title="Deepak T. Nair">Deepak T. Nair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manapurathu_Verghese_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Manapurathu Verghese George">Manapurathu Verghese George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Jemmis" title="E. D. Jemmis">E. D. Jemmis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhakeyil_Lukose_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian">Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._George_Thomas" title="K. George Thomas">K. George Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangadhar_J._Sanjayan" title="Gangadhar J. Sanjayan">Gangadhar J. Sanjayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sethunathasarma_Krishnaswami" title="Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami">Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Vinayachandran" title="P. N. Vinayachandran">P. N. Vinayachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Satheesh" title="S. K. Satheesh">S. K. Satheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Suresh_Babu" title="S. Suresh Babu">S. Suresh Babu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Seshadri" title="S. N. Seshadri">S. N. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundabathula_Venkateswara_Rao" title="Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao">Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematical Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neithalath_Mohan_Kumar" title="Neithalath Mohan Kumar">Neithalath Mohan Kumar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Balakrish_Nair" title="G. Balakrish Nair">G. Balakrish Nair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Iyengar" title="P. K. Iyengar">P. K. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Raghunath_Shenoy" title="Subodh Raghunath Shenoy">Subodh Raghunath Shenoy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanu Padmanabhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Science_&amp;_Engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Science_%26_Engineering" title="Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Science_%26_Engineering" title="Template talk:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Science_%26_Engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Science_&amp;_Engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> in Science & Engineering</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kshitish_Ranjan_Chakravorty" title="Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty">Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahman_(architect)" title="Habib Rahman (architect)">Habib Rahman</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Mahadeo_Chitale" title="Laxman Mahadeo Chitale">Laxman Mahadeo Chitale</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prakash_Gehlote" title="Ram Prakash Gehlote">Ram Prakash Gehlote</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswami_Ramiah" title="Krishnaswami Ramiah">Krishnaswami Ramiah</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Raj_Nijhawan" title="Bal Raj Nijhawan">Bal Raj Nijhawan</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalpakkam_Parthasarthy" title="Navalpakkam Parthasarthy">Navalpakkam Parthasarthy</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Kar" title="Surendranath Kar">Surendranath Kar</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mathur" title="Om Prakash Mathur">Om Prakash Mathur</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Das" title="Anil Kumar Das">Anil Kumar Das</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Rao" title="A. S. Rao">A. S. Rao</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm_Prakash" title="Brahm Prakash">Brahm Prakash</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Suri" title="Man Mohan Suri">Man Mohan Suri</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_Acharya" title="Paramananda Acharya">Paramananda Acharya</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Madav_Ghatage" title="Vishnu Madav Ghatage">Vishnu Madav Ghatage</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganbhai_Ramchhodbhai_Patel" title="Maganbhai Ramchhodbhai Patel">Maganbhai Ramchhodbhai Patel</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegild_Santapau" title="Hermenegild Santapau">Hermenegild Santapau</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduru_Venkatachalam" title="Guduru Venkatachalam">Guduru Venkatachalam</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautam_Bhatt" title="Nautam Bhatt">Nautam Bhatt</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrik_Singh_Cheema" title="Amrik Singh Cheema">Amrik Singh Cheema</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Mahalingam" title="T. V. Mahalingam">T. V. Mahalingam</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Pisharoty" title="P. R. Pisharoty">P. R. Pisharoty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Lal_Dhar" title="Moti Lal Dhar">Moti Lal Dhar</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Futehally" title="Zafar Futehally">Zafar Futehally</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Lal" title="Devendra Lal">Devendra Lal</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Kesava_Panikkar" title="N. Kesava Panikkar">N. Kesava Panikkar</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Kanvinde" title="Achyut Kanvinde">Achyut Kanvinde</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchitra_Mitra" title="Suchitra Mitra">Suchitra Mitra</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Rao_Valluri" title="Sitaram Rao Valluri">Sitaram Rao Valluri</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhu_Dayal_Sinvhal" title="Shambhu Dayal Sinvhal">Shambhu Dayal Sinvhal</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Deodhar" title="B. R. Deodhar">B. R. Deodhar</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmaram_Bhairav_Joshi" title="Atmaram Bhairav Joshi">Atmaram Bhairav Joshi</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Ammal" title="Janaki Ammal">Janaki Ammal</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugal_Kishore_Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugal Kishore Choudhury">Jugal Kishore Choudhury</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Jena" title="Prafulla Kumar Jena">Prafulla Kumar Jena</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Gopal_Jhingran" title="Vishwa Gopal Jhingran">Vishwa Gopal Jhingran</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibte_Hasan_Zaidi" title="Sibte Hasan Zaidi">Sibte Hasan Zaidi</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Krishan_Jain" title="Hari Krishan Jain">Hari Krishan Jain</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Kalkat" title="Gurcharan Singh Kalkat">Gurcharan Singh Kalkat</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkar_G._Kelkar" title="Dinkar G. Kelkar">Dinkar Gangadhar Kelkar</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Prakash" title="Satya Prakash">Satya Prakash</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Narayana_Rao" title="V. Narayana Rao">V. Narayana Rao</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Raj_Choudhury" title="Saroj Raj Choudhury">Saroj Raj Choudhury</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasiem_Siddiquie" title="Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie">Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ren%C3%A9e_Cura" title="María Renée Cura">María Renée Cura</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Gowarikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasant Gowarikar">Vasant Gowarikar</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Kale" title="Pramod Kale">Pramod Kale</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilamber_Pant" title="Nilamber Pant">Nilamber Pant</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myneni_Hariprasada_Rao" title="Myneni Hariprasada Rao">Myneni Hariprasada Rao</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predhiman_Krishan_Kaw" title="Predhiman Krishan Kaw">Predhiman Krishan Kaw</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._S._Rao" title="P. V. S. Rao">P. V. S. Rao</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadas_P._Shenoy" title="Ramadas P. Shenoy">Ramadas P. Shenoy</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Ghose" title="Saroj Ghose">Saroj Ghose</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narain_Agarwal" title="Ram Narain Agarwal">Ram Narain Agarwal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Baker" title="Laurie Baker">Laurie Baker</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Kurup" title="M. R. Kurup">M. R. Kurup</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Bakshi" title="Rakesh Bakshi">Rakesh Bakshi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._L._Deekshatulu" title="B. L. Deekshatulu">B. L. Deekshatulu</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Kumar_Gupta" title="Narinder Kumar Gupta">Narinder Kumar Gupta</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Joshi" title="Shri Krishna Joshi">Shri Krishna Joshi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindarajan_Padmanaban" title="Govindarajan Padmanaban">Govindarajan Padmanaban</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Puttaiya_Radhakrishna" title="Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna">Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Rama_Rao" title="A. V. Rama Rao">A. V. Rama Rao</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeshan_Venkataraman" title="Ganeshan Venkataraman">Ganeshan Venkataraman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_Ashish" title="Madhava Ashish">Madhava Ashish</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Venkataraman" title="G. S. Venkataraman">G. S. Venkataraman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Sankhala" title="Kailash Sankhala">Kailash Sankhala</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Prakash_Sharma" title="Vinod Prakash Sharma">Vinod Prakash Sharma</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_Stein" title="Joseph Allen Stein">Joseph Allen Stein</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Attavar" title="Manmohan Attavar">Manmohan Attavar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyambada_Mohanty_Hejmadi" title="Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi">Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Narayan_Purohit" title="Aditya Narayan Purohit">Aditya Narayan Purohit</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Saraswat" title="V. K. Saraswat">V. K. Saraswat</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asis_Datta" title="Asis Datta">Asis Datta</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Nath" title="Indira Nath">Indira Nath</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Ramakumar" title="M. S. Ramakumar">M. S. Ramakumar</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._V._Rao" title="M. V. Rao">M. V. Rao</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Sikka" title="S. K. Sikka">S. K. Sikka</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_P._Bhatkar" title="Vijay P. Bhatkar">Vijay P. Bhatkar</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._D._Bhawalkar" title="D. D. Bhawalkar">D. D. Bhawalkar</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush">Gurdev Khush</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasu_Ram_Mishra" title="Parasu Ram Mishra">Parasu Ram Mishra</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Kumar_Basu" title="Sandip Kumar Basu">Sandip Kumar Basu</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisweswar_Bhattacharjee" title="Bisweswar Bhattacharjee">Bisweswar Bhattacharjee</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Chaturvedi" title="V. K. Chaturvedi">V. K. Chaturvedi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketayun_Ardeshir_Dinshaw" title="Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw">Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Shanker_Goel" title="Prem Shanker Goel">Prem Shanker Goel</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goverdhan_Mehta" title="Goverdhan Mehta">Goverdhan Mehta</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Krishnadas_Nair" title="C. G. Krishnadas Nair">C. G. Krishnadas Nair</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Raghunathan" title="M. S. Raghunathan">M. S. Raghunathan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_Rajaram" title="Sanjaya Rajaram">Sanjaya Rajaram</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Ramakrishnan" title="T. V. Ramakrishnan">T. V. Ramakrishnan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumalachari_Ramasami" title="Thirumalachari Ramasami">Thirumalachari Ramasami</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasika_Durga_Prasada_Rao" title="Dasika Durga Prasada Rao">Dasika Durga Prasada Rao</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ratnasamy" title="Paul Ratnasamy">Paul Ratnasamy</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Ashoke Sen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikash_Sinha" title="Bikash Sinha">Bikash Sinha</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhas_Pandurang_Sukhatme" title="Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme">Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Arya" title="A. S. Arya">A. S. Arya</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanaswamy_Balakrishnan" title="Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan">Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhan_Balaram" title="Padmanabhan Balaram">Padmanabhan Balaram</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorairajan_Balasubramanian" title="Dorairajan Balasubramanian">Dorairajan Balasubramanian</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanath_Cowsik" title="Ramanath Cowsik">Ramanath Cowsik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanyamoy_Ganguly" title="Chaitanyamoy Ganguly">Chaitanyamoy Ganguly</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Harinarayana" title="Kota Harinarayana">Kota Harinarayana</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Jhunjhunwala" title="Ashok Jhunjhunwala">Ashok Jhunjhunwala</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitav_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitav Malik">Amitav Malik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuru_Narayana" title="Katuru Narayana">Katuru Narayana</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sivathanu_Pillai" title="A. Sivathanu Pillai">A. Sivathanu Pillai</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._V._Subba_Rao_(scientist)" title="I. V. Subba Rao (scientist)">I. V. Subba Rao</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Suresh" title="B. N. Suresh">B. N. Suresh</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asok_Kumar_Barua" title="Asok Kumar Barua">Asok Kumar Barua</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivram_Bhoje" title="Shivram Bhoje">Shivram Bhoje</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Bhagwan_Chaudhary" title="Jai Bhagwan Chaudhary">Jai Bhagwan Chaudhary</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvagya_Singh_Katiyar" title="Sarvagya Singh Katiyar">Sarvagya Singh Katiyar</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Chandra_Mishra" title="Gyan Chandra Mishra">Gyan Chandra Mishra</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Pal_Mittal" title="Jai Pal Mittal">Jai Pal Mittal</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaram_Ramakrishnan" title="Sundaram Ramakrishnan">Sundaram Ramakrishnan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baburao_Govindrao_Shirke" title="Baburao Govindrao Shirke">Baburao Govindrao Shirke</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Sodha" title="Mahendra Singh Sodha">Mahendra Singh Sodha</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarajan_Vedachalam" title="Nagarajan Vedachalam">Nagarajan Vedachalam</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar_Kaura" title="Satish Kumar Kaura">Satish Kumar Kaura</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Ranjan_Mohanty" title="Nalini Ranjan Mohanty">Nalini Ranjan Mohanty</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Prahlad" title="T. S. Prahlad">T. S. Prahlad</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishweshwaraiah_Prakash" title="Vishweshwaraiah Prakash">Vishweshwaraiah Prakash</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Shankara" title="K. N. Shankara">K. N. Shankara</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalji_Singh" title="Lalji Singh">Lalji Singh</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpal_Singh_Sirohi" title="Rajpal Singh Sirohi">Rajpal Singh Sirohi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Vijayan" title="M. Vijayan">M. Vijayan</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankar_Banerjee_(metallurgist)" title="Dipankar Banerjee (metallurgist)">Dipankar Banerjee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikumar_Banerjee" title="Srikumar Banerjee">Srikumar Banerjee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwari_Lal_Chouksey" title="Banwari Lal Chouksey">Banwari Lal Chouksey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatula_Dattaguru" title="Bhagavatula Dattaguru">Bhagavatula Dattaguru</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudevan_Gnana_Gandhi" title="Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi">Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Sudan_Kanungo" title="Madhu Sudan Kanungo">Madhu Sudan Kanungo</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mahadevappa" title="M. Mahadevappa">M. Mahadevappa</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandran_Balasubramanian" title="Ramachandran Balasubramanian">Ramachandran Balasubramanian</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Gupta" title="Harsh Gupta">Harsh Gupta</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyed_E._Hasnain" title="Seyed E. Hasnain">Seyed E. Hasnain</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_(physicist)" title="Narendra Kumar (physicist)">Narendra Kumar</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Nimbkar" title="B. V. Nimbkar">B. V. Nimbkar</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminathan_Sivaram" title="Swaminathan Sivaram">Swaminathan Sivaram</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkethil_Kochandy_Alex" class="mw-redirect" title="Thekkethil Kochandy Alex">Thekkethil Kochandy Alex</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Narayan_Bastia" title="Rabi Narayan Bastia">Rabi Narayan Bastia</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_K._Biswas" title="Dilip K. Biswas">Dilip K. Biswas</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mohan_Chakrabarty" title="Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty">Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Karnik" title="Kiran Karnik">Kiran Karnik</a> (2007)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanu Padmanabhan</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Raj" title="Baldev Raj">Baldev Raj</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Kumar_Sopory" title="Sudhir Kumar Sopory">Sudhir Kumar Sopory</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadg_Singh_Valdiya" title="Khadg Singh Valdiya">Khadg Singh Valdiya</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturi_Lal_Chopra" title="Kasturi Lal Chopra">Kasturi Lal Chopra</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Hulse" title="Joseph H. Hulse">Joseph H. Hulse</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavarlal_Jain" title="Bhavarlal Jain">Bhavarlal Jain</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleem_Ullah_Khan" title="Kaleem Ullah Khan">Kaleem Ullah Khan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Singh_Virmani" title="Sant Singh Virmani">Sant Singh Virmani</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Tandon" title="Pramod Tandon">Pramod Tandon</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goriparthi_Narasimha_Raju_Yadav" title="Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav">Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prasad_Dimri" title="Vijay Prasad Dimri">Vijay Prasad Dimri</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucadyil_Ittoop_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucadyil Ittoop John">Pucadyil Ittoop John</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpu_Pushpangadan" title="Palpu Pushpangadan">Palpu Pushpangadan</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._S._Rao" title="M. R. S. Rao">M. R. S. Rao</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayalakshmi_Ravindranath" title="Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath">Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponisseril_Somasundaran" title="Ponisseril Somasundaran">Ponisseril Somasundaran</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Annamalai_(scientist)" title="M. Annamalai (scientist)">M. Annamalai</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_Lal_Bhoumik" class="mw-redirect" title="Moni Lal Bhoumik">Moni Lal Bhoumik</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Narayana_Rao_Raghavendran" title="Coimbatore Narayana Rao Raghavendran">Coimbatore Narayana Rao Raghavendran</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suman_Sahai" title="Suman Sahai">Suman Sahai</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Shankar" title="G. Shankar">G. Shankar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._A._Siddiq" title="E. A. Siddiq">E. A. Siddiq</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Adimurthy" title="V. Adimurthy">V. Adimurthy</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwar_Nath_Koul_Bamezai" title="Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai">Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Lal_Chadha" title="Krishna Lal Chadha">Krishna Lal Chadha</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virander_Singh_Chauhan" title="Virander Singh Chauhan">Virander Singh Chauhan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._S._Rajan" title="Y. S. Rajan">Y. S. Rajan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Shukla" title="Jagadish Shukla">Jagadish Shukla</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaypal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaypal Singh">Vijaypal Singh</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokesh_Kumar_Singhal" title="Lokesh Kumar Singhal">Lokesh Kumar Singhal</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manindra_Agrawal" title="Manindra Agrawal">Manindra Agrawal</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansir_Barma" title="Mustansir Barma">Mustansir Barma</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Chander" title="Avinash Chander">Avinash Chander</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Govind_Dhande" title="Sanjay Govind Dhande">Sanjay Govind Dhande</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaraman_Gowrishankar" title="Jayaraman Gowrishankar">Jayaraman Gowrishankar</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_P._Kale" title="Sharad P. Kale">Sharad P. Kale</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankar_Kumar_Pal" title="Sankar Kumar Pal">Sankar Kumar Pal</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_B._Phatak" title="Deepak B. Phatak">Deepak B. Phatak</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudundi_Ramakrishna_Raju" title="Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju">Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_K._Sood" title="Ajay K. Sood">Ajay K. Sood</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._VijayRaghavan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. VijayRaghavan">K. VijayRaghavan</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhar_Basu" title="Sekhar Basu">Sekhar Basu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavan_Chandradathan" title="Madhavan Chandradathan">Madhavan Chandradathan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Kumar_Ghosh" title="Jayanta Kumar Ghosh">Jayanta Kumar Ghosh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Grover" title="Ravi Grover">Ravi Grover</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_V._Hosur" title="Ramakrishna V. Hosur">Ramakrishna V. Hosur</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Jemmis" title="E. D. Jemmis">E. D. Jemmis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Kiran_Kumar" title="A. S. Kiran Kumar">A. S. Kiran Kumar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Kumar_Parida" title="Ajay Kumar Parida">Ajay Kumar Parida</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Y._S._Prasad" title="M. Y. S. Prasad">M. Y. S. Prasad</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Singh" title="Brahma Singh">Brahma Singh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_K._Singh" title="Vinod K. Singh">Vinod K. Singh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindan_Sundararajan" title="Govindan Sundararajan">Govindan Sundararajan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbiah_Arunan" title="Subbiah Arunan">Subbiah Arunan</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Blamont" title="Jacques Blamont">Jacques Blamont</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Prabhakar" title="N. Prabhakar">N. Prabhakar</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlada_(scientist)" title="Prahlada (scientist)">Prahlada</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Shivakumar" title="S. K. Shivakumar">S. K. Shivakumar</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylswamy_Annadurai" title="Mylswamy Annadurai">Mylswamy Annadurai</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankar_Chatterji" title="Dipankar Chatterji">Dipankar Chatterji</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satish_Kumar_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satish Kumar (scientist) (page does not exist)">Satish Kumar</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkar_Nath_Srivastava" title="Onkar Nath Srivastava">Onkar Nath Srivastava</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena_Tandon" title="Veena Tandon">Veena Tandon</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Yadav" title="G. D. Yadav">G. D. Yadav</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Goswami" title="Jitendra Nath Goswami">Jitendra Nath Goswami</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintakindi_Mallesham" title="Chintakindi Mallesham">Chintakindi Mallesham</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitava_Roy" title="Amitava Roy">Amitava Roy</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Chandra_Thakur" title="Vikram Chandra Thakur">Vikram Chandra Thakur</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopalan_Vasudevan" title="Rajagopalan Vasudevan">Rajagopalan Vasudevan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Bihari_Verma" title="Manas Bihari Verma">Manas Bihari Verma</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhab_Bharali" title="Uddhab Bharali">Uddhab Bharali</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh_Dhillon" title="Baldev Singh Dhillon">Baldev Singh Dhillon</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_Godbole" title="Rohini Godbole">Rohini Godbole</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Gangakhedkar" title="Raman Gangakhedkar">Raman Gangakhedkar</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujoy_K._Guha" title="Sujoy K. Guha">Sujoy K. Guha</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Manilal" title="K. S. Manilal">K. S. Manilal</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashishtha_Narayan_Singh" title="Vashishtha Narayan Singh">Vashishtha Narayan Singh</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalappil_Pradeep" title="Thalappil Pradeep">Thalappil Pradeep</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Verma" title="H. C. Verma">H. C. Verma</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_K._Jain" title="Sudhir K. Jain">Sudhir K. Jain</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Rattan Lal</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbanna_Ayyappan" title="Subbanna Ayyappan">Subbanna Ayyappan</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitra_Bandyopadhyay" title="Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay">Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Prasad_Dash" title="Aditya Prasad Dash">Aditya Prasad Dash</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Lal_Madan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moti Lal Madan">Moti Lal Madan</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_K._Rajvanshi" title="Anil K. Rajvanshi">Anil K. Rajvanshi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajay_Kumar_Sonkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajay Kumar Sonkar (page does not exist)">Ajay Kumar Sonkar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyantkumar_Maganlal_Vyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyantkumar Maganlal Vyas (page does not exist)">Jyantkumar Maganlal Vyas</a> (2022)</li> <li>Khadar Valli Dudekula (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modadugu_Vijay_Gupta" title="Modadugu Vijay Gupta">Modadugu Vijay Gupta</a> (2023)</li> <li>Ganesh Nagappa Krishnarajanagara (2023)</li> <li>Arvind Kumar (2023)</li> <li>Mahendra Pal (2023)</li> <li>Bakshi Ram (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujatha_Ramdorai" title="Sujatha Ramdorai">Sujatha Ramdorai</a> (2023)</li> <li>Abbareddy Nageswara Rao (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2409133#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2409133#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2409133#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109308886">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108201033">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1970013/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMxCjXMbV9VRBpJQ9hpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124930522">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85339532">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129552463">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129552463">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Padmanabhan, Thanu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV001112">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0004429&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071993916">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90219049">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810667791305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007447665605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14460686">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00290272?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-9313">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:padmanabhan.thanu">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069678626">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vz35bx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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