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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepali grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_pronouns&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali pronouns">Nepali pronouns</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical rules and syntax in the Nepali language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Nepali grammar</b> is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> that denote male and female beings are sometimes distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Suffixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixation">suffixation</a> or through pairs of lexically differing terms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus one pattern involves masculine <i>-o/ā</i> vs feminine <i>-ī</i> suffixes (e.g. <i>chorā</i> "<a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a>" : <i>chorī</i> "<a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a>", <i>buṛho</i> "old man" : <i>buṛhī</i> "old woman"), while another such phenomenon is that of the derivational feminine suffix <i>-nī</i> (e.g. <i>chetrī</i> "<a href="/wiki/Chetri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetri">Chetri</a>" : <i>chetrīnī</i> "Chetri woman", <i>kukur</i> "<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>" : <i>kukurnī</i> "female dog"). Beyond this, nouns are otherwise not overtly marked (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">inanimate</a> nouns, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract nouns</a>, all other animates). </p><p>Overall, in terms of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, Nepali possesses an "attenuated gender" system, in which "gender <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">accord</a> typically is restricted to female animates (so that the system is essentially restructured as <i>zero/+Fem</i>), optional or loose even then […], and greatly reduced in syntactic scope. […] In Nepali, the [declensional] ending is a neutral <i>-o</i>, changeable to <i>-ī</i> with Personal Feminines in more formal style."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepali distinguishes two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, with a common pluralizing <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> for <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> in <i>-harū</i> (e.g. <i>mitra</i> "<a href="/wiki/Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend">friend</a>" : <i>mitraharū</i> "friends"). Unlike the <a href="/wiki/English_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="English plural">English plural</a> it is not mandatory, and may be left unexpressed if plurality is already indicated in some other way: e.g. by explicit numbering, or <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a>. <a href="#CITEREFRiccardi2003">Riccardi (2003</a>:554) further notes that the suffix "rarely indicates simple plurality: it often means that other objects of the same or a like class are also indicated and may be translated as 'and other things'." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinables are marked, through termination, for the gender and number of the nouns they qualify. The declinable endings are <i>-o</i> for the "masculine" singular, <i>-ī</i> for the feminine singular, and <i>-ā</i> for the plural. e.g. <i>sāno kitāb</i> "small <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>", <i>sānī keṭī</i> "small <a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girl</a>", <i>sānā kalamharū</i> "small <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>". </p><p>"Masculine", or rather "neutral" <i>-o</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Citation_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation form">citation form</a> and the otherwise overwhelmingly more encountered declension, as previously noted, gender in Nepali is attenuated and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">accord</a> "typically is restricted to female animates", and "optional or loose even then". However, "In writing, there has been a strong tendency by some to extend the use of feminine markers beyond their use in speech to include the consistent marking of certain adjectives with feminine endings. This tendency is strengthened by some Nepali grammars and may be reinforced by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> upon both speech and writing."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (except <i>-o</i>). </p> <ul><li>Examples of declinable adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ṭhūlo</i> "big", <i>rāmro</i> "good", <i>seto</i> "white", <i>sāno</i> "small".</li> <li>Examples of indeclinable adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>garīb</i> "poor", <i>saphā</i> "clean", <i>dhanī</i> "rich", <i>nayā̃</i> "new".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nepali the locus of grammatical function or "<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>-marking" lies within a system of <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>, which parallel <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>. There is a number of such one-word primary postpositions: </p> <ul><li><i>ko</i> – <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> marker; variably declinable in the manner of an adjective. X <i>ko/kī/kā</i> Y has the sense "X's Y", with <i>ko/kī/kā</i> agreeing with Y.</li> <li><i>lāī</i> – marks the indirect <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> (hence named "<a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> marker"), <i>or</i>, if <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a>, the direct object.</li> <li><i>le</i> – both <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> marker; in its latter capacity it is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> obligatorily in the <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a>/perfect and optionally in other transitive aspects.</li> <li><i>mā</i> – general <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> marker; "in, at, on", etc.</li> <li><i>bhandā</i> – an <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> postposition used for <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparatives</a> and along with <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> for compound postpositions.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRiccardi2003">Riccardi (2003</a>:557) lists the following other common primary postpositions: <i>tala</i> "below", <i>muni</i> "under", <i>dekhi</i> "from", <i>bāṭa</i> "from", <i>sãga</i> "with", <i>sita</i> "with", <i>pachi</i> "after", <i>samma</i> "up to", <i>bittikai</i> "as soon as".</li></ul> <p>Beyond this come compound postpositions, composed of a primary postposition (most likely <i>ko</i> or <i>bhandā</i>) plus an <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>ko lāgi</i> "for", <i>ko pachāṛī</i> "behind", <i>ko viruddha</i> "against", <i>bhandā māthi</i> "above", <i>bhandā par</i> "beyond", etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali has <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> for the first and second persons, while third person forms are of <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> origin, and can be categorized <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictically</a> as proximate and distal. The <a href="/wiki/Pronominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronominal">pronominal</a> system is quite elaborate, by reason of its differentiation on lines of sociolinguistic formality. In this respect it has three levels or grades of formality/status: low, middle, and high (see <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a> for further clarification). Pronouns do not distinguish <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. </p><p>The first person singular pronoun is <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">म</span></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ma</i></span>, and the first person plural is <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">हामी</span></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">hāmī</i></span>. The following table lists the second and third person singular forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">2nd pn. </th> <th colspan="3">3rd pn. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Prox. </th> <th colspan="2">Dist. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%81#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:तँ">तँ</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tã</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:यो">यो</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yo</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:यस">यस</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yas</i></span>)</small> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:त्यो">त्यो</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tyo</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:त्यस">त्यस</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tyas</i></span>)</small> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:ऊ">ऊ</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ū</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:उस">उस</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">us</i></span>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Middle </th> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:तिमी">तिमी</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">timī</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:यिनी">यिनी</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yinī</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:यिन">यिन</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yin</i></span>)</small> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:तिनी">तिनी</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tinī</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:तिन">तिन</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tin</i></span>)</small> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:उनी">उनी</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">unī</i></span> <small>(<span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:उन">उन</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">un</i></span>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%82#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:तपाईं">तपाईं</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tapāī̃</i></span> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:यहाँ">यहाँ</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yahā̃</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="ne"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81#Nepali" class="extiw" title="wikt:वहाँ">वहाँ</a></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">wahā̃</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yo</i></span> and <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tyo</i></span> have <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">yī</i></span> and <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tī</i></span> as plurals, while other pronouns pluralize (including <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">hāmī</i></span>, for emphasis, but excluding <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ū</i></span>) with the common suffix <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">-harū</i></span>. Also, bracketed beside of a number of forms in the above chart are their <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> counterparts, used when they (as demonstrative pronouns) or that which they qualify (as demonstrative determiners) are followed by a <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postposition</a>. However, the need to oblique weakens the longer distance between demonstrative and postposition gets. Also, one exception which does not require obliquing is <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">-sãga</i></span> "with". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in Nepali are quite highly inflected, agreeing with the subject in number, gender, status and person. They also inflect for tense, mood, and aspect. As well as these inflected finite forms, there are also a large number of participial forms. </p><p>Possibly the most important verb in Nepali, as well as the most irregular, is the verb हुनु <i>hunu</i> 'to be, to become'. In the simple present tense, there are at least three conjugations of हुनु <i>hunu</i>, only one of which is regular. The first, the <i>ho</i>-conjugation is, broadly speaking, used to define things, and as such its complement is usually a noun. The second, the <i>cha</i>-conjugation is used to describe things, and the complement is usually an adjectival or prepositional phrase. The third, the <i>huncha</i>-conjugation, is used to express regular occurrences or future events, and also expresses 'to become' or 'to happen'. </p><p>They are conjugated as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Simple Present conjugation of the verb हुनु <i>hunu</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>हो <i>ho</i> </th> <th>छ <i>cha</i> </th> <th>हुन्छ <i>huncha</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person singular </th> <td>हुँ <i>hũ</i> </td> <td>छु <i>chu</i> </td> <td>हुन्छु <i>hunchu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>First person plural </th> <td>हौँ <i>haũ</i> </td> <td>छौँ <i>chaũ</i> </td> <td>हुन्छौँ <i>hunchaũ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person singular low-grade </th> <td>होस् <i>hos</i> </td> <td>छस् <i>chas</i> </td> <td>हुन्छस् <i>hunchas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person middle-grade/plural </th> <td>हौ <i>hau</i> </td> <td>छौ <i>chau</i> </td> <td>हुन्छौ <i>hunchau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>High grade </th> <td>हुनुहन्छ <i>hunuhuncha</i> </td> <td>हुनुहन्छ <i>hunuhuncha</i> </td> <td>हुनुहन्छ <i>hunuhuncha</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular low-grade </th> <td>हो <i>ho</i> </td> <td>छ <i>cha</i> </td> <td>हुन्छ <i>huncha</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person middle-grade/plural masculine </th> <td>हुन् <i>hun</i> </td> <td>छन् <i>chan</i> </td> <td>हुन्छन् <i>hunchan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person middle-grade/plural feminine </th> <td>हुन् <i>hun</i> </td> <td>छिन् <i>chin</i> </td> <td>हुन्छिन् <i>hunchin</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>हुनु <i>hunu</i> also has two <a href="/wiki/Suppletive" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppletive">suppletive</a> stems in the simple past, namely भ- <i>bha-</i> (the use of which corresponds to the <i>huncha</i>-conjugation) and थि- <i>thi-</i> (which corresponds to both the <i>cha</i> and <i>ho</i>-conjugations) which are otherwise regularly conjugated. भ- <i>bha-</i> is also the stem used in the formation of the various <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>. </p><p>The finite forms of regular verbs are conjugated as follows (using गर्नु <i>garnu</i> 'to do' as an example): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Finite forms of गर्नु <i>garnu</i> 'to do' </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Simple Present/Future </th> <th>Probable Future </th> <th>Simple Past </th> <th>Past Habitual </th> <th>Injunctive </th> <th>Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person singular </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छु</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchu</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छु</p><p style="display: none;">garchu</p><p style="clear: left;">'I (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरुँला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garũlā</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरुँला</p><p style="display: none;">garũlā</p><p style="clear: left;">'I will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरेँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garẽ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरेँ</p><p style="display: none;">garẽ</p><p style="clear: left;">'I did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थेँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthẽ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थेँ</p><p style="display: none;">garthẽ</p><p style="clear: left;">'I used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरुँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garũ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरुँ</p><p style="display: none;">garũ</p><p style="clear: left;">'may I do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>First person plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छौँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchaũ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छौँ</p><p style="display: none;">garchaũ</p><p style="clear: left;">'We (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरौँला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garaũlā</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरौँला</p><p style="display: none;">garaũlā</p><p style="clear: left;">'We will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्यौ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garyaũ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्यौ</p><p style="display: none;">garyaũ</p><p style="clear: left;">'We did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थ्यौँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthyaũ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थ्यौँ</p><p style="display: none;">garthyaũ</p><p style="clear: left;">'We used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरौँ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garaũ</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरौँ</p><p style="display: none;">garaũ</p><p style="clear: left;">'may we do, let's do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person singular low-grade </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchas</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छस्</p><p style="display: none;">garchas</p><p style="clear: left;">'you (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्लास्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garlās</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्लास्</p><p style="display: none;">garlās</p><p style="clear: left;">'you will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरिस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garis</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरिस्</p><p style="display: none;">garis</p><p style="clear: left;">'you did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थिस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthis</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थिस्</p><p style="display: none;">garthis</p><p style="clear: left;">'you used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरेस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gares</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरेस्</p><p style="display: none;">gares</p><p style="clear: left;">'may you do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gar</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्</p><p style="display: none;">gar</p><p style="clear: left;">'do!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person middle-grade/plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छौ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchau</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छौ</p><p style="display: none;">garchau</p><p style="clear: left;">'you (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरौला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garaulā</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरौला</p><p style="display: none;">garaulā</p><p style="clear: left;">'you will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्यौ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garyau</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्यौ</p><p style="display: none;">garyau</p><p style="clear: left;">'you did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थ्यौ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthyau</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थ्यौ</p><p style="display: none;">garthyau</p><p style="clear: left;">'you used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरौ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garau</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरौ</p><p style="display: none;">garau</p><p style="clear: left;">'may you do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gara</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर</p><p style="display: none;">gara</p><p style="clear: left;">'do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>High grade </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्नुहुन्छ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garnuhuncha</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्नुहुन्छ</p><p style="display: none;">garnuhuncha</p><p style="clear: left;">'you (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्नुहोला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garnuhola</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्नुहोला</p><p style="display: none;">garnuhola</p><p style="clear: left;">'you will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्नुभयो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garnubhayo</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्नुभयो</p><p style="display: none;">garnubhayo</p><p style="clear: left;">'you did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्नुहुन्थ्यो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garnuhunthyo</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्नुहुन्थ्यो</p><p style="display: none;">garnuhunthyo</p><p style="clear: left;">'you used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्नुहोस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garnuhos</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्नुहोस्</p><p style="display: none;">garnuhos</p><p style="clear: left;">'may you do, please do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular low-grade </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garcha</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छ</p><p style="display: none;">garcha</p><p style="clear: left;">'he does'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्ला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garlā</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्ला</p><p style="display: none;">garlā</p><p style="clear: left;">'he will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्यो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garyo</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्यो</p><p style="display: none;">garyo</p><p style="clear: left;">'he did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थ्यो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthyo</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थ्यो</p><p style="display: none;">garthyo</p><p style="clear: left;">'he used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरोस्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garos</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरोस्</p><p style="display: none;">garos</p><p style="clear: left;">'may he do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person middle-grade/plural masculine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchan</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छन्</p><p style="display: none;">garchan</p><p style="clear: left;">'they (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्लान्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garlān</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्लान्</p><p style="display: none;">garlān</p><p style="clear: left;">'they will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gare</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरे</p><p style="display: none;">gare</p><p style="clear: left;">'they did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthe</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थे</p><p style="display: none;">garthe</p><p style="clear: left;">'they used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरून्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garūn</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरून्</p><p style="display: none;">garūn</p><p style="clear: left;">'may they do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person middle-grade/plural feminine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्छिन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garchin</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्छिन्</p><p style="display: none;">garchin</p><p style="clear: left;">'she (will) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्लिन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garlin</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्लिन्</p><p style="display: none;">garlin</p><p style="clear: left;">'she will (probably) do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरिन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garin</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरिन्</p><p style="display: none;">garin</p><p style="clear: left;">'she did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गर्थिन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garthin</p></div><p style="display: none;">गर्थिन्</p><p style="display: none;">garthin</p><p style="clear: left;">'she used to do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">गरुन्</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garūn</p></div><p style="display: none;">गरुन्</p><p style="display: none;">garūn</p><p style="clear: left;">'may she do'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As well as these, there are two forms which are infinitival and participial in origin, but are frequently used as if they were finite verbs. Again using गर्नु <i>garnu</i> as an example, these are गरेको <i>gareko</i> 'did' and गर्ने <i>garne</i> 'will do'. Since they are simpler than the conjugated forms, these are often overused by non-native speakers, which can sound stilted. </p><p>The <i>eko</i>-participle is also the basis of <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> constructions in Nepali. This is formed by using the auxiliary verb हुनु <i>hunu</i> (usually the <i>cha</i>-form in the present tense and the <i>thi</i>-form in the past) with the <i>eko</i>-participle. So, for example, मैले काम गरेको छु <i>maile kām gareko chu</i> means 'I have done (the) work'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infinitives">Infinitives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infinitives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali has two infinitives. The first is formed by adding -नु <i>nu</i> to the verb stem. This is the <a href="/wiki/Citation_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation form">citation form</a> of the verb, and is used in a number of constructions, the most important being the construction expressing obligation. This is formed by combining the <i>nu</i>-infinitive with the verb पर्नु <i>parnu</i> 'to fall'. This is an impersonal construction, which means that the object marker -लाई <i>lāī</i> is often added to the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a>, unless the verb is transitive, in which case the ergative/instrumental case marker -ले <i>le</i> is added. So, for example, <i>I have to do work</i> would be translated as मैले काम गर्नुपर्छ <i>maile kām garnuparcha</i>. It is also used with the postposition -अघि <i>aghi</i> 'before'. गर्नुअघि <i>garnuaghi</i>, then, means 'before doing'. </p><p>The second infinitive is formed by adding -न <i>na</i> to the verb stem. This is used in a wide variety of situations, and can generally be used where the infinitive is used in English. For example, म काम गर्न रामकहाँ गएको थिएँ <i>ma kām garna rāmkahā̃ gaeko thiẽ</i> 'I had gone to Ram's place to do work'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiccardi2003">Riccardi (2003</a>:555)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:220–221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiccardi2003">Riccardi (2003</a>:554–555)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuttSubedi1999">Hutt & Subedi (1999</a>:32–33)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuttSubedi1999">Hutt & Subedi (1999</a>:33)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26q%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+grammar" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttSubedi1999" class="citation cs2">Hutt, Michael; Subedi, Abhi (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Teach_Yourself" title="Teach Yourself">Teach Yourself</a> Nepali</i> (2003 ed.), McGraw-Hill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142468-4"><bdi>978-0-07-142468-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Nepali&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142468-4&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Subedi%2C+Abhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+grammar" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccardi2003" class="citation cs2">Riccardi, Theodore (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan&pg=PA538">"Nepali"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 538–579, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nepali&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=538-579&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Riccardi&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26dq%3Dindo-aryan%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+grammar" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:गर्नु">Conjugation of गर्नु</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:हुनु">Conjugation of हुनु</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepali_language" title="Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepali_language" title="Template talk:Nepali language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepali_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Nepali">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_kinship_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali kinship terms (page does not exist)">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nepali language">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali etymology (page does not exist)">Etymology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)" title="Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)">Palpa language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Nepali" title="Signed Nepali">Signed Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali English">Nepali English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_manual_alphabet" title="Nepali manual alphabet">Nepali manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language_movement" title="Nepali language movement">Nepali language movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Literary movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aswikrit_Sahitya_Andolan" title="Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan">Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpha" title="Ralpha">Ralpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srijanshil_Arajakta" title="Srijanshil Arajakta">Srijanshil Arajakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesro_Aayam" title="Tesro Aayam">Tesro Aayam</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Sammelan,_Darjeeling" title="Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling">Nepali Sahitya Sammelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Parishad_Sikkim" title="Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim">Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Sajha Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar_Pustakalaya" title="Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya">Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarohan_Gurukul" title="Aarohan Gurukul">Aarohan Gurukul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nepal#Nepali_literature" title="Literature of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Nepali_literature" title="Bhutanese Nepali literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Nepali_literature" title="Indian literature">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepalese_literary_awards" title="Category:Nepalese literary awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali">Recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Translation_Prize_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Nepali">Translation Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Nepali">Yuva Puraskar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar" title="Madan Puraskar">Madan Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadamba_Shree_Puraskar" title="Jagadamba Shree Puraskar">Jagadamba Shree Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nepali-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_poets" title="List of Nepali-language poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Wikipedia" title="Nepali Wikipedia">Nepali Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Jayanti" title="Bhanu Jayanti">Bhanu Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Literature_Festival" title="Nepal Literature Festival">Nepal Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" title="Category:Nepali language">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nepali language">Media</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Nepali language">Wiktionary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_specific_South_Asian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Template:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Template talk:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_specific_South_Asian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grammars of specific <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><b>Sanskrit</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a 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