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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_the_E_ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Source of the E ring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_the_E_ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Surface features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_craters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_craters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Impact craters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_craters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Tectonic features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smooth_plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smooth_plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Smooth plains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smooth_plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_polar_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_polar_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 South polar region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_polar_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_polar_plumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_polar_plumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 South polar plumes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_polar_plumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsurface_ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Subsurface ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_heat_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_heat_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Possible heat sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_heat_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Tidal heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactive_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactive_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Radioactive heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactive_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Chemical factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mimas–Enceladus_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mimas–Enceladus_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mimas–Enceladus paradox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mimas–Enceladus_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Enceladus_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Enceladus_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Proto-Enceladus hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Enceladus_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_of_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Date of formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Potential habitability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal_vents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Hydrothermal vents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyager_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyager_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Voyager missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyager_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cassini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_mission_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_mission_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Proposed mission concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_mission_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Informational notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Enceladus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelados_(maan)" title="Enkelados (maan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Enkelados (maan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(Mond)" title="Enceladus (Mond) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Enceladus (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إنسيلادوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسيلادوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelado_(satelite)" title="Encelado (satelite) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Encelado (satelite)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enselad_(peyk)" title="Enselad (peyk) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enselad (peyk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="انسلادوس (قمر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انسلادوس (قمر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(o%C4%93-chhe%E2%81%BF)" title="Enceladus (oē-chheⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Enceladus (oē-chheⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Энцелад (юлдаш) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энцелад (юлдаш)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Энцэлад (спадарожнік Сатурна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энцэлад (спадарожнік Сатурна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Енцелад (спътник) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енцелад (спътник)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelad_(mjesec)" title="Enkelad (mjesec) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enkelad (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%A8lad_(sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit)" title="Encèlad (satèl·lit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encèlad (satèl·lit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Энцелад (çулташ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энцелад (çулташ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc)" title="Enceladus (měsíc) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enceladus (měsíc)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladu" title="Enceladu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Enceladu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladws_(lloeren)" title="Enceladws (lloeren) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enceladws (lloeren)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Enceladus (måne) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enceladus (måne)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(Mond)" title="Enceladus (Mond) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enceladus (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Εγκέλαδος (δορυφόρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκέλαδος (δορυφόρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%A9lado_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Encélado (satélite) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encélado (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelado_(luno)" title="Encelado (luno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Encelado (luno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzelado_(satelitea)" title="Entzelado (satelitea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzelado (satelitea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انسلادوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسلادوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelade_(lune)" title="Encelade (lune) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encelade (lune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%A9lado_(l%C3%BAa)" title="Encélado (lúa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Encélado (lúa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%EC%85%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4" title="엔셀라두스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엔셀라두스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Էնցելադ (արբանյակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնցելադ (արբանյակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="ऍनसॅलअडस (उपग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍनसॅलअडस (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelad_(mjesec)" title="Encelad (mjesec) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Encelad (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(satelit)" title="Enceladus (satelit) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enceladus (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelado_(astronomia)" title="Encelado (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encelado (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אנקלדוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנקלדוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ns%C3%A9ladus_(satelit)" title="Énséladus (satelit) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Énséladus (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ენცელადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენცელადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Энцелад (серік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энцелад (серік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Энцелад – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Энцелад" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(satelles)" title="Enceladus (satelles) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Enceladus (satelles)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelads_(pavadonis)" title="Encelads (pavadonis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Encelads (pavadonis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(Mound)" title="Enceladus (Mound) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Enceladus (Mound)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladas_(palydovas)" title="Enceladas (palydovas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Enceladas (palydovas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelado_(corp_celest)" title="Encelado (corp celest) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Encelado (corp celest)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Енкелад (месечина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енкелад (месечина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="എൻസിലാഡസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻസിലാഡസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="एन्सेलाडस (शनीचा उपग्रह) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एन्सेलाडस (शनीचा उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(bulan)" title="Enceladus (bulan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enceladus (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(%C3%B4i-s%C4%ADng)" title="Enceladus (ôi-sĭng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Enceladus (ôi-sĭng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anc%C3%A9lado_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ancélado (satélite) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ancélado (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81" title="Энселадус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энселадус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C)" title="အန်ဆဲလ်ဒပ်စ် (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အန်ဆဲလ်ဒပ်စ် (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(maan)" title="Enceladus (maan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enceladus (maan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9_(%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="エンケラドゥス (衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンケラドゥス (衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Enceladus (måne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enceladus (måne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encelad_(luna)" title="Encelad (luna) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Encelad (luna)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انسلادوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسلادوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc)" title="Enceladus (księżyc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enceladus (księżyc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%A9lado_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Encélado (satélite) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encélado (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(satelit)" title="Enceladus (satelit) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enceladus (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Энцелад (спутник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энцелад (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladu" title="Enceladu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Enceladu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" title="Enceladus (moon) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enceladus (moon)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(mesiac)" title="Enceladus (mesiac) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enceladus (mesiac)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelad" title="Enkelad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enkelad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="ئێنسلادوس (مانگ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێنسلادوس (مانگ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(mun)" title="Enceladus (mun) – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Enceladus (mun)" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Енкелад (сателит) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енкелад (сателит)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelad_(mesec)" title="Enkelad (mesec) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Enkelad (mesec)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enceladus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Enceladus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Enceladus (disambiguation)">Enceladus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Enceladus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/290px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/435px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/580px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1020" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Enceladus imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> orbiter, October 2015<a href="#cite_note-caption-1">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Discovery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 28, 1789<a href="#cite_note-Discovery-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Designation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Saturn II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛnˈsɛlədəs/</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (giant)">Ἐγκέλαδος</a> Egkelados</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Enceladean <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛnsəˈleɪdiən/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">237948 km<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0047<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.370218 d<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.009° (to Saturn's equator)<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellite of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Dimensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">513.2 × 502.8 × 496.6 km<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roatsch_et_al._2009-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">252.1±0.2 km<a href="#cite_note-Roatsch_et_al._2009-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson2022-9">[8]</a> (0.0395 Earths, 0.1451 Moons)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(1.080318±0.00028)×1020 kg<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson2022-9">[8]</a> (1.8×10−5 Earths)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6097±0.0038 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson2022-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.113 m/s2 (0.0116 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3305±0.0025<a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2015-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h)<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">Synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.375±0.008 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a> at 550 nm)<a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer_et_al._2007-11">[10]</a> or 0.81±0.04 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Howett_2010-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-13">[12]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">32.9 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">75 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">145 K</td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">−240 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">−198 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">−128 °C</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.7<a href="#cite_note-Observatorio_ARVAL-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Atmosphere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Trace, significant spatial variability<a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> vapor 4% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> 3.2% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a><a href="#cite_note-Waite-17">[16]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Enceladus is the sixth-largest <a href="/wiki/Moon_of_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon of Saturn">moon of Saturn</a> and the 18th-largest in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. It is about 500 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometers</a> (310 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>) in diameter,<a href="#cite_note-Facts-6">[5]</a> about a tenth of that of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. It is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. Consequently, its surface temperature at noon reaches only −198 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (75.1 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>; −324.4 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>), far colder than a light-absorbing body would be. Despite its small size, Enceladus has a wide variety of surface features, ranging from old, heavily <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">cratered</a> regions to young, <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonically</a> deformed <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>. Enceladus was discovered on August 28, 1789, by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Discovery-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herschel_1790-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herschel_1795-19">[18]</a> but little was known about it until the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> spacecrafts, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Lovett_cosmos-20">[19]</a> In 2005, the spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> started multiple close flybys of Enceladus, revealing its surface and environment in greater detail. In particular, Cassini discovered water-rich <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plumes</a> venting from the south <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcanoes</a> near the south pole shoot <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geyser</a>-like jets of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>, other volatiles, and solid material, including <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a> (440 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a>) per second.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lovett_cosmos-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer2013a-22">[21]</a> More than 100 geysers have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728-23">[22]</a> Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">E ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E_ring-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-E_ring_2006-25">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientists, the plumes are similar in composition to <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NS-20080326-26">[25]</a> In 2014, NASA reported that Cassini had found evidence for a large south polar <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface ocean</a> of liquid water with a thickness of around 10 km (6 mi).<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witze2014-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-29">[28]</a> The existence of Enceladus' subsurface ocean has since been mathematically modelled and replicated.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> These observations of active cryoeruptions, along with the finding of escaping <a href="/wiki/Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">internal heat</a> and very few (if any) impact craters in the south polar region, show that Enceladus is currently geologically active. Like many other satellites in the extensive systems of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, Enceladus participates in an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a>. Its resonance with <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> excites its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidally heating</a> its interior and driving the geological activity.<a href="#cite_note-Efroimsky_2018a-31">[30]</a> Cassini performed chemical analysis of Enceladus's plumes, finding evidence for <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> activity,<a href="#cite_note-Waite_et_al._2018-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsu_et_al._2015-33">[32]</a> possibly driving complex chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Postberg_et_al._2018-34">[33]</a> Ongoing research on Cassini data suggests that Enceladus's hydrothermal environment could be habitable to some of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vent</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>, and that plume-found methane could be produced by such organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Taubner_et_al._2018-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Affholder_et_al._2021-36">[35]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/255px-William_Herschel01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/340px-William_Herschel01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>William Herschel, discoverer of Enceladus</figcaption></figure> Enceladus was discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> on August 28, 1789, during the first use of his new 1.2 m (47 in) <a href="/wiki/40-foot_telescope" title="40-foot telescope">40-foot telescope</a>, then the largest in the world, at <a href="/wiki/Observatory_House" title="Observatory House">Observatory House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-Herschel_1795-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Its faint <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> (HV = +11.7) and its proximity to the much brighter Saturn and Saturn's rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth with smaller telescopes. Like many satellites of Saturn discovered prior to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>, Enceladus was first observed during a Saturnian equinox, when Earth is within the ring plane. At such times, the reduction in glare from the rings makes the moons easier to observe.<a href="#cite_note-SP-20130405-38">[37]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager missions</a> the view of Enceladus improved little from the dot first observed by Herschel. Only its orbital characteristics were known, with estimations of its <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Hershel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_F._Hershel.png/170px-John_F._Hershel.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_F._Hershel.png/255px-John_F._Hershel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_F._Hershel.png/340px-John_F._Hershel.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, the astronomer who suggested that the moons of Saturn be named after the Titans and Giants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/220px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/330px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/440px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> (left) fighting <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (giant)">Enceladus</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> Enceladus is named after the <a href="/wiki/Gigantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes">giant</a> <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (giant)">Enceladus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Discovery-2">[1]</a> The name, like the names of each of the first seven satellites of Saturn to be discovered, was suggested by William Herschel's son <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope.<a href="#cite_note-Lassell-39">[38]</a> He chose these names because <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>, known in Greek mythology as <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>. Geological features on Enceladus are named by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) after characters and places from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>'s 1885 <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Thousand_Nights_and_a_Night" title="The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night">translation</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">The Book of One Thousand and One Nights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NameCategories-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact craters</a> are named after characters, whereas other feature types, such as <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossa (geology)">fossae</a> (long, narrow depressions), <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(astrogeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (astrogeology)">dorsa</a> (ridges), <a href="/wiki/Planitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Planitia">planitiae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(geology)" title="Sulcus (geology)">sulci</a> (long parallel grooves), and <a href="/wiki/Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a> (cliffs) are named after places. The IAU has officially named 85 features on Enceladus, most recently Samaria Rupes, formerly called Samaria Fossa.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape_and_size">Shape and size</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shape and size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_size_corrected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Enceladus_size_corrected.png/220px-Enceladus_size_corrected.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Enceladus_size_corrected.png/330px-Enceladus_size_corrected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Enceladus_size_corrected.png/440px-Enceladus_size_corrected.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between Enceladus (lower left), the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (upper left) and Earth</figcaption></figure> Enceladus is a relatively small satellite composed of ice and rock.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> It is a scalene <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> in shape; its diameters, calculated from images taken by Cassini's ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) instrument, are 513 km between the sub- and anti-Saturnian poles, 503 km between the leading and trailing hemispheres, and 497 km between the north and south poles.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. It ranks sixth in both mass and size among the satellites of Saturn, after <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> (5,150 km), <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a> (1,530 km), <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a> (1,440 km), <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> (1,120 km) and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> (1,050 km).<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2007-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orbit and rotation">edit</a>]</div> Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn along with <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>. It orbits at 238,000 km (148,000 mi) from Saturn's center and 180,000 km (110,000 mi) from its cloud tops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys. It orbits Saturn every 32.9 hours, fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation. Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), which is known as a forced eccentricity. This non-zero eccentricity results in tidal deformation of Enceladus. The dissipated heat resulting from this deformation is the main heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> Enceladus orbits within the densest part of <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn's E ring</a>, the outermost of <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">its major rings</a>, and is the main source of the ring's material composition.<a href="#cite_note-ras.377-46">[45]</a> Like most of Saturn's larger satellites, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. Unlike Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, Enceladus does not appear to <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">librate</a> more than 1.5° about its spin axis. However, analysis of the shape of Enceladus suggests that at some point it was in a 1:4 forced secondary spin–orbit libration.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> This libration could have provided Enceladus with an additional heat source.<a href="#cite_note-Efroimsky_2018a-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Efroimsky_2018b-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_2008-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_of_the_E_ring">Source of the E ring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Source of the E ring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn § E Ring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg/220px-E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg/330px-E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg/440px-E_ring_with_Enceladus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Enceladus orbiting within <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn's E ring</a></figcaption></figure> Plumes from Enceladus, which are similar in composition to comets,<a href="#cite_note-NS-20080326-26">[25]</a> have been shown to be the source of the material in Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">E ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E_ring-24">[23]</a> The E ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe ring">Phoebe ring</a>). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material distributed between the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hedman_2012-49">[48]</a> Mathematical models show that the E ring is unstable, with a lifespan between 10,000 and 1,000,000 years; therefore, particles composing it must be constantly replenished.<a href="#cite_note-csa.cassini-50">[49]</a> Enceladus is orbiting inside the ring, at its narrowest but highest density point. In the 1980s, some astronomers suspected that Enceladus is the main source of particles for the ring.<a href="#cite_note-Baum_1981-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haff_1983-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref.09459-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssu.241-54">[53]</a> This hypothesis was confirmed by Cassini's first two close flybys in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Spahn-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ut.12710-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Dust_Analyzer" title="Cosmic Dust Analyzer">Cosmic Dust Analyzer</a> (CDA) "detected a large increase in the number of particles near Enceladus", confirming it as the primary source for the E ring.<a href="#cite_note-Spahn-55">[54]</a> Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud Cassini flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-JPL619-57">[56]</a> Visual confirmation of venting came in November 2005, when <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> imaged <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geyser</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)">jets</a> of icy particles rising from Enceladus's south polar region.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-E_ring_2006-25">[24]</a> (Although the plume was imaged before, in January and February 2005, additional studies of the camera's response at high phase angles, when the Sun is almost behind Enceladus, and comparison with equivalent high-phase-angle images taken of other Saturnian satellites, were required before this could be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Ciclops1652-58">[57]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_features">Surface features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surface features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Enceladus" title="List of geological features on Enceladus">List of geological features on Enceladus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg/220px-Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg/330px-Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg/440px-Enceladusstripes_cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3237" data-file-height="3812" /></a><figcaption>A false-color photo of Enceladus, that highlights its ridges, impact craters and plains.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> was the first spacecraft to observe Enceladus's surface in detail, in August 1981. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution imagery revealed at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> Extensive linear cracks<a href="#cite_note-cracks-60">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">scarps</a> were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old.<a href="#cite_note-Solstice-61">[60]</a> Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with "<a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanism">water volcanism</a>" or other processes that renew the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Solstice-61">[60]</a> The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface makes Enceladus the most reflective body in the Solar System, with a visual <a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric albedo</a> of 1.38<a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer_et_al._2007-11">[10]</a> and bolometric <a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond albedo</a> of 0.81±0.04.<a href="#cite_note-Howett_2010-12">[11]</a> Because it reflects so much sunlight, its surface only reaches a mean noon temperature of −198 °C (−324 °F), somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-13">[12]</a> Observations during three flybys on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridges</a> and scarps. Numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed.<a href="#cite_note-Rathbun-62">[61]</a> Some areas contain no craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. There are fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations. Several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either Voyager spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> All of this indicates that Enceladus's interior is liquid today, even though it should have been frozen long ago.<a href="#cite_note-Solstice-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_craters">Impact craters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact craters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg/220px-PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg/330px-PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg/440px-PIA20011-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-NPole-Closeup-20151014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>A close up picture of <a href="/wiki/Al-Haddar_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haddar (crater)">Al-Haddar</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Shahrazad_(crater)" title="Shahrazad (crater)">Shahrazad</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Dunyazad_(crater)" title="Dunyazad (crater)">Dunyazad</a> (bottom) craters</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact cratering</a> is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-63">[62]</a> This subdivision of cratered terrains on the basis of crater density (and thus surface age) suggests that Enceladus has been resurfaced in multiple stages.<a href="#cite_note-Solstice-61">[60]</a> Cassini observations provided a much closer look at the crater distribution and size, showing that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily degraded through viscous relaxation and <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a> Viscous relaxation allows gravity, over geologic time scales, to deform craters and other topographic features formed in water ice, reducing the amount of topography over time. The rate at which this occurs is dependent on the temperature of the ice: warmer ice is easier to deform than colder, stiffer ice. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domed</a> floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim. <a href="/wiki/Dunyazad_(crater)" title="Dunyazad (crater)">Dunyazad crater</a> is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor.<a href="#cite_note-Se-4-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tectonic_features">Tectonic features</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tectonic features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">Tiger stripes (Enceladus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_(37416820511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg/220px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg/330px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg/440px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2837416820511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A close-up view of Enceladus's ridges</figcaption></figure> Voyager 2 found several types of tectonic features on Enceladus, including <a href="/wiki/Trough_(geology)" title="Trough (geology)">troughs</a>, scarps, and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">belts</a> of grooves and <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> Results from Cassini suggest that <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a> is the dominant mode of deformation on Enceladus, including rifts, one of the more dramatic types of tectonic features that were noted. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 1 km deep. Such features are geologically young, because they cut across other tectonic features and have sharp topographic relief with prominent outcrops along the cliff faces.<a href="#cite_note-LPS_2006-66">[65]</a> Evidence of tectonics on Enceladus is also derived from grooved terrain, consisting of lanes of curvilinear grooves and ridges. These bands, first discovered by Voyager 2, often separate smooth plains from cratered regions.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> Grooved terrains such as the Samarkand Sulci are reminiscent of grooved terrain on <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>. Unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally more complex. Rather than parallel sets of grooves, these lanes often appear as bands of crudely aligned, chevron-shaped features.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a> In other areas, these bands bow upwards with fractures and ridges running the length of the feature. Cassini observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed dark spots (125 and 750 m wide) located parallel to the narrow fractures. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a> In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. Many of these fractures are found in bands cutting across cratered terrain. These fractures probably propagate down only a few hundred meters into the crust. Many have probably been influenced during their formation by the weakened <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> produced by impact craters, often changing the strike of the propagating fracture.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Another example of tectonic features on Enceladus are the linear grooves first found by Voyager 2 and seen at a much higher resolution by Cassini. These linear grooves can be seen cutting across other terrain types, like the groove and ridge belts. Like the deep rifts, they are among the youngest features on Enceladus. However, some linear grooves have been softened like the craters nearby, suggesting that they are older. Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>. These ridges are relatively limited in extent and are up to one kilometer tall. One-kilometer high domes have also been observed.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a> Given the level of resurfacing found on Enceladus, it is clear that tectonic movement has been an important driver of geology for much of its history.<a href="#cite_note-LPS_2006-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smooth_plains">Smooth plains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Smooth plains">edit</a>]</div> Two regions of smooth plains were observed by Voyager 2. They generally have low relief and have far fewer craters than in the cratered terrains, indicating a relatively young surface age.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-63">[62]</a> In one of the smooth plain regions, <a href="/wiki/Sarandib_Planitia" title="Sarandib Planitia">Sarandib Planitia</a>, no impact craters were visible down to the limit of resolution. Another region of smooth plains to the southwest of Sarandib is criss-crossed by several troughs and scarps. Cassini has since viewed these smooth plains regions, like Sarandib Planitia and <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Planitia" title="Diyar Planitia">Diyar Planitia</a> at much higher resolution. Cassini images show these regions filled with low-relief ridges and fractures, probably caused by <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear deformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turtle-64">[63]</a> The high-resolution images of Sarandib Planitia revealed a number of small impact craters, which allow for an estimate of the surface age, either 170 million years or 3.7 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> years, depending on assumed impactor population.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-crater_flux-68">[b]</a> The expanded surface coverage provided by Cassini has allowed for the identification of additional regions of smooth plains, particularly on Enceladus's leading hemisphere (the side of Enceladus that faces the direction of motion as it orbits Saturn). Rather than being covered in low-relief ridges, this region is covered in numerous criss-crossing sets of troughs and ridges, similar to the deformation seen in the south polar region. This area is on the opposite side of Enceladus from Sarandib and Diyar Planitiae, suggesting that the placement of these regions is influenced by Saturn's tides on Enceladus.<a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_polar_region">South polar region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South polar region">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg/330px-Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg/495px-Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg/660px-Enceladus_quadrangle_Se15_PIA08419_full_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>An atlas of Enceladus's south pole quadrangle, which is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>.</figcaption></figure> Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ciclops1223-70">[68]</a> The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites. Modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded by ridges, unofficially called "<a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20191209-71">[69]</a> They appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls.<a href="#cite_note-Ciclops1223-70">[68]</a> Here the "blue" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">E ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VIMS_PR-72">[70]</a> Results from the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past.<a href="#cite_note-VIMS_PR-72">[70]</a> VIMS also detected simple organic (carbon-containing) compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-73">[71]</a> One of these areas of "blue" ice in the south polar region was observed at high resolution during the July 14, 2005, flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across.<a href="#cite_note-Ciclops1250-74">[72]</a> The boundary of the south polar region is marked by a pattern of parallel, Y- and V-shaped ridges and valleys. The shape, orientation, and location of these features suggest they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. As of 2006 there were two theories for what could cause such a shift in shape: the orbit of Enceladus may have migrated inward, leading to an increase in Enceladus's rotation rate. Such a shift would lead to a more oblate shape;<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> or a rising mass of warm, low-density material in Enceladus's interior may have led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole.<a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo-69">[67]</a> Consequently, the moon's ellipsoid shape would have adjusted to match the new orientation. One problem of the polar flattening hypothesis is that both polar regions should have similar tectonic deformation histories.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> However, the north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface age than the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-63">[62]</a> Thickness variations in Enceladus's <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> is one explanation for this discrepancy. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. The Y-shaped discontinuities, and the north–south trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. The V-shaped cusps are adjacent to older, more heavily cratered terrains.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_polar_plumes">South polar plumes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South polar plumes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_(49728085428).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png/550px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png/825px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png/1100px-Enceladus_-_November_21_2009_%2849728085428%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of Enceladus's plumes taken by the Cassini spacecraft</figcaption></figure> Following Voyager's encounters with Enceladus in the early 1980s, scientists postulated it to be geologically active based on its young, reflective surface and location near the core of the E ring.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> Based on the connection between Enceladus and the E ring, scientists suspected that Enceladus was the source of material in the E ring, perhaps through venting of water vapor.<a href="#cite_note-Baum_1981-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haff_1983-52">[51]</a> The first Cassini sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005,<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> though the possibility of a camera artifact delayed an official announcement. Data from the <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> instrument during the February 17, 2005, encounter provided evidence for a planetary atmosphere. The magnetometer observed a deflection or "draping" of the magnetic field, consistent with local ionization of neutral gas.<a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-15">[14]</a> During the two following encounters, the <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower.<a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-15">[14]</a> Unlike the magnetometer, the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> Imaging Spectrograph failed to detect an atmosphere above Enceladus during the February encounter when it looked over the equatorial region, but did detect water vapor during an occultation over the south polar region during the July encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-16">[15]</a> Cassini flew through this gas cloud on a few encounters, allowing instruments such as the ion and neutral <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometer</a> (<a href="/wiki/INMS" class="mw-redirect" title="INMS">INMS</a>) and the cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to directly sample the plume. (See 'Composition' section.) The November 2005 images showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500 km (310 mi) from the surface.<a href="#cite_note-JPL619-57">[56]</a> The particles have a bulk velocity of 1.25 ± 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">kilometers per second</a> (2,800 ± 220 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">miles per hour</a>),<a href="#cite_note-perry2846-75">[73]</a> and a maximum velocity of 3.40 km/s (7,600 mph).<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007. The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> Fumaroles are probably the closer analogy, since periodic or episodic emission is an inherent property of geysers. The plumes of Enceladus were observed to be continuous to within a factor of a few. The mechanism that drives and sustains the eruptions is thought to be tidal heating.<a href="#cite_note-Kite_3972–3975-77">[75]</a> The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> (the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spotts2013-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2013-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer2013b-80">[78]</a> This is consistent with geophysical calculations which predict the south polar fissures are under compression near periapsis, pushing them shut, and under tension near apoapsis, pulling them open.<a href="#cite_note-HedmanGosmeyer2013-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a> may also drive localized extension along alternating (left- and right- lateral) transtensional zones (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart basins</a>) over the Tiger Stripes, thereby regulating jet activity within these regions.<a href="#cite_note-Berne2024-82">[80]</a> Much of the plume activity consists of broad curtain-like eruptions. Optical illusions from a combination of viewing direction and local fracture geometry previously made the plumes look like discrete jets.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The extent to which <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanism">cryovolcanism</a> really occurs is a subject of some debate. At Enceladus, it appears that cryovolcanism occurs because water-filled cracks are periodically exposed to vacuum, the cracks being opened and closed by tidal stresses.<a href="#cite_note-HedmanGosmeyer2013-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_2016-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Internal structure">edit</a>]</div> Before the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> mission, little was known about the interior of Enceladus. However, flybys by Cassini provided information for models of Enceladus's interior, including a better determination of the mass and shape, high-resolution observations of the surface, and new insights on the interior.<a href="#cite_note-esa.usea-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-aas.44-89">[87]</a> Initial mass estimates from the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> missions suggested that Enceladus was composed almost entirely of water ice.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> However, based on the effects of Enceladus's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on Cassini, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> This density is higher than those of Saturn's other mid-sized icy satellites, indicating that Enceladus contains a greater percentage of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. <a href="#CITEREFCastillo,_Matson_et_al.2005">Castillo, Matson et al. (2005)</a> suggested that <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a> and the other icy satellites of Saturn formed relatively quickly after the formation of the Saturnian subnebula, and thus were rich in short-lived radionuclides.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo1-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-91">[89]</a> These radionuclides, like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium#Isotopes" title="Aluminium">aluminium-26</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron#Isotopes" title="Iron">iron-60</a>, have short half-lives and would produce interior heating relatively quickly. Without the short-lived variety, Enceladus's complement of long-lived radionuclides would not have been enough to prevent rapid freezing of the interior, even with Enceladus's comparatively high rock–mass fraction, given its small size.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo2-92">[90]</a> Given Enceladus's relatively high rock–mass fraction, the proposed enhancement in 26Al and 60Fe would result in a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> body, with an icy <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and a rocky <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schubert2007-93">[91]</a> Subsequent radioactive and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> heating would raise the temperature of the core to 1,000 K, enough to melt the inner mantle. For Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have also melted, forming <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">libration</a>, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core and would power the current geological activity.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_2008-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matson-94">[92]</a> In addition to its mass and modeled <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, researchers have also examined Enceladus's shape to determine if it is differentiated. <a href="#CITEREFPorco,_Helfenstein_et_al.2006">Porco, Helfenstein et al. (2006)</a> used limb measurements to determine that its shape, assuming <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>, is consistent with an undifferentiated interior, in contradiction to the geological and geochemical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> However, the current shape also supports the possibility that Enceladus is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and may have rotated faster at some point in the recent past (with a differentiated interior).<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2007-93">[91]</a> Gravity measurements by Cassini show that the density of the core is low, indicating that the core contains water in addition to silicates.<a href="#cite_note-Taubner_et_al._2014-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsurface_ocean">Subsurface ocean</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subsurface ocean">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/330px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/495px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/660px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of a global subsurface ocean of liquid water<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-29">[28]</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:PIA20013-Enceladus-SaturnMoon-ArtistConcept-20151026.jpg" title="File:PIA20013-Enceladus-SaturnMoon-ArtistConcept-20151026.jpg">updated and better scaled version</a>)</figcaption></figure> Evidence of liquid water on Enceladus began to accumulate in 2005, when scientists observed plumes containing water vapor spewing from its south polar surface,<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-rain-96">[94]</a> with jets moving 250 kg of water vapor every second<a href="#cite_note-rain-96">[94]</a> at up to 2,189 km/h (1,360 mph) into space.<a href="#cite_note-news9.9422981-97">[95]</a> Soon after, in 2006 it was determined that Enceladus's plumes are the source of Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">E Ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spahn-55">[54]</a> The sources of salty particles are uniformly distributed along the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>, whereas sources of "fresh" particles are closely related to the high-speed gas jets. The "salty" particles are heavier and mostly fall back to the surface, whereas the fast "fresh" particles escape to the E ring, explaining its salt-poor composition of 0.5–2% of sodium salts by mass.<a href="#cite_note-Postberg2011-98">[96]</a> Gravimetric data from Cassini's December 2010 flybys showed that Enceladus likely has a liquid water ocean beneath its frozen surface, but at the time it was thought the subsurface ocean was limited to the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witze2014-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Apr_2014-99">[97]</a> The top of the ocean probably lies beneath a 30 to 40 kilometers (19 to 25 mi) thick ice shelf. The ocean may be 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) deep at the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-20140403-100">[98]</a> Measurements of Enceladus's "wobble" as it orbits Saturn—called <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">libration</a>—suggests that the entire icy crust is detached from the rocky core and therefore that a global ocean is present beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-global-101">[99]</a> The amount of libration (0.120° ± 0.014°) implies that this global ocean is about 26 to 31 kilometers (16 to 19 miles) deep.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Global-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciam-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> For comparison, Earth's ocean has an average depth of 3.7 kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-sciam-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composition">Composition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg/220px-Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg/330px-Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg/440px-Enceladus_plume_molecules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The chemical composition of Enceladus's plumes</figcaption></figure> The Cassini spacecraft flew through the southern plumes on several occasions to sample and analyze its composition. As of 2019, the data gathered is still being analyzed and interpreted. The plumes' salty composition (-Na, -Cl, -CO3) indicates that the source is a salty <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-space.090624-106">[104]</a> The INMS instrument detected mostly <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, as well as traces of molecular <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Waite-17">[16]</a> and trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-space.5179-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR03262008-108">[106]</a> The plumes' composition, as measured by the INMS, is similar to that seen at most comets.<a href="#cite_note-PR03262008-108">[106]</a> Cassini also found traces of simple <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> in some dust grains,<a href="#cite_note-Postberg2011-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa.037PG-109">[107]</a> as well as larger organics such as benzene (C 6H 6),<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">complex macromolecular organics</a> as large as 200 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass units</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Postberg_et_al._2018-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180627-111">[109]</a> and at least 15 carbon atoms in size.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a> detected <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a> (H2) which was in "thermodynamic disequilibrium" with the other components,<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> and found traces of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH 3).<a href="#cite_note-jpl.2238-114">[112]</a> A model suggests that Enceladus's salty ocean (-Na, -Cl, -CO3) has an alkaline <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 11 to 12.<a href="#cite_note-pH_2015-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glein_2015-116">[114]</a> The high pH is interpreted to be a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a> of chondritic rock that leads to the generation of H2, a geochemical source of energy that could support both abiotic and biological synthesis of organic molecules such as those that have been detected in Enceladus's plumes.<a href="#cite_note-pH_2015-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wall-117">[115]</a> Further analysis in 2019 was done of the spectral characteristics of ice grains in Enceladus's erupting plumes. The study found that nitrogen-bearing and oxygen-bearing <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> were likely present, with significant implications for the availability of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> in the internal ocean. The researchers suggested that the compounds on Enceladus could be precursors for "biologically relevant organic compounds".<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_heat_sources">Possible heat sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible heat sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg/220px-Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg/330px-Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg/440px-Jet_Spots_in_Tiger_Stripes_PIA10361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>Heat map of the south polar fractures, dubbed '<a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>'</figcaption></figure>During the flyby of July 14, 2005, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) found a warm region near the south pole. Temperatures in this region ranged from 85 to 90 K, with small areas showing as high as 157 K (−116 °C), much too warm to be explained by solar heating, indicating that parts of the south polar region are heated from the interior of Enceladus.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-13">[12]</a> The presence of a subsurface ocean under the south polar region is now accepted,<a href="#cite_note-Showman_2013-120">[118]</a> but it cannot explain the source of the heat, with an estimated heat flux of 200 mW/m2, which is about 10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating alone.<a href="#cite_note-heat_flux_2016-121">[119]</a> Several explanations for the observed elevated temperatures and the resulting plumes have been proposed, including venting from a subsurface reservoir of liquid water, <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> of ice,<a href="#cite_note-DPS_meeting_#45-122">[120]</a> decompression and dissociation of <a href="/wiki/Clathrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrate">clathrates</a>, and shear heating,<a href="#cite_note-spencer_2014-123">[121]</a> but a complete explanation of all the heat sources causing the observed thermal power output of Enceladus has not yet been settled. Heating in Enceladus has occurred through various mechanisms ever since its formation. <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a> in its core may have initially heated it,<a href="#cite_note-A_Hot_Start_on_Enceladus-124">[122]</a> giving it a warm core and a subsurface ocean, which is now kept above freezing through unidentified mechanisms. Geophysical models indicate that <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> is a main heat source, perhaps aided by radioactive decay and some <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">heat-producing chemical reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15_gigawatts-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd.001237-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-areps.41-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-icarus.226.1-128">[126]</a> A 2007 study predicted the internal heat of Enceladus, if generated by tidal forces, could be no greater than 1.1 gigawatts,<a href="#cite_note-EPSC_2013-129">[127]</a> but data from Cassini's infrared spectrometer of the south polar terrain over 16 months, indicate that the internal heat generated power is about 4.7 gigawatts,<a href="#cite_note-EPSC_2013-129">[127]</a> and suggest that it is in thermal equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-VIMS_PR-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature.7163-130">[128]</a> The observed power output of 4.7 gigawatts is challenging to explain from tidal heating alone, so the main source of heat remains a mystery.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-15_gigawatts-125">[123]</a> Most scientists think the observed heat flux of Enceladus is not enough to maintain the subsurface ocean, and therefore any subsurface ocean must be a remnant of a period of higher eccentricity and tidal heating, or the heat is produced through another mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-icarus.188.2-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2008-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tidal_heating">Tidal heating</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tidal heating">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">Tidal heating</a> occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the crust of an object. In addition, to the extent that tides produce heat along fractures, <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">libration</a> may affect the magnitude and distribution of such tidal shear heating.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_2008-48">[47]</a> Tidal dissipation of Enceladus's ice crust is significant because Enceladus has a subsurface ocean. A computer simulation that used data from Cassini was published in November 2017, and it indicates that friction heat from the sliding rock fragments within the permeable and fragmented core of Enceladus could keep its underground ocean warm for up to billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> It is thought that if Enceladus had a more eccentric orbit in the past, the enhanced tidal forces could be sufficient to maintain a subsurface ocean, such that a periodic enhancement in <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> could maintain a subsurface ocean that periodically changes in size.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2008-132">[130]</a> A 2016 analysis claimed that "a model of the tiger stripes as tidally flexed slots that puncture the ice shell can simultaneously explain the persistence of the eruptions through the tidal cycle, the phase lag, and the total power output of the tiger stripe terrain, while suggesting that eruptions are maintained over geological timescales."<a href="#cite_note-Kite_3972–3975-77">[75]</a> Previous models suggest that resonant perturbations of Dione could provide the necessary periodic eccentricity changes to maintain the subsurface ocean of Enceladus, if the ocean contains a substantial amount of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> The surface of Enceladus indicates that the entire moon has experienced periods of enhanced heat flux in the past.<a href="#cite_note-grl.052736-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radioactive_heating">Radioactive heating</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Radioactive heating">edit</a>]</div> The "hot start" model of heating suggests Enceladus began as ice and rock that contained rapidly decaying short-lived <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotopes">radioactive isotopes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-60">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese-60">manganese</a>. Enormous amounts of heat were then produced as these isotopes decayed for about 7 million years, resulting in the consolidation of rocky material at the core surrounded by a shell of ice. Although the heat from radioactivity would decrease over time, the combination of radioactivity and tidal forces from Saturn's gravitational tug could prevent the subsurface ocean from freezing.<a href="#cite_note-A_Hot_Start_on_Enceladus-124">[122]</a> The present-day radiogenic heating rate is 3.2 × 1015 ergs/s (or 0.32 gigawatts), assuming Enceladus has a composition of ice, iron and silicate materials.<a href="#cite_note-Porco_Helfenstein_et_al._2006-7">[6]</a> Heating from long-lived radioactive isotopes <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium</a>-238, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium</a>-232 and <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium</a>-40 inside Enceladus would add 0.3 gigawatts to the observed heat flux.<a href="#cite_note-15_gigawatts-125">[123]</a> The presence of Enceladus's regionally thick subsurface ocean suggests a heat flux ≈10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating in the silicate core.<a href="#cite_note-perry2846-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_factors">Chemical factors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemical factors">edit</a>]</div> Because no <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> was initially found in the vented material by <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens#Instruments" title="Cassini–Huygens">INMS</a> or UVIS, which could act as an antifreeze, it was thought such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270 K (−3 °C), because pure water requires more <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> to melt. In July 2009 it was announced that traces of ammonia had been found in the plumes during <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flybys</a> in July and October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-jpl.2238-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20090723-JHW-137">[135]</a> Reducing the freezing point of water with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> would also allow for outgassing and higher <a href="/wiki/Gas_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pressure">gas pressure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ucl.84452-138">[136]</a> and less heat required to power the water plumes.<a href="#cite_note-ammonia-139">[137]</a> The subsurface layer heating the surface water ice could be an ammonia–water slurry at temperatures as low as 170 K (−103 °C), and thus less energy is required to produce the plume activity. However, the observed 4.7 gigawatts heat flux is enough to power the <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanism">cryovolcanism</a> without the presence of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-EPSC_2013-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-ammonia-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mimas–Enceladus_paradox">Mimas–Enceladus paradox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mimas–Enceladus paradox">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, the innermost of the round moons of Saturn and directly interior to Enceladus, is a geologically dead body, even though it should experience stronger tidal forces than Enceladus. This apparent paradox can be explained in part by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of the interiors of Mimas and Enceladus). The tidal heating per unit mass is given by the formula <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{tid}={\frac {63\rho n^{5}r^{4}e^{2}}{38\mu Q}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>63</mn> <mi>ρ</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>38</mn> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{tid}={\frac {63\rho n^{5}r^{4}e^{2}}{38\mu Q}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15da9daf56cee87cc892bf7dde787d2c11ff8e8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.088ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{tid}={\frac {63\rho n^{5}r^{4}e^{2}}{38\mu Q}},}"></dd></dl> where ρ is the (mass) density of the satellite, n is its mean orbital motion, r is the satellite's radius, e is the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> of the satellite, μ is the <a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">shear modulus</a> and Q is the dimensionless <a href="/wiki/Dissipation_factor" title="Dissipation factor">dissipation factor</a>. For a same-temperature approximation, the expected value of qtid for Mimas is about 40 times that of Enceladus. However, the material parameters μ and Q are temperature dependent. At high temperatures (close to the melting point), μ and Q are low, so tidal heating is high. Modeling suggests that for Enceladus, both a 'basic' low-energy thermal state with little internal temperature gradient, and an 'excited' high-energy thermal state with a significant temperature gradient, and consequent convection (endogenic geologic activity), once established, would be stable.<a href="#cite_note-asr.013-140">[138]</a> For Mimas, only a low-energy state is expected to be stable, despite its being closer to Saturn. So the model predicts a low-internal-temperature state for Mimas (values of μ and Q are high) but a possible higher-temperature state for Enceladus (values of μ and Q are low).<a href="#cite_note-asr.013-140">[138]</a> Additional historical information is needed to explain how Enceladus first entered the high-energy state (e.g. more <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heating">radiogenic heating</a> or a more eccentric orbit in the past).<a href="#cite_note-aj.752-141">[139]</a> The significantly higher density of Enceladus relative to Mimas (1.61 vs. 1.15 g/cm3), implying a larger content of rock and more radiogenic heating in its early history, has also been cited as an important factor in resolving the Mimas paradox.<a href="#cite_note-Cowen2006-142">[140]</a> It has been suggested that for an icy satellite the size of Mimas or Enceladus to enter an 'excited state' of tidal heating and convection, it would need to enter an orbital resonance before it lost too much of its primordial internal heat. Because Mimas, being smaller, would cool more rapidly than Enceladus, its window of opportunity for initiating orbital resonance-driven convection would have been considerably shorter.<a href="#cite_note-Czechowski2014-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Enceladus_hypothesis">Proto-Enceladus hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Proto-Enceladus hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> Enceladus is losing mass at a rate of 200 kg/second. If mass loss at this rate continued for 4.5 Gyr, the satellite would have lost approximately 30% of its initial mass. A similar value is obtained by assuming that the initial densities of Enceladus and Mimas were equal.<a href="#cite_note-Czechowski2014-143">[141]</a> It suggests that tectonics in the south polar region is probably mainly related to subsidence and associated subduction caused by the process of mass loss.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_formation">Date of formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Date of formation">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, a study of how the orbits of Saturn's moons should have changed due to tidal effects suggested that all of Saturn's satellites inward of Titan, including Enceladus (whose geologic activity was used to derive the strength of tidal effects on Saturn's satellites), may have formed as little as 100 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> A later study from 2019 estimated that the ocean is around one billion years old.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2019-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_habitability">Potential habitability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Potential habitability">edit</a>]</div> Enceladus ejects plumes of salted water laced with grains of silica-rich sand,<a href="#cite_note-Tobie_2015-147">[145]</a> nitrogen (in ammonia),<a href="#cite_note-McKay_2014-148">[146]</a> and organic molecules, including trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH 4), <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> (C 3H 8), <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> (C 2H 2) and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (CH 2O), which are carbon-bearing molecules.<a href="#cite_note-space.5179-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR03262008-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space.com-149">[147]</a> This indicates that hydrothermal activity —an energy source— may be at work in Enceladus's subsurface ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Tobie_2015-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-hydrothermal_vents-150">[148]</a> Models indicate<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> that the large rocky <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> is porous, allowing water to flow through it, transferring heat and chemicals. It was confirmed by observations and other research.<a href="#cite_note-Spotts-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taubner_EPSC_2015-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Molecular hydrogen (H 2), a geochemical source of energy that can be <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogen</a> microbes to provide energy for life, could be present if, as models suggest, Enceladus's salty ocean has an alkaline pH from <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a> of chondritic rock.<a href="#cite_note-pH_2015-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glein_2015-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wall-117">[115]</a> The presence of an internal global salty ocean with an aquatic environment supported by global ocean circulation patterns,<a href="#cite_note-Spotts-152">[150]</a> with an energy source and complex organic compounds<a href="#cite_note-Postberg_et_al._2018-34">[33]</a> in contact with Enceladus's rocky core,<a href="#cite_note-Witze2014-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MckayPR-155">[153]</a> may advance the study of <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> and the study of potentially <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable environments</a> for microbial <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Apr_2014-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-20140403-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Discover_Magazine-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Geochemical modeling results concerning not-yet-detected <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> indicate the moon meets potential <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>-requirements.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> However, phosphates have been detected from a cryovolcanic plume detected by Cassini and is discussed in a paper in the June 14, 2023, issue of Nature entitled "Detection of Phosphates Originating From Enceladus's Ocean".<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20230614fp-161">[159]</a> The presence of a wide range of organic compounds and ammonia indicates their source may be similar to the water/rock reactions known to occur on Earth and that are known to support life.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_strategy_2015-162">[160]</a> Therefore, several robotic missions have been proposed to further explore Enceladus and assess its habitability. Some of the proposed missions are: <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a> (JET), <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a> (En-Ex), <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a> (ELF), <a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a> (LIFE), and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a> (ELSAH). In June 2023, astronomers reported that the presence of <a href="/wiki/Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a> on Enceladus has been detected, completing the discovery of all the basic chemical ingredients for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on the moon.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20230614fp-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230614km-163">[161]</a> On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plumes</a> of Enceladus, of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, a possible chemical essential for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> as we know it, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a>, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these [newly discovered] compounds could potentially support extant <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial communities</a> or drive complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231214kc-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA-20231214-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrothermal_vents">Hydrothermal vents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hydrothermal vents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg/220px-PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg/330px-PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg/440px-PIA19058-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-PossibleHydrothermalActivity-ArtistConcept-20150311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's ocean floor<a href="#cite_note-Hsu_et_al._2015-33">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> On April 13, 2017, NASA announced the discovery of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's sub-surface ocean floor. In 2015, the Cassini probe made a close fly-by of Enceladus's south pole, flying within 48.3 km (30.0 mi) of the surface, as well as through a plume in the process. A mass spectrometer on the craft detected molecular hydrogen (H2) from the plume, and after months of analysis, the conclusion was made that the hydrogen was most likely the result of hydrothermal activity beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Waite_et_al._2018-32">[31]</a> It has been speculated that such activity could be a potential oasis of habitability.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170413-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The presence of ample hydrogen in Enceladus's ocean means that microbes – if any exist there – could use it to obtain energy by combining the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> dissolved in the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. The chemical reaction is known as "<a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>" because it produces <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> as a byproduct, and is at the root of the tree of life on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">birthplace of all life that is known to exist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyager_missions">Voyager missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Voyager missions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg/220px-Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg/330px-Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg/440px-Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Voyager 2's image mosaic of Enceladus</figcaption></figure> The two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> spacecraft made the first close-up images of Enceladus. <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> was the first to fly past Enceladus, at a distance of 202,000 km on November 12, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-171">[169]</a> Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface.<a href="#cite_note-Terrile-172">[170]</a> Voyager 1 also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">E ring</a>. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, Voyager scientists suggested that the E ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Terrile-172">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> passed closer to Enceladus (87,010 km) on August 26, 1981, allowing higher-resolution images to be obtained.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-171">[169]</a> These images showed a young surface.<a href="#cite_note-Rothery-59">[58]</a> They also revealed a surface with different regions with vastly different surface ages, with a heavily cratered mid- to high-northern latitude region, and a lightly cratered region closer to the equator. This geologic diversity contrasts with the ancient, heavily cratered surface of <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, another moon of Saturn slightly smaller than Enceladus. The geologically youthful terrains came as a great surprise to the scientific community, because no theory was then able to predict that such a small (and cold, compared to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s highly active moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>) celestial body could bear signs of such activity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassini">Cassini</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cassini">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_(24199218078).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png/220px-Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png/330px-Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png/440px-Enceladus_-_January_17_2006_%2824199218078%29.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>A picture of Enceladus in parallel with Saturn's ring, taken by Cassini in January 2006</figcaption></figure> The answers to many remaining mysteries of Enceladus had to wait until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini spacecraft</a> on July 1, 2004, when it entered orbit around Saturn. Given the results from the Voyager 2 images, Enceladus was considered a priority target by the Cassini mission planners, and several targeted <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flybys</a> within 1,500 km of the surface were planned as well as numerous, "non-targeted" opportunities within 100,000 km of Enceladus. The flybys have yielded significant information concerning Enceladus's surface, as well as the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> with traces of simple <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> venting from the geologically active south polar region.<a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Society-173">[171]</a> These discoveries prompted the adjustment of Cassini's flight plan to allow closer flybys of Enceladus, including an encounter in March 2008 that took it to within 48 km of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Society-173">[171]</a> Cassini's extended mission included seven close flybys of Enceladus between July 2008 and July 2010, including two passes at only 50 km in the later half of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Cassini performed a flyby on October 28, 2015, passing as close as 49 km (30 mi) and through a plume.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-press-release-175">[173]</a> Confirmation of molecular hydrogen (H 2) would be an independent line of evidence that hydrothermal activity is taking place in the Enceladus seafloor, increasing its habitability.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-117">[115]</a> Cassini has provided strong evidence that Enceladus has an ocean with an energy source, nutrients and organic molecules, making Enceladus one of the best places for the study of potentially <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable environments</a> for extraterrestrial life.<a href="#cite_note-LCPM_Enceladus-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ciclops1881-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plumes</a> of Enceladus, of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, a possible chemical essential for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> as we know it, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a>, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these [newly discovered] compounds could potentially support extant <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial communities</a> or drive complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231214kc-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA-20231214-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_mission_concepts">Proposed mission concepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Proposed mission concepts">edit</a>]</div> The discoveries Cassini made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (<a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a> or JET) to analyze plume contents in situ,<a href="#cite_note-Sotin2011-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-JET_flyby_mission-180">[178]</a> a lander by the <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (<a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Konstantinidis_2015-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-ut.93879-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-dlr.4874-183">[181]</a> and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a><a href="#cite_note-2015_LPSC-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-contestants-185">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a> (LIFE)).<a href="#cite_note-McKay_2014-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-LCPM_Enceladus-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interview2012-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Astro2012-187">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: <a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a> (TSSM).<a href="#cite_note-TandEM-188">[186]</a> TSSM was a joint <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> <a href="/wiki/Flagship_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship Program">flagship-class</a> proposal for exploration of <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn's moons</a>, with a focus on Enceladus, and it was competing against the <a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission">Europa Jupiter System Mission</a> (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.7897585-189">[187]</a> although TSSM will continue to be studied and evaluated. In November 2017, Russian billionaire <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Milner" title="Yuri Milner">Yuri Milner</a> expressed interest in funding a "low-cost, privately funded mission to Enceladus which can be launched relatively soon."<a href="#cite_note-Milner_flyby_2017-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a>, founded by Milner, signed a cooperation agreement for the mission's initial concept phase.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> The spacecraft would be low-cost, low mass, and would be launched at high speed on an affordable rocket. The spacecraft would be directed to perform a single flyby through Enceladus' plumes in order to sample and analyze its content for <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SN_Nov_2018-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell_NBC_2018-194">[192]</a> NASA provided scientific and technical expertise through various reviews, from March 2019 to December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SR_Foust_2018-195">[193]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> recommended that NASA prioritize its newest probe concept, the <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Flagship-class_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship-class mission">Flagship-class mission</a>, alongside its newest concepts for a <a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a>. The Enceladus Orbilander would be launched on a similarly affordable rocket, but would cost about $5 billion, and be designed to endure eighteen months in orbit inspecting Enceladus' plumes before landing and spending two Earth years conducting surface astrobiology research.<a href="#cite_note-2022Decadal-196">[194]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year proposed</th> <th>Proponent</th> <th>Project name</th> <th>Status</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>GSFC NASA Academy</td> <td>EAGLE study</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>NASA</td> <td>'Titan and Enceladus $1B Mission Feasibility' Study</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPE_2011-199">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>NASA</td> <td>'Enceladus Flagship' study</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FPE_2011-199">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_and_Enceladus_Mission#Origin_and_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan and Enceladus Mission">Titan and Enceladus Mission</a> (TandEM)</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-TandEM-188">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>NASA JPL</td> <td>Enceladus RMA Study</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ieee.5747289-200">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>NASA/ESA</td> <td>TandEM became <a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a> (TSSM)</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-TandEM-188">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>PSDS Decadal Survey</td> <td>Enceladus Orbiter</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>NASA JPL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a> (JET)</td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JET_204-202">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a> (EnEx) lander, employing the <a href="/wiki/IceMole" title="IceMole">IceMole</a></td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>NASA JPL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a> (LIFE)</td> <td>Cancelled</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Interview2012-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Astro2012-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porco_2014-204">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>NASA JPL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a> (ELF)</td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2015_LPSC-184">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>ESA/NASA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a> (E2T)</td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-E2T_2017-205">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>NASA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a> (ELSAH)</td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017_Proposals-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus mission</a></td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Milner_flyby_2017-190">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>PSDS Decadal Survey</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></td> <td>Under study</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2022Decadal-196">[194]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus in fiction">Enceladus in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_volcanoes" title="List of extraterrestrial volcanoes">List of extraterrestrial volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Enceladus" title="List of geological features on Enceladus">List of geological features on Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List of natural satellites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Informational notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caption-1"><a href="#cite_ref-caption_1-0">^</a> Photograph of Enceladus, taken by the narrow-angle camera of the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens#Instruments" title="Cassini–Huygens">Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a>, during the spacecraft’s October 28, 2015, flyby. It shows the younger terrain of <a href="/wiki/Sarandib_Planitia" title="Sarandib Planitia">Sarandib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Planitia" title="Diyar Planitia">Diyar Planitia</a>, populated with many grooves (<a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(geology)" title="Sulcus (geology)">sulci</a>) and depressions (<a href="/wiki/Fossa_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossa (geology)">fossae</a>). Older, cratered terrain can be seen towards Enceladus's north pole. The prominent feature visible near the south pole is Cashmere Sulci. </li> <li id="cite_note-crater_flux-68"><a href="#cite_ref-crater_flux_68-0">^</a> Without samples to provide absolute age determinations, crater counting is currently the only method for determining surface age on most planetary surfaces. Unfortunately, there is currently disagreement in the scientific community regarding the flux of impactors in the outer Solar System. These competing models can significantly alter the age estimate even with the same crater counts. For the sake of completeness, both age estimates from <a href="#CITEREFPorco,_Helfenstein_et_al.2006">Porco, Helfenstein et al. (2006)</a> are provided. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html">"Planetary Body Names and Discoverers"</a>. 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Observatorio ARVAL. April 15, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920010842/http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorio+ARVAL&rft.atitle=Classic+Satellites+of+the+Solar+System&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oarval.org%2FClasSaten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dougherty-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyKhurana2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dougherty, M. K.; Khurana, K. K.; et al. (2006). 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American Astronomical Society. 48: 225.01. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4822501M">2016DPS....4822501M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Explorer+of+Enceladus+and+Titan+%28E2T%29%3A+Investigating+the+habitability+and+evolution+of+ocean+worlds+in+the+Saturn+system&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=225.01&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016DPS....4822501M&rft.au=Mitri%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Postberg%2C+Frank&rft.au=Soderblom%2C+Jason+M.&rft.au=Tobie%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Tortora%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Wurz%2C+Peter&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Jason+W.&rft.au=Coustenis%2C+Athena&rft.au=Ferri%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Hayne%2C+Paul+O.&rft.au=Hillier%2C+Jon&rft.au=Kempf%2C+Sascha&rft.au=Lebreton%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Orosei%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Petropoulos%2C+Anastassios&rft.au=Yen%2C+Chen-wan&rft.au=Reh%2C+Kim+R.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Sims%2C+Jon&rft.au=Sotin%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Srama%2C+Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017_Proposals-206"><a href="#cite_ref-2017_Proposals_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Kane2017" class="citation news cs1">Van Kane (August 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://futureplanets.blogspot.com/2017/08/proposed-new-frontiers-missions.html">"Proposed New Frontiers Missions"</a>. Future Planetary Exploration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920093515/http://futureplanets.blogspot.com/2017/08/proposed-new-frontiers-missions.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Planetary+Exploration&rft.atitle=Proposed+New+Frontiers+Missions&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.au=Van+Kane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffutureplanets.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F08%2Fproposed-new-frontiers-missions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2017" class="citation news cs1">McIntyre, Ocean (September 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920063514/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/cassini-legend-legacy-one-nasa-prolific-missions/">"Cassini: The legend and legacy of one of NASA's most prolific missions"</a>. Spaceflight Insider. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/cassini-legend-legacy-one-nasa-prolific-missions/">the original</a> on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Insider&rft.atitle=Cassini%3A+The+legend+and+legacy+of+one+of+NASA%27s+most+prolific+missions&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightinsider.com%2Fmissions%2Fsolar-system%2Fcassini-legend-legacy-one-nasa-prolific-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lorenz" title="Ralph Lorenz">Lorenz, Ralph</a> (2017). NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens: 1997–2017: (Cassini orbiter, Huygens probe and future exploration concepts : owners' workshop manual. Yeovil England: Haynes Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785211119" title="Special:BookSources/9781785211119"><bdi>9781785211119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982381337">982381337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA%2FESA%2FASI+Cassini-Huygens%3A+1997%E2%80%932017%3A+%28Cassini+orbiter%2C+Huygens+probe+and+future+exploration+concepts+%3A+owners%27+workshop+manual&rft.place=Yeovil+England&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982381337&rft.isbn=9781785211119&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schenk, Paul M.; Clark, Roger N.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Howett, Carly J. A. Jr.; Waite, Jack Hunter; Dotson, Renée (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/61439/">Enceladus and the icy moons of Saturn</a>. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816537075" title="Special:BookSources/9780816537075"><bdi>9780816537075</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv65sw2b">j.ctv65sw2b</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055049948">1055049948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enceladus+and+the+icy+moons+of+Saturn&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055049948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv65sw2b%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780816537075&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Roger+N.&rft.au=Verbiscer%2C+Anne+J.&rft.au=Howett%2C+Carly+J.+A.+Jr.&rft.au=Waite%2C+Jack+Hunter&rft.au=Dotson%2C+Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F61439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnceladus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2696" data-mwtitle="Enceladus_(moon).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Enceladus_%28moon%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Enceladus_%28moon%29.ogg/Enceladus_%28moon%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Enceladus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Enceladus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="c:Enceladus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Enceladus">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Enceladus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Enceladus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Enceladus">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enceladus" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Enceladus">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070801204600/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Enceladus">Enceladus Profile</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/enceladus.htm">Calvin Hamilton's Enceladus page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/blog-archive.html?keywords=enceladus">The Planetary Society: Enceladus blogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/video/products/MultimediaProductsCharm/">CHARM: Cassini–Huygens Analysis and Results from the Mission page, contains presentations on Enceladus results</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/09/turn-of-enceladus.html">Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/Enceladus_OLEB_online_published_paper.pdf">Habitability of Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Images</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciclops.org/search.php?x=20&y=7&search=Enceladus">Cassini images of Enceladus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813151140/http://ciclops.org/search.php?x=20&y=7&search=Enceladus">Archived</a> August 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Enceladus">Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li>Movie of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171634/http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Enceladus.mov">Enceladus's rotation</a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li> <li>Enceladus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciclops.org/view.php?id=7590">global</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308200714/http://ciclops.org/view.php?id=7590">Archived</a> March 8, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciclops.org/view.php?id=7591">polar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308200714/http://ciclops.org/view.php?id=7591">Archived</a> March 8, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> basemaps (December 2011) from Cassini images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciclops.org/view.php?id=6318">Enceladus atlas (May 2010) from Cassini images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/ENCELADUS/target">Enceladus nomenclature</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/enceladus_comp.pdf">Enceladus map with feature names</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/">USGS planetary nomenclature page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/enceladus/@-57.2040629,172.8918819,8043544m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Enceladus 3D</a>, interactive map of the moon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/albums/72157676485084546">Image album</a> by Kevin M. Gill</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enceladus" title="Template:Enceladus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enceladus" title="Template talk:Enceladus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enceladus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enceladus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enceladus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enceladus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Enceladus" title="List of geological features on Enceladus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyar_Planitia" title="Diyar Planitia">Diyar Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarandib_Planitia" title="Sarandib Planitia">Sarandib Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulci</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harran_Sulci" title="Harran Sulci">Harran Sulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labtayt_Sulci" title="Labtayt Sulci">Labtayt Sulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Sulci" title="Samarkand Sulci">Samarkand Sulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fossae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassorah_Fossa" title="Bassorah Fossa">Bassorah Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryabar_Fossa" title="Daryabar Fossa">Daryabar Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isbanir_Fossa" title="Isbanir Fossa">Isbanir Fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_(crater)" title="Ahmad (crater)">Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakbuk" title="Al-Bakbuk">Al-Bakbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakik" title="Al-Fakik">Al-Fakik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haddar" title="Al-Haddar">Al-Haddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kuz" title="Al-Kuz">Al-Kuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazi" title="Al-Mustazi">Al-Mustazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(crater)" title="Aladdin (crater)">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_(crater)" title="Ali Baba (crater)">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyub_(crater)" title="Ayyub (crater)">Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behram_(crater)" title="Behram (crater)">Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalilah_(crater)" title="Dalilah (crater)">Dalilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duban_(crater)" title="Duban (crater)">Duban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunyazad_(crater)" title="Dunyazad (crater)">Dunyazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitnah_(crater)" title="Fitnah (crater)">Fitnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_(crater)" title="Ghanim (crater)">Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharib_(crater)" title="Gharib (crater)">Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_(crater)" title="Hassan (crater)">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansha_(impact_crater)" title="Jansha (impact crater)">Jansha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julnar_(crater)" title="Julnar (crater)">Julnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_(crater)" title="Khusrau (crater)">Khusrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjanah_(crater)" title="Marjanah (crater)">Marjanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_(crater)" title="Musa (crater)">Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otbah_(crater)" title="Otbah (crater)">Otbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-Banu_(crater)" title="Peri-Banu (crater)">Peri-Banu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayya_(crater)" title="Rayya (crater)">Rayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_(crater)" title="Salih (crater)">Salih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samad_(crater)" title="Samad (crater)">Samad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrazad_(crater)" title="Shahrazad (crater)">Shahrazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_(crater)" title="Shahryar (crater)">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakashik_(crater)" title="Shakashik (crater)">Shakashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharrkan_(crater)" title="Sharrkan (crater)">Sharrkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_(crater)" title="Shirin (crater)">Shirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindbad_(crater)" title="Sindbad (crater)">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumurrud_(crater)" title="Zumurrud (crater)">Zumurrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Enceladus" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Enceladus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">Tiger stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/230px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/345px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg/460px-PIA17202_-_Approaching_Enceladus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1020" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Past_flybys" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a> (ELSAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a> (EnEx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a> (ELF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a> (E2T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a> (JET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a> (LIFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a> (TSSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Icy_Jet_Analyzer" title="Enceladus Icy Jet Analyzer">Enceladus Icy Jet Analyzer</a> (ENJIA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(Giant)" title="Enceladus (Giant)">In mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction#Other_moons" title="Saturn in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moons_of_Saturn" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Template:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Template talk:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Saturn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons of Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#Ring_moonlets" title="Moons of Saturn">Ring moonlets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2009_S_1" title="S/2009 S 1">S/2009 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegaeon_(moon)" title="Aegaeon (moon)">Aegaeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">Ring shepherds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_(moon)" title="Daphnis (moon)">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#The_Alkyonides" title="Moons of Saturn">Alkyonides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methone_(moon)" title="Methone (moon)">Methone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthe_(moon)" title="Anthe (moon)">Anthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallene_(moon)" title="Pallene (moon)">Pallene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Large moons (with <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">trojans</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydeuces_(moon)" title="Polydeuces (moon)">Polydeuces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_group" title="Inuit group">Inuit group</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kiviuq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_1" title="S/2019 S 1">S/2019 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiviuq_(moon)" title="Kiviuq (moon)">Kiviuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2005_S_4" title="S/2005 S 4">S/2005 S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_1" title="S/2020 S 1">S/2020 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijiraq_(moon)" title="Ijiraq (moon)">Ijiraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paaliaq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paaliaq" title="Paaliaq">Paaliaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siarnaq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_31" title="S/2004 S 31">S/2004 S 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarqeq" title="Tarqeq">Tarqeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_14" title="S/2019 S 14">S/2019 S 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siarnaq" title="Siarnaq">Siarnaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_3" title="S/2020 S 3">S/2020 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_6" title="S/2019 S 6">S/2019 S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_5" title="S/2020 S 5">S/2020 S 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_group" title="Gallic group">Gallic group</a> (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(moon)" title="Albiorix (moon)">Albiorix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebhionn_(moon)" title="Bebhionn (moon)">Bebhionn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_8" title="S/2007 S 8">S/2007 S 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LX" title="Saturn LX">Saturn LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erriapus" title="Erriapus">Erriapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarvos_(moon)" title="Tarvos (moon)">Tarvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_4" title="S/2020 S 4">S/2020 S 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_group" title="Norse group">Norse group</a> (100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phoebe_subgroup" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoebe subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_20" title="S/2006 S 20">S/2006 S 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_9" title="S/2006 S 9">S/2006 S 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skathi_(moon)" title="Skathi (moon)">Skathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_5" title="S/2007 S 5">S/2007 S 5</a></li> <li>S/2007 S 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_2" title="S/2007 S 2">S/2007 S 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_37" title="S/2004 S 37">S/2004 S 37</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 47</li> <li>S/2004 S 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_2" title="S/2019 S 2">S/2019 S 2</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_7" title="S/2020 S 7">S/2020 S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoll_(moon)" title="Skoll (moon)">Skoll</a></li> <li>S/2020 S 2</li> <li>S/2019 S 4</li> <li>S/2004 S 41</li> <li>S/2004 S 42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin_(moon)" title="Hyrrokkin (moon)">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greip_(moon)" title="Greip (moon)">Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_13" title="S/2004 S 13">S/2004 S 13</a></li> <li>S/2007 S 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundilfari_(moon)" title="Mundilfari (moon)">Mundilfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_1" title="S/2006 S 1">S/2006 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_43" title="S/2004 S 43">S/2004 S 43</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 10</li> <li>S/2019 S 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridr_(moon)" title="Gridr (moon)">Gridr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir_(moon)" title="Bergelmir (moon)">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnsaxa_(moon)" title="Jarnsaxa (moon)">Jarnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narvi_(moon)" title="Narvi (moon)">Narvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr_(moon)" title="Suttungr (moon)">Suttungr</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 44</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_3" title="S/2007 S 3">S/2007 S 3</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 45</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_(moon)" title="Hati (moon)">Hati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_17" title="S/2004 S 17">S/2004 S 17</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_12" title="S/2004 S 12">S/2004 S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggther_(moon)" title="Eggther (moon)">Eggther</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 13</li> <li>S/2007 S 9</li> <li>S/2019 S 7</li> <li>S/2019 S 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbauti_(moon)" title="Farbauti (moon)">Farbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrymr_(moon)" title="Thrymr (moon)">Thrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla_(moon)" title="Bestla (moon)">Bestla</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_46" title="S/2004 S 46">S/2004 S 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrboda_(moon)" title="Angrboda (moon)">Angrboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_11" title="S/2019 S 11">S/2019 S 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegir_(moon)" title="Aegir (moon)">Aegir</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(moon)" title="Beli (moon)">Beli</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_(moon)" title="Gerd (moon)">Gerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_13" title="S/2019 S 13">S/2019 S 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_14" title="S/2006 S 14">S/2006 S 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnlod_(moon)" title="Gunnlod (moon)">Gunnlod</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 15</li> <li>S/2020 S 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_7" title="S/2004 S 7">S/2004 S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_3" title="S/2006 S 3">S/2006 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2005_S_5" title="S/2005 S 5">S/2005 S 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrymir_(moon)" title="Skrymir (moon)">Skrymir</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 16</li> <li>S/2006 S 15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_28" title="S/2004 S 28">S/2004 S 28</a></li> <li>S/2020 S 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi_(moon)" title="Alvaldi (moon)">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_(moon)" title="Kari (moon)">Kari</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 48</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirrod_(moon)" title="Geirrod (moon)">Geirrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir_(moon)" title="Fenrir (moon)">Fenrir</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 50</li> <li>S/2006 S 17</li> <li>S/2004 S 49</li> <li>S/2019 S 17</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtur_(moon)" title="Surtur (moon)">Surtur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_18" title="S/2006 S 18">S/2006 S 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loge_(moon)" title="Loge (moon)">Loge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir_(moon)" title="Ymir (moon)">Ymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_19" title="S/2019 S 19">S/2019 S 19</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_21" title="S/2004 S 21">S/2004 S 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_39" title="S/2004 S 39">S/2004 S 39</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 16</li> <li>S/2004 S 53</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_36" title="S/2004 S 36">S/2004 S 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiazzi_(moon)" title="Thiazzi (moon)">Thiazzi</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_19" title="S/2006 S 19">S/2006 S 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LXIV" title="Saturn LXIV">Saturn LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornjot_(moon)" title="Fornjot (moon)">Fornjot</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 51</li> <li>S/2020 S 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_9" title="S/2020 S 9">S/2020 S 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LVIII" title="Saturn LVIII">Saturn LVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_21" title="S/2019 S 21">S/2019 S 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_52" title="S/2004 S 52">S/2004 S 52</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Outlier prograde irregular moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_12" title="S/2006 S 12">S/2006 S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_24" title="S/2004 S 24">S/2004 S 24</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_3" title="S/2004 S 3">S/2004 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_4" title="S/2004 S 4">S/2004 S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_6" title="S/2004 S 6">S/2004 S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction#Moons" title="Saturn in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Enceladus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Enceladus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Enceladus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Planetary satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/150px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/225px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/150px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/225px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/300px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/150px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/225px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/300px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Dwarf planet satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Minor-planet moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Near-Earth</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">Moshup</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup#Satellite" title="66391 Moshup">Squannit</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(136617)_1994_CC" title="(136617) 1994 CC">1994 CC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(153591)_2001_SN263" title="(153591) 2001 SN263">2001 SN263</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Main belt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_Kalliope" title="22 Kalliope">Kalliope</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/31_Euphrosyne" title="31 Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/41_Daphne" title="41 Daphne">Daphne</a> <dl><dd>Peneius</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45_Eugenia" title="45 Eugenia">Eugenia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Petit-Prince_(moon)" title="Petit-Prince (moon)">Petit-Prince</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">Sylvia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Remus_(moon)" title="Remus (moon)">Remus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93_Minerva" title="93 Minerva">Minerva</a> <dl><dd>Aegis</dd> <dd>Gorgoneion</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/107_Camilla" title="107 Camilla">Camilla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/130_Elektra" title="130 Elektra">Elektra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> <dl><dd>Alexhelios</dd> <dd>Cleoselene</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">Ida</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/317_Roxane" title="317 Roxane">Roxane</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias (moon)">Olympias</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/762_Pulcova" title="762 Pulcova">Pulcova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3749_Balam" title="3749 Balam">Balam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">Dinkinesh</a> (Selam)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Jupiter trojans</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">Patroclus</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (moon)">Menoetius</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">Hektor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Skamandrios_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamandrios (moon)">Skamandrios</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">Eurybates</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Queta_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queta (moon)">Queta</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>TNOs</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo" title="47171 Lempo">Lempo</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Hiisi" title="47171 Lempo">Hiisi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Paha" title="47171 Lempo">Paha</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX25</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/79360_Sila%E2%80%93Nunam" title="79360 Sila–Nunam">Sila–Nunam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/G%C7%83%C3%B2%CA%BC%C3%A9_%C7%83H%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǃòʼé ǃHú">Gǃòʼé ǃHú</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY27</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ranked by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> <ul><li>largest: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voyager_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voyager_program" title="Template:Voyager program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voyager_program" title="Template talk:Voyager program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voyager_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHW-RTG" title="MHW-RTG">MHW-RTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Subsystem" title="Cosmic Ray Subsystem">Cosmic Ray Subsystem</a> (CRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_interferometer_spectrometer_and_radiometer" title="Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer">Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer</a> (IRIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Wave_Subsystem" title="Plasma Wave Subsystem">Plasma Wave Subsystem</a> (PWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> (<a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">contents</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Voyager team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Krimigis" title="Stamatios Krimigis">Stamatios Krimigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Porco" title="Carolyn Porco">Carolyn Porco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Heacock" title="Raymond Heacock">Raymond Heacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Blinn" title="Jim Blinn">Jim Blinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Soderblom" title="Larry Soderblom">Larry Soderblom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Edward C. Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ferris" title="Timothy Ferris">Timothy Ferris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy#Voyager_1" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Observation targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter#Voyager_program_(1979)" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io#Voyager_era:_1979–1995" title="Exploration of Io">Io</a> <ul><li>with volcanos <a href="/wiki/Masubi_(volcano)#Observations_by_Voyager_1" title="Masubi (volcano)">Masubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surt_(volcano)" title="Surt (volcano)">Surt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn#Voyager" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration of Saturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Exploration">Enceladus</a> <ul><li>with craters <a href="/wiki/Dunyazad_(crater)" title="Dunyazad (crater)">Dunyazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrazad_(crater)" title="Shahrazad (crater)">Shahrazad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus#Voyager_2" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration of Uranus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus#Exploration" title="Rings of Uranus">rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune#Voyager_2" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration of Neptune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>and its moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)#Observation_and_exploration" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Farthest" title="The Farthest">The Farthest</a> (2017 documentary film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saturn" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn" title="Template:Saturn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn" title="Template talk:Saturn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saturn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saturn" title="Outline of Saturn">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Storm_(astronomy)" title="Dragon Storm (astronomy)">Dragon Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon" title="Saturn's hexagon">Hexagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2009_S_1" title="S/2009 S 1">S/2009 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#Ring_moonlets" title="Moons of Saturn">Ring moonlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_(moon)" title="Daphnis (moon)">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegaeon_(moon)" title="Aegaeon (moon)">Aegaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methone_(moon)" title="Methone (moon)">Methone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthe_(moon)" title="Anthe (moon)">Anthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallene_(moon)" title="Pallene (moon)">Pallene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydeuces_(moon)" title="Polydeuces (moon)">Polydeuces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_group" title="Inuit group">Inuit group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiviuq_(moon)" title="Kiviuq (moon)">Kiviuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paaliaq" title="Paaliaq">Paaliaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siarnaq" title="Siarnaq">Siarnaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_group" title="Gallic group">Gallic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(moon)" title="Albiorix (moon)">Albiorix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_group" title="Norse group">Norse group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Octantis" title="Delta Octantis">Delta Octantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn-crossing minor planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Timeline of Cassini–Huygens">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">retirement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction" title="Saturn in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Saturn%27s_Rings" title="In Saturn's Rings">In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saturn" title="Category:Saturn">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/150px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/225px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/300px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atmosphere">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Subsurface_water_ocean">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007003231">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph632739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556593505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&oldid=1257119366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&oldid=1257119366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enceladus" title="Category:Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_objects_discovered_in_1789" title="Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1789">Astronomical objects discovered in 1789</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_William_Herschel" title="Category:Discoveries by William Herschel">Discoveries by William Herschel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Category:Moons of Saturn">Moons of Saturn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_with_a_prograde_orbit" title="Category:Moons with a prograde orbit">Moons with a prograde orbit</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2024">Use mdy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li 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Template:Cite_news"," 5.98% 158.467 3 Template:Harvp"," 5.62% 148.841 10 Template:Navbox"," 3.42% 90.464 1 Template:Enceladus"," 3.27% 86.500 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.752","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11686354,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramovSpencer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdlerMoellerBordenSmythe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAffholder,_Antonin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArago1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnash2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattersby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumKreidl1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerneSimonsKeaneLeonard2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatiaSahijpal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlandSinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlondelMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrabaw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBěhounkováTobie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo,_Matson_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastilloMatson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChobletTobieSotinBěhounková2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates,_Andrew2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorey_S._Powell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzechowski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzechowski2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoughertyKhurana2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDychesBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfroimsky2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Space_Agency2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreitas1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommertKronberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleinBaross2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGohd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaffEviatar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenEsposito2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaoGleinHuangYee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedmanBurns2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedmanGosmeyer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelfensteinThomas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerschel1790\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerschel1795\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillierGreen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowellGoguen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowettSpencerPearlSegura2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsuPostberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurfordBruce2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurfordSaridGreenberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIessStevensonParisiHemingway2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Foust2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKamataNimmo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhawajaPostbergHillierKlenner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Reh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiteRubin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantinidisFlores_MartinezDachwaldOhndorf2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaineyKaratekin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakdawalla2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassell1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunineWaitePostbergSpilker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMageeWaite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCartneyBrownWendelBauer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKayAnbarPorcoTsou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerWisdom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitri,_GiuseppePostberg,_FrankSoderblom,_Jason_M.Tobie,_Gabriel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoomaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNASA2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimmoPappalardo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimmoPappalardo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;_Neill,_Ian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObservatorio_ARVAL\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPangVoge1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinsonLiangYungKirschivnk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryTeolisGrimes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter,_Jonah_S.Nordheim,_Tom_A.Hand,_Kevin_P.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlattBell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorco,_Helfenstein_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostberg,_Frank2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostbergSchmidt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostbergSekineKlennerGlein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathbunTurtle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedd2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoatsch_Jaumann_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsNimmo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothery1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSETI_Institute2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubertAnderson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinKumar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShojiHussmann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowmanHan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSoderblom1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSotinAltwegg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpahnSchmidt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpencerNimmo2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpencerPearl2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitaleHurford2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitalePorco2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpotts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpotts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteigerwald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTajeddineLainey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubnerLeitnerFirneisHitzenberger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubnerPappenreiterZwickerSmrzka2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubner_R._S.Leitner_J._J.Firneis_M._G.Hitzenberg,_R.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeolisPerryHansenWaite,_Jr.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrileCook1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasBurns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasTajeddine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTjoaMuellerTak2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouAnbarAtweggPorco2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouBrownleeMcKayAnbar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouBrownleeMcKayAnbar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Kane2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Kane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerbiscer_French_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittorio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaiteCombi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaiteGleinPerrymanTeolis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaiteLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall,_Mike2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitze2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Atmospheres\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 71,\n [\"Convert\"] = 20,\n [\"E\"] = 1,\n [\"E-sp\"] = 1,\n [\"Enceladus\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"GPN\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox planet\"] = 1,\n [\"MW\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Moons of Saturn\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 8,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Saturn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar System moons (compact)\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"V2\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 13,\n [\"Voyager program\"] = 1,\n [\"Water\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","10.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.5"],["type","60","3.5"],["init 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