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Matei Basarab - Wikipedia

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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_I_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Матей I Басараб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Матей I Басараб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ματέι Μπασαράμπ της Βλαχίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ματέι Μπασαράμπ της Βλαχίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Basarab" title="Matthieu Basarab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matthieu Basarab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91" title="מאתיי בסאראב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאתיי בסאראב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M%C3%A1t%C3%A9_havasalf%C3%B6ldi_fejedelem" title="I. Máté havasalföldi fejedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Máté havasalföldi fejedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ماتى باسراب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماتى باسراب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateusz_Basarab" title="Mateusz Basarab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mateusz Basarab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Матей Басараб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Матей Басараб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_Basarab" title="Matej Basarab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matej Basarab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matei Basarab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Матей Басараб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матей Басараб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q719546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian historical ruler</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Matei Basarab</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MateiBasarab.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/MateiBasarab.gif/220px-MateiBasarab.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/MateiBasarab.gif/330px-MateiBasarab.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/MateiBasarab.gif 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1632 − 9 April 1654</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Ilia%C8%99" title="Radu Iliaș">Radu Iliaș</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1588<br /><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncoveni" title="Brâncoveni">Brâncoveni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1654<br /><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elena_N%C4%83sturel" title="Elena Năsturel">Elena Năsturel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Matei Basarab</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">&#91;maˈtej<span class="wrap"> </span>basaˈrab&#93;</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Ro-Matei_Basarab.ogg\/Ro-Matei_Basarab.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Ro-Matei Basarab.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Ro-Matei_Basarab.ogg/Ro-Matei_Basarab.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Matei_Basarab.ogg" title="File:Ro-Matei Basarab.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 1588, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncoveni" title="Brâncoveni">Brâncoveni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">Olt</a> – 9 April 1654, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Prince</a>) between 1632 and 1654. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_Basarab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Matei's reign was spent fighting off incursions from <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, which he successfully accomplished in 1637, 1639, and 1653 – see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finta" title="Battle of Finta">Battle of Finta</a>. He was an enlightened ruler, and is noted for introducing the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> to Wallachia (1634) and creating the first Wallachian code of laws as well as patronizing art and religion (founder of the first upper school in his Principality). He built more than 45 churches and monasteries, being compared to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a>, the famous ruler of Moldavia. </p><p>His election in 1632 signified the first official exception to a rule set by <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">custom</a>. Basarab was merely a <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Craiove%C8%99ti" title="Craiovești">Craiovești</a> family) and one not related to previous Princes (although it seems that a similar point can be made about such rulers as <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>). The reason for this choice has been explained as a reaction of indigenous boyars against competition from newly infiltrated Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantines</a>. It may also be because of these special circumstances that Matei used the surname "<a href="/wiki/Basarab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab dynasty">Basarab</a>" – associated as it is with a fabricated legitimate <a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">lineage</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg/300px-Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg/450px-Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg/600px-Matei_Basarab_Si_Elena_Naturel_Arnota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Matei Basarab with his wife in a 17th century mural at Arnota Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>Matei Basarab's rule also coincides with the last stage in the decay of the lesser nobility, the result of political pressure from boyars and drastic economical changes (the revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">seimeni</a> military under <a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a> probably has this as its main cause). </p><p>It seems that the Prince was planning emancipation from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, as well as domination over Moldavia. He maintained a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Transylvanian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Transylvanian rulers">ruler</a> <a href="/wiki/George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George II Rákóczi">George II Rákóczi</a>, an ambitious, stronger, and more autonomous subject of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>. </p><p>He was married to <a href="/wiki/Elena_N%C4%83sturel" title="Elena Năsturel">Elena Năsturel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_reforms">Laws and reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_Basarab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Laws and reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matei Basarab and his contemporary, the Moldavian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moldavian rulers">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a> are credited with introducing the first written laws of the two Principalities. However, these two virtually identical sets of laws do not go against tradition, being merely the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian (language)">Romanian</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customs</a> (<i>pravile</i>), alluded to in documents of the previous decades. The two collections under Matei Basarab are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravila_de_la_Govora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravila de la Govora (page does not exist)">Pravila de la Govora</a></i> ("The <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Govora" title="Băile Govora">Govora</a> Code") in 1640 and <i>Pravila lui Matei Basarab</i> ("Matei Basarab's Code"; also known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Endreptarea_Legii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Îndreptarea Legii (page does not exist)">Îndreptarea Legii</a></i> – "The Re-shaping of Laws") in 1652. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matei_Basarab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_I._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Gheorghe I. Brătianu">Gheorghe I. Brătianu</a>, <i>Sfatul domnesc și Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române</i>, Bucharest, 1995</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Ilias" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu Ilias">Radu Iliaș</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Prince of Wallachia</a> </b><br />1632–1654 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Serban" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Serban">Constantin Șerban</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719546#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719546#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121092070">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83150784">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jo20191052684&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622402505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007345877005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121092070.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080189857">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t75ncc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b8d669998‐78b8p Cached time: 20241128053032 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: 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