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class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> No <a href="/wiki/Template:Cleanup/doc" title="Template:Cleanup/doc">cleanup reason</a> has been specified. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Military_history_of_Birmingham" title="Special:EditPage/Military history of Birmingham">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of <b><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></b>, in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, has a long military history and has been for several centuries a major manufacturer of weapons. It may have been between Warwickshire and Worcestershire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Britain">Roman Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Metchley Park,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Web_Team2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Web_Team2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Harborne" title="Harborne">Harborne</a>, there are the remains of two large 1st century <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> forts, it is believed that they were used as a base during the invasion of Britain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could have been used in the first north-western advance into <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Much of the site is now gone; the construction of the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Worcester_and_Birmingham_Canal" title="Worcester and Birmingham Canal">Worcester and Birmingham Canal</a> resulted in part destruction of the southern extremity of the camp, including most of its fort. The most recent excavation took place in 1999 and it was established that the main fort probably housed a <a href="/wiki/Cohors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors">cohors equitata</a> <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">milliaria</a>, this comprised a minimum mixed force of 1,000 men who were heavily armoured foot-soldiers with a complement of a lightly armed cavalry unit. </p><p>In the 19th century people theorized that the camp was built by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">Britons</a> (a theory supported by its being adjacent to the line of <a href="/wiki/Ryknild_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryknild Street">Ryknild Street</a>) which runs through the area, others proposed that it was built by the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> although no factual evidence supports this theory. Some few pieces of ancient weapons, such as swords and <a href="/wiki/Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">battle axes</a>, and portions of <a href="/wiki/Buckler" title="Buckler">bucklers</a> have been found at the site. </p><p>Excavations have uncovered Roman <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>, storehouses, <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a>, a rampart with timber towers, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guard chamber (page does not exist)">guard chamber</a>, various smaller buildings, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>. These have dated the fort to a few years after the Romans first landed in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. It is now thought that the site was abandoned by the end of the 1st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_discovery">Roman discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2006 new Roman artefacts were discovered next to a <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> Peter Osborn has suggested that there is a strong possibility that the battle between ancient <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">Briton</a> warrior queen <a href="/wiki/Boadicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Boadicea">Boadicea</a> and the Romans took place in or around the area now called Birmingham sometime during 61 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"We know for certain that the battle between the 200,000 ancient Britons and the Romans happened somewhere in the Midlands." "This spot is on the route to Metchley, the Roman fort in Birmingham and it's for this reason, if no other, that we think this could be where the battle took place".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However Dr Simon Esmonde Cleary, an archaeology expert at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, remains sceptical. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The short answer is we don't know where the battle took place, anybody's guess is as good as anyone else's. The last time we had Boudicca was in what is now <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. We know the Roman Army was coming down from Wales. It would be fascinating if it were true but, as yet, I haven't seen any evidence it is.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Until recently suggestions for the battle field site range from <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>. </p><p>The construction of new apartments has been put on hold until a full excavation is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_century:_the_Spanish_Armada">16th century: the Spanish Armada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th century: the Spanish Armada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 16th century Birmingham was already a centre of metal working for example when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> was making plans to invaded Scotland in 1523 Birmingham smithies supplied bulk orders for bodkin arrowheads for use by his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightson2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightson2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1538 churchman John Leialand passed through the Midlands and wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science18865–6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science18865–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Beauty of <i>Bermingham</i> a Good Markett Towne in the extreame partes of <i>Warwike-shire</i> is one Street going up alonge almost from the left Ripe of the Brooke ["that rises, some say 4 or 5 miles [away] towards the Black Hilles"] up a meane Hill by the length of a Quarter of a Mile. I saw many Smithes in the Towne that use to make Knives and all mannour of cutting Tooles, and many Loriners tat make Bittes, and a great many Naylors. Soe that a great part of the Towne is maintained by Smithes whoe have their Iron<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sea Cole out of <i>Stafford-shire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELelandHearne1744108–109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELelandHearne1744108–109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The two main towns responsible for military weapons at this time were Birmingham and London, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> however did not look kindly on British made weapons and he turned to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for help in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> cannons, he bought shells and bombs from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and much of the armoury and swords came from the more experienced <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>. The majority of gunpowder was delivered from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> until the threatened invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish</a> in 1588. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Howard of Effingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> failed to capitalise on an initial victory over <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>'s fleet and allowed it to sail up the Channel due to low supplies of imported gunpowder, this proved the importance of more British arms manufacture as opposed to relying on imports. </p><p>During the attempted invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> of Birmingham and adjoining counties, contributed large sums of money which are said to have been sufficient to hire and equip around 43 war ships. A 19th century book of the region's history describes a subscription of £25 each from William Kinge and William Collmer (Colmore), of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Burmingham</a>; Richard Middlemore, <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>; Mrs. Margarett Knowlys, <a href="/wiki/Nuneaton" title="Nuneaton">Nuneaton</a>; Gabriell Powltney, <a href="/wiki/Knowle,_West_Midlands" title="Knowle, West Midlands">Knowle</a> and Richard Corbett, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meryden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meryden (page does not exist)">Meryden</a>, &c. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century:_the_English_Civil_War">17th century: the English Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century: the English Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early part of the 17th century Birmingham resembled a large sprawling smith's village. Aided by the abundance of nearby sources of coal and iron ore, many metal workers set up small foundries and workshops. Birmingham was an important manufacturing town with a reputation for producing <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>, and the village's trade stretched far and wide. In 1637 a London <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutler</a> protested against the import of 'Bromedgham blades' which were often made of similar standard but at a lower cost. </p><p>Unlike nearby towns such as <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlebury" title="Hartlebury">Hartlebury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent" title="Burton upon Trent">Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a> Birmingham had little or no military defences. </p><p>In 1642<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unrest between the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliamentarians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>) lead to many small battles and skirmishes taking place in the surrounding countryside. The allegiances around Birmingham were blurred with a mishmash of landowners, nobility and gentry all fighting for different sides. </p><p>The Royalists first passed through Birmingham proper in great force in 1642,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> the town was mainly <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a>, and some looting took place. As an apology to the town <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles</a> ordered two of his captains to be hanged, this did not appease the town and some time later a baggage train of the king was captured and delivered to Warwick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunterSutton2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunterSutton2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With further unrest both sides prepared for war, the smiths of Birmingham were called upon and over 15,000 sword blades were manufactured, these were supplied to Parliamentarian forces only. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawksley" title="Hawksley">Hawksley</a> both acted as battlefields during October, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a>'s troops were ambushed with many casualties, although both sides claimed the upper hand (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Norton" title="Battle of Kings Norton">Battle of Kings Norton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190559_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190559-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg/220px-Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg/330px-Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Prince_Rupert_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Front of a Parliamentarian pamphlet <i>A True Relation of Prince Ruperts Barbarous Cruelty against the Towne of Brumingham</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1643 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rupert">Prince Rupert</a> in command of about 1,900 men requested entry to the unfortified town which was refused by about 200 towns folk and a company of <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundheads</a> from the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a> under the command of Captain Richard Greaves. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camp_Hill" title="Battle of Camp Hill">Battle of Camp Hill</a> started with a direct assault by the Cavaliers on the earthworks at Camp Hill, after being twice repulsed the Cavaliers captured the earthworks by launching flanking attack with their cavalry. The Cavaliers pursued the fleeing townsmen into Birmingham where they came under fire from some houses, which they torched. At the far end of the town at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hill" title="Cape Hill">Cape Hill</a> the Roundhead troopers charged and successfully checked the Cavaliers, killing their officer <a href="/wiki/William_Feilding,_1st_Earl_of_Denbigh" title="William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh">William, Earl of Denbigh</a>, and allowing Graves and his men to retreat unmolested back to Lichfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190584–90_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190584–90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laws of war at that time allowed for the burning of property in an undefended (unfortified) town of village if soldiers were shot at from those properties. Those houses from which shooting was thought to originate were set on fire by the Royalists, the inhabitants of whom were not allowed to quench the fires or to recover their movable possessions. About 80 houses were "burnt to ashes" (some of which belonged to Royalist sympathises), and some 15 men, and two women were killed, with many more wounded and left destitute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190587–89_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190587–89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuttonGuest183642–47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuttonGuest183642–47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Historian Trevor Royal writing in 2004 states "By laying waste to the town and setting fire to many of its houses, Rupert's force provided parliament with a propaganda coup ... Charles rebuked Rupert for his men's behaviour — the prince had in fact done his best to curb his men ... but the damage was done: Birmingham had paid the price for supporting parliament and being seen to profit from it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006226_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006226-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birmingham, continued to manufacture weapons of all kinds during this period and was heavily relied upon by Parliamentary armies for such wares. It remained on the borders between the largely Cavalier garrisoned Worcestershire and Roundhead garrisoned Warwickshire. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Fox" title="Tinker Fox">Tinker Fox</a> operated from <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_House" title="Edgbaston House">Edgbaston House</a> close to Birmingham and probably took place in the attack on <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a> on 28 December 1643, removing the main royalist base in the Birmingham. He and his garrison actively raided into Worcestershire during the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First Civil War</a>. Perhaps his most famous exploit was a commando style raid on Bewdley which resulted in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lyttelton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Lyttelton</a> its governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopper199998–113_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopper199998–113-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the last quarter of the 17th century, the population of Birmingham was somewhere between 4,000 and 15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENef1966106_footnote_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENef1966106_footnote_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birmingham's small arms manufacture continued and during the mid-to-late 17th century Birmingham smiths were renowned for their manufacture of quality weapons (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Missen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Missen (page does not exist)">Alexander Missen</a> in his <i>Travels</i> on visiting Milan noted that "fine works of rock-crystal, swords, heads of canes, snuffboxes, and other fine works of steel" could be purchased in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> but that "they can be had better and cheaper in Birmingham"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). There is no evidence that firearms were manufactured in Birmingham until the 1690s when the Office of Ordinance issued a warrant to "pay John Smart for Thomas Hadley, and the rest of the Gunmakers of Birmingham, one debenture of four-score and sixteen pounds eight shillings, dated ye 14th of July 1690",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman18852_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman18852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is unlikely that guns were not manufactured in Birmingham before that date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more likely that when <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Newdigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Newdigate">Sir Richard Newdigate</a> approached manufacturers in the town in 1689 with the notion of supplying the British Government with small arms, it was important that they would need to be of high enough calibre to equal the small arms that were imported from abroad. After a successful trial order in 1692, the Government placed its first contract. On 5 January 1693 the "Officers of Ordnance" chose five local firearms manufacturers to initially produce 200 "<a href="/wiki/Snaphance" title="Snaphance">snaphance</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musquets</a>" per month over the period of one year, paying 17 shillings per musket, plus 3 shillings per hundredweight for delivery to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102–103_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102–103-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBSA_staff2015About_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBSA_staff2015About-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gun manufacture in Birmingham continued to develop, mainly around the Digbeth area but also in what was later to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Quarter" title="Gun Quarter">Gun Quarter</a>. </p><p>A meeting was held 5 October 1745, by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers">6th Regiment of Foot</a> for the raising of a regiment of volunteers to oppose <a href="/wiki/The_%2745" class="mw-redirect" title="The '45">The '45</a> Jacobite rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town contributed to a fund to repel the rumoured invasion by France in 1758. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers">6th Regiment of Foot</a> recruited in the county of Warwickshire in 1778 so successfully that it was called "The Warwickshire," Birmingham supplying a large proportion of the men, and raising by public subscription £2,000 towards their equipment. </p><p>In August 1782 a corps was organised in 1782, but it must have disbanded soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, as an aid to recruiting, territorial links to infantry regiments were first established in 1782, the 6th became the <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Warwickshire Regiment">1st Warwickshire Regiment</a>, reflecting their recent connections with the county. During the French Revolutionary Wars in 1794 in the West Indies, the 6th took part in the capture of Martinique, Guadeloupe and St Lucia from the French and in Casdebar in August 1798 they gained a Battle Honour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1798 when it seemed that revolution might break out two companies of cavalry and one of infantry were raised, each one 500 strong under the command of Captain Pearson and Lord Broke. They were called the Birmingham Loyal Association of Volunteers and held their first parade on Coleshill Street on 15 August 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332–333_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332–333-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infantry were armed with muskets brought from <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. The Loyal Association held their first parade in <a href="/wiki/Coleshill,_Warwickshire" title="Coleshill, Warwickshire">Coleshill</a> Street, 15 August 1797. On 4 June 1798, a grand review was held on Birmingham Heath (then unenclosed), "to the delight of the local <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">belles</a>, who knew not which the most to admire, the scarlet horse or the blue foot".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100,000 spectators were said to have been present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the many gunmakers and workshops the quality of gun manufacture in the town needed to be controlled. Government viewing rooms were opened in Bagot Street in 1798, employing sixty or seventy people to ensure that guns produced were of the necessary standard to provide for the British army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Military use, however, was accompanied by a major market in the Atlantic slave trade. A 1788 Parliamentary report counted over 4,000 gun makers, with 100,000 guns a year going to slave traders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPott2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPott2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Birmingham Volunteers had the honour of escorting <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> when, with <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a>, he visited the town in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a review on 2 August 1804, the regiment were presented with its colours, and for years the "Loyals" were the most popular men of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Handsworth Volunteer Cavalry do not seem to have been more backward than the Birmingham Volunteers, though why it was necessary that the services of the Handsworth Cavalry should be required to charge and put to flight the rioters in Snow Hill on 29 May 1810 is not very clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duddeston_Barracks" title="Duddeston Barracks">Duddeston Barracks</a> were built in 1793, at a cost of £13,000, as a consequence of the riots of the city in 1791. </p><p>In 1809, a statue of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> was opened in the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in memory of the men who died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805. </p><p>Boulton struck a line medal in commemoration of the Battle of Trafalgar, and by permission of the Government gave one to every person who took part in the action; <a href="/wiki/Flag-officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag-officer">flag-officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commanders</a> receiving copies in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenants</a>, &c., in <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and the men, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Being struck for this purpose only, and not for sale, the medal is very scarce. </p><p>The services of the <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a> Volunteer Cavalry were required to charge and put to flight the rioters in <a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Hill, Birmingham">Snow Hill</a> on 29 May 1810. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orsm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orsm (page does not exist)">Orsim bombs</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 15 January 1858, were made in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The official <a href="/wiki/Natal_Day" title="Natal Day">Natal Day</a> could be argued as 14 December 1859, when a town's meeting was held "for the purpose of adopting such measures as might seem desirable for placing Birmingham in its proper position with regard to the great national rifle movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hon. Charles Granville Scott had been previously selected by Lord Leigh (the Lord-Lieutenant of the County) as Colonel, Major Sanders had accepted the Captaincy, Mr. J.O. Mason been appointed Lieutenant, and 111 names entered on the roll of members of the 1st Company, but it was not until the above-named day that the movement really made progress, the Mayor (Mr. Thos. Lloyd), Sir John Ratcliff, Mr. A. Dixon, and Mr. J. Lloyd each then promising to equip his twenty men apiece, and sundry other gentlemen aiding to dress up others of the rank and file.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The money thus being found the men were soon forthcoming too, the end of the year showing 320 names on the roll call, a number increased to 1,080 by the close of 1860. The latter year saw the first parade in <a href="/wiki/Calthorpe_Park" title="Calthorpe Park">Calthorpe Park</a>, the opening of the range at <a href="/wiki/Bournbrook" title="Bournbrook">Bournbrook</a>, and the formation of the twelve companies forming the first battalion, but, notwithstanding many liberal donations (the gunmakers giving £850), and the proceeds of the first annual ball, it closed with the corps being in debt by over £1,000. On the formation of the 2nd county battalion, Col. Scott took command thereof, Major Sanders being promoted. He was followed by Lieut.-Col. Mason, on whose resignation, in February 1867, Major Ratcliff succeeded, the battalion being then 1,161 strong. Col. Ratcliff retired in June 1871, and was replaced by Major-General Hinde, C.B., who held command until his death, 1 March 1881. Major Gem who temporarily acted as commander, also died the following 4 November (1881), Major Burt filling the post until the appointment of Col. W. Swynfen Jervis. The first adjutant (appointed in 1860) was Captain McInnis, who retired in 1870, having received bodily injuries through being thrown from his horse; he was succeeded by Adjutant-Colonel Tarte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333–334_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333–334-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first uniform of the corps was a grey tunic with green facings, and a peaked cap with cock's feathers; in 1863 this was changed for a green uniform with red facings, similar to that worn by the 60th Rifles, with the exception of a broad red stripe on the trousers. The trouser stripe was done away with in 1875, when also the cap and feathers gave place to the busby and glengarry, the latter in 1884 being exchanged for the regulation army helmet, and soon perhaps our boys will all be seen in scarlet like their brothers of the Staffordshire battalions. The annual balls did not become popular, the last taking place in 1864; <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a> were held 14–17 October 1863, and 24–27 October 1876; athletic displays had been given (the first in May 1865).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Volunteer Review, 24 July 1861, before the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a>; at the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> Review, June 1865, before the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>; at the Midland Counties' Review at <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, June 1867; at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Review (page does not exist)">Royal Review</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> in 1868; and at every inspection since, the Birmingham corps has merited and received the highest praise for general smartness and efficiency; it was one of the crack corps of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first march-out of 720 to Sutton took place 21 June 1875, others joining at the camp, making over 800 being under canvas, 744 attending the review. The camping-out at <a href="/wiki/Streetly" title="Streetly">Streetly</a> Wood had annually recurred since that date; the first sham fight took place 20 June 1877. The "coming-of-age" was celebrated by a dinner at the Midland Hotel, 29 January 1881, up to which point the Government grants had amounted to £26,568 14 s (£26,568.70), the local subscriptions to £8,780, and the donations to £1,956 1 s 3 d (£1,956.06) The Birmingham Rifle Corps is now recognised as the First Volunteer Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a>, having been linked to the "Saucy Sixth", under the army scheme of 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Midland <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a> Club was started in 1875, the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> Rifle Association dating from 1861. Both clubs used the range at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandwell_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandwell Park (page does not exist)">Sandwell Park</a>, by permission of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="Earl of Dartmouth">Earl of Dartmouth</a>. At the International Match at <a href="/wiki/Creedmoor,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Creedmoor, New York">Creedmoor, New York</a>, in 1881, the representatives of this neighbourhood scored high numbers, <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> Bates (of the M.R.C.) taking the only first prize secured by visitors in the open competitions of the U.S. Associations. </p><p>In 1881 <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Warwickshire_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers">The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers</a> were created drawing massively from the city's stock. The Royal Warwickshire Regiment reorganised as the county regiment of Warwickshire, encompassing also its Militia and Volunteer infantry. </p><p>Around this time an official report showed that the Warwickshire regiment could muster 213 <a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">Yeomanry</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> on parade; while the Staffordshire had 422. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Warwickshire regiment drew massively from the Birmingham area especially in the first world war, an initial recruitment drive in the city mustered over 8000 men to fight in British regiments. Due to the successful recruitment the government advertised again and subsequently recruited a further 4000 volunteers, initially named the 1st, 2nd and 3rd city battalion, they were later merged into The Royal Warwickshire Regiment. These forces later went on to fight in the trenches of the first world war. </p><p>The Company's post-war programme included, for a short time, a range of aeroplanes. </p><p>The Austin Greyhound 2 seater fighter was one, and the Austin Ball single seater another. Then there was a single seater biplane with folding wings, which sold at £500, and a fourth called the Austin Whippet. There was many killed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion caps</a> were yearly sent from Brum in millions of <a href="/wiki/Gross_(unit)" title="Gross (unit)">grosses</a>, the manufacture of the complete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gun cartridge (page does not exist)">gun cartridge</a> came later. </p><p>The manufacture of the caps involved several dangerous processes, and Birmingham has had to mourn the loss of many of her children through accidents arising therefrom. </p><p>The ammunition works of Messrs. Kynoch and Co., at <a href="/wiki/Witton,_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Witton, West Midlands">Witton</a>, covered over 20 acres (80,000 m<sup>2</sup>), and gave employment to several hundred people, the contrariness of human nature being exemplified in the fact that the death-dealing articles were mainly manufactured by females, the future mothers or wives perchance of men to be laid low by the use of such things. The plant was capable of turning out 500,000 cartridges per day, as was done during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish war</a>, and it took 50 tons of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolled_brass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolled brass (page does not exist)">rolled brass</a>, 100 tons of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and 20 tons of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weekly to keep the factory fully going, all kinds of ammunition for <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> being made on the premises. Other extensive works were those of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Enterprises" title="Nobel Enterprises">Birmingham Small Arms and Metal Co.</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Adderley_Park" title="Adderley Park">Adderley Park</a> Mills, and the National Arms and Ammunition Co., at <a href="/wiki/Small_Heath,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Heath, Birmingham">Small Heath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perry_Barr" title="Perry Barr">Perry Barr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar">Interwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936 the government purchased a site next to the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Aerodrome" title="Castle Bromwich Aerodrome">Castle Bromwich Aerodrome</a> which was developed into <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Aircraft_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory">Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1 September 1939 - Approximately 75,000 Birmingham school children were evacuated to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 1940 the first air-raid on Birmingham took place over <a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a>. During Birminghams 27 enemy air raids an official request by the Government to news editors not to publish such reports left the city's bereaved quite indignant and bitter. </p><p>Over 2,000 women, children and elderly were killed and 3,000 more were seriously injured in the air raids, many of the attacks were aimed at the thousands of factories that manufactured weapons of war, including the Castle Bromwich aeroplane factory that mass-produced the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> fighter aircraft. The longest raid took place on 11 December and lasted 13 hours,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> inspected damage the next day. Finally, 60 years after the end of the Second World War, a memorial is now in place by the new Bull Ring to commemorate the civilians who died during air raids, naming all those who were killed or gave up their lives protecting the city. </p><p>B.S.A. and Longbridge turned their hands to the British war effort once again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers</a> were absorbed in 1968 and were combined with the other 3 Fusilier Regiments (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Northumberland Fusiliers">The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers" title="Lancashire Fusiliers">The Lancashire Fusiliers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Fusiliers">The Royal Fusiliers</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Fusiliers" title="Royal Regiment of Fusiliers">Royal Regiment Of Fusiliers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak_Hospital" title="Selly Oak Hospital">Selly Oak Hospital</a> closed completely in 2012. All military personnel are now treated at the recently built <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a> in Birmingham which is now the new home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cares for injured service men and women from conflict zones, as well as training Army, Navy and Air Force medical staff. </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Daring_(D32)" title="HMS Daring (D32)">HMS Daring</a>, the first Type 45 destroyer is affiliated to the city of Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yren out of Staffordshire and Warwikeshire and See Coale out of Staffordshire" (<a href="#CITEREFLelandHearne1744">Leland & Hearne 1744</a>, p. 109 footnote 2)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Web_Team2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Web_Team2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBCC_Web_Team2008">BCC Web Team 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2007">Jones 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress_Association2006_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress_Association2006">Press Association 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightson2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightson2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWrightson2011">Wrightson 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101074247/http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/history/civilwar.htm">"The Civil War around Birmingham 1642-1648"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/history/civilwar.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+around+Birmingham+1642-1648&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualbrum.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fcivilwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span> <sup>Web server down—2015-03-14</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927080451/http://www.lycos.com/info/english-civil-war.html"><i>English Civil War</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lycos.com/info/english-civil-war.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lycos.com%2Finfo%2Fenglish-civil-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunterSutton2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunterSutton2000_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunterSutton2000">Hunter & Sutton 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190559-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190559_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis-Bund1905">Willis-Bund 1905</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190584–90-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190584–90_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis-Bund1905">Willis-Bund 1905</a>, pp. 84–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190587–89-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis-Bund190587–89_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis-Bund1905">Willis-Bund 1905</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuttonGuest183642–47-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuttonGuest183642–47_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuttonGuest1836">Hutton & Guest 1836</a>, pp. 42–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006226-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006226_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopper199998–113-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopper199998–113_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopper1999">Hopper 1999</a>, pp. 98–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENef1966106_footnote_1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENef1966106_footnote_1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNef1966">Nef 1966</a>, p. 106 footnote 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmins2013">Timmins 2013</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman18852-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman18852_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102–103-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins2013102–103_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmins2013">Timmins 2013</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBSA_staff2015About-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBSA_staff2015About_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBSA_staff2015">BSA staff 2015</a>, About.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332–333-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885332–333_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, pp. 332–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPott2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPott2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPott2004">Pott 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery2005_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery2005">Emery 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008062230/http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/heritage/page11.htm">"Birmingham's Statues and memorials"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/heritage/page11.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham%27s+Statues+and+memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualbrum.co.uk%2Fheritage%2Fpage11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span> <sup>Web server down—2015-03-14</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333–334-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885333–334_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman1885334_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman1885">Harman 1885</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBCC_Library_staff2006">BCC Library staff 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBCC_Library_staff2008_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBCC_Library_staff2008">BCC Library staff 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn2015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn2015_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburn2015">Blackburn 2015</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBCC_Library_staff2006" class="citation cs2">BCC Library staff (6 November 2006) [2001], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915194556/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=1830&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=5396"><i>Chronology of Birmingham 1883 - 1950</i></a>, Birmingham City Council, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=1830&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=5396">the original</a> on 15 September 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Birmingham+1883+-+1950&rft.pub=Birmingham+City+Council&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft.au=BCC+Library+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.gov.uk%2FGenerateContent%3FCONTENT_ITEM_ID%3D1830%26CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE%3D0%26MENU_ID%3D5396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBCC_Library_staff2008" class="citation cs2">BCC Library staff (3 January 2008) [2005], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609123148/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=57886&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=260"><i>1945–2005: Birmingham Remembers: Air Raid Precautions</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=57886&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=260">the original</a> on 9 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1945%E2%80%932005%3A+Birmingham+Remembers%3A+Air+Raid+Precautions&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.au=BCC+Library+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.gov.uk%2FGenerateContent%3FCONTENT_ITEM_ID%3D57886%26CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE%3D0%26MENU_ID%3D260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBCC_Web_Team2008" class="citation cs2">BCC Web Team (4 January 2008) [2002], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610053108/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=14124&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=11475"><i>Updating the Past: Birmingham's Roman Fort (Metchley)</i></a>, Birmingham City Council Web Team (for the Archaeology section of the Environment and Planning department), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=14124&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=11475">the original</a> on 10 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Updating+the+Past%3A+Birmingham%27s+Roman+Fort+%28Metchley%29&rft.pub=Birmingham+City+Council+Web+Team+%28for+the+Archaeology+section+of+the+Environment+and+Planning+department%29&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft.au=BCC+Web+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.gov.uk%2FGenerateContent%3FCONTENT_ITEM_ID%3D14124%26CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE%3D0%26MENU_ID%3D11475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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(1885), <i>Showell's dictionary of Birmingham</i>, Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/showellsdictiona00harm#page/2/mode/1up">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/showellsdictiona00harm#page/332/mode/2up">332–333</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showell%27s+dictionary+of+Birmingham&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pages=2%2C+332-333&rft.pub=Cornish+Brothers&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/teacher/history/jm_jones/jmj_plauge/page5.htm">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=22845&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=5396">Images and information on Birmingham Central Wartime Photographs Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staffshomeguard.co.uk/KOtherInformationKynoch.htm">A History of Kynoch Works</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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