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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NGOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NGOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>NGOs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NGOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_waste_disposal" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northeast_Kingdom&params=44.64_N_72.04_W_dim:100000_region:US-VT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°02′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.64°N 72.04°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.64; -72.04</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area in Vermont, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Northeast Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Area</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Willoughby Notch and Mount Pisgah"><img alt="Panoramic view of Willoughby Notch and Mount Pisgah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg/250px-Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg/375px-Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg/500px-Panoramic_view_of_Willoughby_Notch_and_Mount_Pisgah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="781" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Willoughby" title="Lake Willoughby">Willoughby Notch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pisgah_(Vermont)" title="Mount Pisgah (Vermont)">Mount Pisgah</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_b93b7061de2dcc28319e38f9f923db37176b4100"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Northeast_Kingdom&revid=1237797909&groups=_b93b7061de2dcc28319e38f9f923db37176b4100" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Northeast_Kingdom&revid=1237797909&groups=_b93b7061de2dcc28319e38f9f923db37176b4100 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data">Vermont</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,030 sq mi (5,250 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2010)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64,764</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">32/sq mi (12/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Northeast Kingdom</b> (also, locally, "<b>The Kingdom</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and abbreviated <b>NEK</b>) is the northeast corner of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, approximately comprising <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont" title="Essex County, Vermont">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_Vermont" title="Orleans County, Vermont">Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caledonia_County,_Vermont" title="Caledonia County, Vermont">Caledonia</a> counties and with a population of 64,764 at the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>. The term "Northeast Kingdom" is attributed to <a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">George D. Aiken</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a>, who first used the term in a 1949 speech. </p><p>It includes several "gateway" towns, considered to be entry points to the region from a particular direction: at the southeastern corner, <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a>, just a few miles from the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> border; to the north, <a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Vermont" title="Derby, Vermont">Derby</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–US border</a>; and to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Hardwick,_Vermont" title="Hardwick, Vermont">Hardwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Vermont" title="Danville, Vermont">Danville</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 91 in Vermont">Interstate 91</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_93" title="Interstate 93">Interstate 93</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5" title="U.S. Route 5">U.S. Route 5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Vermont" title="U.S. Route 2 in Vermont">U.S. Route 2</a> are the main roads that connect travelers to the Northeast Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg/250px-Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg/375px-Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg/500px-Downtown_St._Johnsbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Railroad Street in downtown St. Johnsbury in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The Northeast Kingdom is bordered on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> and on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a>. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Jay_Peak_(Vermont)" title="Jay Peak (Vermont)">Jay Peak</a>, a summit on the main ridge of the Green Mountains, at 3,858 feet (1,176 m).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest point outside of the Green Mountains is <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Essex_County,_Vermont)" title="East Mountain (Essex County, Vermont)">East Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Haven,_Vermont" title="East Haven, Vermont">East Haven</a>, with a summit elevation of 3,439 feet (1,048 m).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom encompasses 55 towns and <a href="/wiki/Gore_(surveying)" title="Gore (surveying)">gores</a>, with a land area of 2,027 square miles (5,250 km<sup>2</sup>), about 21% of the state of Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">The city of Newport</a> is the only incorporated city in the tri-county area. </p><p>As of 1997, 80% of the Northeast Kingdom was covered by forest;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 59% was northern hardwood, 29% <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>. </p><p>The Northeast Kingdom has been listed in the North American and international editions of <i>1,000 Places to See Before You Die</i> by Patricia Schultz. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> named the Northeast Kingdom as the most desirable place to visit in the country and the ninth most desirable place to visit in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest municipalities in the Northeast Kingdom are the towns of <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a> (population 7,603), <a href="/wiki/Lyndon,_Vermont" title="Lyndon, Vermont">Lyndon</a> (5,981), and <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Vermont" title="Derby, Vermont">Derby</a> (4,621), and the city of <a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">Newport</a> (4,589).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg/250px-Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg/375px-Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg/500px-Jay_Peak_Vt_seen_from_Big_Jay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Jay Peak seen from <a href="/wiki/Big_Jay" title="Big Jay">Big Jay</a></figcaption></figure><p>Although Vermont is known as the Green Mountain State, the Northeast Kingdom lies outside that geological formation and is based on a set of long-ago volcanic islands, compressed during collision with the <a href="/wiki/Taconic_orogeny" title="Taconic orogeny">Taconic orogeny</a>. Views and vistas differ sharply from those of the state's central mountain spine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazilchuk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazilchuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">kame terraces</a> in the counties are of interest in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">glacial drift</a> that gave the Northeast Kingdom its soil and its surface stones and boulders. These terraces have beds of sand and clay from which bricks were once manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two land masses collided at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician Period">Ordovician Period</a> about 466 million years ago. This collision first formed what are now the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a> which extend into the westernmost part of the Northeast Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also created great pressure within the earth, resulting in active volcanoes. The resultant eruptions produced igneous rock which became the <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> found in many of the region's mountains and in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining geology was created during the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Devonian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian Period">Devonian Period</a>, about 400 million years ago, and left behind slate, with some granite, schist, and limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An expansion of the polar glaciers resulted in an ice age which greatly affected the geology. A 1-mile-thick (1,600 m) sheet of ice covered the Kingdom several times, over one million years, until 13,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought the many boulders seen in the area and created many prominent features, including <a href="/wiki/Lake_Memphremagog" title="Lake Memphremagog">Lake Memphremagog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Willoughby" title="Lake Willoughby">Lake Willoughby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake_(Vermont)" title="Crystal Lake (Vermont)">Crystal Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide">Laurentide</a> glacier allowed the Green Mountains again to arise, but much eroded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A saltwater incursion resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> covered much of Vermont, including what is now Lake Memphremagog. This incursion stopped 11,000 years ago and became fresh water. Forests later <a href="/wiki/Primary_succession" title="Primary succession">appeared</a> after the water receded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/A._W._Kuchler" title="A. W. Kuchler">A. W. Kuchler</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation" title="Potential natural vegetation">potential natural vegetation</a> types, the Northeast Kingdom would have four dominant vegetation types and forms listed below from highest to lowest elevation. </p> <ol><li>A dominant vegetation type of Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a> (<i>96</i>) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifer</a> Forest (<i>22</i>).</li> <li>A dominant vegetation type of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> (<i>108</i>) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a> (<i>23</i>).</li> <li>A dominant vegetation type of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a> (<i>106</i>) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a> (<i>23</i>).</li> <li>Transitional dominant vegetation types of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a> (<i>106</i>) and Appalachian <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> (<i>104</i>) with transitional vegetation forms of Northern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwoods</a> (<i>23</i>) and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwood</a> Forest (<i>25</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_Biology_Institute_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant hardiness zone">plant hardiness zone</a> at Island Pond is 3b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −31.8 °F (−35.4 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spring bloom typically peaks around May 13 and fall color usually peaks around September 30. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> population totalled 2,000, about 1.75/mi² (0.676/km²). In 2005, the population was 5,000; 3.4/mi² (1.313/km²). State officials determined that the herd had become stressed due to overpopulation, and that the 1996 figure was more desirable. As a result, 1,260 hunting permits were issued in 2008 to <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">cull</a> the herd.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, state officials aimed for one moose per 1 square mile (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, deer, bobcat, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, fox, <a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">ruffed grouse</a>. </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_lynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian lynx">Canadian lynxes</a> were spotted. These prey on the <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martens</a>, extinct in Vermont by the early 20th century, have found their way back to the Northeast Kingdom in small groups in the 21st century from New Hampshire or Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> moved into the area in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system, the Northeast Kingdom has a Warm-summer, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental climate</a> (<i>Dfb</i>). <i>Dfb</i> climates are characterized by a least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid in the Northeast Kingdom, episodes of warmth and moderate humidity can occur with <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> values > 88 °F (31 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature at Island Pond was 91.0 °F (32.8 °C) on 07/08/1988, and the highest daily average mean <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> was 70.0 °F (21.1 °C) on 07/02/2018. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 3.67 inches (93 mm) on 08/28/2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is −31.8 °F (−35.4 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1981, the coldest air temperature at Island Pond was −40.7 °F (−40.4 °C) on 01/04/1981. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> values < −48 °F (−44 °C). </p><p>The average growing season is about 123-130 frost-free days.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 30, 1933, the lowest recorded temperature in the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states was registered as −50.8 °F (−46.0 °C), at <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Vermont" title="Bloomfield, Vermont">Bloomfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont" title="Essex County, Vermont">Essex County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snowfall is plentiful in the region, and very large snowstorms occur every few years. These have included the <a href="/wiki/February_2007_North_America_blizzard" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2007 North America blizzard">2007 Valentine's Day Blizzard</a>, which brought 21.1 inches (540 mm) to the area over a two-day period. This was nearly matched on March 6, 2011, when the area received 20.3 inches (520 mm) of snow.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This snow fall variable was matched again on two separate occasions in 2017, with 18-24" of new snow covering the area exactly a month apart. Both storms also severely effected the rest of New England and Upstate New York. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Island Pond, Elevation 1,214 ft (370 m), 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1981-2018 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.5<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.0<br />(32.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.3<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">91.0<br />(32.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(−5.0) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.5<br />(10.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3<br />(22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.3<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.8<br />(23.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.7<br />(19.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.4<br />(10.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(−11.1) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(−3.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(4.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3<br />(10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(−6.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.4<br />(4.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(−17.1) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(−16.2) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(−2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.7<br />(9.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.1<br />(11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9<br />(6.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(−3.9) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(−11.8) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.5<br />(−1.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.6<br />(−38.1) </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.7<br />(−40.4) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.7<br />(−34.3) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(−19.2) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(−6.8) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(−2.8) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(−5.3) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(−9.5) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4<br />(−23.0) </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.8<br />(−33.2) </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−40.7<br />(−40.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.76<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.20<br />(56) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.67<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.04<br />(77) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.93<br />(100) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.76<br />(121) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.80<br />(122) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.58<br />(116) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.06<br />(103) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.32<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.87<br />(98) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.14<br />(80) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.13<br />(1,121) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(62) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #000085; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.4<br />(298) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.8 </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.9 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.7 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.8 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.6 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(−12.7) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(−8.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1<br />(12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(−9.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.0<br />(0.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: PRISM<sup id="cite_ref-prism_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_human_history">Early human history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The retreating glacier allowed the northern migration of early humans around 9300 BCE, descendants of Asian immigrants during the Ice Age. By 7300 BCE, people and a changing environment had eliminated large game from the area such as <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1000 BCE to 1600 CE, <a href="/wiki/Abenakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenakis">Abenakis</a> inhabited the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps as many as a thousand <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_tribes#Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrecognized tribes">Cowasuck Indians</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont" title="Essex County, Vermont">Essex County</a> near the Connecticut River in 1500. This tribe included all people from the Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, and Koes tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cowasucks were Abenakis, members of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> pact of five tribes which banded together to combat <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> aggression perhaps about 1500, though the exact date of the Iroquois pact is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, contracted from exposure to traders, killed many of the Cowasucks until only a few hundred were left in the Northeast Kingdom by 1600. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northeast Kingdom's popularity as a destination grew strongly from the moment that Governor George Aiken delivered a name for the region in 1949. Vermont Public Radio reporter Charlotte Albright researched the naming process and wrote, "The novelist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_Mosher" title="Howard Frank Mosher">Howard Frank Mosher</a>, who immortalizes the area in his fictional "Kingdom County," believes Aiken cooked up the phrase while fishing in Essex County." Aiken and his wife Lola were surprised at how strongly the term caught on.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicines</a> were popular here, as in other rural regions, in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local pharmacists who devised these "cures" gradually metamorphosed into today's pharmacies, and in the Northeast Kingdom they are still businesses where residents are often recognized and greeted by name.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the area's "country doctors" are now affiliated with two regional hospitals (North Country Hospital in Newport, VT, and Northeastern Vermont Regional Hospital in St. Johnsbury, VT), as well as the Dartmouth-Hitchcock network.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were about 49 "town dumps" where residents disposed of trash, operating in the NEK prior to 1987. After the state began regulating the environment in 1987, 41 of these closed down, including the one at what is now Gardner Park in Newport. Seven of the remainder closed during subsequent state regulatory activity. Only the one in <a href="/wiki/Coventry,_Vermont" title="Coventry, Vermont">Coventry</a>, owned by Charlie Nadeau, remained.<sup id="cite_ref-c181231_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c181231-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parker landfill in Lyndonville closed, as did the ones in Barton, Morrisville, <a href="/wiki/Colebrook,_New_Hampshire" title="Colebrook, New Hampshire">Colebrook</a>, Morgan, Westmore, and Lunenburg. </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Yankee_(magazine)" title="Yankee (magazine)"><i>Yankee</i> magazine</a> named the NEK the second favorite romantic getaway and the third favorite family getaway in New England.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the region featured half a dozen local radio stations, as well as regional versions of Vermont Public Radio (FM88.5 broadcast from Burke Mountain) and Montpelier's The Point; popular are Magic 97.7 FM broadcast from Lyndonville, VT, and MOO (WMOO) at 92.1FM from Derby Center, Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all three counties, estimated population dropped between 2010 and 2012 by about 200 people. State population declined slightly as well.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vermont" title="Government of Vermont">Government of Vermont</a></div> <p>As in the rest of New England, there is a strong state government. Town government often uses unpaid volunteers for its services. There is a superficial county government, all funded by the state. The counties have sheriffs, judges, prosecutors, and other officers; all, except for judges, elected by the county, but funded by the state. </p><p>Recognizing the need for services on an intermediate level, state legislation created the Regional Planning Commissions (RPC), to aid the towns in land use issues, and Economic Development Commissions (EDC), tasked with fostering economic development in their jurisdictions. These RPCs and EDCs report to the Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development. They must also report to their boards, which are made up of representatives of each town in the commission. As with some state agencies there is provision for these commissions to also organize as nonprofit groups, yet still maintain status as government agencies. This method of organization permits RPCs and EDCs to augment their state and federal funding with other sources of income. This arrangement also allows the EDCs to own properties such as industrial parks and Business Incubator Facilities. </p><p>RPCs and EDCs have no taxing or regulatory authority. However, RPCs do write a regional plan (as towns can have town plans). Town plans can not run contrary to the regional plans. RPCs also have automatic party status to any ACT 250 applications. ACT 250 permits are the state's Land Use Permit issued by the Land Use Panel of the Vermont Natural Resources Board. ACT 250 applications must be in compliance with the RPC's Regional Plan. A copy of all ACT 250 permit applications must be submitted (by the applicants) to the RPCs for review. </p><p>The Northeast Kingdom is unique, as it benefits from an agency that is both an Economic Development Commission as well as a Regional Planning Commission, the Northeastern Vermont Development Association and Regional Planning Commission (NVDA). Under a state legislators' study to lower state government spending, lawmakers have been looking to the Northeast Kingdom's RPC/EDC as a model for possible consolidation of agencies throughout the state. </p><p>Municipalities are governed by an elected <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Selectmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Selectmen">Board of Selectmen</a> and managed by an elected <a href="/wiki/Town_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Town clerk">town</a> or <a href="/wiki/City_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="City clerk">city</a> clerk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health">Public health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various organizations are tasked with aiding public health including the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Kingdom_Human_Services" title="Northeast Kingdom Human Services">Northeast Kingdom Human Services</a>. </p><p>The Kingdom is part of a Rural Economic Area Partnership which the federal government funds. This may pay for improvements in health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010 the largest <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farm">dairy farmer</a> in the state was in Orleans County with 5,000 head and 2,500 milkers, spread over five farms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a> is produced in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area offers <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a> foliage viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rail trail across the southern part of the Kingdom originates in St. Johnsbury on South Main Street as part of the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the north, the Kingdom Heritage Lands feature multiple use access, including hiking, bicycling, and hunting;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the center of the Kingdom, radiating outward from Burke Mountain, are hundreds of acres threaded with well-kept trails provided via Kingdom Trails of East Burke, VT.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NGOs">NGOs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NGOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of non-profit, non-governmental agencies, that either offer services or promote business or housing. These include the Northern Community Investment Corporation, based in <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a>; Rural Edge,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Gilman_Housing_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilman Housing Trust">Gilman Housing Trust</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Lyndon Outing Club,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an all-volunteer-run ski hill providing affordable skiing to the community since 1937; and The Kingdom Trail Association, which builds and maintains the non-motorized recreational trail network in <a href="/wiki/Burke,_Vermont" title="Burke, Vermont">Burke</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tress392w.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tress392w.JPG/200px-Tress392w.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tress392w.JPG/300px-Tress392w.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Tress392w.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The "Iron Bridge" in <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Vermont" title="Brighton, Vermont">Brighton</a>, just north of the village of <a href="/wiki/Island_Pond,_Vermont" title="Island Pond, Vermont">Island Pond</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, 74% of the roads were rated in poor or very poor condition. There were 480 bridges with spans of 20 feet (6.1 m) or more. There were a number of bridges deemed structurally deficient. 63 percent of those were municipally owned.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two railroads traverse the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County_Railroad_(1980)" title="Washington County Railroad (1980)">Washington County Railroad</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Railway" title="Vermont Railway">Vermont Rail System</a>) - WACR has just recently been awarded a 30-year contract to operate the track running from <a href="/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont" title="White River Junction, Vermont">White River Junction</a> north through <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">Newport</a>. Most of the track through the Kingdom meets <a href="/wiki/Rail_speed_limits_in_the_United_States#Track_classes" title="Rail speed limits in the United States">FRA Class 2</a> standards, 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) for freight movement; 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) for passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-c161123_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c161123-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad">St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad</a> - Six trips a day between Island Pond and Maine. Four trips a day between Island Pond and Canada. Lumber is the principal freight.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury_and_Lamoille_County_Railroad" title="St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad">St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad</a> operated an east-west route terminating in St. Johnsbury from the 1880s to the 1990s, under varying names. Much of the right-of-way is now the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_Community_Transportation" title="Rural Community Transportation">Rural Community Transportation</a> runs out of Saint Johnsbury and serves Caledonia, Essex, Lamoille, and Orleans counties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three state airports: Northeast Kingdom International Airport (KEFK) in Newport/<a href="/wiki/Coventry,_Vermont" title="Coventry, Vermont">Coventry</a>, Caledonia County State Airport (KCDA) in <a href="/wiki/Lyndonville,_Vermont" title="Lyndonville, Vermont">Lyndonville</a>; and John H. Boylan State Airport (5B1) in Island Pond. Light private and business aircraft land there. KEFK has two runways, its long 5,300 ft (1,600 m) runway allows for jet operations. KEFK is served by U.S. Customs as a designated Landing Rights Airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_waste_disposal">Solid waste disposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Solid waste disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northeast Kingdom Waste and Central Vermont Solid Management Districts are in charge of implementing Vermont's Act 148, initiating mandatory recycling. In 2014, the NEK recycled about 20%, low for the state which averages 30–36%. Recycling rates in the Central Vermont District meet the state average. An average citizen here produces 2 pounds (0.91 kg) of trash per person per day, compared to 3 pounds (1.4 kg) for the rest of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget for the 2016 calendar year was $716,673. Towns or haulers were charged $23.25 per ton. The Kingdom produced about half the national average of trash. This is the result of lower incomes and fewer places to shop.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peacham,_Vermont" title="Peacham, Vermont">Peacham</a> was used as the filming location for the 1993 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome_(film)" title="Ethan Frome (film)">Ethan Frome</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">novel of the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spitfire_Grill" title="The Spitfire Grill">The Spitfire Grill</a></i> was largely shot in Peacham.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> wrote a poem with the Kingdom as its topic entitled "A Servant to Servants".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of <a href="/wiki/Archer_Mayor" title="Archer Mayor">Archer Mayor</a>'s books in the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gunther" title="Joe Gunther">Joe Gunther</a> series based on a Vermont detective are set in the Northeast Kingdom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bohjalian" title="Chris Bohjalian">Chris Bohjalian</a>'s novel <i>Midwives</i> places most of its action in the Northeast Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Caledonian-Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonian-Record">Caledonian-Record</a></i>, the area's largest newspaper, is published daily in St. Johnsbury.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Barton,_Vermont)" title="The Chronicle (Barton, Vermont)">The Chronicle</a></i> - published weekly in Barton</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Newport_Daily_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport Daily Express">Newport Daily Express</a></i> - published daily except Saturdays and Sundays in Newport. Owned by Horizon Publications out of Marion, IL. Printed in Canada</li> <li><i>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Star_Monthly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Star Monthly (page does not exist)">North Star Monthly</a></i> - published monthly in Danville</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwick Gazette">Hardwick Gazette</a></i> - published weekly in Hardwick</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_Kingdom_and_Northern_New_Hampshire_Radio" title="Template:Northeast Kingdom and Northern New Hampshire Radio">Template:Northeast Kingdom and Northern New Hampshire Radio</a></div> <p><b>Sources:</b><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WSTJ" title="WSTJ">WSTJ</a> - 1340 AM; St. Johnsbury, VT - <a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIKE" title="WIKE">WIKE</a> - 1490 AM; Newport, VT - <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic Rock</a> (rebroadcasts WMTK Littleton, N.H.)</li> <li>W276DK - 103.1 FM; Newport, VT - Rebroadcast of WIKE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Radio">WVPA</a> - 88.5 FM; St. Johnsbury, VT - <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Radio">Vermont Public Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCKJ" class="mw-redirect" title="WCKJ">WCKJ</a> - 90.5 FM; St. Johnsbury, VT - Religious - "<i>The Light</i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVLR-FM" title="WVLR-FM">WVLR-FM</a> - 91.5 FM; Lyndonville, VT - <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Co.">Vermont Public Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMOO" title="WMOO">WMOO</a> - 92.1 FM; Derby Center, VT - <a href="/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Adult Contemporary">Hot Adult Contemporary</a> - "<i>Moo 92</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJSY-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="WJSY-LP">WJSY-LP</a> - 96.1 FM; Newport, VT - Religious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W243AE" class="mw-redirect" title="W243AE">W243AE</a> - 96.5 FM; Orleans, VT - Religious - "<i>The Light</i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGMT" title="WGMT">WGMT</a> - 97.7 FM; Lyndon, VT - <a href="/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Adult Contemporary">Hot Adult Contemporary</a> - "<i>Magic 97.7</i>"</li> <li>W257AU - 99.3 FM; St. Johnsbury, VT - Rebroadcast of WMOO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXH" title="WKXH">WKXH</a> - 105.5 FM; St. Johnsbury, VT - <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a> - "<i>Kix 105.5</i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDOT" class="mw-redirect" title="WDOT">WDOT</a> - 95.7 FM; Danville, VT - <a href="/wiki/Adult_Album_Alternative" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Album Alternative">Adult Album Alternative</a> - "<i>The Point</i>" (rebroadcasts WNCS/Montpelier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Public Radio">WVTI 106.9 FM</a> broadcasts classical music from <a href="/wiki/Island_Pond,_Vermont" title="Island Pond, Vermont">Island Pond, Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northeast Kingdom is part of the <a href="/wiki/Template:Champlain_Valley_TV" title="Template:Champlain Valley TV">Burlington / Plattsburgh</a> television market. However, the use of cable and satellite to view television in the region is essential in many areas, due to the mountainous terrain between the region and most of the market's main television transmitters, many of them broadcasting from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mansfield" title="Mount Mansfield">Mount Mansfield</a>. </p><p>Many areas of the Northeast Kingdom receive <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> from either <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter</a>. </p> <ul><li>UHF Channel 20, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_PBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont PBS">WVTB</a> (PBS), St. Johnsbury, Vermont PBS</li> <li>Channel 14 W14CK Newport (programming unknown, last known as a rebroadcast of <a href="/wiki/WWBI-LP" title="WWBI-LP">WWBI-LP</a>)</li> <li>Cable Channel 7, KATV, Kingdom Access Television, Lyndonville, <a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">Public-access television</a> cable TV</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex%E2%80%93Orleans_Vermont_Senate_District,_2002%E2%80%932012" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex–Orleans Vermont Senate District, 2002–2012">Essex–Orleans Vermont Senate District, 2002–2012</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vermontpublic.org/programs/2018-03-09/is-the-northeast-kingdom-really-so-different">"Is The Northeast Kingdom Really So 'Different'?"</a>. Vermont Public<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+The+Northeast+Kingdom+Really+So+%27Different%27%3F&rft.pub=Vermont+Public&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vermontpublic.org%2Fprograms%2F2018-03-09%2Fis-the-northeast-kingdom-really-so-different&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northeastkingdom.com/">"Experience the NEK"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experience+the+NEK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortheastkingdom.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nekchamber.com/">"Vermont's Northeast Kingdom is"</a>. Northeast Kingdom Chamber of Commerce<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vermont%27s+Northeast+Kingdom+is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nekchamber.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/mountains/various_vermont_mountains.htm">"Various Vermont Mountains"</a>. <i>academics.smcvt.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academics.smcvt.edu&rft.atitle=Various+Vermont+Mountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.smcvt.edu%2Fvtgeographic%2Ftextbook%2Fmountains%2Fvarious_vermont_mountains.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Geological Survey <i>Seneca Mountain, Vermont</i> 7½-minute quadrangle, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030923160428/http://www.nvda.net/transportation/pdf/rtp.pdf">"Transportation Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvda.net/transportation/pdf/rtp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 23, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transportation+Plan&rft.date=2003-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvda.net%2Ftransportation%2Fpdf%2Frtp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvda.net/pdf/regionalplan/Volume+II.pdf">"NVDA - Page Not Found"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nvda.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nvda.net&rft.atitle=NVDA+-+Page+Not+Found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvda.net%2Fpdf%2Fregionalplan%2FVolume%2BII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/?pageID=pressReleases_detail&siteID=1&cid=1164733316076">"The National Geographic Society Press Room"</a>. <i>Northeast Kingdom Geotourism Mapguide Debuts at Vermont Travel Industry Conference</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521175504/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/pressroom/index.jsp?pageID=pressReleases_detail&siteID=1&cid=1164733316076">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northeast+Kingdom+Geotourism+Mapguide+Debuts+at+Vermont+Travel+Industry+Conference&rft.atitle=The+National+Geographic+Society+Press+Room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalgeographicpartners.com%2Fpress%2F%3FpageID%3DpressReleases_detail%26siteID%3D1%26cid%3D1164733316076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States 2010 census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">U.S. Census website.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazilchuk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bazilchuk_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Bazilchuk_and_Rick_Strimbeck.1999" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Bazilchuk and Rick Strimbeck. (1999). <i>Longstreet Highroad Guide to the Vermont Mountains</i>. Longstreet Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longstreet+Highroad+Guide+to+the+Vermont+Mountains&rft.pub=Longstreet+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Nancy+Bazilchuk+and+Rick+Strimbeck.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Child_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild,_Hamilton.1887" class="citation book cs1">Child, Hamilton. (May 1887). <i>Gazetteer of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, VT.; 1883-1884</i>. Hamilton Child.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Lamoille+and+Orleans+Counties%2C+VT.%3B+1883-1884&rft.pub=Hamilton+Child&rft.date=1887-05&rft.au=Child%2C+Hamilton.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/shelburnelandscape/nature/geology.html">"Shelburne Geology"</a>. <i>Geologic history of the Champlain Valley</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geologic+history+of+the+Champlain+Valley&rft.atitle=Shelburne+Geology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Fshelburnelandscape%2Fnature%2Fgeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.middlebury.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=theses">"Digital Commons - Middlebury"</a>. <i>Depth Constraints on the Origins of Northeast Kingdom Granites, Vermont</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Depth+Constraints+on+the+Origins+of+Northeast+Kingdom+Granites%2C+Vermont&rft.atitle=Digital+Commons+-+Middlebury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.middlebury.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=geology&cdn=education&tm=14&gps=79_7_796_432&f=20&su=p284.21.140.ip_&tt=14&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/images/geo5.JPG">"About Geology"</a>. <i>Generalized Geologic Map of Vermont</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Generalized+Geologic+Map+of+Vermont&rft.atitle=About+Geology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.about.com%2Fgi%2Fdynamic%2Foffsite.htm%3Fzi%3D1%2FXJ%2FYa%26sdn%3Dgeology%26cdn%3Deducation%26tm%3D14%26gps%3D79_7_796_432%26f%3D20%26su%3Dp284.21.140.ip_%26tt%3D14%26bt%3D0%26bts%3D0%26zu%3Dhttp%253A%2F%2Fwww.anr.state.vt.us%2Fdec%2Fgeo%2Fimages%2Fgeo5.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001NE/finalprogram/abstract_2396.htm">"Geological Society of American Conference"</a>. <i>Ordovician Sedimentary Breccia and Magnetite-Coticule Metasiltstone, Northeast Kingdom, Vermont</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordovician+Sedimentary+Breccia+and+Magnetite-Coticule+Metasiltstone%2C+Northeast+Kingdom%2C+Vermont&rft.atitle=Geological+Society+of+American+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsa.confex.com%2Fgsa%2F2001NE%2Ffinalprogram%2Fabstract_2396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/place/analyze/history_vt.php">"The University of Vermont"</a>. <i>A Brief History and Overview of Vermont's Physical Landscape</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Brief+History+and+Overview+of+Vermont%27s+Physical+Landscape&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Vermont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Fplace%2Fanalyze%2Fhistory_vt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923100848/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_vermont.html">"America's Volcanic Past"</a>. <i>Crystal Lake</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_vermont.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Lake&rft.atitle=America%27s+Volcanic+Past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulcan.wr.usgs.gov%2FLivingWith%2FVolcanicPast%2FPlaces%2Fvolcanic_past_vermont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/mountains/mountains_of_vermont.htm">"The Mountains of Vermont"</a>. <i>The Green Mountains</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Green+Mountains&rft.atitle=The+Mountains+of+Vermont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.smcvt.edu%2Fvtgeographic%2Ftextbook%2Fmountains%2Fmountains_of_vermont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_Biology_Institute_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39">"U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Potential+Natural+Vegetation%2C+Original+Kuchler+Types%2C+v2.0+%28Spatially+Adjusted+to+Correct+Geometric+Distortions%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabasin.org%2Fdatasets%2F1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDA_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDA_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx">"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Map&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov%2FPHZMWeb%2FInteractiveMap.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathke,_Lisa2008" class="citation book cs1">Rathke, Lisa (October 17, 2008). <i>State hopes moose season culls herd</i>. Burlington Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+hopes+moose+season+culls+herd&rft.pub=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft.au=Rathke%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Creaser2009" class="citation cs2">Richard Creaser (October 28, 2009), "Cow are giving birth to fewer offspring", <i>the chronicle</i>, Chris and Ellen Braithwaite, p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+chronicle&rft.atitle=Cow+are+giving+birth+to+fewer+offspring&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft.au=Richard+Creaser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre2014" class="citation news cs1">Lefebvre, Paul (January 8, 2014). "Lynx is elusive target of biologists' study". <i>The Chronicle</i>. Barton, Vermont. pp. 1A, 26A, 27A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Lynx+is+elusive+target+of+biologists%27+study&rft.pages=1A%2C+26A%2C+27A&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermont_Fish_and_Wildlife2014" class="citation news cs1">Vermont Fish and Wildlife (March 19, 2014). "Marten population grows despite past extinction". <i>The Chronicle</i>. Barton, Vermont. pp. 19A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Marten+population+grows+despite+past+extinction&rft.pages=19A&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.au=Vermont+Fish+and+Wildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVezina2014" class="citation news cs1">Vezina, Kendrick (March 19, 2014). "Live weird, die young: The Virginia opossum". <i>The Chronicle</i>. Barton, Vermont. pp. 23A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Live+weird%2C+die+young%3A+The+Virginia+opossum&rft.pages=23A&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Vezina&rft.aufirst=Kendrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/ea/EA1503/Chapter%203,%20affected%20environment.pdf">Draft Environmental Assessment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626005546/http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/ea/EA1503/Chapter%203,%20affected%20environment.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved May 28, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was tied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_River,_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black River, Maine (page does not exist)">Black River, Maine</a> in 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Glenn2009" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Glenn (February 11, 2009). <i>Maine ties Vt. for record low temperature</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nvda.net&rft.atitle=NVDA+-+Page+Not+Found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvda.net%2Ftransportation%2Frailroads.html%23slr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lvrt.org/">Lamoille Valley Rail Trail</a>; accessed 2017.09.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreaser2014" class="citation news cs1">Creaser, Richard (June 4, 2014). "Tomasi explains effects of mandatory recycling law". <i>The Chronicle</i>. Barton, Vermont. pp. 3A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Tomasi+explains+effects+of+mandatory+recycling+law&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.aulast=Creaser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrail2015" class="citation news cs1">Trail, Elizabeth (December 16, 2015). "Waste management district adopts budget". <i>The Chronicle</i>. Barton, Vermont. pp. 3A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Waste+management+district+adopts+budget&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.aulast=Trail&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1DE1F3CF931A25750C0A965958260">New York Times</a> accessed February 1, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vermonter.com/movies-filmed-in-vermont/">"Movies filmed in Vermont"</a>. March 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies+filmed+in+Vermont&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvermonter.com%2Fmovies-filmed-in-vermont%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE1DE1239F932A1575AC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all"><i>New York Times</i></a> retrieved June 29, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHokenson" class="citation web cs1">Hokenson, Thomas C. (webmaster@radiostationworld.com, www.radiostationworld.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiostationworld.com/Locations/United_States_of_America/Vermont/radio.asp?m=nor">"RadioStationWorld - Vermont - Radio Broadcasting Stations"</a>. radiostationworld.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RadioStationWorld+-+Vermont+-+Radio+Broadcasting+Stations&rft.pub=radiostationworld.com&rft.aulast=Hokenson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.+%28webmaster%40radiostationworld.com%2C+www.radiostationworld.com%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiostationworld.com%2FLocations%2FUnited_States_of_America%2FVermont%2Fradio.asp%3Fm%3Dnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moo92.com">MOO 92</a> retrieved on May 13, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVPR2008" class="citation book cs1">VPR (October 28, 2008). <i>VPR Classical broadcasts from I.P</i>. the Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VPR+Classical+broadcasts+from+I.P.&rft.pub=the+Chronicle&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft.au=VPR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flynek.com">Northeast Kingdom International Airport - FlyNEK.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nekweather.net">Current Weather Conditions from the NEK - Northeast Kingdom Weather</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vermont" title="Template:Vermont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vermont" title="Template talk:Vermont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vermont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vermont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Vermont" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mansfield" title="Mount Mansfield">Mount Mansfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northeast Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Vermont" title="List of counties in Vermont">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison_County,_Vermont" title="Addison County, Vermont">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_County,_Vermont" title="Bennington County, Vermont">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonia_County,_Vermont" title="Caledonia County, Vermont">Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont" title="Essex County, Vermont">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Vermont" title="Franklin County, Vermont">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_County,_Vermont" title="Grand Isle County, Vermont">Grand Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoille_County,_Vermont" title="Lamoille County, Vermont">Lamoille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Vermont" title="Orange County, Vermont">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_Vermont" title="Orleans County, Vermont">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County,_Vermont" title="Rutland County, Vermont">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Vermont" title="Washington County, Vermont">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windham_County,_Vermont" title="Windham County, Vermont">Windham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_County,_Vermont" title="Windsor County, Vermont">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Vermont#Cities" title="List of municipalities in Vermont">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barre_(city),_Vermont" title="Barre (city), Vermont">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont_metropolitan_area" title="Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Junction,_Vermont" title="Essex Junction, Vermont">Essex Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_(city),_Vermont" title="Newport (city), Vermont">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (city), Vermont">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Burlington,_Vermont" title="South Burlington, Vermont">South Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergennes,_Vermont" title="Vergennes, Vermont">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winooski,_Vermont" title="Winooski, Vermont">Winooski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Vermont#Towns" title="List of municipalities in Vermont">Towns</a><br />(pop. >5000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barre_(town),_Vermont" title="Barre (town), Vermont">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont" title="Bennington, Vermont">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester,_Vermont" title="Colchester, Vermont">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Vermont" title="Essex, Vermont">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Vermont" title="Fairfax, Vermont">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Vermont" title="Hartford, Vermont">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon,_Vermont" title="Lyndon, Vermont">Lyndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho,_Vermont" title="Jericho, Vermont">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury,_Vermont" title="Middlebury, Vermont">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Vermont" title="Milton, Vermont">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Vermont" title="Morristown, Vermont">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont" title="Northfield, Vermont">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont" title="Shelburne, Vermont">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Vermont" title="Springfield, Vermont">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(town),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (town), Vermont">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Vermont" title="Stowe, Vermont">Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanton_(town),_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanton (town), Vermont">Swanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Vermont" title="Waterbury, Vermont">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston,_Vermont" title="Williston, Vermont">Williston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Fair" title="Vermont State Fair">Vermont State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Film_Festival" title="Green Mountain Film Festival">Green Mountain Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strolling_of_the_Heifers" title="Strolling of the Heifers">Strolling of the Heifers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vermont-related_articles" title="Index of Vermont-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vermont" title="Outline of Vermont">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vermont" title="Climate change in Vermont">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vermont" title="Flag of Vermont">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vermont" title="Geography of Vermont">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Vermont" title="List of mountains of Vermont">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vermont" title="Government of Vermont">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vermont" title="Constitution of Vermont">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_National_Guard" title="Vermont National Guard">Vermont National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Air_National_Guard" title="Vermont Air National Guard">Vermont Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Guard" title="Vermont State Guard">Vermont State Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Vermont" title="List of people from Vermont">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vermont_state_symbols" title="List of Vermont state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Vermont" title="List of tallest buildings in Vermont">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Vermont" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Vermont">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_copper" title="Vermont copper">coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Flag of the Green Mountain Boys">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_quarta_decima" title="Stella quarta decima">Stella quarta decima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_(Vermont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Vermont)">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vermont" title="Abortion in Vermont">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vermont">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vermont" title="Crime in Vermont">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Demographics" title="Vermont">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Economy" title="Vermont">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont#Education" title="Vermont">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Vermont" title="Gun laws in Vermont">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vermont">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vermont" title="Politics of Vermont">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#BBDDBB;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vermont" title="Portal:Vermont">Vermont portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643161#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643161#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643161#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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