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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symposion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 41 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposion" title="Symposion – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Symposion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symposium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposium" title="Simposium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simposium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سمبوزيوم – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمبوزيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Симпозиум – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Симпозиум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simp%C3%B2sium" title="Simpòsium – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simpòsium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Симпосий – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Симпосий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposion" title="Symposion – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symposion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposion" title="Symposion – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symposion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmpoosion" title="Sümpoosion – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sümpoosion" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Συμπόσιο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμπόσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Symposium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposio_(Antigua_Grecia)" title="Simposio (Antigua Grecia) – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simposio (Antigua Grecia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpozio" title="Simpozio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simpozio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="سمپوزیوم – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سمپوزیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposio" title="Simposio – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simposio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%ED%8F%AC%EC%A7%80%EC%97%84" title="심포지엄 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심포지엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpozij" title="Simpozij – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simpozij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposium" title="Simposium – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simposium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposio" title="Simposio – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simposio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סימפוזיון – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימפוזיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Симпозиум – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Симпозиум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Symposium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpoziumas_(antika)" title="Simpoziumas (antika) – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simpoziumas (antika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposium" title="Simposium – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simposium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposion" title="Symposion – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symposion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="シンポジウム – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンポジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympozjon" title="Sympozjon – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sympozjon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simp%C3%B3sio" title="Simpósio – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simpósio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Симпосий – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симпосий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpoziumi" title="Simpoziumi – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simpoziumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symposium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سمپوزيم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمپوزيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposion" title="Symposion – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Symposion" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpozij" title="Simpozij – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simpozij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="سیمپۆزیوم – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیمپۆزیوم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Симпозијум – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Симпозијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidot" title="Pidot – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pidot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempozyum" title="Sempozyum – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sempozyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Симпосій – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Симпосій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="סימפאזיום – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סימפאזיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206883#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/250px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/375px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/500px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>En kvinnelig <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>-musiker underholder mannlige deltakere ved et symposion. Attisk rødfigurmaleri på <a href="/wiki/Krat%C3%A9r" title="Kratér">kratér</a>, ca. 420 f.Kr.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Symposion</b> (<a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">gresk</a>: συμπόσιον, <i>symposion</i>, fra συμπίνειν, <i>sympinein</i>, «å drikke sammen, <i>sym-</i> «sammen» + <i>posis</i> «drikk») var i <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas">antikkens Hellas</a> et drikkegilde.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnsey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnsey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blant litterære verker som beskriver eller foregår ved et symposium er to dialoger med <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platons</a> <a href="/wiki/Symposion_(Platon)" title="Symposion (Platon)"><i>Symposion</i></a> og <a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofons</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion_(Xenofon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symposion (Xenofon) (ikke skrevet ennå)"><i>Symposion</i></a>, foruten også en rekke greske dikt som <a href="/wiki/Elegi" title="Elegi">elegiene</a> til <a href="/wiki/Theognis_fra_Megara" title="Theognis fra Megara">Theognis fra Megara</a>. Symposia (flertall av symposion), eller symposier, er også framstilt i <a href="/wiki/Gresk_kunst_i_antikken" title="Gresk kunst i antikken">gresk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Etruskisk_kunst" title="Etruskisk kunst">etruskisk</a> billedkunst.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnsey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnsey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En tilsvarighet i det romerske samfunn et det latinske begrepet <i>convivium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnsey_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnsey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> inngikk symposiet i de fellesmåltider, <i>syssitier</i>, som alle borgerne var forpliktet til å delta i. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn_og_sosial_anledning">Bakgrunn og sosial anledning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn og sosial anledning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn og sosial anledning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg/400px-Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg/600px-Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg/800px-Banquet_Assos_Louvre_Ma2829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Scene fra et festmåltid i <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athenes</a> tempel, 500-tallet f.Kr.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det gresk symposion var viktig sosial institusjon. Det var et forum for menn av god familie å komme sammen for å diskutere, skryte, drive sammensvergelser, eller ganske enkelt å kunne drikke sammen med andre. De ble jevnlig holdt for markere i festlig lag at unge menn ble introdusert inn i det aristokratiske samfunn. Symposier ble også holdt av <a href="/wiki/Aristokrati" title="Aristokrati">aristokrater</a> for å feire særlige begivenheter, slikt som seiersfester ved idrettslige eller poetiske tevlinger. Det var en form for sosial stolthet å kunne delta. </p><p>Symposion begynte vanligvis ved skumringstiden. Straks gjestene kom til huset hvor symposionet ble holdt tok de av seg skoene. Slaver ville vaske deres føtter og vise dem inn til et særskilt rom som vanligvis var <i>andrōn</i> (ἀνδρών), mennenes rom i husholdningen. Deltakerne, symposiaster, kunne slenge seg ned på venstre albu på en benk med puter som var stilt opp langs tre av veggene unna døra. Når alle gjestene hadde funnet deres plass, ville slaver gi dem <i>oinokhoe</i> og <i>lekane</i> for å vaske hendene. De kunne også bære en blomsterkrans på. Festlighetene kunne bli begynt med en <i>propoma</i> («kjærlighetskopp»), et beger med krydret vin som man nippet til før man spiste.<sup id="cite_ref-Symposion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grunnet begrensningen i plass var det mellom sju og ni benker, noe som gjorde det praktisk mulig med mellom fjorten og tjuesju deltagere.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En annen beregning har gitt et antall på mellom sju og femten benker og mellom fjorten og tretti deltakere ved «en standard størrelse for et drikkeselskap».<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om unge menn, <i>efebes</i>, deltok, var det for å utdanne dem, la dem lytte symposiastenes samtaler, og lære verdien av sin samfunnsklasse.<sup id="cite_ref-Symposion_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De lå ikke henslengt, men var forventet å sitte rett opp og ned.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Makedonia" title="Oldtidens Makedonia">oldtidens Makedonia</a> var hovedfokuset for denne sammenkomsten ikke drikkingen, men jakten forut, og unge menn fikk først lov til å lene seg bakover på benken etter at de hadde drept sitt første villsvin. Makedonsk symposion fungerte som sosialt ritual til den eldre voksenverden. Harde makedonske fyllefester, som de var beryktet for, eksisterte i flere andre sammenhenger. </p><p>Det ble servert mat og vin, og det var underholdning. Avhengig av anledningen var det spill, sanger, piker eller gutt som spilte på fløyte, slaver som gjorde ulike utførelser, og tidvis var det innleid underholdning. Symposier ble ofte holdt ved særskilte anledninger. De mest berømte symposier av alle, ettersom de er blitt beskrevet av filosofen <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> i en av hans dialoger, ble holdt av poeten og tragedieforfatteren <a href="/wiki/Agathon" title="Agathon">Agathon</a> i anledningen hans første seier i dramatevlingen i festivalen <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> i år 416 f.Kr. I henhold til Platon ble festen forstyrret av en uventet gjest da den unge <a href="/wiki/Alkibiades" title="Alkibiades">Alkibiades</a> ramlet inn fra et annet symposion, ganske full og nærmest naken. I alle dannete symposier ble en rekke emner diskutert, fra <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Politikk" title="Politikk">politikk</a>, til kjærlighet og forskjellene mellom kjønnene.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drikkingen">Drikkingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Drikkingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Drikkingen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/250px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/375px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/500px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>En slave passer på en full gjest som kaster opp.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:TestaAlcibiades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TestaAlcibiades.jpg/250px-TestaAlcibiades.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TestaAlcibiades.jpg/375px-TestaAlcibiades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TestaAlcibiades.jpg/500px-TestaAlcibiades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Testa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Testa (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pietro Testa</a> (1611–1650): Den drukne <a href="/wiki/Alkibiades" title="Alkibiades">Alkibiades</a> forstyrrersymposion (1648).</figcaption></figure> <p>Et symposion kunne bli overvåket av en «symposiark» (<i>symposiarkhos</i>), valgt ved loddtrekning eller av verten selv, som ville ta beslutning om hvor sterk vinen for kvelden skulle være, avhengig av hvor seriøs diskusjonene var ment å være eller om hovedhensikten for kvelden var av langt lettere art. Grekere og romere serverte drakk vinen blandet med vann i et stort <a href="/wiki/Krat%C3%A9r" title="Kratér">kratér</a> (et blandingskar for vann og vin) som var oppstilt midt i rommet. Kratéret var så stor at det krevde to tjenere å bære det og vinen ble servert fra <a href="/wiki/Oinokhoe" title="Oinokhoe">egne krukker</a> (οἰνοχόη, <i>oenokhoe</i>). Å drikke vinen ublandet ble betraktet som noe kun <a href="/wiki/Barbar" title="Barbar">barbarer</a> eller makedonere drev på med. En del formaliteter var viktige, blant annet <a href="/wiki/Ofring" title="Ofring">drikkeoffer</a> (gresk <i>loibe</i> eller <i>sponde</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>libatio</i>), det vil å helle ut en liten mengde vin til ære for ulike guddommer eller en avdød kjenning. Drikke ble servert i boller av keramikk eller metall av slaver, de være seg unge menn eller kvinner. </p><p>Det var imidlertid en del ulikheter mellom romerske og greske skikker. Et romersk symposion serverte vinen før, med, og etter at maten var servert, og kvinner kunne delta. I et ekte gresk symposion ble vinen først drukket etter at deltakerne hadde spist, og kvinner fikk ikke lov til å delta.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I et bevart fragment fra et ellers tapt komedie, <i>Semele eller Dionysos</i>, av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euboulos_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euboulos (poet) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Euboulos</a> fra ca 375 f.Kr. lar dikteren <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>, den ekstatiske vinguden, beskrive skikkelig og uskikkelig drikking: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22146855">@media only screen and (min-width:840px){.mw-parser-output .aligned-right{float:right;width:20em;margin:0.5em 0 2.2em 1em;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .aligned-left{float:left;width:20em;padding-left:0em;border-left:none;border-right:solid 0.3em #eee;clear:left}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .quoted{text-align:right;font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .textbox-heading{font-weight:bold;line-height:2}}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;border-left:0.4em solid green;border-right:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:first-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0.5em;border-top:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd+dd{padding-top:0.5em}</style> <blockquote class="" style=""><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/17px-Laquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/26px-Laquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/34px-Laquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span>For fornuftige menn forbereder jeg kun tre kratér: en for helse (som de drikker først), den andre for kjærlighet og glede, og den tredje for søvn. Etter at den tredje er tømt går kloke menn hjem. Det fjerde kratér er ikke mitt, det tilhører dårlig oppførsel; det femte er for roping, det sjette for grovheter og fornærmelser; det sjuende er for slåssing; det åttende er for å ødelegge møblene; det niende er for nedtrykthet og dårlig humør; det tiende er for galskap og bevisstløshet. – <i>Euboulos</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/17px-Raquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/26px-Raquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/34px-Raquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </p></blockquote> <p>Det var antatt at gudene likte vin som alle andre, men <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> viste at det var begrensninger.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antikkens grekere hadde også en forestilling at prosessen å drikke vin var å komme i kontakt med det guddommelige. Den dag i dag kan man si at en bestemt vin er guddommelig.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innenfor den greske dyd om moderasjon,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> var det forventet at symposiarken hadde ansvar for holde drikkelaget innenfor grensene av dannet oppførsel, men gresk litteratur og vasemaleri har indikert at begrensningen med det tredje kratér ikke alltid lot seg overholde. Det fortelles at ved et symposion rant vinen unna og rusen steg deltakerne til hodet i den grad at de ble overbevist om at de var på et skip i full storm. For å holde skipet flytende begynte de å kaste møbler og annen last overbord, og flere forbipasserende fikk tunge gjenstander i hodet. Da den allmenne freden var brutt, kom det folk til og fikk lagt deltakerne i jern.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vin_og_poesi">Vin og poesi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Vin og poesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Vin og poesi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/250px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/375px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/500px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Kottabos-musiker som slenger fra seg bunnfallet i vinen. Attisk rødfigurmaleri på <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kyleks</a> (drikkebolle), ca. 510 f.Kr.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medlemmene av symposionet underholdt hverandre med diskusjoner, lesning av <a href="/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi">poesi</a>, sanger, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A5te" title="Gåte">gåter</a>, musikk og dans, og kunstneriske framvisninger.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drikkingen kan ha vært de opprinnelige emner for lyrisk poesi ettersom symposion var anledning for det meste av antikkens poesi. I henhold til en forsker er «lyrikkens historie historien til symposion», og en annen, Oswyn Murray, hevder at «arkaisk poesi er bortimot i alle dens aspekter (med kanskje unntak av en del politisk <a href="/wiki/Elegi" title="Elegi">elegier</a> og religiøs <a href="/wiki/Korlyrikk" title="Korlyrikk">korlyrikk</a>) ble utviklet innenfor symposision - først av poeter som selv var medlem av symposisk gruppe (Alkaios, Sapfo), og senere av profesjonelle symposiske poeter som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anakreaon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anakreaon (ikke skrevet ennå)">Anakreaon</a>.»<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistnevnte og hans tilhengere gir bare mening på en bakgrunn i de festligheter hvor vin og ord kommer sammen. Drikkeviser og tilsvarende poesi fortsatte å være et uttrykk ved festlige hendelser, og selv poesi som var frigjort fra symposions sammenheng, fortsatte å reflektere den ved å henvise til øyeblikket i motsetningen til eksempelvis kjærlighetspoesi som oppholdt seg i fraværet framfor tilstedeværelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>«Vin, drukket med måte, spilte en vesentlig rolle i gresk selskapsliv, og drikkelagene, symposiene, lå på et høyt nivå, ofte med dypsindige samtaler og sang»:<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22146855"> <blockquote class="" style=""><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/17px-Laquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/26px-Laquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/34px-Laquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span>Drikk og ny og vær glad, hør vakre taler og sanger!<br />Alt hva framtiden byr, ligger i gudenes hånd.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/17px-Raquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/26px-Raquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/34px-Raquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </p></blockquote> <p>Vinen for dikteren <a href="/wiki/Alkaios" title="Alkaios">Alkaios</a> fra øya <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, en samtidig med Sapfo på 600-tallet f.Kr., er nesten med i all hans diktning. Ethvert påskudd for å komme sammen og drikke synes godt nok, enten grunnen var politikk, kalenderen eller kun av privat art. Den romerske dikteren <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus">Horatius</a>, som hadde Alkaios som sitt store forbilde, etterlignet ham i en i jubelode, konkluderte på et vis var typisk Alkaios: <i>Nunc est bibendum</i>, «Nå skal det drikkes!»<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underholdning">Underholdning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Underholdning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Underholdning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg/250px-Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg/375px-Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg/500px-Tarquinia_Tomb_of_the_Leopards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Scene fra drikkelag i den etruskiske «Leopardgraven», italiensk <i>Tomba dei Leopardi</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Poesi og musikk var sentralt ved gledene i symposionet. Normalt ville ikke athenske kvinner delta, og den eneste anledning hvor hennes selskap ble akseptert var om hun var husfrue, eller om hun var en musiker som spilte på <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, en danser eller en <a href="/wiki/Het%C3%A6re" title="Hetære">hetære</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Symposion_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En hetære forventet å holde menn med selskap og underholde dem intellektuelt.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En eller flere hetærer kunne bli leid inn for å drive dannet samtale, opptre og spille musikk. Blant de instrumenter som kvinner kunne spiller var <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, et gresk treblåseinstrument, tidvis sammenlignet med <a href="/wiki/Obo" title="Obo">obo</a>. Om det en form strengeinstrument ble benyttet, var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbiton (ikke skrevet ennå)">barbiton</a> ofte valgt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaver og unge gutter kunne også skaffe underholdning. </p><p>Gjestene selv deltok aktivt i underholdningen og tevlinger. Et ferdighetsspill som ble spilt var <i><a href="/wiki/Kottabos" title="Kottabos">kottabos</a></i> hvor man kaster en liten mengde vin fra en kyliks mot et mål. Dette krever betydelig fingerferdighet, og det å være flink i kottabos ble regnet som like gjevt som å være god i en idrett som spydkast. Et annet trekk var <i>skolion</i>, drikkesanger av enten patriotisk eller grov vesen, framført konkurrerende hvor en symposiast framført en del av en sang og en annen var forventet til å improvisere slutten på den. Som i Aristofanes' komedie <i>Vepsene</i> (linjene 1219-1249) kunne en grein gå fra person til person for å indikere hvem som skulle synge.<sup id="cite_ref-Symposion_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De kunne også konkurrere i retoriske tevlinger, hvilket er grunnen til ordet symposion, som symposium har fått betydningen enhver hendelse hvor flere taler blir holdt, eller møte om et bestemt emne.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Billedframstilling">Billedframstilling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Billedframstilling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Billedframstilling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Greske_vaser" title="Greske vaser">gresk vasemaleri</a> er symposiaster som synger til akkompagnement av aulos. Symposier var et yndet emne for athenske vasemaleri i <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_tid" title="Klassisk tid">den klassiske perioden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Symposion_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunsthistorikeren Richard T. Neer har argumentert at hovedfunksjonen for attisk keramikk var til bruk i symposion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Etruskisk_kunst" title="Etruskisk kunst">Etruskisk kunst</a> viser scener av fester som minner om gresk symposion. Det er en åpenbar forskjell ved at kvinner deltar mer helhjertet enn de gjorde i andre deler av det etruskiske samfunn. Som med mange andre greske skikker, ble det estetiske rammeverket for symposion også overtatt og tilpasset av <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">romerne</a> under betegnelsen <i>comissatio</i>. Disse avslører at det innebar drikking av gitt mengde vin og det ble overvåket av en seremonimester utpekt for anledningen. En annen versjon av symposion var <i>convivium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garnsey-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnsey_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnsey_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garnsey_1-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Garnsey, Peter (1999): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.no/books?id=iFSPK9dWqQgC&pg=PA136&dq=convivium+symposium&cd=1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=convivium%20symposium&f=false"><i>Food and Society in Classical Antiquity</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, s. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Phang, Sara Elise (2008): <i>Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate</i>, Cambridge University Press, s. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symposion-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Symposion_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symposion_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symposion_3-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symposion_3-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symposion_3-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ime.gr/chronos/05/en/society/symposion_intro.html">«The Symposion»</a>, <i>Ime.gr</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Taplin, Oliver (2001): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=BdGEbXUuCk8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Literature+in+the+Greek+World+By+Oliver+Taplin&hl=no&sa=X&ei=NZXHVOXFBcbiywP5sYKQBw&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Literature%20in%20the%20Greek%20World%20By%20Oliver%20Taplin&f=false">Literature in the Roman World</a>, Oxford University Press, s. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Oswyn (2014): «Symposium» i: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&hl=no&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a> (red. Hornblower & Spawforth), s. 762-763</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Xenofon: <i>Symposion</i>, 1.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, Elizabeth (1983): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/751125?sid=21105176664481&uid=4&uid=3738744&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70">«'The Drunken Alcibiades': Rubens's Picture of Plato's Symposium»</a> i: <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, Vol. 46, s. 228-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Winter, Benjamin Paul (2013): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/5129410/Madness_Summoning_Truth_The_Role_of_Alcibiades_in_Plato_s_Symposium">«Madness Summoning Truth?: The Role of Alcibiades in Plato’s Symposium»</a>, <i>Academia.edu</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gately, Iain (2008): <i>Drink: A Cultural History Of Alcohol</i>. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781592404643" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-592-40464-3</a>. s. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Michael A. (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.5406/jaesteduc.45.3.0114?uid=3738744&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21105177551271">«In Vino Veritas: In Wine the Truth»</a> i: <i>Journal of Aesthetic Education</i>, Vol. 45, No. 3, s. 114-117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/Ure/leaflets/Ure_Dionysos.pdf">In the company of Dionysos</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sterling, Richard; Dacakis, Georgia; Reeves, Kate (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=xA-A5BYIOvEC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=drunk+%2B+symposion&source=bl&ots=CCPy155Szm&sig=uP8v2dJRUHgxx5jCNt9mhSJh0mE&hl=no&sa=X&ei=jcrHVJmcNYHBUsqtgcgM&ved=0CDkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=drunk%20%2B%20symposion&f=false"><i>Greece</i></a>, <i>Lonely Planet</i>, s. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ancient/">Ancient Ethical Theory</a>, sitat: «In the ancient world, courage, moderation, and justice were prime species of moral virtue.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sterling, Richard; Dacakis, Georgia; Reeves, Kate (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=xA-A5BYIOvEC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=drunk+%2B+symposion&source=bl&ots=CCPy155Szm&sig=uP8v2dJRUHgxx5jCNt9mhSJh0mE&hl=no&sa=X&ei=jcrHVJmcNYHBUsqtgcgM&ved=0CDkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=drunk%20%2B%20symposion&f=false"><i>Greece</i></a>, <i>Lonely Planet</i>, s. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Xenodon: <i>Symposion</i>, 2,1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Marty (2005): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=l6gEJlWLTxAC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=drunk+%2B+symposion&source=bl&ots=uzTtsu_bde&sig=olxN0_URC9OboFsxGefNOcH617k&hl=no&sa=X&ei=jcrHVJmcNYHBUsqtgcgM&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=drunk%20%2B%20symposion&f=false"><i>Drunk the Night Before: An Anatomy of Intoxication</i></a>, University of Minnesota Press, s. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Marty (2005): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=l6gEJlWLTxAC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=drunk+%2B+symposion&source=bl&ots=uzTtsu_bde&sig=olxN0_URC9OboFsxGefNOcH617k&hl=no&sa=X&ei=jcrHVJmcNYHBUsqtgcgM&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=drunk%20%2B%20symposion&f=false"><i>Drunk the Night Before: An Anatomy of Intoxication</i></a>, University of Minnesota Press, s. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer-18"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_18-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_18-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Beyer, Edvard et al (1971): <i>Verdenslitteraturhistorie, bind I, Oldtiden inntil år 500</i>, Oslo, s. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Beyer, Edvard et al (1971): <i>Verdenslitteraturhistorie, bind I, Oldtiden inntil år 500</i>, Oslo, s. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/hetairai/hetairai.html">Hetaira</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Peter (16. september 2004): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-09-16.html">Omtale av Alessandro Iannuccis <i>La Parola e l'Azione: I Frammenti Simposiali di Crizia</i>. Bologna: Edizioni Nautilus, 2002</a> i: <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=symposium+&searchmode=none">«Symposium»</a>, <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=Symposium&begge=+&ordbok=nynorsk">«Symposium»</a>, <i>Bokmålsordboka</i>, betydning 2: «konferanse om et vitenskapelig eller kunstnerisk emne»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Neer, Richard T. (2002): <i>Style and politics in Athenian vase-painting: The craft of democracy, ca. 530-460 B.C.E.</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0521791111" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521791111</a>, s. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/comissatio-e303460">«Comissatio»</a>, <i>BrillOnline Reference Works</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convivium">«Convivium»</a>, <i>Wiktionary</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/convivium">«Convivium»</a>, <i>Merriam-Webster</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symposion&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Symposion_(Platon)" title="Symposion (Platon)"><i>Symposion</i></a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html">engelsk utgave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofon</a>: <i>Symposion</i></li> <li>Chisholm, Hugh, red. (1911): <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Symposium">«Symposium»</a> i: <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> '<i>26</i> (11. utg.). Cambridge University Press. s. 291.</li> <li>Garnsey, Peter (1999): <i>Food and Society in Classical Antiquity</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Hobden, Fiona (2013): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=NXIhAwAAQBAJ&dq=drunk+%2B+symposion&hl=no&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Symposion in Ancient Greek Society and Thought</i></a>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Roth, Marty (2005): <i>Drunk the Night Before: An Anatomy of Intoxication</i>, University of Minnesota Press</li></ul> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Antikkens_Hellas" title="Portal:Antikkens Hellas">Antikkens Hellas</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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