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class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div>  <div class='columns-inner'> <div class='column-center-outer'> <div class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='Main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, August 27, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS_j49c0EFA1Ao9GxqYdZc4D4uF9IRa_2uJm68c6KLUpdlJMj3bJ4ztMPhSPtEmHv31nkfld5Sm8_fjLlwAu9m53-c31-1vTB7dKTNWgTaJnXlsS53aBhkZmaGVGcAP29P_usm8qqhNH4/s460/Ancient_vs_modern_Denmark_PCA.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3031192095336112431' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3031192095336112431'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/isotopes-vs-ancient-dna-in-prehistoric.html'>Isotopes vs ancient DNA in prehistoric Scandinavia</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3031192095336112431' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Four of the samples from the recent <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219850">Frei et al.</a> paper on human mobility in prehistoric southern Scandinavia are in my <a href="https://bga101.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25.html">Global25</a> datasheets. Their genomes were published along with <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7555/full/nature14507.html">Allentoft et al.</a> back in 2015. So I thought it might be interesting to check whether their strontium isotope ratios correlated with their genomic profiles.</br></br> In the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) below, RISE61 is a subtle outlier along the horizontal axis compared to the other three Nordic ancients, as well as a Danish individual representative of the present-day Danish gene pool. Also note that RISE61 shows the most unusual strontium isotope ratio (0.712588). The PCA was run with an online tool freely available <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/g25views/#">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS_j49c0EFA1Ao9GxqYdZc4D4uF9IRa_2uJm68c6KLUpdlJMj3bJ4ztMPhSPtEmHv31nkfld5Sm8_fjLlwAu9m53-c31-1vTB7dKTNWgTaJnXlsS53aBhkZmaGVGcAP29P_usm8qqhNH4/s1600/Ancient_vs_modern_Denmark_PCA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="1293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS_j49c0EFA1Ao9GxqYdZc4D4uF9IRa_2uJm68c6KLUpdlJMj3bJ4ztMPhSPtEmHv31nkfld5Sm8_fjLlwAu9m53-c31-1vTB7dKTNWgTaJnXlsS53aBhkZmaGVGcAP29P_usm8qqhNH4/s460/Ancient_vs_modern_Denmark_PCA.png" /></a></div></br> To help drive the point home, here's a figure from Frei et al., edited by me to show the positions of RISE47, RISE61 and RISE71. If RISE276 was also in this graph, he'd be sitting well under the "local" baseline, in roughly the same spot along the vertical axis as RISE47.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS09aFsWV96jl3YWKI3gO4BcrhVDsXyAzd-3UcYxxpj6XiXGB2BAduAI7JapDTlgs-zi8S_xJ6ZmQB1ElubY0lr9zKv6tCuqB2HB3YOCIYP5xptnoPMF5iGSQiJtCBfzC9UmSYOWcXokRw/s1600/Frei_et_al_2019_modified.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS09aFsWV96jl3YWKI3gO4BcrhVDsXyAzd-3UcYxxpj6XiXGB2BAduAI7JapDTlgs-zi8S_xJ6ZmQB1ElubY0lr9zKv6tCuqB2HB3YOCIYP5xptnoPMF5iGSQiJtCBfzC9UmSYOWcXokRw/s420/Frei_et_al_2019_modified.png" /></a></div></br> Interestingly, RISE61 belongs to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a-M417, while RISE47 and RISE276, who appear to have been locals, both belong to R1b-M269. My guess is that RISE61 was a recent migrant from a more northerly part of Scandinavia dominated by the Battle-Axe culture (BAC). The BAC population was probably rich in R1a-M417 because it moved into Scandinavia from the Pontic-Caspian steppe via the East Baltic. This is what Frei et al. say about RISE61 and his burial site:</br></br> <blockquote>The double passage grave of Kyndel酶se (Fig 1, S1 File) located on the island of Zealand yielded 70 individuals as well as a large number of grave goods, including flint artefacts, ceramics, and tooth and amber beads. We conducted strontium isotope analyses of seven individuals from Kyndel酶se encompassing a period of c. 1000 years, indicating the prolonged use of this passage grave. The oldest of the seven individuals is a female (RISE 65) from whom we measured a “local” strontium isotope signature ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7099). Similar values were measured in five other individuals, including adult males and females. Only a single individual from Kyndel酶se, an adult male (RISE 61) yielded a somewhat different strontium isotope signature of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7126 which seems to indicate a non-local provenance. The skull of this male individual revealed healed porosities in the eye orbits, cribra orbitalia, a condition which is possibly linked to a vitamin deficiency during childhood, such as iron deficiency.</blockquote></br> By the way, RISE47 was buried in a flat grave, which suggests that he was a commoner. RISE276 was found in a peat bog in Trundholm, where the famous Trundholm sun chariot was discovered (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/08/children-of-divine-twins.html">here</a>). He may have been a human sacrifice.</br></br> Citation...</br></br> Frei KM, Bergerbrant S, Sj枚gren K-G, J酶rkov ML, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, et al. (2019) <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219850">Mapping human mobility during the third and second millennia BC in present-day Denmark</a>. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0219850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219850</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/09/commoner-or-elite.html">Commoner or elite?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/who-were-people-of-nordic-bronze-age.html"> Who were the people of the Nordic Bronze Age?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/06/they-came-they-saw-and-they-mixed.html">They came, they saw, and they mixed</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/isotopes-vs-ancient-dna-in-prehistoric.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/isotopes-vs-ancient-dna-in-prehistoric.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-08-27T21:36:00-07:00'>9:36:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/3031192095336112431' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 245 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3031192095336112431&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Battle-Axe%20culture' rel='tag'>Battle-Axe culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/commoner' rel='tag'>commoner</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Denmark' rel='tag'>Denmark</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/mobility' rel='tag'>mobility</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nordic%20Bronze%20Age' rel='tag'>Nordic Bronze Age</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Northern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Northern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/peat%20bog' rel='tag'>peat bog</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-M417' rel='tag'>R1a-M417</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-M269' rel='tag'>R1b-M269</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/sacrifice' rel='tag'>sacrifice</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Scandinavia' rel='tag'>Scandinavia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Single%20Grave%20culture' rel='tag'>Single Grave culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/strontium%20isotopes' rel='tag'>strontium isotopes</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='inline-ad'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4761255028787688" data-ad-slot="3573730424" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, August 20, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CEqckhOzTdi5CM7PhaW59q13AMTVA5BFD913F6Q4JY0zZhZMLiyHkqQP51J5EIOtAOCCKUmeDJmgqsj81xZaLe4bohpZfaZltNCZAz4N6pXQtzxrzugqz7vU8jQ1uM3Wyu5tKPlCZKYW/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25262.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5187467282991636315' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5187467282991636315'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/roopkund-lake-dead.html'>Roopkund Lake dead</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5187467282991636315' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Fifteen of the Roopkund Lake samples from the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11357-9">Harney et al.</a> paper published today at <i>Nature Communications</i> made it into the Global25 datasheets. Look for the prefix IND_Roopkund here...</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UrhcfNMLW0oMXIbHGUE60v2taCM7PFw1">Global25 datasheet ancient scaled</a></br></br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1F2rKEVtu8nWSm7qFhxPU6UESQNsmA-sl">Global25 pop averages ancient scaled</a></a></br></br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YKkEOtyV5SISvmY_FyS4YSLXCxxYt5_W">Global25 datasheet ancient</a></br></br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1f0imQyVNZ9RPESNAYIeIkA8fx4wAVNYo">Global25 pop averages ancient</a></blockquote></br> Their genotypes are freely available in a ~590K SNP dataset via the Reich Lab <a href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Harney_et_al_2019_ancient_genotypes.zip">here</a>. I might be able to run more of the samples at some point if and when they're released in a dataset with more SNPs.</br></br> In any case, much like everyone else, I don't have a clue how those Mediterranean migrants ended up in the Himalayas back in the 1800s, but I do know where they came from. Most appear to have been from Crete, while others from mainland Greece. However, one of the individuals that I was able to analyze with the Global25 was almost certainly an Anatolian Greek. Below are a couple of Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on the Global25 data. The relevant datasheet is available <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WCjsWThM0lByG03KKFVxWJOnAmlkgsus">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CEqckhOzTdi5CM7PhaW59q13AMTVA5BFD913F6Q4JY0zZhZMLiyHkqQP51J5EIOtAOCCKUmeDJmgqsj81xZaLe4bohpZfaZltNCZAz4N6pXQtzxrzugqz7vU8jQ1uM3Wyu5tKPlCZKYW/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25262.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1046" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CEqckhOzTdi5CM7PhaW59q13AMTVA5BFD913F6Q4JY0zZhZMLiyHkqQP51J5EIOtAOCCKUmeDJmgqsj81xZaLe4bohpZfaZltNCZAz4N6pXQtzxrzugqz7vU8jQ1uM3Wyu5tKPlCZKYW/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25262.png" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBYnhOmjgMJi5pj7DhQEtzr0GHrMq0d1nOKyJFtjdyxv1IXaixAM1jlzNwhcikM9cqTdwH7_w85mIOF-e5qJg-9a2pAhZk8ZLKCbWhopKa-w6DJNlBjteLW8sUY-jDDBxwt3qxEfD2TtA3/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25263.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1046" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBYnhOmjgMJi5pj7DhQEtzr0GHrMq0d1nOKyJFtjdyxv1IXaixAM1jlzNwhcikM9cqTdwH7_w85mIOF-e5qJg-9a2pAhZk8ZLKCbWhopKa-w6DJNlBjteLW8sUY-jDDBxwt3qxEfD2TtA3/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25263.png" /></a></div></br> I don't yet have a strong opinion about the origins of the earlier, typically South Asian Roopkund dead. They may have been visitors from all over India, or members of different castes from northern India. A PCA with six of these individuals can be seen <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxk-EeTTlFTsqWzIVmo_1ePeQIS4r2iIjAhUHoqET3KMvTNF2xqcCfg8mCPxTNklhAKhwhZxyLuAnPG_A2o3D5YSJVFvYfWyLw0np6OD4jtZrIBz_5ZghGttgKxOw9EUKqFZkwG0nCXts/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled2.png">here</a> and the relevant datasheet gotten <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=15l6Qs48mqK_rh-PRgl4GOh0Hg6TdQ4Er">here</a>. Any thoughts? Feel free to share them in the comments below.</br></br> <b>Update 23/08/2019:</b> A new ~1240K SNP genotype dataset with the Roopkund Lake samples is now available <a href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Harney_et_al_2019_ancient_genotypes_0.zip">here</a>. More markers means that I can produce more accurate PCA and run almost twice as many of the samples. I've updated all of the datasheets accordingly. The links are the same.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMHwvBJiGrn-dzB_mUva_KeSVOEyvMdJDa7p1ot4dY8LcW2E7Psk_jq-f9qx8YYKok4Pc3nk8POkil8IDit_8Ga-aZsAuWVjz7k6CfiRy1VdDcDddwxDnsUEwaHYzoF_fN1Y2wW_kNun7/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25262.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1046" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMHwvBJiGrn-dzB_mUva_KeSVOEyvMdJDa7p1ot4dY8LcW2E7Psk_jq-f9qx8YYKok4Pc3nk8POkil8IDit_8Ga-aZsAuWVjz7k6CfiRy1VdDcDddwxDnsUEwaHYzoF_fN1Y2wW_kNun7/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25262.png" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpopQTLwram_nCKK8393FJr24hYtJeJqVXNwLGpHpLEuCMQdiAxbfsGrjPq5zJ0tJI7-LlS0o5bnbKR2Z0LjRGih1Z_F9b9JVtdeZbuUqiL8JFZRFDOrc08FmtIfwUccXafD5iMFUeLULC/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25263.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1046" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpopQTLwram_nCKK8393FJr24hYtJeJqVXNwLGpHpLEuCMQdiAxbfsGrjPq5zJ0tJI7-LlS0o5bnbKR2Z0LjRGih1Z_F9b9JVtdeZbuUqiL8JFZRFDOrc08FmtIfwUccXafD5iMFUeLULC/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled_1%25263.png" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X1Ua0_YvewloKGa1G4rYUveXzMnQf96qfUv6TkkHFKjBwTRjyVxgaKy7gdert5pUBQh3kTU2rGkRn-ivj2AsVDY4YUQ7ALrE0RcQcLRC79O6WbcLHz4SIzfUeJf-jakvzszKibnTEGSc/s1600/G25_Roopkund_scaled2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1046" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X1Ua0_YvewloKGa1G4rYUveXzMnQf96qfUv6TkkHFKjBwTRjyVxgaKy7gdert5pUBQh3kTU2rGkRn-ivj2AsVDY4YUQ7ALrE0RcQcLRC79O6WbcLHz4SIzfUeJf-jakvzszKibnTEGSc/s460/G25_Roopkund_scaled2.png" /></a></div></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://bga101.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25.html">Getting the most out of the Global25</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-surprising-twist-to-shirenzigou.html">A surprising twist to the Shirenzigou nomads story</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-poltavka-outlier.html">The Poltavka outlier</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/roopkund-lake-dead.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/roopkund-lake-dead.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-08-20T20:43:00-07:00'>8:43:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5187467282991636315' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 174 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5187467282991636315&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, August 17, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijhHoGHMm7FNfH4n9HfjSk6Xscl9wxpqkd-qkSYKF0dBSd5xRJlOE63uYRb_nHZHR9nMcRme6DQaGP4-_oC4of5JajGXdAM0n8Tx_KrCeh-Keg18uCHutuMR6VID64WTTauZM6xbSSQzll/s480/G25_Shirenzigou_IA_analysis.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4000479017701333079' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4000479017701333079'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-surprising-twist-to-shirenzigou.html'>A surprising twist to the Shirenzigou nomads story</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4000479017701333079' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Remember those potentially Afanasievo-derived and Tocharian-related Shirenzigou nomads from the <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/afanasievo-people-may-well-have-been.html">Ning et al.</a> paper? Well, in my opinion, they're probably neither. The genotypes and other data for these Iron Age individuals from the eastern Tian Shan are available <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SKUNhSKJai571iynyL4JCZgNhwWhOHKO">here</a>.</br></br> Below are a few successful and not so successful qpAdm mixture models for them. Note that I tried to use a wide range of relevant "right pops", but also retain a lot of markers, specifically to be able to discriminate between different types of steppe and steppe-derived sources of gene flow (refer to the full output). Admittedly, the Shirenzigou nomads can be modeled with Afanasievo-related ancestry, but...</br></br> <blockquote>CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>KAZ_Botai 0.161±0.023</br> KAZ_Wusun 0.490±0.023</br> NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.349±0.019</b></br> chisq 5.793</br> tail prob 0.926172</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fYIPoUi5XLNfSjEGjv84ltmxR40MzObI">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>KAZ_Botai 0.143±0.022</br> NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.295±0.019</br> Saka_Tian_Shan 0.562±0.024</b></br> chisq 6.796</br> tail prob 0.870794</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1a3yh5Q-ld4BbN8FalB3kE6peRarWFIbe">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>KAZ_Botai 0.185±0.023</br> NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.428±0.021</br> RUS_Sintashta_MLBA 0.270±0.026</br> TJK_Sarazm_En 0.117±0.027</b></br> chisq 11.351</br> tail prob 0.414345</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Uno8Nm-U6y-ZunP3zN39ysjLKmlTe7Np">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>KAZ_Botai 0.032±0.027</br> KAZ_Zevakinskiy_LBA 0.567±0.025</br> NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.401±0.019</b></br> chisq 15.157</br> tail prob 0.232961</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1HE3zSqV1ozdrrtY-PD8JBF5Ualji7qVm">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.452±0.031</br> RUS_Afanasievo 0.435±0.025</br> RUS_Okunevo_BA 0.114±0.049</b></br> chisq 19.808</br> tail prob 0.0708003</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1TMrBHIUxuenbaUiWtu2IcxM36I5YzAA0">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.409±0.031</br> RUS_Okunevo_BA 0.173±0.050</br> Yamnaya_RUS_Caucasus 0.418±0.026</b></br> chisq 20.453</br> tail prob 0.0589872</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Aw8Nmsm69qAPYL3kNBaZERvE803uTq8P">Full output</a></br></br> CHN_Shirenzigou_IA</br> <b>NPL_Mebrak_2125BP 0.464±0.033</br> RUS_Okunevo_BA 0.104±0.053</br> Yamnaya_RUS_Samara 0.432±0.027</b></br> chisq 27.189</br> tail prob 0.0072566</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1n8IAAIX8PG_dH9qvTmO4eEO8SaOmoc2C">Full output</a></blockquote></br> Both the Wusun and Saka are generally accepted to have been the speakers of Indo-Iranian languages. So it's possible that the Shirenzigou nomads were Indo-Iranian speakers too, or at least derived from such peoples.</br></br> Surprisingly, NPL_Mebrak_2125BP was the key to obtaining the best statistical fits. This is a trio of samples, roughly contemporaneous with the Shirenzigou nomads, from a burial site high up in the Himalayas in what is now Nepal (see <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/113/27/7485.full?sid=f7619b0d-2961-4f69-a6f8-a8e999bebdca">here</a>).</br></br> To be honest, I'm not quite sure why the Himalayan ancients work so well in my models. Perhaps they're just a really good proxy for an Iron Age population from the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau?</br></br> By the way, most of the Shirenzigou nomads made it into the latest Global25 datasheets (see <a href="https://bga101.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25.html">here</a>). They can be analyzed in a variety of ways described in this blog post: <a href="https://bga101.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25.html">Getting the most out of the Global25</a>. Below is a screen cap of me comparing the effectiveness of Afanasievo, Sintashta and Wusun samples as proxies for the steppe ancestry in the Shirenzigou nomads with an online tool freely available <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/vahaduo/">here</a>. As expected, the algorithm picks Sintashta ahead of Afanasievo, and the Wusun ahead of both.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijhHoGHMm7FNfH4n9HfjSk6Xscl9wxpqkd-qkSYKF0dBSd5xRJlOE63uYRb_nHZHR9nMcRme6DQaGP4-_oC4of5JajGXdAM0n8Tx_KrCeh-Keg18uCHutuMR6VID64WTTauZM6xbSSQzll/s1600/G25_Shirenzigou_IA_analysis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijhHoGHMm7FNfH4n9HfjSk6Xscl9wxpqkd-qkSYKF0dBSd5xRJlOE63uYRb_nHZHR9nMcRme6DQaGP4-_oC4of5JajGXdAM0n8Tx_KrCeh-Keg18uCHutuMR6VID64WTTauZM6xbSSQzll/s480/G25_Shirenzigou_IA_analysis.png" /></a></div></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/they-mixed-up-tocharians-with-huns.html">They mixed up Huns with Tocharians</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/04/some-myths-die-hard.html">Some myths die hard</a></br></br> <a href="http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-mystery-of-sintashta-people.html">The mystery of the Sintashta people</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-surprising-twist-to-shirenzigou.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-surprising-twist-to-shirenzigou.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-08-17T09:55:00-07:00'>9:55:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4000479017701333079' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 141 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4000479017701333079&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Afanasievo' rel='tag'>Afanasievo</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Andronovo' rel='tag'>Andronovo</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Central%20Asia' rel='tag'>Central Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Himalayas' rel='tag'>Himalayas</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Huns' rel='tag'>Huns</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nepal' rel='tag'>Nepal</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-Z93' rel='tag'>R1a-Z93</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b' rel='tag'>R1b</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-M269' rel='tag'>R1b-M269</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Saka' rel='tag'>Saka</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Scythian' rel='tag'>Scythian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Tarim%20Basin' rel='tag'>Tarim Basin</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Tian%20Shan' rel='tag'>Tian Shan</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Tibet' rel='tag'>Tibet</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Tocharian' rel='tag'>Tocharian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Turkic' rel='tag'>Turkic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wusun' rel='tag'>Wusun</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, August 14, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrg3WsvDBgxM8whof8CMAVb6TZoRatZ7d7urv3GTcSSi0Pdh48JGesQY0N4BG-TjgAgJC09RHKWn_bMKWNbQMBiHWh9-Y7H1vQQybDH5_21wIqPR0089qfSN2F-JSLZ3F7qZxBg8V_oF1a/s400/Piedmont_En_qpGraph1.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1298314512524175580' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1298314512524175580'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/did-south-caspian-hunter-fishers-really.html'>Did South Caspian hunter-fishers really migrate to Eastern Europe?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1298314512524175580' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>The idea that most of the Near Eastern-related ancestry in the ancient populations of the Pontic-Caspian (PC) steppe is, one way or another, sourced from the territory of present-day Iran is a fairly popular one nowadays (for instance, see <a href="https://www.academia.edu/39985565/Archaeology_Genetics_and_Language_in_the_Steppes_A_Comment_on_Bomhard">here</a>). It might turn out to be correct, once there are enough relevant samples to test it properly, but in my opinion the chances of this are slim.</br></br> My skepticism is based on literally hours of analyses with the currently available ancients from the Caucaso-Caspian region, like, for instance, the admixture graphs below featuring foragers and early farmers from Russia, Georgia and Iran. The relevant qpGraph and dot files are available <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1O-BkSZnH2f_Vt-adw4_0zAtHqnYRqbhT">here</a>.</br></br> Note that the further I move away from Eastern Europe in these graphs when looking for the source of the southern ancestry in the Eneolithic population from the southernmost part of the PC steppe (Piedmont_En), the more difficult it is for me to create a statistically sound model. What might this tell us about the provenance of this so called southern ancestry?</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrg3WsvDBgxM8whof8CMAVb6TZoRatZ7d7urv3GTcSSi0Pdh48JGesQY0N4BG-TjgAgJC09RHKWn_bMKWNbQMBiHWh9-Y7H1vQQybDH5_21wIqPR0089qfSN2F-JSLZ3F7qZxBg8V_oF1a/s1600/Piedmont_En_qpGraph1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="816" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrg3WsvDBgxM8whof8CMAVb6TZoRatZ7d7urv3GTcSSi0Pdh48JGesQY0N4BG-TjgAgJC09RHKWn_bMKWNbQMBiHWh9-Y7H1vQQybDH5_21wIqPR0089qfSN2F-JSLZ3F7qZxBg8V_oF1a/s400/Piedmont_En_qpGraph1.png" /></a></div></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJK4zSUmRAw4IgbpKXeUbOc14UssfIuN9kZpi3XtZSYnAHGWpurHK5Clw3XMSSZahHfmMptH6Uu2AMRPl6V4eD1YZgrTwPcH3ajdoiwAZUypayc6-SuWsIzzVWvfbDrE0-WEruOqiv2Ipl/s1600/Piedmont_En_qpGraph2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="816" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJK4zSUmRAw4IgbpKXeUbOc14UssfIuN9kZpi3XtZSYnAHGWpurHK5Clw3XMSSZahHfmMptH6Uu2AMRPl6V4eD1YZgrTwPcH3ajdoiwAZUypayc6-SuWsIzzVWvfbDrE0-WEruOqiv2Ipl/s400/Piedmont_En_qpGraph2.png" /></a></div></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8FLkIPvZOmUDx3prfeGikVOZ3AkoPtbxl_a9yo96tHNgLDKZHE0pDWVw_pnEnP1Yzjjcb-6sRxrlbY1WjCm1Xh0bZlL3WdL350O4h9CN-82kowjf55EM4z-EdXO2eeCMCB4kS7BvluCX7/s1600/Piedmont_En_qpGraph3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="816" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8FLkIPvZOmUDx3prfeGikVOZ3AkoPtbxl_a9yo96tHNgLDKZHE0pDWVw_pnEnP1Yzjjcb-6sRxrlbY1WjCm1Xh0bZlL3WdL350O4h9CN-82kowjf55EM4z-EdXO2eeCMCB4kS7BvluCX7/s400/Piedmont_En_qpGraph3.png" /></a></div></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html">The PIE homeland controversy: August 2019 status report</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/04/some-myths-die-hard.html">Some myths die hard</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/late-pie-ground-zero-now-obvious.html">Late PIE ground zero now obvious; location of PIE homeland still uncertain, but...</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/did-south-caspian-hunter-fishers-really.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/did-south-caspian-hunter-fishers-really.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-08-14T15:13:00-07:00'>3:13:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/1298314512524175580' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 62 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1298314512524175580&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus%20hunter-gatherers' rel='tag'>Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hotu%20and%20Belt%20caves' rel='tag'>Hotu and Belt caves</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iranian%20Plateau' rel='tag'>Iranian Plateau</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Neolithic' rel='tag'>Neolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Piedmont%20Eneolithic' rel='tag'>Piedmont Eneolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Progress%20Eneolithic' rel='tag'>Progress Eneolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/South%20Caspian' rel='tag'>South Caspian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Vonyuchka%20Eneolithic' rel='tag'>Vonyuchka Eneolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, August 2, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWCV1hGP3HmwDBe9iMb4nFuLxjORpRM5EKQYbhmSOy4Cr4gY-l9KQ7kuJoPtosMe6MN-7HKlwYUtme25JkyhgoLo_qr2CAmw6f7Gi73D0j8ymubrytuD3k-r9ZEbcUIK3UZMct_WVvaagr/s380/Steppe_Maykop_SA6004_map_small.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5795902995081944391' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5795902995081944391'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: August 2019 status report</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5795902995081944391' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Archeologist David Anthony has a new paper on the Indo-European homeland debate titled <i>Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard</i>. It's part of a series of articles dealing with Allan R. Bomhard's "Caucasian substrate hypothesis" in the latest edition of <a href="http://www.jies.org/currentcontent.html">The Journal of Indo-European Studies</a>. It's also available, without any restrictions, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/39985565/Archaeology_Genetics_and_Language_in_the_Steppes_A_Comment_on_Bomhard">here</a>.</br></br> Any thoughts? Feel free to share them in the comments below. Admittedly, I found this part somewhat puzzling (emphasis is mine):</br></br> <blockquote>It was the faint trace of WHG, perhaps 3% of whole Yamnaya genomes, that identified this admixture as coming from Europe, not the Caucasus, according to Wang et al. (2018). <b>Colleagues in David Reich’s lab commented that this small fraction of WHG ancestry could have come from many different geographic places and populations.</b></blockquote></br> I think that's highly optimistic. It really should be obvious by now thanks to archeological and ancient genomic data, including both uniparental and genome-wide variants, that the Yamnaya people were practically entirely derived from Eneolithic populations native to the Pontic-Caspian (PC) steppe. So, in all likelihood, this was also the source of their minor WHG ancestry.</br></br> Indeed, they clearly weren't some mishmash of geographically, culturally and genetically disparate groups that had just arrived in Eastern Europe, but the direct descendants of closely related and already significantly Yamnaya-like peoples associated with long-standing PC steppe archeological cultures such as Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog. I discussed this earlier this year, soon after the Wang et al. paper was published:</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/02/on-maykop-ancestry-in-yamnaya.html">On Maykop ancestry in Yamnaya</a><blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></br> I hope I'm wrong, but I get the feeling that the scientists at the Reich Lab are finding this difficult to accept, because it doesn't gel with their theory that archaic Proto-Indo-European (PIE) wasn't spoken on the PC steppe, but rather south of the Caucasus, and that late or rather nuclear PIE was introduced into the PC steppe by migrants from the Maykop culture who were somehow involved in the formation of the Yamnaya horizon.</br></br> Inexplicably, after citing Wang et al. on multiple occasions and arguing against any significant gene flow between Maykop and Yamnaya groups, Anthony fails to mention Steppe Maykop. But the Steppe Maykop people are an awesome argument against the idea that there was anything more than occasional mating between the Maykop and Yamnaya populations, because they were wedged between them, and yet clearly distinct from both, with a surprisingly high ratio of West Siberian forager-related ancestry (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/02/the-steppe-maykop-enigma.html">here</a> and <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/03/an-exceptional-burial-indeed-but-not.html">here</a>).</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1PaNrFMXtF636fDjT87QRNXBvGQLPWAdk" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWCV1hGP3HmwDBe9iMb4nFuLxjORpRM5EKQYbhmSOy4Cr4gY-l9KQ7kuJoPtosMe6MN-7HKlwYUtme25JkyhgoLo_qr2CAmw6f7Gi73D0j8ymubrytuD3k-r9ZEbcUIK3UZMct_WVvaagr/s380/Steppe_Maykop_SA6004_map_small.jpg" /></a></div></br> Despite all the talk lately about the potential cultural, linguistic and genetic ties between Maykop and Yamnaya, including claims that the latter possibly acquired its wagons from the former, my view is that the Steppe Maykop and Yamnaya wagon drivers may have competed with each other and eventually clashed in a big way. Indeed, take a look at what happens after Yamnaya burials rather suddenly replace those of Steppe Maykop just north of the Caucasus around 3,000 BCE.</br></br> <blockquote>Yamnaya_RUS_Caucasus</br> RUS_Progress_En_PG2001 0.808±0.058</br> <b>RUS_Steppe_Maykop 0.000</b></br> UKR_Sredny_Stog_II_En_I6561 0.192±0.058</br> chisq 13.859</br> tail prob 0.383882</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ANr7bw5TFvik7tqPsxkbn4zCS4eiL1gV">Full output</a></blockquote></br> Yep, total population replacement with no significant gene flow between the two groups. Apparently, as far as I can tell, there's not even a hint that a few Steppe Maykop stragglers were incorporated into the ranks of the newcomers. Where did they go? Hard to say for now. Maybe they ran for the hills nearby?</br></br> Intriguingly, Anthony reveals a few details about new samples from three different Eneolithic steppe burial sites associated with the Khvalynsk culture:</br></br> <blockquote>The Reich lab now has whole-genome aDNA data from more than 30 individuals from three Eneolithic cemeteries in the Volga steppes between the cities of Saratov and Samara (Khlopkov Bugor, Khvalynsk, and Ekaterinovka), all dated around the middle of the fifth millennium BC.</br></br> ...</br></br> Most of the males belonged to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b1a, like almost all Yamnaya males, but Khvalynsk also had some minority Y-chromosome haplogroups (R1a, Q1a, J, I2a2) that do not appear or appear only rarely (I2a2) in Yamnaya graves.</blockquote></br> As far as I can tell, he suggests that they'll be published in the forthcoming Narasimhan et al. paper. If so, it sounds like the paper will have many more ancient samples than its early preprint that was posted at <i>bioRxiv</i> last year.</br></br> For me the really fascinating thing in regards to these new samples is how scarce Y-haplogroup R1a appears to have been everywhere before the expansion by the putative Indo-European-speaking steppe ancestors of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) people. It's basically always outnumbered by other haplogroups wherever it's found prior to about 3,000 BCE, even on the PC steppe. But then, suddenly, its R1a-M417 subclade goes BOOM! And that's why I call it...</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/09/the-beast-among-y-haplogroups.html">The beast among Y-haplogroups</a></blockquote></br> At this stage, I'm not sure how to interpret the presence of Y-haplogroup J in the Khvalynsk population. It may or may not be important to the PIE homeland debate. Keep in mind that J is present in two foragers from Karelia and Popovo, northern Russia, dated to the Mesolithic period and with no obvious foreign ancestry. So it need not have arrived north of the Caspian as late as the Eneolithic with migrants rich in southern ancestry from the Caucasus or what is now Iran. In other words, for the time being, the steppe PIE homeland theory appears safe.</br></br> <b>Update 20/12/2019:</b> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/a-note-on-steppe-maykop.html">A note on Steppe Maykop</a></br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/09/is-yamnaya-overrated.html">Is Yamnaya overrated?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-january.html">The PIE homeland controversy: January 2019 status report</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/late-pie-ground-zero-now-obvious.html">Late PIE ground zero now obvious; location of PIE homeland still uncertain, but...</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-08-02T03:50:00-07:00'>3:50:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5795902995081944391' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); 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<span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/'> 2025 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/'> 2024 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/'> 2023 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/'> 2022 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(28)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(45)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(73)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/isotopes-vs-ancient-dna-in-prehistoric.html'>Isotopes vs ancient DNA in prehistoric Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/roopkund-lake-dead.html'>Roopkund Lake dead</a></li> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-surprising-twist-to-shirenzigou.html'>A surprising twist to the Shirenzigou nomads story</a></li> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/did-south-caspian-hunter-fishers-really.html'>Did South Caspian hunter-fishers really migrate to...</a></li> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: August 2019 status r...</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(101)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(131)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(79)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(61)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(23)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul 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