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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction,_inauguration,_and_Roman_renovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction,_inauguration,_and_Roman_renovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction,_inauguration,_and_Roman_renovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Exterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_seating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_seating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Interior seating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_seating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arena_and_hypogeum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arena_and_hypogeum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arena and hypogeum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arena_and_hypogeum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Supporting buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance in Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colosseum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኮሎሲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሎሲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كولوسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولوسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloseu" title="Coloseu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Coloseu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Քոլիսէոմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քոլիսէոմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%B2%27%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক'ল'ছিয়াম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক'ল'ছিয়াম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colis%C3%A9u" title="Coliséu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coliséu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koty_tesaroryr%C3%A3_Rr%C3%B3magui" title="Koty tesaroryrã Rrómagui – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Koty tesaroryrã Rrómagui" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolizey" title="Kolizey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolizey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85" title="کولوسئوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولوسئوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="কলোসিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলোসিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Калізей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калізей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Калізэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калізэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोलोसियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोलोसियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolize" title="Kolize – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolize" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseu" title="Colosseu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colosseu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum_(ampitiyatro_sa_Italya)" title="Colosseum (ampitiyatro sa Italya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Colosseum (ampitiyatro sa Italya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Κολοσσαίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολοσσαίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Colosseo" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseo" title="Coliseo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coliseo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseo" title="Koloseo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koloseo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliseoa" title="Koliseoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koliseoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85" title="کولوسئوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولوسئوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colis%C3%A9e" title="Colisée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colisée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Colasaem" title="An Colasaem – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Colasaem" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseo_de_Roma" title="Coliseo de Roma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coliseo de Roma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કોલોસીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોલોસીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%9B%80" title="콜로세움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜로세움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կոլիզեում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլիզեում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोलोसियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलोसियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosej" title="Kolosej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolosej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Colosseo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colosseo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קולוסיאום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולוסיאום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloseum" title="Colloseum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Colloseum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliisee" title="Koliisee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Koliisee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კოლოსეუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლოსეუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseo" title="Koloseo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koloseo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliz%C3%A9" title="Kolizé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kolizé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolezy%C3%BBm" title="Kolezyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kolezyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Flavium" title="Amphitheatrum Flavium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amphitheatrum Flavium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolizejs" title="Kolizejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolizejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliziejus" title="Koliziejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koliziejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Colosseo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloseo" title="Coloseo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Coloseo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossee" title="Colossee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Colossee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोलोसियम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोलोसियम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Колосеум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колосеум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolisy" title="Kolisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കൊളോസിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളോസിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolossew" title="Kolossew – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kolossew" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कलोसियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कलोसियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კოლოსეუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლოსეუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كولوسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولوسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯁꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯁꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကိုလော့စီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလော့စီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोलोसियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोलोसियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोलोजियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोलोजियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AA" title="コロッセオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロッセオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colis%C3%A8u" title="Colisèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colisèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D" title="କୋଲୋଜିୟମ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଲୋଜିୟମ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolizey" title="Kolizey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolizey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕਲੋਸੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲੋਸੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کولوزیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولوزیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloss%C3%A9" title="Colossé – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colossé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseu" title="Coliseu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coliseu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колосей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Колосей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosseum" title="Kolosseum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kolosseum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseumi" title="Koloseumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koloseumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culusseu" title="Culusseu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culusseu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ڪولوزيئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪولوزيئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosej" title="Kolosej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolosej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کلۆسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلۆسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Колосеум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колосеум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloseum" title="Koloseum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koloseum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Koliseo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கொலோசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலோசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosyum" title="Kolosyum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kolosyum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колизей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Колизей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కొలోస్సియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొలోస్సియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โคลอสเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคลอสเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolezyum" title="Kolezyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolezyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Colosseo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Колізей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колізей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کولوزیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولوزیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="رىم گىلادىئاتورلار مەيدانى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم گىلادىئاتورلار مەيدانى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolizei" title="Kolizei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kolizei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đấu trường La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đấu trường La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseo" title="Coliseo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Coliseo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%97%E5%85%BD%E5%9C%BA" title="罗马斗兽场 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马斗兽场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קאלאסעום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלאסעום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%A0%B4" title="鬥獸場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬥獸場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolezyum" title="Kolezyum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kolezyum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Colosseum" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colosseum&params=41_53_25_N_12_29_32_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.89028°N 12.49222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.89028; 12.49222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman amphitheatre, a landmark of Rome, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Colosseum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colosseum (disambiguation)">Colosseum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Colosseo" redirects here. For the metro station, see <a href="/wiki/Colosseo_(Rome_Metro)" title="Colosseo (Rome Metro)">Colosseo (Rome Metro)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Colosseum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/270px-Colosseo_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/405px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/540px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12051" data-file-height="8442" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View from the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Colosseo_(Rome_Metro)" title="Colosseo (Rome Metro)">metro exit</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colosseum is located in Rome"><img alt="Colosseum is located in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/270px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/405px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/540px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/270px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/405px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/540px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.134%;left:60.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Colosseum"><img alt="Colosseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Colosseum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Augustan Rome</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_3c7333e473f3173d3c05ede0d77c300ce7957960"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Colosseum&revid=1257285329&groups=_3c7333e473f3173d3c05ede0d77c300ce7957960" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Colosseum&revid=1257285329&groups=_3c7333e473f3173d3c05ede0d77c300ce7957960 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><i><a href="/wiki/Regio_III_Isis_et_Serapis" title="Regio III Isis et Serapis">Regio III Isis et Serapis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colosseum&params=41_53_25_N_12_29_32_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.89028°N 12.49222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.89028; 12.49222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">Amphitheatre</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 70–80<span class="noprint">; 1944 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">80</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Colosseum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOL</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">SEE</span>-əm</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Colosseo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kolosˈsɛːo]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> in the centre of the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, just east of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheatre in the world, despite its age. Construction began under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69–79 AD</span>) in 72<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further modifications were made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three emperors who were patrons of the work are known as the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, and the amphitheatre was named the <b>Flavian Amphitheatre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Amphitheatrum Flavium</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Anfiteatro Flavio</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[aɱfiteˈaːtro<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈflaːvjo]</a></span>) by later <a href="/wiki/Classicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicists">classicists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> for its association with their family name (<a href="/wiki/Flavia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia (gens)">Flavius</a>). </p><p>The Colosseum is built of <a href="/wiki/Travertine#Uses" title="Travertine">travertine</a> limestone, <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> (volcanic rock), and brick-faced <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">concrete</a>. It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having an average audience of some 65,000;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was used for <a href="/wiki/Gladiatorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladiatorial">gladiatorial</a> contests and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire#spectacle" title="Roman Empire">public spectacles</a> including <a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">animal hunts</a>, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, dramas based on <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, and briefly <a href="/wiki/Naumachia" title="Naumachia">mock sea battles</a>. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a>, and a Christian shrine. </p><p>Although substantially ruined by earthquakes and stone robbers taking <i><a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a></i>, the Colosseum is still a renowned symbol of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rome">Imperial Rome</a> and was listed as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" title="New 7 Wonders of the World">New 7 Wonders of the World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of Rome's most popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a> and has links to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, as each <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> leads a torchlit <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross#Modern_usage" title="Stations of the Cross">"Way of the Cross" procession</a> that starts in the area around the Colosseum.<sup id="cite_ref-wayofthecross-frommers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayofthecross-frommers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colosseum is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins">Italian version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5 euro cent coin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>Originally, the building's Latin name was simply <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amphitheatrum</i></span>, 'amphitheatre'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the modern name Flavian Amphitheatre (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Amphitheatrum Flavium</i>) is often used, there is no evidence it was used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name refers to the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, during whose reigns the building was constructed, but the structure is better known as the Colosseum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name <i>Amphitheatrum Caesareum</i> (with <i>Caesareum</i> an adjective pertaining to the title <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>), but this name may have been strictly poetic<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson-josephus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson-josephus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thecolosseum-history1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecolosseum-history1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed a <a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheatre_(Pozzuoli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavian Amphitheatre (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a> (modern Pozzuoli).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith,_Francis_(1822-1898)_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg/350px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg/525px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg/700px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Roma_-_Interno_del_Colosseo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Colosseum by late nineteenth century photographer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Frith" title="Francis Frith">Francis Frith</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Colosseum</i> is believed to be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero" title="Colossus of Nero">colossal statue of Nero</a> on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giant bronze sculpture of Nero as a <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a> was moved to its position beside the amphitheatre by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>colosseum</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neuter_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter (grammar)">neuter</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin noun">Latin noun</a> formed from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin adjective">adjective</a> <i>colosseus</i>, meaning "gigantic" or "colossean".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 1000 the Latin name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre from the nearby "Colossus Solis".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 8th century, an epigram attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Venerable Bede</a> celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: <i>Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus</i> ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Byron</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a></i>). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine noun</a> <i>coliseus</i> was applied to the statue rather than to the amphitheatre.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spelling was sometimes altered in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: <i lang="la">coloseum</i> and <i>coliseum</i> are attested from the 12th and 14th centuries respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, the structure was recorded as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amphitheatrum colisei</i></span>, 'Amphitheatre of the Colossus'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the Flavian amphitheatre is attested as the late 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">colosé</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> as: <i lang="frm">colisée</i> by the early 16th century, by which time the word could be applied to any amphitheatre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Middle French: <i lang="frm">colisée</i> derived the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: <i lang="enm">colisee</i>, in use by the middle of the 15th century and employed by <a href="/wiki/John_Capgrave" title="John Capgrave">John Capgrave</a> in his <i>Solace of Pilgrims</i>, in which he remarked: <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: <i lang="enm">collise eke is a meruelous place … þe moost part of it stant at þis day</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English translation by <a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Guevara" title="Antonio de Guevara">Antonio de Guevara</a>'s biography of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180</span>) in about 1533 referred to <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: <i lang="enm">this Emperour, beynge with the Senate at Collisee</i> ....<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">colosseo</i>, or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">coliseo</i></span>, are attested as referring first to the amphitheatre in Rome, and then to any amphitheatre (as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">culiseo</i> in 1367).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1460, an equivalent existed in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">coliseu</i>; by 1495 had appeared the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">coliseo</i>, and by 1548 the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">coliseu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/220px-Colosseo_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/330px-Colosseo_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/440px-Colosseo_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The Colosseum in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest citation for the name Colosseum in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> is the 1600 translation, by <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a>, of the <i>Urbis Romae topographia</i> of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Marliani" title="Bartolomeo Marliani">Bartolomeo Marliani</a>, which he used in the preparation of his translation of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Augustan era</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab Urbe Condita Libri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text states: "This Amphitheatre was commonly called Colosseum, of Neroes Colossus, which was set up in the porch of Neroes house."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, translating the Middle French name: <i lang="frm">le Colisée</i> used by the architectural theorist <a href="/wiki/Roland_Fr%C3%A9art_de_Chambray" title="Roland Fréart de Chambray">Roland Fréart de Chambray</a>, wrote "And 'tis indeed a kind of miracle to see that the Colosseum … and innumerable other Structures which seemed to have been built for Eternity, should be at present so ruinous and dilapidated".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction,_inauguration,_and_Roman_renovations"><span id="Construction.2C_inauguration.2C_and_Roman_renovations"></span>Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG/260px-Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG/390px-Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG/520px-Colosseum_Ses_Titus_80AD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">Sestertius</a> of Titus celebrating the inauguration of the Colosseum (minted 80 AD).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png/310px-Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png/465px-Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png/620px-Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with the Colosseum at the upper right corner</figcaption></figure><p> The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hills</a>, through which a <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canalised</a> stream ran as well as an artificial lake/marsh.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in 64 AD, following which <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a> on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a> aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero" title="Colossus of Nero">Colossus of Nero</a> was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Kolloseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L-Kolloseum.png/260px-L-Kolloseum.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L-Kolloseum.png/390px-L-Kolloseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/L-Kolloseum.png/520px-L-Kolloseum.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section from the <i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik" title="Lexikon der gesamten Technik">Lexikon der gesamten Technik</a></i> (1904)</figcaption></figure><p> Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre, in effect, placing it both symbolically and geographically at the heart of Rome. </p><p>Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Jewish Temple</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 70 AD led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." It is often assumed that Jewish prisoners of war were brought back to Rome and contributed to the massive workforce needed for the construction of the amphitheatre. This claim is disputed; it would, nonetheless, be commensurate with Roman practice to add humiliation to the defeated population.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum. The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, tiles, cement, and mortar. </p><p>Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian<sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in around 70–72 AD (73–75 AD according to some sources). The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, in 80,<sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the inaugural games were held in 80 or 81 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-tribunesandtriumphs.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunesandtriumphs.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Inaugural_games_of_the_Flavian_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre">inaugural games</a> of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, who constructed the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a></i>, a series of tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> banned the practice of gladiator fights in 399 and again in 404. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Maximus">Anicius Maximus</a> celebrated his consulship with some <i><a href="/wiki/Venationes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venationes">venationes</a></i>, criticised by King <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> for their high cost.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coliseo_medieval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coliseo_medieval.jpg/310px-Coliseo_medieval.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coliseo_medieval.jpg/465px-Coliseo_medieval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coliseo_medieval.jpg/620px-Coliseo_medieval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the <a href="/wiki/Frangipani_family" title="Frangipani family">Frangipani family</a> took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle. In the early to mid 14th century, the Pope's <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">relocation to Avignon</a> caused a population decline in Rome that left the region insecure. The colosseum was largely abandoned by the public and became a popular den for bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Colosseum_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Colosseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great <a href="/wiki/1349_Apennine_earthquakes" title="1349 Apennine earthquakes">earthquake in 1349</a>, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. In 1377, after the Pope's return to Rome, the Colosseum was restored by a religious order called Arciconfraternita del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum, who then inhabited a northern portion of it until as late as the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Colosseum_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Colosseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colnet_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colnet-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iron clamps<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi,_The_Colosseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png/220px-Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png/330px-Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png/440px-Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi%2C_The_Colosseum.png 2x" data-file-width="4265" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg/260px-Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg/390px-Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg/520px-Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3261" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the interior of the Colosseum in a 1776 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_(est._1870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg/220px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg/330px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg/440px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_%28est._1870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>1870 view emphasizing the semi-rural environs of the Colosseum at the time</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for <a href="/wiki/Bullfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfight">bullfights</a>; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy,_June_1944_TR1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg/170px-The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg/255px-The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg/340px-The_British_Army_on_Leave_in_Italy%2C_June_1944_TR1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1749, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a>. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion of Christ</a> and installed <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_early_Christians_by_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of early Christians by the Romans">Christian martyrs</a> who perished there (<i>see <a href="#Significance_in_Christianity">Significance in Christianity</a></i>). </p><p>However, there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition, other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg/220px-Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg/330px-Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg/440px-Cole_Thomas_Interior_of_the_Colosseum_Rome_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><i>Interior of the Colosseum, Rome</i> (1832) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> around the arena and the extensive vegetation</figcaption></figure> <p>Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a> ($19.3 million or €20.6 million at 2000 prices). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg/225px-Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg/338px-Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg/450px-Rome_Colosseum_Feral_Cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>One of many Colosseum feral cats</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years, the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> in April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_Penalty_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_Penalty-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (May 2002),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (May 2003),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> (September 2005),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> (July 2006). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_description">Physical description</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_exterior,_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg/220px-Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg/330px-Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg/440px-Colosseum_exterior%2C_inner_and_outer_wall_AvL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>The exterior of the Colosseum, showing the partially intact outer wall (left) and the mostly intact inner wall (center and right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatres</a> that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 24,000 square metres (6 acres). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an ellipse 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating. </p><p>The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG/220px-Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG/330px-Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG/440px-Exterior_of_the_Colosseum_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Superposed_order" title="Superposed order">Superposed order</a> of the Colosseum</figcaption></figure> <p>The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three <a href="/wiki/Superposed_order" title="Superposed order">superposed</a> storeys surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podium</a> on which stands a tall <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a>, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_classical_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford_classical-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a>. </p><p>Two hundred and forty mast <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a> were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable <a href="/wiki/Awning" title="Awning">awning</a>, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Velarium" title="Velarium">velarium</a></i>, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.<sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a> and housed in the nearby <i>Castra Misenatium</i>, were used to work the <i><a href="/wiki/Velarium" title="Velarium">velarium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg/170px-Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg/255px-Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg/340px-Colosseum-Entrance_LII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Entrance LII of the Colosseum, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> still visible</figcaption></figure> <p>The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadia to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-roth_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via <i><a href="/wiki/Vomitorium" title="Vomitorium">vomitoria</a></i> (singular <i>vomitorium</i>), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name <i>vomitoria</i> derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_seating">Interior seating</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_(29096723).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg/220px-Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg/330px-Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg/440px-Rome_%2829096723%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The raked areas that once held seating</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Codex-Calendar of 354</a>, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a>, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or <i>podium</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senatorial</a> class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum-profile-english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colosseum-profile-english.png/260px-Colosseum-profile-english.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colosseum-profile-english.png/390px-Colosseum-profile-english.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colosseum-profile-english.png/520px-Colosseum-profile-english.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the levels of seating</figcaption></figure> <p>The tier above the senators, known as the <i>maenianum primum</i>, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (<i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equites</a></i>). The next level up, the <i>maenianum secundum</i>, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (<i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a></i>) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the <i>immum</i>) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the <i>summum</i>) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups. </p><p>Another level, the <i>maenianum secundum in legneis</i>, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each tier was divided into sections (<i>maeniana</i>) by curved passages and low walls (<i>praecinctiones</i> or <i>baltei</i>), and were subdivided into <i>cunei</i>, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (<i>gradus</i>) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arena_and_hypogeum">Arena and hypogeum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG/330px-0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG/440px-0_Colosseum_-_Rome_111001_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>The Colosseum arena, showing the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a></i> now filled with walls. The walls were added early in the Colosseum's existence when it was decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles.</figcaption></figure> <p>The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is <i>harena</i> or <i>arena</i>), covering an elaborate underground structure called the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a></i> (literally meaning "underground"). The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the <i>hypogeum</i> is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called <i>hegmata</i>, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColosseumInt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ColosseumInt.jpg/220px-ColosseumInt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ColosseumInt.jpg/330px-ColosseumInt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ColosseumInt.jpg/440px-ColosseumInt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A view of the interior of the Colosseum; clearing showing the hypogeum (Greek for "underground")</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>hypogeum</i> was connected by tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the <a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a> to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a> to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the <i>hypogeum</i>. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> mechanisms<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct. However, the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian's behest put an end to the practise of flooding, and thus also to naval battles, early in the Colosseum's existence. There is however wide debate over the practicality and logistics of this phenomenon which leads to speculation over its actuality. This is mostly because there is no physical evidence of naumachiae at the Colosseum remains.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporting_buildings">Supporting buildings</h3></div> <p>The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></i>, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The <i>Ludus Magnus</i> had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the <i>Ludus Matutinus</i> (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools. </p><p>Also nearby were the <i>Armamentarium</i>, comprising an armory to store weapons; the <i>Summum Choragium</i>, where machinery was stored; the <i>Sanitarium</i>, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the <i>Spoliarium</i>, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of. </p><p>Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the <i><a href="/wiki/Velarium" title="Velarium">velarium</a></i> or awning.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg/260px-Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg/390px-Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg/520px-Ave_Caesar_Morituri_te_Salutant_%28G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Imperator,_morituri_te_salutant" title="Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant">Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant</a> (Hail, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Cesar</a>, those who will die salute you)</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure><p> The Colosseum was used to host <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Munera_(ancient_Rome)" title="Munera (ancient Rome)">munera</a></i></span>, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige and were immensely popular. Another major attraction was the animal hunt, or <i><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">venatio</a></i>. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">panthers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Bears">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. These events could be huge in scale; <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> is said to have celebrated his victories in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. During lunch intervals, executions <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">ad bestias</a></i> would be staged. Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena, naked and unarmed, to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces. Acrobats and magicians would also perform, usually during the intervals.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/260px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/390px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/520px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pollice_Verso_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me)" title="Pollice Verso (Gérôme)">Pollice Verso</a></i> (<i>Thumbs Down</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for <i><a href="/wiki/Naumachia" title="Naumachia">naumachiae</a></i> (more properly known as <i>navalia proelia</i>) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corcyrean</a> (Corfiot) Greeks and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthians</a>. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sylvae</i> or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor, and animals would then be introduced. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use">Modern use<span class="anchor" id="Today"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg/220px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg/330px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg/440px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Colosseum, 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways that were once used for transporting wild animals and gladiators to the arena, opened to the public in summer 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Scriptural_Way_of_the_Cross" title="Scriptural Way of the Cross">Scriptural Way of the Cross</a> (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Fridays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wayofthecross-frommers_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayofthecross-frommers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restoration">Restoration</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome,_Italy_(Ank_Kumar)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg/220px-Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg/330px-Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg/440px-Colosseum_under_renovation_in_Rome%2C_Italy_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5570" data-file-height="3713" /></a><figcaption>Colosseum under renovation, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Diego_Della_Valle" title="Diego Della Valle">Diego Della Valle</a>, head of the shoe firm <a href="/wiki/Tod%27s" title="Tod's">Tod's</a>, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the controversial nature of using a <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnership</a> to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum's history.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground-level arches. After three years, the work was completed on 1 July 2016, when the Italian minister of culture, Dario Franceschini, also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018. These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for "cultural events of the highest level."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project also includes creating a services center and restoring the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1 November 2017, the top two levels have been opened for guided visits. The fourth level held the marketplace, and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens, the plebeians, gathered and watched the show, bringing picnics for the day-long event.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Christianity">Significance in Christianity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/260px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/390px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/520px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><i>The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1883)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_View_of_the_interior_of_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i>View of the interior of the Colosseum</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">C. W. Eckersberg</a> (1815)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a>, as evidenced by Church history and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome, rather than at the Colosseum, citing a lack of still-intact physical evidence or historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brockman2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scholars assert that "some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum—their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods", but most <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyrs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> were executed for their faith at the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (died about 202), <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D. and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum, tradition ascribes it to that place.<sup id="cite_ref-Litfin2007_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litfin2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flinn2006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flinn2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norbert_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norbert-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a "quarry,"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century <i><a href="/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romae" title="Mirabilia Urbis Romae">Mirabilia Urbis Romae</a></i> ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Flaminius" title="Circus Flaminius">Circus Flaminius</a> – but not the Colosseum – as the site of martyrdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the structure was inhabited by a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order#Christian_tradition" title="Religious order">Christian religious order</a>, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs, although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book <i>Roma ex ethnica sacra</i>. Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Pope Clement X</a> to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG/260px-Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG/390px-Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG/520px-Cruz_del_Jubileo_2000_en_el_Coliseo_-_detalle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Cross dedicated to the Christian martyrs, placed in 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the insistence of St. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Port_Maurice" title="Leonard of Port Maurice">Leonard of Port Maurice</a>, Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a> (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> around the arena, which remained until February 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Joseph_Labre" title="Benedict Joseph Labre">Benedict Joseph Labre</a> spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>, before he died in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains its Christian connection today. A <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating: </p> <blockquote><p>The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Litfin2007_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litfin2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> the Pope leads a <a href="/wiki/Via_Crucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Crucis">Via Crucis</a> procession to the amphitheater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_(2883935844).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg/260px-Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg/390px-Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg/520px-Weed_Whacking_the_Colosseum_%282883935844%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>Weed control</figcaption></figure> <p>The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (plants)">flora</a> ever since <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Panaroli" title="Domenico Panaroli">Domenico Panaroli</a> made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned.<sup id="cite_ref-claridge_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two hundred forty-two species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain. </p><p>The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">bird migration</a>, flower blooming, and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city, as well as deliberate transport of species, are also contributing causes. Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The Colosseum has appeared in numerous films, artworks and games. It is featured in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon" title="The Way of the Dragon">The Way of the Dragon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jumper_(2008_film)" title="Jumper (2008 film)">Jumper</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_x_Kong:_The_New_Empire" title="Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire">Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several architectural works have also been modelled on or inspired by, the Colosseum. These include: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Kongresshalle</i>, or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Rally_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Party Rally grounds">Nazi Party Rally grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">medal</a> from 1928 to 2000, designed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cassioli" title="Giuseppe Cassioli">Giuseppe Cassioli</a>, features a depiction of the Colosseum. At the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Panathinaiko_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathinaiko Stadium">Panathinaiko Stadium</a></li> <li>The exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Public_Library" title="Vancouver Public Library">Vancouver Public Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> resembles the current state of the Colosseum. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum</a> entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a> was very closely modelled on the Colosseum. It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II. The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaig%27s_Tower" title="McCaig's Tower">McCaig's Tower</a>, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Oban" title="Oban">Oban</a>, Scotland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum in 2021"><img alt="The Colosseum in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg/383px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg/575px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg/766px-Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colosseum in 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine, seen from Palatine Hill"><img alt="The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine, seen from Palatine Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg/363px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg/545px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg/725px-Colosseum_and_Arch_of_Constantine_seen_from_Palatine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5688" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colosseum and the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a>, seen from <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_(8474551096).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior"><img alt="Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg/340px-Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg/511px-Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg/680px-Colosseum_%288474551096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_1000689.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior"><img alt="Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Colosseum_1000689.jpg/340px-Colosseum_1000689.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Colosseum_1000689.jpg/510px-Colosseum_1000689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Colosseum_1000689.jpg/679px-Colosseum_1000689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum at night"><img alt="The Colosseum at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg/383px-Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg/575px-Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg/765px-Colosseo_-_Through_my_lens_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="3220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colosseum at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Colosseum_(9554989427).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seating tiers at the east entrance"><img alt="Seating tiers at the east entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg/454px-The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg/682px-The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg/908px-The_Colosseum_%289554989427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seating tiers at the east entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_(IT),_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum in 2013"><img alt="The Colosseum in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg/383px-Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg/575px-Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg/765px-Rome_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2013_--_3400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4707" data-file-height="3138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colosseum in 2013</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_amphitheatres" title="List of Roman amphitheatres">List of Roman amphitheatres</a> – List of Roman Amphitheatres in the World</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Rome" title="List of tourist attractions in Rome">List of tourist attractions in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Roman amphitheatre</a> – Ancient Roman open-air venues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a> – Ancient Roman stadium, a landmark of Rome, Italy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hopkins">Hopkins</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_02.shtml">"BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 2"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%27s+History+of+the+Colosseum+p.+2&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Fcolosseum_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1993" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth"><i>Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning</i></a></span> (First ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-430158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-430158-9"><bdi>978-0-06-430158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture%3A+Its+Elements%2C+History+and+Meaning&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-06-430158-9&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Leland+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingarc00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Byrnes IV (Spring 2005) "Ancient Roman Munificence: The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity". <i>Rutgers Law Review</i> vol. 57, issue 3, pp. 1043–1110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01.shtml">"BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 1"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%27s+History+of+the+Colosseum+p.+1&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Fcolosseum_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2012" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Eleonora (2012). <i>Rome day by day</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16629-1"><bdi>978-1-118-16629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+day+by+day&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Incorporated&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-16629-1&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World">"The New Seven Wonders of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. July 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World&rft.date=2007-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FStoryPage%2FStoryPage.aspx%3Fid%3Dc7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1%26ParentID%3Df702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825%26MatchID1%3D4488%26TeamID1%3D8%26TeamID2%3D10%26MatchType1%3D1%26SeriesID1%3D1120%26PrimaryID%3D4488%26Headline%3DThe%2Bnew%2BSeven%2BWonders%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wayofthecross-frommers-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wayofthecross-frommers_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wayofthecross-frommers_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107161525/http://events.frommers.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=11442">"Frommer's Events – Event Guide: Good Friday Procession in Rome (Palatine Hill, Italy)"</a>. Frommer's. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.frommers.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=11442">the original</a> on 7 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Events+%E2%80%93+Event+Guide%3A+Good+Friday+Procession+in+Rome+%28Palatine+Hill%2C+Italy%29&rft.pub=Frommer%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.frommers.com%2Fsisp%2Findex.htm%3Ffx%3Devent%26event_id%3D11442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/36587">"Colosseum, <i>n.</i>"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a></i> (3rd, online ed.), 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Colosseum%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F36587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmondson-josephus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edmondson-josephus_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsonMasonRives2005" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, J. C.; Mason, Steve; Rives, J. B. (2005). <i>Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926212-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus+and+Flavian+Rome&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926212-0&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Mason%2C+Steve&rft.au=Rives%2C+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thecolosseum-history1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thecolosseum-history1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-colosseum.net/history/h1.htm">"The Colosseum – History 1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Colosseum+%E2%80%93+History+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-colosseum.net%2Fhistory%2Fh1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Maiuri" title="Amedeo Maiuri">Mairui, Amedeo</a>. <i>Studi e ricerche sull'Anfiteatro Flavio Puteolano</i>. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Napoli</a>, Italia: G. Macchiaroli, 1955. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2078742">2078742</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1992" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, L. Jr. (1992). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_qjo30tjHAC&pg=PA7"><i>A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/JHU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="JHU Press">JHU Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801843006" title="Special:BookSources/9780801843006"><bdi>9780801843006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780801843006&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_qjo30tjHAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span>; the form quoted from the Pseudo-Bede is that printed in <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>, <i>Pat. Lat</i> <b>94</b> (Paris), 1862:543, noted in F. Schneider, <i>Rom und Romgedanke im Mittelalter</i> (Munich) 1926:66f, 251, and in Roberto Weiss, <i>The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity</i> (Oxford:Blackwell) 1973:8 and note 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsoliLa_Rocca2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ensoli, Serena; La Rocca, Eugenio (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USiAdRTlS6MC&dq=beda+%2B+colosseo&pg=PA67"><i>Aurea Roma: dalla città pagana alla città cristiana</i></a> (in Italian). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-126-8"><bdi>978-88-8265-126-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurea+Roma%3A+dalla+citt%C3%A0+pagana+alla+citt%C3%A0+cristiana&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-8265-126-8&rft.aulast=Ensoli&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.au=La+Rocca%2C+Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSiAdRTlS6MC%26dq%3Dbeda%2B%252B%2Bcolosseo%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/36587">"† Colisee, <i>n</i>."</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a></i> (3rd, online ed.), 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=%E2%80%A0+Colisee%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F36587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224235736/http://www.the-colosseum.net/architecture/lacus_en.htm">"The-Colosseum.net:Before the Colosseum"</a>. <i>www.the-colosseum.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-colosseum.net/architecture/lacus_en.htm">the original</a> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the-colosseum.net&rft.atitle=The-Colosseum.net%3ABefore+the+Colosseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-colosseum.net%2Farchitecture%2Flacus_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claridge-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claridge_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaridge1998" class="citation book cs1">Claridge, Amanda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/276"><i>Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide</i></a> (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/276">276–282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288003-1"><bdi>978-0-19-288003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=276-282&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288003-1&rft.aulast=Claridge&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeoxfordarchae00aman%2Fpage%2F276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribunesandtriumphs.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribunesandtriumphs.org_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/colosseum/building-the-colosseum.htm">"Building the Colosseum"</a>. <i>tribunesandtriumphs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tribunesandtriumphs.org&rft.atitle=Building+the+Colosseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunesandtriumphs.org%2Fcolosseum%2Fbuilding-the-colosseum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sear, David R. (2000). <i>Roman Coins and Their Values – The Millennium Edition</i>. Volume I: The Republic and The Twelve Caesars, 280 BC – 96 AD (pp. 468–469, coin # 2536). London: Spink. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902040-35-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-902040-35-X">1-902040-35-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlföldy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>109</b>: 195–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Eine+Bauinschrift+Aus+Dem+Colosseum.&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=195-226&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%B6ldy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cass. Dio lxxviii.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The repairs of the damages inflicted by the earthquake of 484 were paid for by the Consul <a href="/wiki/Decius_Marius_Venantius_Basilius" title="Decius Marius Venantius Basilius">Decius Marius Venantius Basilius</a>, who put two inscriptions to celebrate his works (<i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+01716&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">VI, 1716</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_the_Colosseum-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_Colosseum_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_Colosseum_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Colosseum/History-of-the-Colosseum.php">"History of the Colosseum"</a>. <i>Wonders of the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wonders+of+the+World&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Colosseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonders-of-the-world.net%2FColosseum%2FHistory-of-the-Colosseum.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colnet-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colnet_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-colosseum.net/history/medium.htm">"MEDIVM AEVVM"</a>. <i>The-Colosseum</i>. The-Colosseum.Net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The-Colosseum&rft.atitle=MEDIVM+AEVVM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-colosseum.net%2Fhistory%2Fmedium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span><br />Names the order: <i>Arciconfraternita del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum</i>, aka <i>del Gonfalone</i>. Co-tenants: the Roman Senate and the Camera Apostolica. "In 1519 The Confraternita built the little chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà inside the Colosseum."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rome." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">The Coliseum</a> in Catholic Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2000" class="citation news cs1">Young, Gayle (24 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113142102/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/2000/02/young.italydeath.feb24/">"On Italy's passionate opposition to death penalty"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/2000/02/young.italydeath.feb24/">the original</a> on 13 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Italy%27s+passionate+opposition+to+death+penalty&rft.date=2000-02-24&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fviews%2Fy%2F2000%2F02%2Fyoung.italydeath.feb24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death_Penalty-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Death_Penalty_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/international-roman-colosseum-lit-mark-connecticuts-abolition-death-penalty">"International: Roman Colosseum Lit to Mark Connecticut's Abolition of Death Penalty"</a>. <i>Death Penalty Info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Death+Penalty+Info&rft.atitle=International%3A+Roman+Colosseum+Lit+to+Mark+Connecticut%27s+Abolition+of+Death+Penalty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathpenaltyinfo.org%2Finternational-roman-colosseum-lit-mark-connecticuts-abolition-death-penalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1983176.stm">Colosseum stages peace concert</a>, BBC News Online, 12 May 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3019241.stm">McCartney rocks the Colosseum</a>, BBC News Online, 12 May 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4213352.stm">Sir Elton's free gig thrills Rome</a>, BBC News Online, 4 September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford_classical-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_classical_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Archibald Richmond, Donald Emrys Strong, <a href="/wiki/Janet_DeLaine" title="Janet DeLaine">Janet DeLaine</a>. "Colosseum", <i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i>. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2005" class="citation web cs1">Downey, Charles T. (9 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ionarts.blogspot.com/2005/02/colosseum-was-skydome.html">"The Colosseum Was a Skydome?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Colosseum+Was+a+Skydome%3F&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fionarts.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F02%2Fcolosseum-was-skydome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Amphitheatrum_Flavium.html">A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/15/ancient-romans-flood-colosseum-re-enact-sea-battles/">"The Ancient Romans Would Flood the Colosseum to re-enact sea battles"</a>. 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Romans+Would+Flood+the+Colosseum+to+re-enact+sea+battles&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2016%2F09%2F15%2Fancient-romans-flood-colosseum-re-enact-sea-battles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2010" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (23 June 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7849829/Colosseum-to-open-gladiator-passageways-for-first-time.html">"Colosseum to open gladiator passageways for first time"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7849829/Colosseum-to-open-gladiator-passageways-for-first-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Colosseum+to+open+gladiator+passageways+for+first+time&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F7849829%2FColosseum-to-open-gladiator-passageways-for-first-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamplin,_Joseph_M.1994" class="citation book cs1">Champlin, Joseph M. (1994). <i>The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcf.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20000421_via-crucis_en.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcf.va&rft.atitle=Vatican+Description+of+the+Stations+of+the+Cross+at+the+Colosseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcf.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_20000421_via-crucis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12256813">"Rome Colosseum repair to be funded by Tods shoe firm"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 21 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rome+Colosseum+repair+to+be+funded+by+Tods+shoe+firm&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12256813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvers2014" class="citation news cs1">Silvers, Eric (25 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304518704579521583112244014">"The Colosseum's Badly Needed Bath"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Colosseum%27s+Badly+Needed+Bath&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Silvers&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304518704579521583112244014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728181623/https://skift.com/2016/07/03/italy-completes-a-long-overdue-restoration-of-romes-iconic-colosseum/">"Italy Completes a Long Overdue Restoration of Rome's Iconic Colosseum"</a>. 3 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skift.com/2016/07/03/italy-completes-a-long-overdue-restoration-of-romes-iconic-colosseum/">the original</a> on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+Completes+a+Long+Overdue+Restoration+of+Rome%27s+Iconic+Colosseum&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskift.com%2F2016%2F07%2F03%2Fitaly-completes-a-long-overdue-restoration-of-romes-iconic-colosseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovoledo2012" class="citation web cs1">Povoledo, Elisabetta (31 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/colosseum-wont-be-restored-in-a-day-but-work-is-finally-scheduled-to-start/">"Colosseum Won't Be Restored in a Day, but Work Is Finally Scheduled to Start"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colosseum+Won%27t+Be+Restored+in+a+Day%2C+but+Work+Is+Finally+Scheduled+to+Start&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.aulast=Povoledo&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F31%2Fcolosseum-wont-be-restored-in-a-day-but-work-is-finally-scheduled-to-start%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonati2017" class="citation web cs1">Donati, Silvia (5 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymagazine.com/news/colosseum-open-top-levels-public">"Colosseum To Open Top Levels to the Public"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colosseum+To+Open+Top+Levels+to+the+Public&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.aulast=Donati&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fcolosseum-open-top-levels-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-colosseum.net/history/h1.htm">"The-Colosseum.net: Antiquity"</a>. <i>the-colosseum.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the-colosseum.net&rft.atitle=The-Colosseum.net%3A+Antiquity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-colosseum.net%2Fhistory%2Fh1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: The Coliseum"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Coliseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/colosseum/colosseum-christian-martyrs.htm">"Colosseum & Christian Martyrs"</a>. <i>tribunesandtriumphs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tribunesandtriumphs.org&rft.atitle=Colosseum+%26+Christian+Martyrs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunesandtriumphs.org%2Fcolosseum%2Fcolosseum-christian-martyrs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hopkins">Hopkins</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman2011-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockman2011_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-655-3</bdi></a>. <q>Public executions were held there during the empire, and it is for these last events that the Colosseum became a Christian shrine. It is disputed whether many early Christian martyrs actually died in the Colosseum, since there is no mention of that in ancient Christian records.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-655-3&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618193426/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/myths_and_secrets_of_the_colosseum">"Myths and Secrets of the Colosseum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): 15–17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/si/show/myths_and_secrets_of_the_colosseum">the original</a> on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Secrets+of+the+Colosseum&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fmyths_and_secrets_of_the_colosseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-655-3</bdi></a>. <q>There seems little doubt that some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum-their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods. Most martyrs, however, died for their faith at the Circus Maximus. Some were even executed as members of what the Romans considered a Jewish sect, since both Jews and Christians refused to reverence the gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-655-3&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter1999-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potter1999_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1999" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Stone (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjqJWakX7IC&pg=PA227"><i>Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08568-2"><bdi>978-0-472-08568-2</bdi></a>. <q>The public execution of condemned offenders, including Christians, is associated above all with the amphitheater, although there were executions at various other venues. Gladiatorial games, hunting displays, and executions also took place at the Circus Maximus, even after the construction of the Colosseum (Humphrey 1987, 121).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Entertainment+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08568-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPjqJWakX7IC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litfin2007-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Litfin2007_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litfin2007_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitfin2007" class="citation book cs1">Litfin, Bryan M. (2007). <i>Getting to Know the Church Fathers: An Evangelical Introduction</i>. Brazos Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0074-7"><bdi>978-1-4412-0074-7</bdi></a>. <q>But according to Irenaeus (who spent time in Rome not long after these events took place) Ignatius did in fact meet his end by being torn apart by wild animals for the amusement of the Roman masses, probably in the infamous Colosseum. The crowd there that day would have viewed the spectacle as a crushing defeat of this meek man's Christian religion. But Ignatius understood his death to be a shout of victory. Today a Christian cross stands in the Colosseum of Rome with a plaque that reads, "The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Know+the+Church+Fathers%3A+An+Evangelical+Introduction&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0074-7&rft.aulast=Litfin&rft.aufirst=Bryan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flinn2006-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flinn2006_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn2006" class="citation book cs1">Flinn, Frank K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA359"><i>Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7565-2</bdi></a>. <q>He was caught up in the general persecution of the church under the emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), brought to Rome, and fed to the lions in the Coliseum around 107 C.E. His feast day is 17 October. Before his execution, Ignatius wrote seven letters to the churches along his route, one each to Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, and Philadelphia, two to the church at Smyrna, and one to Smyrna's bishop, Polycarp. The letters are a rich source about early theology, liturgy, and church organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholicism&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7565-2&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Frank+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxEONS0FFlsC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hopkins">Hopkins</a>, p. 103: "It is likely that Christians <i>were</i> put to death there and that those said to have been martyred 'in Rome' actually died in the Colosseum. But, despite what we are often told, that is only a guess. One of the possible candidates for martyrdom in the Colosseum is St. Ignatius, a bishop of Antioch (in Syria) at the beginning of the second century AD, who was 'condemned to the beasts' at Rome."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norbert-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norbert_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-655-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Christians who did die in the Colosseum often did so under dramatic circumstances, thus cementing the legend. The hero St. Ignatius of Antioch, a disciple of St. John the Beloved, was sent to the beasts by Trajan in 107. Shortly after, 115 Christians were killed by archers. When Christians refused to pray to the gods for the end of a plague in the latter part of the second century, Marcus Aurelius had thousands killed in the Colosseum for blasphemy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-655-3&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hopkins">Hopkins</a>, p. 160: "For most of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance the Colosseum was not so much a monument as a quarry. To describe this activity as 'robbery' is to give the wrong impression. For the most part, there was nothing illegal or unofficial about the removal of this stone."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-colosseum.net/history/quarry.htm">"The-Colosseum.net: 1300–1700"</a>. <i>the-colosseum.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the-colosseum.net&rft.atitle=The-Colosseum.net%3A+1300%E2%80%931700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-colosseum.net%2Fhistory%2Fquarry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Advent-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>In the Middle Ages, for example, when the sanctuaries of the martyrs were looked upon with so great veneration, the Coliseum was completely neglected; its name never occurs in the itineraries, or guide-books, compiler for the use of pilgrims to the Eternal City.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>The "Mirabilia Romae", the first manuscripts of which date from the twelfth century, cites among the places mentioned in the "Passions" of the martyrs the Circus Flaminius ad pontem Judaeorum, but in this sense makes no allusion to the Coliseum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Pope St. Pius (1566–72) is said to have recommended persons desirous of obtaining relics to procure some sand from the arena of the Coliseum, which, the pope declared, was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. The opinion of the saintly pontiff, however, does not seem to have been shared by his contemporaries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>The pamphlet was so completely successful that four years later, the jubilee year of 1675, the exterior arcades were closed by order of Clement X; from this time the Coliseum became a sanctuary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04101b.htm">"The Coliseum"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Benedict XIV (1740-58) erected Stations of the Cross in the Coliseum, which remained until February, 1874, when they were removed by order of Commendatore Rosa. St. Benedict Joseph Labre (d. 1783) passed a life of austere devotion, living on alms, within the walls of the Coliseum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coliseum&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04101b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Paul (5 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/romes-colosseum-garden/547535/">"Rome's Colosseum Was Once a Wild, Tangled Garden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Rome%27s+Colosseum+Was+Once+a+Wild%2C+Tangled+Garden&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2017%2F12%2Fromes-colosseum-garden%2F547535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/140/Roman-Holiday/Colosseum">"Roman Holiday at Colosseum"</a>. <i>Sceen It</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sceen+It&rft.atitle=Roman+Holiday+at+Colosseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sceen-it.com%2Fsceen%2F140%2FRoman-Holiday%2FColosseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/gladiator-colosseum-filming-locations-explained/">"Where Gladiator Was Filmed - Colosseum & Filming Locations Explained"</a>. <i>Screen Rant</i>. 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=Where+Gladiator+Was+Filmed+-+Colosseum+%26+Filming+Locations+Explained&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fgladiator-colosseum-filming-locations-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/bruce-lee-and-chuck-norris-fight-in-the-coliseum-from-the-film-way-of-the-dragon-bruce-lee/GwHjIj6PIf-9cw?hl=en">"Google Arts and Culture"</a>. <i>Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris fight in the Coliseum from the film "Way of The Dragon"</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bruce+Lee+and+Chuck+Norris+fight+in+the+Coliseum+from+the+film+%22Way+of+The+Dragon%22&rft.atitle=Google+Arts+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Fbruce-lee-and-chuck-norris-fight-in-the-coliseum-from-the-film-way-of-the-dragon-bruce-lee%2FGwHjIj6PIf-9cw%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/jumper-shoot-had-rare-access-146993/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Jumper' shoot had rare access to Coliseum"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. 19 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Jumper%27+shoot+had+rare+access+to+Coliseum&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fjumper-shoot-had-rare-access-146993%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreur2024" class="citation web cs1">Schreur, Brandon (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.superherohype.com/movies/562922-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-international-trailer-sees-titular-titan-invade-romes-colosseum">"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire International Trailer Sees Titular Titan Invade Rome's Colosseum"</a>. <i>Comic Book Movies and Superhero Movie News - SuperHeroHype</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Movies+and+Superhero+Movie+News+-+SuperHeroHype&rft.atitle=Godzilla+x+Kong%3A+The+New+Empire+International+Trailer+Sees+Titular+Titan+Invade+Rome%27s+Colosseum&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Schreur&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.superherohype.com%2Fmovies%2F562922-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-international-trailer-sees-titular-titan-invade-romes-colosseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoarelli1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Coarelli" title="Filippo Coarelli">Coarelli, Filippo</a> (1989). <i>Guida Archeologica di Roma</i>. Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-11896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-11896-1"><bdi>978-88-04-11896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+Archeologica+di+Roma&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-88-04-11896-1&rft.aulast=Coarelli&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Elkins" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Nathan T. (2019). <i>A Monument to Dynasty and Death: The Story of Rome's Colosseum and the Emperors Who Built It</i>. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421432557" title="Special:BookSources/9781421432557"><bdi>9781421432557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monument+to+Dynasty+and+Death%3A+The+Story+of+Rome%27s+Colosseum+and+the+Emperors+Who+Built+It&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781421432557&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Nathan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hopkins" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hopkins" title="Keith Hopkins">Hopkins, Keith</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colosseum00hopk"><i>The Colosseum</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01895-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01895-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01895-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colosseum&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01895-2&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Beard%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolosseum00hopk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Colosseum" class="extiw" title="commons:Colosseum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Colosseum</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rome/Colosseo#Q10285" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Rome/Colosseo">Colosseum</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colosseo.it/en/area/the-colosseum/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10285#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416051239/http://rome.arounder.com/it/monumenti/colosseo/colosseum-by-night.html">Virtual tour of the Colosseum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sketchfab.com/models/544c64b6445e4899a17350c949b7766a">A 3D model of Colosseum on Sketchfab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-colosseum.net/wp/en/">Website providing information on the Colosseum's history and how to visit</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Colosseum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Colosseum">"Colosseum" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colosseum&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColosseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3ds.com/progress-is-human/heritage-and-future/colosseum">3D model of the past and present of the colosseum – The Only Progress is Human</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Landmarks of Rome</b><br />Colosseum </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman<br />landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and <i>villae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the <i>sette bassi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic<br />basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a><br />and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a><br />and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and<br />art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City<br />of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks 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title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Honorary status: <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10285#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134678625">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/295358893">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/400154387233230970007">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4258895-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colosseum (Rome, Italy)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87004621">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Koloseum (Řím, Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004237516&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287923905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20001048">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/124e7d58-1a8f-4f22-8db0-57add502c756">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/285857974">Pleiades</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-architecture.eu/db/?theatreId=361">EUTA theatre</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colosseum&oldid=1257285329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colosseum&oldid=1257285329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colosseum" title="Category:Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:80" 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