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Alejandra Edwards - Academia.edu
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U Chicago<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Alejandra Edwards</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967266"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967266/Payroll_Taxes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Payroll Taxes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967266/Payroll_Taxes">Payroll Taxes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">by</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967266"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967266"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967266; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967265"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967265/LABOR_MARKET_REFORMS_IN_LATIN_AMERICA_CONSEQUENCES_AND_COSTS_By"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of LABOR MARKET REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS* By" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677526/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967265/LABOR_MARKET_REFORMS_IN_LATIN_AMERICA_CONSEQUENCES_AND_COSTS_By">LABOR MARKET REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS* By</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">During the last few years Latin America has reluctantly begun a process of markets integration in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">During the last few years Latin America has reluctantly begun a process of markets integration into the global economy. This process is likely to deepen in years to come, and workers in the region must have access to the opportunities that this global market place offers. While it is certainly a fact that global labor markets threaten</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b03b1a60a5658f48cf9aaa9306c3b99e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677526,"asset_id":72967265,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677526/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967265"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967265"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967265; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967265]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967265]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967265; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967265']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967265, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b03b1a60a5658f48cf9aaa9306c3b99e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967265]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967265,"title":"LABOR MARKET REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS* By","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"During the last few years Latin America has reluctantly begun a process of markets integration into the global economy. 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An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go reg...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1981, Chile reformed its social security system. An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go regime was replaced by system based on individual retirement accounts. Over the years Chile鈥檚 reform has been widely praised, and has been carefully studied by policy makers throughout the world. In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of Chile鈥檚 social security reform: its impact on labor market outcomes, including unemployment and wages. We develop a model of the labor market where we assume that, as is the case in most emerging markets, a formal and an informal sectors coexist side by side. According to our model, a social security reform that reduces the implicit tax on labor in the formal sector, will result in an increase in the wage rate in the informal sector and will have an undetermined effect on aggregate unemployment. Results from simulation exercises suggest that in the case of Chile the reforms resulted in an increase in informal sector wages between 2 an 2.5%. These resu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8aa580b8872d6218be8eb8a944da0f78" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677524,"asset_id":72967264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677524/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967264, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8aa580b8872d6218be8eb8a944da0f78" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967264,"title":"National Bureau of Economic Research And","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In 1981, Chile reformed its social security system. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967261"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967261/Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677531/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967261/Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s">Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 19...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 1990&#39;s using household survey data for 18 Latin American countries covering several years per country. The outcomes analyzed include labor force participation rates, the distribution of employment of women across sectors of the economy (formal versus informal), and earnings. Next, the authors examine the role of schooling in explaining the increase in female labor force participation in LAC countries. All of these findings suggest a fair degree of change in the role of women within households and in the labor market. The authors conclude that the macro economic picture of stagnation for LAC in the 1990s masks non-trivial developments in the division of labor and time allocation by gender.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c045e900b6d4610566d2dd8d89f87bbd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677531,"asset_id":72967261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677531/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967261, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c045e900b6d4610566d2dd8d89f87bbd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967261,"title":"Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 1990\u0026#39;s using household survey data for 18 Latin American countries covering several years per country. 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Living Arrangements and Standards of Elderly Men and Women</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967260, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967260,"title":"TWO. Living Arrangements and Standards of Elderly Men and Women","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72967260/TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-03T16:30:08.534-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":3924216,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":3924216,"first_name":"Alejandra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Edwards","page_name":"AlejandraEdwards","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2013-04-24T06:03:38.728-07:00","display_name":"Alejandra Edwards","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandraEdwards"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967259"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967259/Policy_Issues_and_Evidence_from_Chile"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967259/Policy_Issues_and_Evidence_from_Chile">Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has arguably been one of the most dramatic trade liberalization episodes in modern times: the Chilean trade reform of the 1970s. In little more than three years a protective structure characterized by high and dispersed tariffs averaging more than 100%, and QRs protection that covered virtually every import item, was replaced by a uniform tariff of 10 percent. Furthermore , Chile began this trade liberalization processes with a system of strict job security legislation and heavy government intervention in industrial relations , and labor market reforms were implemented on the way. Earlier studies had found weak links between aggregate unemployment levels and trade liberalization, and have suggested a link between trade liberalization and unemployment that depends on institutional factors. This particular case study adds to the same body of evidence as it shows that individual experiences wi...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967259"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967259"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967259; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967259]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967259]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967259; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967259']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967259, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967259]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967259,"title":"Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has arguably been one of the most dramatic trade liberalization episodes in modern times: the Chilean trade reform of the 1970s. 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Sin embargo, estas reformas tambien eliminan distorsiones y enfocan las redistribuciones hacia los de menores ingresos, lo que ayuda a las mujeres. Este articulo evalua el conflicto entre ambas afirmaciones en el caso de tres paises latinoamericanos 鈥揅hile, Argentina y Mexico. Encontramos que las anualidades correspondientes a las mujeres son menores que las de los hombres en los esquemas de pensiones multi-pilar, pero las mujeres son las receptoras de las transferencias netas publicas y las transferencia privadas intrafamiliares a traves de las pensiones conjuntas. Como resultado, las mujeres han ganado mas con las reformas que los hombres</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="58ed4a3933f35c63ec771f62fafa16af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83894071,"asset_id":72967258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83894071/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967258, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "58ed4a3933f35c63ec771f62fafa16af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967258,"title":"El impacto de g茅nero de la reforma a la seguridad social en Am茅rica Latina","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Las reformas recientes hechas a los sistemas multi-pilar estrechan el vinculo entre las contribuciones salariales y los beneficios, conduciendo a que los criticos arguyan que estas reformas perjudicaran a las mujeres, quienes tienen un empleo menos continuo y ganan menores salarios que los hombres. 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Introduccion. La bibliografia sobre los mercados laborales de los paises menos desarrollados(P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. Introduccion. La bibliografia sobre los mercados laborales de los paises menos desarrollados(PMD) se ha ocupado de fenomenos especificos tales como la migracion rural-urbana y los arreglos de mercado del trabajo dentro de la agricultura tradicional. Al mismo tiempo ha habido una preocupacion permanente por problemas relacionados con la eficiencia y el desempeno del mercado laboral. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967254"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967254/Income_Transfers_and_Childrens_Schooling_Evidence_from_El_Salvador_by"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Income Transfers and Childrens Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador by" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677495/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967254/Income_Transfers_and_Childrens_Schooling_Evidence_from_El_Salvador_by">Income Transfers and Childrens Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Parental schooling has a significant effect on the hazard of leaving school. As others have argue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Parental schooling has a significant effect on the hazard of leaving school. As others have argued, parental schooling may simultaneously capture genetic ability, motivation, and the capacity to generate income. This ambiguity is problematic for it weakens the policy implications for improving opportunities for children who lack schooling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0ef496740ce163e8d4fe91d4b9bb4fce" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677495,"asset_id":72967254,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677495/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967254"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967254"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967254; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967254]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967254]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967254; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967254']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967254, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0ef496740ce163e8d4fe91d4b9bb4fce" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967254]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967254,"title":"Income Transfers and Childrens Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador by","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Impact of Parental Schooling on Child Education in El Salvador","grobid_abstract":"Parental schooling has a significant effect on the hazard of leaving school. 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The ECONOMY of PUERTO RICO SUSAN M. COLLINS BARRY P. BOSWORTH MIGUEL A. SOTO-CLASS Editor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Page 1. The ECONOMY of PUERTO RICO SUSAN M. COLLINS BARRY P. BOSWORTH MIGUEL A. SOTO-CLASS Editors Page 2. Page 3. As a territory of the United States, Puerto Rico operates under US judicial, monetary, and tariff systems. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967253"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967253"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967253; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967253]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967253]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967253; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967253']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967253, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967253]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967253,"title":"The Economy of Puerto Rico: restoring growth","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Page 1. 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Foi escrito por Alejandra Cox Edwards, sob a orienta莽茫o de Michael Walton, em estreita colabora莽茫o com o Escrit贸rio Regional da Am茅rica Latina e Caribe. Essa colabora莽茫o foi coordenada por Suman Bery. Meta de Coquereaumont e Paul Holtz fizeram a editora莽茫o. Christian Perez preparou a diagrama莽茫o do texto.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="864b8b48d1351c27e59daee2e1a4bc1e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677520,"asset_id":72967247,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677520/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967247"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967247"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967247; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967247]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967247; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967247']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967247, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "864b8b48d1351c27e59daee2e1a4bc1e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967247]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967247,"title":"Reformas economicas e trabalhistas na America Latina e no Caribe","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"As reformas nos anos 80 1 Pobreza e distribui莽茫o de renda 2 2 Condi莽玫es do Mercado de Trabalho 3 Demografia e oferta de m茫o-de-obra 3 Emprego, desemprego e sal谩rios reais 6 O caso especial dos pa铆ses do Caribe 7 Mudan莽a das condi莽玫es dos mercados de trabalho na Am茅rica Latina, 1960-95 7 3 Reformas de Pol铆tica e Integra莽谩o Internacional 11 Reforma do com茅rcio 12 A taxa de c芒mbio real e os influxos de capital 12 Reformas com bases amplas: a chave do sucesso 13 Migra莽茫o internacional 15 4 Interven莽玫es Atuais no Mercado de Trabalho e o Caminho da Reforma 17 Um papel para o governo na fixa莽茫o de sal谩rios? 17 Como tratar as \"demiss玫es injustas\" 17 Contribui莽玫es 脿 previd锚ncia social 20 Rela莽玫es empregado-empregador 21 5 A Mudan莽a do Papel do Estado 24 Emprego e sal谩rios no setor p煤blico 24 Estabelecer prioridades e escolher melhores instrumentos de pol铆tica 24 6 A Perspectiva para os Trabalhadores 26 Refer锚ncias 28 FILE CO i Este relat贸rio foi preparado em conjunto com o Relat贸rio sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial 1995: O Trabalhador e o Processo de Integra莽茫o Mundial. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967245"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967245/Regional_perspectives_on_World_Development_Report_1995_labor_and_economic_reforms_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967245/Regional_perspectives_on_World_Development_Report_1995_labor_and_economic_reforms_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized their economies and lowered barriers to international trade. Many of the policies aimed at reducing poverty and tackling inequality in the 1960-1980 period were well intentioned, but the region made little or no progress in improving income distribution. With the recent shift toward market orientation and openness to international trade, these countries will need a new approach to labor policy as well as different instruments for addressing income distribution goals. This report gives special attention to four areas of labor policy: 1) change from direct government intervention in wage determination and strict seniority rules to a system that rewards effort, high productivity, and good management within a framework that relies on voluntary negotiation of working conditions between workers and firms; 2) replacement of job security legislation by a more effective mechanism that protects workers when they change jobs; 3) careful design of mandatory contributions to social security and other programs in order to minimize the distortionary effect of labor taxes; and 4) redirecting of government subsidies for training and education to the demand side and targeting to those who cannot afford to pay.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967245"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967245"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967245; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967245]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967245]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967245; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967245']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967245, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967245]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967245,"title":"Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized their economies and lowered barriers to international trade. 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Many of the policies aimed at reducing poverty and tackling inequality in the 1960-1980 period were well intentioned, but the region made little or no progress in improving income distribution. With the recent shift toward market orientation and openness to international trade, these countries will need a new approach to labor policy as well as different instruments for addressing income distribution goals. 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This process is likely to deepen in years to come, and workers in the region must have access to the opportunities that this global market place offers. While it is certainly a fact that global labor markets threaten</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b03b1a60a5658f48cf9aaa9306c3b99e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677526,"asset_id":72967265,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677526/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967265"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967265"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967265; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967265]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967265]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967265; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967265']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967265, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b03b1a60a5658f48cf9aaa9306c3b99e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967265]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967265,"title":"LABOR MARKET REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS* By","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"During the last few years Latin America has reluctantly begun a process of markets integration into the global economy. 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An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go reg...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1981, Chile reformed its social security system. An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go regime was replaced by system based on individual retirement accounts. Over the years Chile鈥檚 reform has been widely praised, and has been carefully studied by policy makers throughout the world. In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of Chile鈥檚 social security reform: its impact on labor market outcomes, including unemployment and wages. We develop a model of the labor market where we assume that, as is the case in most emerging markets, a formal and an informal sectors coexist side by side. According to our model, a social security reform that reduces the implicit tax on labor in the formal sector, will result in an increase in the wage rate in the informal sector and will have an undetermined effect on aggregate unemployment. Results from simulation exercises suggest that in the case of Chile the reforms resulted in an increase in informal sector wages between 2 an 2.5%. 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These resu...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"In 1981, Chile reformed its social security system. An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go regime was replaced by system based on individual retirement accounts. Over the years Chile鈥檚 reform has been widely praised, and has been carefully studied by policy makers throughout the world. In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of Chile鈥檚 social security reform: its impact on labor market outcomes, including unemployment and wages. We develop a model of the labor market where we assume that, as is the case in most emerging markets, a formal and an informal sectors coexist side by side. According to our model, a social security reform that reduces the implicit tax on labor in the formal sector, will result in an increase in the wage rate in the informal sector and will have an undetermined effect on aggregate unemployment. 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An inefficient and insolvent pay-asyou-go regime was replaced by system based on individual retirement accounts. Over the years Chile鈥檚 reform has been widely praised, and has been carefully studied by policy makers throughout the world. In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of Chile鈥檚 social security reform: its impact on labor market outcomes, including unemployment and wages. We develop a model of the labor market where we assume that, as is the case in most emerging markets, a formal and an informal sectors coexist side by side. According to our model, a social security reform that reduces the implicit tax on labor in the formal sector, will result in an increase in the wage rate in the informal sector and will have an undetermined effect on aggregate unemployment. Results from simulation exercises suggest that in the case of Chile the reforms resulted in an increase in informal sector wages between 2 an 2.5%. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967261"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967261/Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677531/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967261/Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s">Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 19...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 1990&#39;s using household survey data for 18 Latin American countries covering several years per country. The outcomes analyzed include labor force participation rates, the distribution of employment of women across sectors of the economy (formal versus informal), and earnings. Next, the authors examine the role of schooling in explaining the increase in female labor force participation in LAC countries. All of these findings suggest a fair degree of change in the role of women within households and in the labor market. The authors conclude that the macro economic picture of stagnation for LAC in the 1990s masks non-trivial developments in the division of labor and time allocation by gender.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c045e900b6d4610566d2dd8d89f87bbd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677531,"asset_id":72967261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677531/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967261, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c045e900b6d4610566d2dd8d89f87bbd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967261,"title":"Women in the Latin American Labor Market: The Remarkable 1990's","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 1990\u0026#39;s using household survey data for 18 Latin American countries covering several years per country. 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The authors conclude that the macro economic picture of stagnation for LAC in the 1990s masks non-trivial developments in the division of labor and time allocation by gender.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72967261/Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-03T16:30:08.651-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":3924216,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81677531,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677531/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"getdocument.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677531/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/81677531/getdocument-libre.pdf?1646356282=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWomen_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market.pdf\u0026Expires=1733911657\u0026Signature=RkEqZ6IP90x6zRVsRfcPB6hc~Lt7nGmb3VeqY48NGWwGpPytuVAnl6bsCSaxcYJT4zS0glCZCoRf-Q-bPyi64an59wr55SgOladGNV5zYZNgVjXVucq~ZSf3y~NNG3vHFocfV3Xd7GEkW3tpWoZlRLG4QFOs1kbUE14HwphPPHVat7tzdMbW9VRwYry5jNZQ1xVnUCyMSQDj6C4spxygvLxS1CLfMkf5ldkL5epHgsQDR-p0z59JaSRG4qLe5-XVfeb2Y2SA8a3h-7hmCvGtKDjxB9vfpyAsO8nbwP4e48PnsXBwf~XqTfBcZGdZdQMXlS0FRT8rBf~294mn1eR9hQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market_The_Remarkable_1990s","translated_slug":"","page_count":43,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this paper, the authors examine levels and trends of labor market outcomes for women in the 1990\u0026#39;s using household survey data for 18 Latin American countries covering several years per country. 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The authors conclude that the macro economic picture of stagnation for LAC in the 1990s masks non-trivial developments in the division of labor and time allocation by gender.","owner":{"id":3924216,"first_name":"Alejandra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Edwards","page_name":"AlejandraEdwards","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2013-04-24T06:03:38.728-07:00","display_name":"Alejandra Edwards","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandraEdwards"},"attachments":[{"id":81677531,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677531/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"getdocument.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677531/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Women_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/81677531/getdocument-libre.pdf?1646356282=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWomen_in_the_Latin_American_Labor_Market.pdf\u0026Expires=1733911657\u0026Signature=RkEqZ6IP90x6zRVsRfcPB6hc~Lt7nGmb3VeqY48NGWwGpPytuVAnl6bsCSaxcYJT4zS0glCZCoRf-Q-bPyi64an59wr55SgOladGNV5zYZNgVjXVucq~ZSf3y~NNG3vHFocfV3Xd7GEkW3tpWoZlRLG4QFOs1kbUE14HwphPPHVat7tzdMbW9VRwYry5jNZQ1xVnUCyMSQDj6C4spxygvLxS1CLfMkf5ldkL5epHgsQDR-p0z59JaSRG4qLe5-XVfeb2Y2SA8a3h-7hmCvGtKDjxB9vfpyAsO8nbwP4e48PnsXBwf~XqTfBcZGdZdQMXlS0FRT8rBf~294mn1eR9hQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":9067,"name":"Division of labor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Division_of_labor"},{"id":64987,"name":"Social Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Development"},{"id":156572,"name":"Latin American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American"},{"id":171192,"name":"Regional Security in Latin American Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Security_in_Latin_American_Countries"},{"id":179891,"name":"Female Labor Force Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_Labor_Force_Participation"},{"id":231685,"name":"Time allocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_allocation"},{"id":586327,"name":"Household Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Survey"},{"id":800521,"name":"Labor market outcomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_market_outcomes"},{"id":1219447,"name":"Labor Force Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Force_Participation"}],"urls":[{"id":18215722,"url":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLACREGTOPGENDERINSPA/Resources/WomenatWork2.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967260"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967260/TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of TWO. Living Arrangements and Standards of Elderly Men and Women" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967260/TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women">TWO. Living Arrangements and Standards of Elderly Men and Women</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967260, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967260,"title":"TWO. Living Arrangements and Standards of Elderly Men and Women","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72967260/TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-03T16:30:08.534-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":3924216,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"TWO_Living_Arrangements_and_Standards_of_Elderly_Men_and_Women","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":3924216,"first_name":"Alejandra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Edwards","page_name":"AlejandraEdwards","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2013-04-24T06:03:38.728-07:00","display_name":"Alejandra Edwards","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandraEdwards"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967259"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967259/Policy_Issues_and_Evidence_from_Chile"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967259/Policy_Issues_and_Evidence_from_Chile">Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has arguably been one of the most dramatic trade liberalization episodes in modern times: the Chilean trade reform of the 1970s. In little more than three years a protective structure characterized by high and dispersed tariffs averaging more than 100%, and QRs protection that covered virtually every import item, was replaced by a uniform tariff of 10 percent. Furthermore , Chile began this trade liberalization processes with a system of strict job security legislation and heavy government intervention in industrial relations , and labor market reforms were implemented on the way. Earlier studies had found weak links between aggregate unemployment levels and trade liberalization, and have suggested a link between trade liberalization and unemployment that depends on institutional factors. This particular case study adds to the same body of evidence as it shows that individual experiences wi...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967259"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967259"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967259; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967259]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967259]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967259; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967259']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967259, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967259]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967259,"title":"Policy Issues and Evidence from Chile","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper explores the link between trade liberalization and unemployment , focusing in what has arguably been one of the most dramatic trade liberalization episodes in modern times: the Chilean trade reform of the 1970s. 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Earlier studies had found weak links between aggregate unemployment levels and trade liberalization, and have suggested a link between trade liberalization and unemployment that depends on institutional factors. 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This particular case study adds to the same body of evidence as it shows that individual experiences wi...","owner":{"id":3924216,"first_name":"Alejandra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Edwards","page_name":"AlejandraEdwards","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2013-04-24T06:03:38.728-07:00","display_name":"Alejandra Edwards","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandraEdwards"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967258/El_impacto_de_g%C3%A9nero_de_la_reforma_a_la_seguridad_social_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of El impacto de g茅nero de la reforma a la seguridad social en Am茅rica Latina" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83894071/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967258/El_impacto_de_g%C3%A9nero_de_la_reforma_a_la_seguridad_social_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">El impacto de g茅nero de la reforma a la seguridad social en Am茅rica Latina</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Las reformas recientes hechas a los sistemas multi-pilar estrechan el vinculo entre las contribuc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Las reformas recientes hechas a los sistemas multi-pilar estrechan el vinculo entre las contribuciones salariales y los beneficios, conduciendo a que los criticos arguyan que estas reformas perjudicaran a las mujeres, quienes tienen un empleo menos continuo y ganan menores salarios que los hombres. Sin embargo, estas reformas tambien eliminan distorsiones y enfocan las redistribuciones hacia los de menores ingresos, lo que ayuda a las mujeres. Este articulo evalua el conflicto entre ambas afirmaciones en el caso de tres paises latinoamericanos 鈥揅hile, Argentina y Mexico. Encontramos que las anualidades correspondientes a las mujeres son menores que las de los hombres en los esquemas de pensiones multi-pilar, pero las mujeres son las receptoras de las transferencias netas publicas y las transferencia privadas intrafamiliares a traves de las pensiones conjuntas. Como resultado, las mujeres han ganado mas con las reformas que los hombres</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="58ed4a3933f35c63ec771f62fafa16af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83894071,"asset_id":72967258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83894071/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967258, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "58ed4a3933f35c63ec771f62fafa16af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967258,"title":"El impacto de g茅nero de la reforma a la seguridad social en Am茅rica Latina","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Las reformas recientes hechas a los sistemas multi-pilar estrechan el vinculo entre las contribuciones salariales y los beneficios, conduciendo a que los criticos arguyan que estas reformas perjudicaran a las mujeres, quienes tienen un empleo menos continuo y ganan menores salarios que los hombres. Sin embargo, estas reformas tambien eliminan distorsiones y enfocan las redistribuciones hacia los de menores ingresos, lo que ayuda a las mujeres. Este articulo evalua el conflicto entre ambas afirmaciones en el caso de tres paises latinoamericanos 鈥揅hile, Argentina y Mexico. Encontramos que las anualidades correspondientes a las mujeres son menores que las de los hombres en los esquemas de pensiones multi-pilar, pero las mujeres son las receptoras de las transferencias netas publicas y las transferencia privadas intrafamiliares a traves de las pensiones conjuntas. 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Introduccion. La bibliografia sobre los mercados laborales de los paises menos desarrollados(P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. Introduccion. La bibliografia sobre los mercados laborales de los paises menos desarrollados(PMD) se ha ocupado de fenomenos especificos tales como la migracion rural-urbana y los arreglos de mercado del trabajo dentro de la agricultura tradicional. Al mismo tiempo ha habido una preocupacion permanente por problemas relacionados con la eficiencia y el desempeno del mercado laboral. Asi ha surgido el papel de los aspectos institucionales, y en particular el de la intervencion gubernamental, como determinantes del grado de imperfeccion del mercado...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967256"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967256"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967256; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967256]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967256]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967256; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967256']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967256, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967256]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967256,"title":"Las diferencias salariales no compensadas: Implicaciones y medici贸n en el caso chileno, 1974-1980","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"I. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967254"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967254/Income_Transfers_and_Childrens_Schooling_Evidence_from_El_Salvador_by"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Income Transfers and Childrens Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador by" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81677495/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967254/Income_Transfers_and_Childrens_Schooling_Evidence_from_El_Salvador_by">Income Transfers and Childrens Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Parental schooling has a significant effect on the hazard of leaving school. As others have argue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Parental schooling has a significant effect on the hazard of leaving school. As others have argued, parental schooling may simultaneously capture genetic ability, motivation, and the capacity to generate income. 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We thank Steve Nickel and Carmen Pages-Serra for helpful comments and discussions. Alejandro Jara provided very able research assistance. We are grateful to Carmen Pages-Serra and Rodrigo Fuentes for sharing their data with us. 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Foi escrito por Alejandra Cox Edwards, sob a orienta莽茫o de Michael Walton, em estreita colabora莽茫o com o Escrit贸rio Regional da Am茅rica Latina e Caribe. Essa colabora莽茫o foi coordenada por Suman Bery. Meta de Coquereaumont e Paul Holtz fizeram a editora莽茫o. Christian Perez preparou a diagrama莽茫o do texto.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="864b8b48d1351c27e59daee2e1a4bc1e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81677520,"asset_id":72967247,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81677520/download_file?st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzkwODA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967247"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967247"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967247; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967247]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967247; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967247']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967247, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "864b8b48d1351c27e59daee2e1a4bc1e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967247]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967247,"title":"Reformas economicas e trabalhistas na America Latina e no Caribe","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"As reformas nos anos 80 1 Pobreza e distribui莽茫o de renda 2 2 Condi莽玫es do Mercado de Trabalho 3 Demografia e oferta de m茫o-de-obra 3 Emprego, desemprego e sal谩rios reais 6 O caso especial dos pa铆ses do Caribe 7 Mudan莽a das condi莽玫es dos mercados de trabalho na Am茅rica Latina, 1960-95 7 3 Reformas de Pol铆tica e Integra莽谩o Internacional 11 Reforma do com茅rcio 12 A taxa de c芒mbio real e os influxos de capital 12 Reformas com bases amplas: a chave do sucesso 13 Migra莽茫o internacional 15 4 Interven莽玫es Atuais no Mercado de Trabalho e o Caminho da Reforma 17 Um papel para o governo na fixa莽茫o de sal谩rios? 17 Como tratar as \"demiss玫es injustas\" 17 Contribui莽玫es 脿 previd锚ncia social 20 Rela莽玫es empregado-empregador 21 5 A Mudan莽a do Papel do Estado 24 Emprego e sal谩rios no setor p煤blico 24 Estabelecer prioridades e escolher melhores instrumentos de pol铆tica 24 6 A Perspectiva para os Trabalhadores 26 Refer锚ncias 28 FILE CO i Este relat贸rio foi preparado em conjunto com o Relat贸rio sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial 1995: O Trabalhador e o Processo de Integra莽茫o Mundial. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72967245"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967245/Regional_perspectives_on_World_Development_Report_1995_labor_and_economic_reforms_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72967245/Regional_perspectives_on_World_Development_Report_1995_labor_and_economic_reforms_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized their economies and lowered barriers to international trade. Many of the policies aimed at reducing poverty and tackling inequality in the 1960-1980 period were well intentioned, but the region made little or no progress in improving income distribution. With the recent shift toward market orientation and openness to international trade, these countries will need a new approach to labor policy as well as different instruments for addressing income distribution goals. This report gives special attention to four areas of labor policy: 1) change from direct government intervention in wage determination and strict seniority rules to a system that rewards effort, high productivity, and good management within a framework that relies on voluntary negotiation of working conditions between workers and firms; 2) replacement of job security legislation by a more effective mechanism that protects workers when they change jobs; 3) careful design of mandatory contributions to social security and other programs in order to minimize the distortionary effect of labor taxes; and 4) redirecting of government subsidies for training and education to the demand side and targeting to those who cannot afford to pay.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72967245"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72967245"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967245; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967245]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72967245]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72967245; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72967245']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72967245, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72967245]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72967245,"title":"Regional perspectives on World Development Report 1995 : labor and economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Over the past decade, most countries in the Latin America and Caribbean Region have stabilized their economies and lowered barriers to international trade. 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