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<span>GM Division</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-GM_Division-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle GM Division subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-GM_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oakland_Six_and_V8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oakland_Six_and_V8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oakland Six and V8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oakland_Six_and_V8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontiac_joins_Oakland_then_replaces_Oakland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontiac_joins_Oakland_then_replaces_Oakland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pontiac joins Oakland then replaces Oakland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontiac_joins_Oakland_then_replaces_Oakland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oakland Motor Car Company</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_(Automarke)" title="Oakland (Automarke) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oakland (Automarke)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اوکلند موتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکلند موتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_(automobile)" title="Oakland (automobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oakland (automobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Motor_Car_Company" title="Oakland Motor Car Company – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oakland Motor Car Company" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_automobilis" title="Oakland automobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oakland automobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" 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interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_(autom%C3%B3vel)" title="Oakland (automóvel) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oakland (automóvel)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Motor_Car_Company" title="Oakland Motor Car Company – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oakland Motor Car Company" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_(bilm%C3%A4rke)" title="Oakland (bilmärke) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oakland (bilmärke)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&params=42.6625501_N_83.2893976_W_type:landmark_region:US-MI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°39′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°17′22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.6625501°N 83.2893976°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.6625501; -83.2893976</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Michigan carmaker and division of General Motors, active 1908-1931</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Oakland</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oakland_motor_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oakland_motor_logo.png/200px-Oakland_motor_logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oakland_motor_logo.png/300px-Oakland_motor_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oakland_motor_logo.png/400px-Oakland_motor_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a> (1907–09) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Division</a> (1909–31)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category">Touring cars<br /> Automobile engines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1931<span class="noprint">; 93 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1931</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in 1909, became a brand, then replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac, Michigan</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Edward Murphy, President<br /> Alanson Brush, Chief Engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Automotive_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive parts">Automotive parts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oakland Motor Car Company</b> of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac, Michigan</a>, was an American automobile manufacturer and division of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>. Purchased by General Motors in 1909, the company continued to produce modestly priced automobiles until 1931 when the brand was dropped in favor of the division's <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> make.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning">Beginning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company was created by Edward Murphy who owned the Pontiac Buggy Company and Alanson Brush who was working as a consultant in Detroit after leaving the Cadillac Motor Company. Oakland Motor Company was named for <a href="/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland County, Michigan</a>, in which it was based. As originally conceived and introduced, the first Oakland used a design created by Brush and presented to Murphy who liked the idea and decided to go into business. The vertical two-cylinder engine that rotated counterclockwise was originally presented to Cadillac but was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design by <a href="/wiki/Alanson_Partridge_Brush" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanson Partridge Brush">Alanson Partridge Brush</a>, inventor of the single-cylinder Cadillac and <a href="/wiki/Brush_Motor_Car_Company" title="Brush Motor Car Company">Brush Runabout</a>, also featured a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transmission">planetary transmission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1908 Oakland came in five body styles, designated Model A–E, varing from a runabout to a landaulet.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year of Oakland production, 1908, had 278 vehicles roll off the line.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GM_Division">GM Division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: GM Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After one year of production, Oakland's principal founder, Edward Murphy, sold half of the company to <a href="/wiki/William_C._Durant" title="William C. Durant">William C. Durant</a>'s General Motors Corporation in early 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Murphy died in the summer of 1909, GM acquired the remaining rights to Oakland. Within General Motors, Oakland was later slotted as their entry-level brand below the more expensive <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> cars. Conventional four-cylinder engined models were introduced shortly after the GM takeover, and GM didn't acquire the volume-priced <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> until 1917, and Oakland found itself competing with the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> introduced in October 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once GM assumed operations of Oakland, production was moved to the factory that manufactured <a href="/wiki/Cartercar" title="Cartercar">Cartercar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac, Michigan</a>, another Durant acquisition that was cancelled while the resources were newly utilized, and the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Four" title="Oakland Four">Oakland Model 40</a> was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with 1910 Oakland was exclusively offering 4-cylinder flathead engines with five different wheelbases and their advertising slogan was "The Car with a Conscience".<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1920, however, production and quality control problems began to plague the division. In 1921, under new general manager Fred Hannum, a consistent production schedule was underway and the quality of the cars improved, and Oakland vehicles shared the <a href="/wiki/GM_A_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="GM A platform">GM A platform</a> used by Chevrolet. One marketing tactic was the employment of a quick-drying bright blue automotive <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Duco" title="Duco">Duco</a> (a <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> brand product), leading to the slogan "True Blue Oakland Six".<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oakland was built only in Pontiac, Michigan, which is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland County</a>. The name antedates any GM association with an automobile manufacturing facility in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, that built Chevrolet vehicles before Chevrolet joined GM called <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Assembly" title="Oakland Assembly">Oakland Assembly</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oakland_Six_and_V8">Oakland Six and V8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oakland Six and V8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1913 the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Six" title="Oakland Six">Oakland Six</a> was introduced followed in 1916 by the Model 50 365 cu in (6.0 L) <a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">flathead</a> <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engine</a> sourced from <a href="/wiki/List_of_GM_engines#Divisions" title="List of GM engines">Northway Motor and Manufacturing company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and production soared to 35,000 in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Series 50 V8 used a flathead design shared with the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Light_Eight" title="Oldsmobile Light Eight">Oldsmobile Light Eight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Type_51" title="Cadillac Type 51">Cadillac Type 51</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Model 50 was only available from 1915 to 1917 as a seven-passenger touring sedan on a 127" wheelbase and was listed at US$1,600 ($44,800 in 2023 dollars <sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Oakland reintroduced the Model 101 V8, again using a flathead architecture, on a 117" wheelbase and offered it as a roadster, phaeton, coupe, closed body sedan and sport coupe. Prices were listed at US$895 ($16,324 in 2023 dollars <sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for the roadster or phaeton to US$1,045 ($19,060 in 2023 dollars <sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for the Custom Sedan.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oakland V8 was shared with the <a href="/wiki/Viking_(automobile)" title="Viking (automobile)">Viking V8</a> which was a companion of Oldsmobile and was the only product sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1931 was the last year for the Oakland Model 301 V8 and the only vehicle available was the V8 with very few changes, and was renamed the 1932 Pontiac Series 302 V8.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1932 V8 had an <a href="/wiki/Oversquare" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversquare">oversquare</a> bore and stroke of 3.4375 in (87.3 mm) x 3.375 in (85.7 mm) displacing 251 cu in (4.1 L) with a compression ratio of 5.2:1. Horsepower was rated at 85 @3200 RPM using three main bearings, solid valve lifters and a <a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Schebler_Carburetor_Company" title="Wheeler–Schebler Carburetor Company">Marvel</a> one barrel carburetor.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, Pontiac switched to the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_straight-8_engine" title="Pontiac straight-8 engine">straight-eight</a> for 1933 until it was replaced in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-kimes1996_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontiac_joins_Oakland_then_replaces_Oakland">Pontiac joins Oakland then replaces Oakland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pontiac joins Oakland then replaces Oakland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As General Motors entered the 1920s, the product ladder started with the price-leading Chevrolet marque, and then progressed upward in price, power, and luxury to Oakland, Oldsmobile, Buick, and ultimately Cadillac. By the mid-1920s, a sizable price gap existed between Chevrolet and Oakland, as well as a wide gap between Oldsmobile and Buick. Also, a product gap existed between Buick and Cadillac. General Motors pioneered the idea that consumers would aspire to buy up an automotive product ladder if a company met certain price points-called the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Companion_Make_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Companion Make Program">Companion Make Program</a>. To address this, General Motors authorized the introduction of four brands priced and designed to fill the gaps. Cadillac would introduce the <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_(automobile)" title="LaSalle (automobile)">LaSalle</a> to fill the gap between Cadillac and Buick. Buick would introduce the <a href="/wiki/Marquette_(automobile)" title="Marquette (automobile)">Marquette</a> to handle the upper end of the gap between Buick and Oldsmobile. Oldsmobile would introduce the <a href="/wiki/Viking_automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking automobile">Viking</a>, which took care of the lower end of the same gap. </p><p>Oakland's part in this plan was the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>, a shorter-wheelbase "light six" priced to sell at a <a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">four-cylinder</a> car's price point, but still above Chevrolet. Pontiac was the first of the companion marques introduced, and in its first year sold 49,875 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1929, GM sold 163,000 more Pontiacs than Oaklands. The discontinuation of Oakland was announced with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> in 1931. Pontiac was the only companion make to survive beyond 1940, or to survive its "parent" make. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 Oakland Model 40"><img alt="1909 Oakland Model 40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg/250px-Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg/375px-Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg/500px-Oakland_Forty_ca_1909_Schaffen-Diest_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Four" title="Oakland Four">Oakland Model 40</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_(1914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914 Oakland Model 36 Touring"><img alt="1914 Oakland Model 36 Touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg/250px-Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg/375px-Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg/500px-Stahls_Automotive_Collection_December_2021_019_%281914_Oakland_Model_36_Touring%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914 Oakland Model 36 Touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_(43615575991).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1916 Oakland Model 50 V8"><img alt="1916 Oakland Model 50 V8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg/250px-1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg/375px-1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg/500px-1916_Oakland_Model_50_V-8_%2843615575991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4433" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1916 Oakland Model 50 V8</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1928 Oakland Model 212 All-American Sport Cabriolet"><img alt="1928 Oakland Model 212 All-American Sport Cabriolet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg/250px-Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg/375px-Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg/500px-Oakland_Sport_Cabriolet_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1928 <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Six" title="Oakland Six">Oakland Model 212 All-American Sport Cabriolet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1929 Oakland Model 212 All-American Landaulette Sedan"><img alt="1929 Oakland Model 212 All-American Landaulette Sedan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg/250px-Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg/375px-Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg/500px-Oakland_Model_212_All_American_Landaulette_Sedan_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1929 <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Six" title="Oakland Six">Oakland Model 212 All-American Landaulette Sedan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1931_Oakland-3_(2833146996).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1931 Oakland V8"><img alt="1931 Oakland V8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg/250px-1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg/375px-1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg/500px-1931_Oakland-3_%282833146996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1931 Oakland V8</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 245px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City,_Nevada_(8916500261).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Oakland Tree in Virginia City, Nevada"><img alt="The Oakland Tree in Virginia City, Nevada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg/250px-Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg/375px-Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg/500px-Tree_%22growing%22_in_old_Oakland_car_in_Virginia_City%2C_Nevada_%288916500261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="4015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Oakland Tree in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City, Nevada</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kimes1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimes1996_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark,_Henry_A.1996" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Henry A. (1996) [1985]. Kimes, Beverly R. (ed.). <i>The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1945</i>. Iola, Wisconsin: Kraus Publications. pp. 1050–1053. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-428-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-428-4"><bdi>0-87341-428-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34905743">34905743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Catalog+of+American+Cars+1805-1945&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=1050-1053&rft.pub=Kraus+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34905743&rft.isbn=0-87341-428-4&rft.au=Clark%2C+Henry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgano1971" class="citation book cs1">Georgano, G. N., ed. (1971). <i>Encyclopedia of American Automobiles</i> (2nd ed.). London: Rainbird Reference Books. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-097929" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-097929"><bdi>0-525-097929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Automobiles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rainbird+Reference+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-525-097929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakland_Hist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Hist_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaklandpontiacworldwide.com/documents/opwoaklandpontiachistory.htm">"Oakland History"</a>. <i>Oakland-Pontiac Worldwide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oakland-Pontiac+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Oakland+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaklandpontiacworldwide.com%2Fdocuments%2Fopwoaklandpontiachistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer, Floyd. <i>Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925</i> (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldcarsweekly.com/news/rare-oakland-vehicles-on-display-at-aaca-museum">"Rare Oakland Vehicles on display at AACA Museum"</a>. <i>Old Cars</i>. Active Interest Media All Rights Reserved. 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Cars&rft.atitle=Rare+Oakland+Vehicles+on+display+at+AACA+Museum&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldcarsweekly.com%2Fnews%2Frare-oakland-vehicles-on-display-at-aaca-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.aaca.org/topic/33254-northway-engine-works/">"Northway Engine Works"</a>. <i>Antique Automobile Club</i>. Antique Automobile Club of America. 6 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antique+Automobile+Club&rft.atitle=Northway+Engine+Works&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforums.aaca.org%2Ftopic%2F33254-northway-engine-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOakland+Motor+Car+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oakland_Motor_Car_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oakland Motor Car Company">Oakland Motor Car Company</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poci.org">Pontiac-Oakland Club International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/businesshistory/2757146563/">Oakland Company Factory photograph, 1907</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american-automobiles.com/Oakland-1920-1931.html">Oakland Automobiles 1920 1931</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Automotive industry in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">Automotive industry in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle<br />manufacturers<br />and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Current <br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGCO" title="AGCO">AGCO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Tractor" title="Challenger Tractor">Challenger Tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_Ferguson" title="Massey Ferguson">Massey Ferguson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_General" title="AM General">AM General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhorse_Group" title="Workhorse Group">Amp Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcimoto" title="Arcimoto">Arcimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_Runner" title="Rhino Runner">Armour Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATK_motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="ATK motorcycles">ATK motorcycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocar_Company" title="Autocar Company">Autocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bird_Corporation" title="Blue Bird Corporation">Blue Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_Cars" title="Callaway Cars">Callaway Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar Inc">Caterpillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czinger" title="Czinger">Czinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Patrol_Vehicle" title="Desert Patrol Vehicle">Chenowth Racing Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Vehicles" title="Environmental Performance Vehicles">Environmental Performance Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equus_Bass_770" title="Equus Bass 770">Equus Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_River_(company)" title="Forest River (company)">Forest River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Bus_Incorporated" title="Champion Bus Incorporated">Champion Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Industries" title="Collins Industries">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElDorado_(bus_manufacturer)" title="ElDorado (bus manufacturer)">ElDorado National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaval_Bus" title="Glaval Bus">Glaval Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starcraft_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Starcraft Bus">Starcraft Bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company" title="Lincoln Motor Company">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team" title="Special Vehicle Team">SVT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems" title="General Dynamics Land Systems">General Dynamics Land Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_V_series" title="Cadillac V series">Cadillac V series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Performance" title="Chevrolet Performance">Chevrolet Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMC_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="GMC (marque)">GMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillig" title="Gillig">Gillig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_Manufacturing_and_Engineering" title="Growler Manufacturing and Engineering">Growler Manufacturing and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand" title="Ingersoll Rand">Ingersoll Rand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_Car" title="Club Car">Club Car</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Search_and_Rescue_Tactical_Vehicle" title="Storm Search and Rescue Tactical Vehicle">HDT Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HME,_Incorporated" title="HME, Incorporated">HME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Motors" title="International Motors">International Motors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IC_Bus" title="IC Bus">IC Bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">John Deere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Automotive" title="Karma Automotive">Karma Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffite_X-Road" title="Laffite X-Road">Laffite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenco_BearCat" title="Lenco BearCat">Lenco Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_Motors" title="Lucid Motors">Lucid Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Luxury_Coaches" title="Millennium Luxury Coaches">Millennium Luxury Coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Olson" title="Morgan Olson">Morgan Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Coach_Industries" title="Motor Coach Industries">Motor Coach Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh_Corporation" title="Oshkosh Corporation">Oshkosh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Manufacturing" title="Pierce Manufacturing">Pierce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paccar" title="Paccar">Paccar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenworth" title="Kenworth">Kenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterbilt" title="Peterbilt">Peterbilt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoz" title="Panoz">Panoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris Industries">Polaris Industries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Electric_Motorcars" title="Global Electric Motorcars">Global Electric Motorcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Motorcycle" title="Indian Motorcycle">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Motorcycles" title="Victory Motorcycles">Victory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REV_Group" title="REV Group">REV Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Enterprises" title="Fleetwood Enterprises">Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_Rambler" title="Holiday Rambler">Holiday Rambler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Industries" title="Collins Industries">Laymor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeled_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeled Coach">Wheeled Coach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvani_Motors" title="Rezvani Motors">Rezvani Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivian" title="Rivian">Rivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Cameron_Glickenhaus" title="Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus">Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSC_North_America" title="SSC North America">SSC North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superformance" title="Superformance">Superformance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textron" title="Textron">Textron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cat" title="Arctic Cat">Arctic Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Z-Go" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Z-Go">E-Z-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_(company)" title="Cushman (company)">Cushman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Tech" title="Trans Tech">Trans Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilimaster_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilimaster Corporation">Ultimaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_Motors" title="VIA Motors">VIA Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLF_Automotive" title="VLF Automotive">VLF Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xos,_Inc." title="Xos, Inc.">Xos, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Motorcycles" title="Zero Motorcycles">Zero Motorcycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Foreign <br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMW_in_the_United_States" title="BMW in the United States">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Truck_North_America" title="Daimler Truck North America">Daimler Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Honda_Motor_Company" title="American Honda Motor Company">Honda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company#Regional_operations" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kia#Kia_Motors_America" title="Kia">Kia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_USA" title="Mercedes-Benz USA">Mercedes-Benz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_North_America" title="Mitsubishi Motors North America">Mitsubishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_USA" title="Nissan USA">Nissan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seres_Group" title="Seres Group">Seres Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seres_(automobiles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seres (automobiles)">Seres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Stellantis</a><sup>1</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_(brand)" title="Chrysler (brand)">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">Jeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Trucks" title="Ram Trucks">Ram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru_of_America" title="Subaru of America">Subaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_North_America" title="Toyota Motor North America">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Engineering_%26_Manufacturing_North_America" title="Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America">Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Defunct /<br /> former <sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allis-Chalmers" title="Allis-Chalmers">Allis-Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Austin_Car_Company" title="American Austin Car Company">American Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kurrent" title="The Kurrent">American Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_LaFrance" title="American LaFrance">American LaFrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company" title="Hudson Motor Car Company">Hudson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex_(automobile)" title="Essex (automobile)">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraplane" title="Terraplane">Terraplane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Motors" title="Nash Motors">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambler_(automobile)" title="Rambler (automobile)">Rambler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_Holdings" title="Armor Holdings">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_Motor_Car_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored Motor Car Company">Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Automobile" title="Auburn Automobile">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_Motors" title="Aurica Motors">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoette" title="Autoette">Autoette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_(car)" title="Avanti (car)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Company" title="Avery Company">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Manufacturing_Company" title="Best Manufacturing Company">BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Electric_Vehicle" title="Boulder Electric Vehicle">Boulder Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Motors_Corporation" title="Carbon Motors Corporation">Carbon Motors Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checker_Motors_Corporation" title="Checker Motors Corporation">Checker Motors Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_Motor_Truck_Company" title="Clydesdale Motor Truck Company">Clydesdale Motor Truck Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_Automotive" title="Coda Automotive">Coda</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(automobile_company)" title="Commonwealth (automobile company)">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(automobile)" title="Cord (automobile)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Corporation" title="Case Corporation">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNH_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="CNH Global">CNH Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle-Scoot" title="Cycle-Scoot">Cycle-Scoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeLorean_Motor_Company" title="DeLorean Motor Company">DeLorean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond-Star_Motors" title="Diamond-Star Motors">Diamond-Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duesenberg" title="Duesenberg">Duesenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durant_Motors" title="Durant Motors">Durant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_(automobile)" title="Flint (automobile)">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomobile_Company_of_America" title="Locomobile Company of America">Locomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Truck" title="Mason Truck">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_(automobile)" title="Rugby (automobile)">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(automobile)" title="Star (automobile)">Star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Bus">Eagle Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(automobile)" title="Excalibur (automobile)">Excalibur</a></li> <li>FCA US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(automobile)" title="Eagle (automobile)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)" title="Plymouth (automobile)">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberfab" title="Fiberfab">Fiberfab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitch_Four_Drive" title="Fitch Four Drive">Fitch Four Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisker_Automotive" title="Fisker Automotive">Fisker Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisker_Coachbuild" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisker Coachbuild">Fisker Coachbuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Protection_Inc" title="Force Protection Inc">Force Protection</a></li> <li>Ford <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Mark_II" title="Continental Mark II">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsel" title="Edsel">Edsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(automobile)" title="Mercury (automobile)">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li>General Motors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartercar" title="Cartercar">Cartercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmore (automobile)">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Diesel_Division" title="General Motors Diesel Division">GM Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(automobile)" title="Geo (automobile)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_(automobile)" title="LaSalle (automobile)">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_(automobile)" title="Marquette (automobile)">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_Motor_Car_Company" title="McLaughlin Motor Car Company">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps-Booth" title="Scripps-Booth">Scripps-Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_(automobile)" title="Sheridan (automobile)">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(automobile)" title="Viking (automobile)">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Coach_Manufacturing_Company" title="Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company">Yellow Coach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_Coach" title="Goshen Coach">Goshen Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Vehicles" title="Green Vehicles">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenTech_Automotive" title="GreenTech Automotive">GreenTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt" title="Henney Kilowatt">Henney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_(automobile)" title="Jeffery (automobile)">Jeffery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Frazer" title="Kaiser-Frazer">Kaiser-Frazer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstate_(automobile)" title="Allstate (automobile)">Allstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazer_(automobile)" title="Frazer (automobile)">Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J" title="Henry J">Henry J</a></li> <li>Kaiser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willys" title="Willys">Willys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Motors" title="Local Motors">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Motor_Works" title="Marathon Motor Works">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmon_Motor_Car_Company" title="Marmon Motor Car Company">Marmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_(automobile)" title="Roosevelt (automobile)">Roosevelt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_(automobile)" title="Marvel (automobile)">Marvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbro" title="Matbro">Matbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_(automobile)" title="Mercer (automobile)">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Coach_Corporation" title="Monaco Coach Corporation">Monaco Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosler_Automotive" title="Mosler Automotive">Mosler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MotoCzysz" title="MotoCzysz">MotoCzysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntz_Car_Company" title="Muntz Car Company">Muntz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUMMI" title="NUMMI">New United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Bus_Industries" title="North American Bus Industries">North American Bus Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Farm_Equipment_Company" title="Oliver Farm Equipment Company">Oliver Farm Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Motor_Company" title="Peerless Motor Company">Peerless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce-Arrow_Motor_Car_Company" title="Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company">Pierce-Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebring_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebring Vanguard">Sebring Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Trucks" title="Sterling Trucks">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_(automobile)" title="Erskine (automobile)">Erskine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockne" title="Rockne">Rockne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutz_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stutz Motor Company">Stutz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scion_(automobile)" title="Scion (automobile)">Scion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Motor_Car_Corporation" title="Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation">Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Defense" title="United Defense">United Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Production_Group" title="Vehicle Production Group">VPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_Vehicles" title="Visionary Vehicles">Visionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VL_Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="VL Automotive">VL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Motor_Company" title="White Motor Company">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_(motor_company)" title="Wildfire (motor company)">Wildfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP_(motor_company)" title="ZAP (motor company)">ZAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmer_(automobile)" title="Zimmer (automobile)">Zimmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concept and <br />pre-production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Motor_Corporation" title="Alpha Motor Corporation">Alpha Motor Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptera_Motors" title="Aptera Motors">Aptera Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_Motors" title="Bollinger Motors">Bollinger Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoo" title="Canoo">Canoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter Cars">Commuter Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elio_Motors" title="Elio Motors">Elio Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Future" title="Faraday Future">Faraday Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisker_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisker Inc">Fisker Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordstown_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordstown Motors">Lordstown Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Myers Motors">Myers Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Corporation" title="Nikola Corporation">Nikola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_Supercars" title="Trion Supercars">Trion Supercars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMW_in_the_United_States" title="BMW in the United States">BMW Spartanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chrysler_factories#Current_factories" title="List of Chrysler factories">Chrysler (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ford_factories#Current_production_facilities" title="List of Ford factories">Ford (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_factories#Current_factories" title="List of General Motors factories">General Motors (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Honda_assembly_plants" title="List of Honda assembly plants">Honda (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Hyundai (Alabama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kia_design_and_manufacturing_facilities#Kia_Motors_Manufacturing_Georgia_(KMMG)" title="List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities">Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Mercedes-Benz (Alabama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru_of_Indiana_Automotive" title="Subaru of Indiana Automotive">Subaru (Indiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tesla_factories" title="List of Tesla factories">Tesla (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen (Chattanooga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chrysler_factories#Current_factories" title="List of Chrysler factories">Chrysler (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ford_factories#Former_production_facilities" title="List of Ford factories">Ford (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_factories#Closed_or_sold_Factories" title="List of General Motors factories">General Motors (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packard_Automotive_Plant" title="Packard Automotive Plant">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly">Volkswagen (Westmoreland)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auto component <br />makers and <br /><a href="/wiki/Performance_car" title="Performance car">performance car</a> <br />modders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Transmission" title="Allison Transmission">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Expedition_Vehicles" title="American Expedition Vehicles">American Expedition Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptiv" title="Aptiv">Aptiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFGoodrich" title="BFGoodrich">BFGoodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorgWarner" title="BorgWarner">BorgWarner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_Cars" title="Callaway Cars">Callaway Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar Inc">Caterpillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummins" title="Cummins">Cummins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brammo" title="Brammo">Brammo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel">Detroit Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corporation" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company" title="Cooper Tire & Rubber Company">Cooper Tire & Rubber Company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennessey_Performance_Engineering" title="Hennessey Performance Engineering">Hennessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand" title="Ingersoll Rand">Ingersoll Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Classic_Trucks" title="Legacy Classic Trucks">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingenfelter_Performance_Engineering" title="Lingenfelter Performance Engineering">Lingenfelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexteer_Automotive" title="Nexteer Automotive">Nexteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Motorcars" title="Phoenix Motorcars">Phoenix Motorcars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proterra_(bus_manufacturer)" title="Proterra (bus manufacturer)">Proterra (bus manufacturer)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remy_International" title="Remy International">Remy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleen" title="Saleen">Saleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_American" title="Shelby American">Shelby American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_and_Racing_Technology" title="Street and Racing Technology">SRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timken_Company" title="Timken Company">Timken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrington_Company" title="Torrington Company">Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visteon" title="Visteon">Visteon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calty_Design_Research" title="Calty Design Research">Calty Design Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designworks" title="Designworks">Designworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvani_Motors" title="Rezvani Motors">Rezvani Automotive Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheego_Electric_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheego Electric Cars">Wheego Electric Cars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Massachusetts" title="Automotive industry in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Auto_Show" title="Chicago Auto Show">Chicago Auto Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_the_United_States" title="List of automobiles manufactured in the United States">List of automobiles manufactured in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_International_Auto_Show" title="New York International Auto Show">New York International Auto Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show" title="North American International Auto Show">North American International Auto Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Automotive industry in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_brands_of_General_Motors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_marques_of_General_Motors" title="Template:Automotive marques of General Motors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_marques_of_General_Motors" title="Template talk:Automotive marques of General Motors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_marques_of_General_Motors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive marques of General Motors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_brands_of_General_Motors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Automotive <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brands</a> of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wholly owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_V_series" title="Cadillac V series">V-Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMC_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="GMC (marque)">GMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMC_Denali" title="GMC Denali">Denali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummer" title="Hummer">Hummer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_(automobile)" title="Acadian (automobile)">Acadian</a> <small>(1962–1971)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpheon">Alpheon</a> <small>(2010–2015)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%C3%BCna" title="Asüna">Asüna</a> <small>(1992–1994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_(automobile)" title="Beaumont (automobile)">Beaumont</a> <small>(1966–1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Vehicles" title="Bedford Vehicles">Bedford</a> <small>(1930–1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartercar" title="Cartercar">Cartercar</a> <small>(1909–1915)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewoo_Motors" title="Daewoo Motors">Daewoo</a> <small>(1999–2011)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_Manufacturing_Company" title="Elmore Manufacturing Company">Elmore</a> <small>(1908–1912)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(automobile)" title="Envoy (automobile)">Envoy</a> <small>(1959–1970)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Diesel_Division" title="General Motors Diesel Division">GM Diesel</a> <small>(1938–2000)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(automobile)" title="Geo (automobile)">Geo</a> <small>(1989–1997)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a> <small>(1931–2020)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_(automobile)" title="LaSalle (automobile)">LaSalle</a> <small>(1927–1940)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_(automobile)" title="Marquette (automobile)">Marquette</a> <small>(1929–1930)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_Motor_Car_Company" title="McLaughlin Motor Car Company">McLaughlin</a> <small>(1918–1942)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oakland</a> <small>(1909–1931)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> <small>(1908–2004)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_(automobile_dealership)" title="Passport (automobile dealership)">Passport</a> <small>(1988–1991)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> <small>(1926–2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_(automobile)" title="Ranger (automobile)">Ranger</a> <small>(1968–1976)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_(automobile)" title="Reliance (automobile)">Reliance</a> <small>(1908–1911)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_Motor_Car_Company" title="Rainier Motor Car Company">Rainier</a> <small>(1909–1911)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a> <small>(1985–2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps-Booth" title="Scripps-Booth">Scripps-Booth</a> <small>(1916–1923)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_(automobile)" title="Sheridan (automobile)">Sheridan</a> <small>(1920–1921)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)" title="Statesman (automobile)">Statesman</a> <small>(1971–1984)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(automobile)" title="Viking (automobile)">Viking</a> <small>(1929–1931)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welch_Motor_Car_Company" title="Welch Motor Car Company">Welch-Detroit</a> <small>(1910–1911)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Cab_Manufacturing_Company" title="Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company">Yellow Cab</a> <small>(1925–1943)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Coach_Manufacturing_Company" title="Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company">Yellow Coach</a> <small>(1925–1943)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Sold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a> <small>(1986–1993)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a> <small>(1989–2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> <small>(1929–2017)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> <small>(1925–2017)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Motors_%282021%29.svg/60px-General_Motors_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Motors_%282021%29.svg/90px-General_Motors_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Motors_%282021%29.svg/120px-General_Motors_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareholdings and<br />joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAIC-GM-Wuling" title="SAIC-GM-Wuling">SAIC-GM-Wuling</a> <small>(44%)</small> (<a href="/wiki/Wuling_Motors" title="Wuling Motors">Wuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojun" title="Baojun">Baojun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat SpA">Fiat</a> <small>(2000–2005; up to 20%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> <small>(c.1971–2006; up to 49%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAW-GM" title="FAW-GM">Jie Fang</a> <small>(2009–2019; 50%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> <small>(2012–2013; up to 7%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GM_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Uzbekistan">Ravon</a> <small>(2015–2020; 25%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a> <small>(c.1999–2006; 20%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a> <small>(1985–2008; up to 20%)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UzAuto_Motors" title="UzAuto Motors">UzDaewoo</a> <small>(1992–2015; up to 50%)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_Motors_marques" title="Category:General Motors marques">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pontiac_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontiac" title="Template:Pontiac"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontiac" title="Template talk:Pontiac"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontiac" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontiac"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pontiac_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pontiac_vehicles" title="List of Pontiac vehicles">vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>A division of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, 1926–2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />models<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>by year of<br />introduction</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac Six">Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Torpedo" title="Pontiac Torpedo">Torpedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Streamliner" title="Pontiac Streamliner">Streamliner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Bonneville" title="Pontiac Bonneville">Bonneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Catalina" title="Pontiac Catalina">Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Chieftain" title="Pontiac Chieftain">Chieftain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Parisienne" title="Pontiac Parisienne">Parisienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Pathfinder" title="Pontiac Pathfinder">Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Safari" title="Pontiac Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Star_Chief" title="Pontiac Star Chief">Star Chief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_2%2B2" title="Pontiac 2+2">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Custom_S" title="Pontiac Custom S">Custom S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Executive" title="Pontiac Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird" title="Pontiac Firebird">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Prix" title="Pontiac Grand Prix">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_GTO" title="Pontiac GTO">GTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_LeMans" title="Pontiac LeMans">LeMans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Tempest" title="Pontiac Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Ventura" title="Pontiac Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Astre" title="Pontiac Astre">Astre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Can_Am" title="Pontiac Can Am">Can-Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Am" title="Pontiac Grand Am">Grand Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Safari" title="Pontiac Grand Safari">Grand Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Ville" title="Pontiac Grand Ville">Grand Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Phoenix" title="Pontiac Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Sunbird" title="Pontiac Sunbird">Sunbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevette" title="Chevrolet Chevette">1000/Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_6000" title="Pontiac 6000">6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Fiero" title="Pontiac Fiero">Fiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus" title="Suzuki Cultus">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Gemini" title="Isuzu Gemini">Sunburst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Montana" title="Pontiac Montana">Montana van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Sunfire" title="Pontiac Sunfire">Sunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Tracker_(Americas)" title="Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)">Sunrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport" title="Pontiac Trans Sport">Trans Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Aztek" title="Pontiac Aztek">Aztek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Aveo_(T200)" title="Chevrolet Aveo (T200)">G3/Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_G5" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac G5">G5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_G6" title="Pontiac G6">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_G8" title="Pontiac G8">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark" title="Chevrolet Spark">Matiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Cobalt" title="Chevrolet Cobalt">Pursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice" title="Pontiac Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Torrent" title="Pontiac Torrent">Torrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Vibe" title="Pontiac Vibe">Vibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg/50px-Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg/75px-Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg/100px-Pontiac_logo_and_wordmark_1981.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concept</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Bonneville_Special" title="Pontiac Bonneville Special">Bonneville Special (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Strato-Streak" title="Pontiac Strato-Streak">Strato-Streak (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Club_de_Mer" title="Pontiac Club de Mer">Club de Mer (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Banshee" title="Pontiac Banshee">Banshee (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Phantom" title="Pontiac Phantom">Phantom (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Trans_Sport#Concept" title="Pontiac Trans Sport">Trans Sport (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Rageous" title="Pontiac Rageous">Rageous (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Category:Pontiac (automobile)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oakland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oakland_Vehicles" title="Template:Oakland Vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oakland_Vehicles" title="Template talk:Oakland Vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oakland_Vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oakland Vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oakland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oakland_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland (automobile)">Oakland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>A division of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, 1909–1931 (<a href="/wiki/Oakland_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland (automobile)">Oakland</a>) 1926-2010 (<a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Four" title="Oakland Four">Oakland Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Six" title="Oakland Six">Oakland Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oakland_automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oakland automobiles"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oakland_Motor_Car_Company&params=42.6625501_N_83.2893976_W_type:landmark_region:US-MI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°39′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°17′22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.6625501°N 83.2893976°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.6625501; -83.2893976</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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href="/wiki/Category:1920s_cars" title="Category:1920s cars">1920s cars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vehicle_manufacturing_companies_established_in_1907" title="Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1907">Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1907</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vehicle_manufacturing_companies_disestablished_in_1931" title="Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1931">Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Motors_marques" title="Category:General Motors marques">General Motors marques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Category:Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac (automobile)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_brands" title="Category:Defunct brands">Defunct brands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1907_establishments_in_Michigan" title="Category:1907 establishments in Michigan">1907 establishments in Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1931_disestablishments_in_Michigan" title="Category:1931 disestablishments in Michigan">1931 disestablishments in Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_manufacturing_companies_based_in_Michigan" title="Category:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan">Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brass_Era_vehicles" title="Category:Brass Era vehicles">Brass Era vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vintage_vehicles" title="Category:Vintage vehicles">Vintage vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_cars" title="Category:1930s cars">1930s cars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-war_vehicles" title="Category:Pre-war vehicles">Pre-war vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars_introduced_in_1907" title="Category:Cars introduced in 1907">Cars introduced in 1907</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars_discontinued_in_1931" title="Category:Cars discontinued in 1931">Cars discontinued in 1931</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates not on Wikidata">Coordinates not on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> 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