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<span>Verk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Verk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filmatiseringar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmatiseringar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Filmatiseringar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmatiseringar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objektivismen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objektivismen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Objektivismen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objektivismen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Collective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Collective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Collective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Collective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflytande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflytande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inflytande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflytande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utmärkelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utmärkelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Utmärkelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utmärkelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Bibliografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiktion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiktion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Fiktion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiktion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik_och_filosofi_(i_urval)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik_och_filosofi_(i_urval)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Politik och filosofi (i urval)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik_och_filosofi_(i_urval)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biografier_och_andra_böcker_om_Rand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografier_och_andra_böcker_om_Rand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Biografier och andra böcker om Rand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografier_och_andra_böcker_om_Rand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik_i_spel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik_i_spel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Kritik i spel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik_i_spel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayn Rand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 84 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኤይን ራንድ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤይን ራንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آين راند – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آين راند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آین رند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آین رند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Рэнд – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айн Рэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Рэнд – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Айн Рэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Ранд – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айн Ранд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Рэнд – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айн Рэнд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Randov%C3%A1" title="Ayn Randová – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ayn Randová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%85%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Άυν Ραντ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άυν Ραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آین رند – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آین رند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%BD_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌴𐌾𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 – gotiska" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌴𐌾𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8_%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="아인 랜드 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아인 랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Այն Ռանդ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այն Ռանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयन रैंड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयन रैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="איין ראנד – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איין ראנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აინ რენდი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აინ რენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Рэнд – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айн Рэнд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Renda" title="Aina Renda – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aina Renda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="അയ്ൻ റാൻഡ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയ്ൻ റാൻഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="आयन रँड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयन रँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აინ რენდი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აინ რენდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آين راند – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آين راند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="アイン・ランド – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイン・ランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਇਨ ਰੈਂਡ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਨ ਰੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%89" title="آین رنډ – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آین رنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Рэнд – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айн Рэнд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئاین ڕاند – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاین ڕاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn_Rend" title="Ajn Rend – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ajn Rend" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="அய்ன் ரேண்ட் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அய்ன் ரேண்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="అయాన్ ర్యాండ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయాన్ ర్యాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ไอน์ แรนด์ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอน์ แรนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Айн Ренд – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айн Ренд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="安·兰德 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安·兰德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ayn Rand" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="安·兰德 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安·兰德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132524#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow 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.infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:DarkOliveGreen; color:white;">Ayn Rand</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ayn_Rand_(1943_Talbot_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rand år 1943."><img alt="Rand år 1943." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/240px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/360px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/480px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span> <div style="">Rand år 1943.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Pseudonym</th><td class="" style="">Ayn Rand<sup id="cite_ref-fa278ebfc458360e5aed63d5058cca83c46134f1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fa278ebfc458360e5aed63d5058cca83c46134f1-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/2_februari" title="2 februari">2 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/6_mars" title="6 mars">6 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> (77 år)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(delstat)" title="New York (delstat)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Yrke</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">Filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare">författare</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Nationalitet</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland">Kejsardömet Ryssland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a><sup id="cite_ref-7f99c79f478803fb5b5b5508e969975dbc9060f7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7f99c79f478803fb5b5b5508e969975dbc9060f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e0ae33fda0c1fd96ccab16ece701fbf43f190af3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e0ae33fda0c1fd96ccab16ece701fbf43f190af3-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Ryska_republiken" title="Ryska republiken">Ryska republiken</a><sup id="cite_ref-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Sovjetryssland<sup id="cite_ref-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Ryska_SFSR" title="Ryska SFSR">Ryska SFSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Statsl%C3%B6shet" title="Statslöshet">statslöshet</a><sup id="cite_ref-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Språk</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelska</a><sup id="cite_ref-9e1c25aa66b3b04c0f3f76e9f41115140355e8b1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9e1c25aa66b3b04c0f3f76e9f41115140355e8b1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Verksam</th><td class="" style="">1934–1982</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Genrer</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">objektivism</a><sup id="cite_ref-732ec1c90a6f0694c7db9a71bf09fe7f2b674172_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-732ec1c90a6f0694c7db9a71bf09fe7f2b674172-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Dystopi" title="Dystopi">dystopi</a><sup id="cite_ref-288ab581e7d2d02995a26dfa8b091d96e78457fc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288ab581e7d2d02995a26dfa8b091d96e78457fc-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Noterbara verk</th><td class="" style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influenser</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influerade</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Norberg_(debatt%C3%B6r)" title="Johan Norberg (debattör)">Johan Norberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zack_Snyder" title="Zack Snyder">Zack Snyder</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:DarkOliveGreen; color:white;">Namnteckning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg/128px-Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg/192px-Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg/256px-Ayn_Rand_signature_1949.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Webbplats</th><td class="" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aynrand.org/">https://aynrand.org/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ayn Rand</b>, ursprungligen <i>Alisa Zinovjevna Rosenbaum</i>, född <a href="/wiki/2_februari" title="2 februari">2 februari</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>, död <a href="/wiki/6_mars" title="6 mars">6 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> på <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> i <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, var en <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">rysk</a>-<a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">filosof</a> och <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare">författare</a>. Hon förknippas främst med sin egen filosofiska skola <a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">objektivismen</a> som förespråkar <a href="/wiki/Rationell_egoism" title="Rationell egoism">rationell egoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">kapitalism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Laissez_faire" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez faire">laissez faire</a></i>) och en <a href="/wiki/Objektivitet" title="Objektivitet">objektiv</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a>. </p><p>Hennes två mest kända verk, <i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i> (1943) och <i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i> (1957), är idépolitiska romaner som skildrar individens kamp mot förtryckande överheter och ingrodda normer. Rand var även kompromisslös religionskritiker, och genom sin kritik av all tvångsmakt som illegitim (utöver den <a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">nödvändiga och begränsade tvångsmakt</a> som ämnade förhindra sådan) bidrog hon till den ideologiska fåra som redan tidigare kallades <a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">nyliberalismen</a>. </p><p>Rand hävdade <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> som sin främste <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">epistemologiska</a> förebild, och <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> som sin litterära. Rand ställde sig mycket kritisk till dem som ifrågasatte tanken om en objektiv verklighet. </p><p>Rand betraktas allmänt som en av de ledande gestalterna bakom de <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">klassiskt liberala</a> idéernas återkomst till den idépolitiska scenen under 1960-talet och framåt, och anses ha inspirerat den så kallade <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gerv%C3%A5gen" title="Högervågen">högervågen (senare neoliberalismen)</a> under 1980-talet. Ekonomen <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> utpekade henne, trots hennes uttalade motstånd till denne, som en av <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianismens</a> två viktigaste intellektuella trendbrytare (tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayn Rands far var en rysk-<a href="/wiki/Judar" title="Judar">judisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Apotekare" title="Apotekare">apotekare</a> som fick sin verksamhet konfiskerad av den sovjetiska staten, likt de flesta andra <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5_och_medelstora_f%C3%B6retag" title="Små och medelstora företag">småföretagare</a>. Efter att ha avslutat sin utbildning i <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>, med lysande betyg från universitetet i <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, flydde Rand till USA år <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a> i hopp om ett bättre liv. Hon arbetade inom den amerikanska <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">filmindustrin</a> 1926–1949 men hade det svårt ekonomiskt. På fritiden skrev hon ett antal böcker riktade mot <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascismen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">stalinismen</a>, men nådde försäljningsmässig framgång först med <i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i> (1943) som tog henne sju år att skriva.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolv gånger var Rand tvungen att försöka få boken utgiven, innan någon nappade.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medan Rand färdigställde boken förskrev en läkare henne <a href="/wiki/Amfetamin" title="Amfetamin">amfetamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Att hon tog amfetamin i ungefär 30 år kan ha bidragit till hennes senare humörsvängningar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter publiceringen av Urkällan försörjde hon sig som författare och filosof på heltid. </p><p>Rand var en ideologisk motståndare mot alla <a href="/wiki/Kollektivism" title="Kollektivism">kollektivistiska</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi">ideologier</a>, till vilka hon inkluderade alla former av organiserad religion samt <a href="/wiki/Monarkism" title="Monarkism">monarkism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">anarkism</a> (inklusive så kallad <a href="/wiki/Anarkokapitalism" title="Anarkokapitalism">anarkokapitalism</a>) och var även kritisk till samtida <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>. Det största hotet mot den <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">kapitalism</a> och <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, som hon själv förfäktade, såg hon emellertid i deras förespråkares ovilja eller oförmåga att försvara dem med annat än kollektiva nyttoargument, utan någon <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralisk</a> grund som relaterade till individens intresse. Hon tog därför <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">kunskapsteorin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">etiken</a> till hjälp och skapade ett eget filosofiskt system, som skulle säkra individens rättigheter mot kollektivet, till skillnad mot exempelvis Max Stirner, som inte sökte att skapa något enhetligt "system" för sin egoism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genom att försvara <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft" title="Förnuft">förnuftet</a>, det <a href="/wiki/Rationell_egoism" title="Rationell egoism">upplysta egenintresset</a> och <a href="/wiki/Laissez_faire" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez faire"><i>laissez-faire</i></a>-kapitalism, ville hon ge ett alternativ till de enligt henne tvångsbaserade ideologier, som hon såg dominera världen. </p><p>För ett kollektiv av <a href="/wiki/Intellektuell" title="Intellektuell">intellektuella</a> studenter som motsatte sig både "etablissemanget" och "<a href="/wiki/68-v%C3%A4nstern" title="68-vänstern">68-vänstern</a>" blev Rand den stora förebilden i USA. Många i den generationen av unga <a href="/wiki/Ekonom" title="Ekonom">ekonomer</a>, filosofer och <a href="/wiki/Statsvetenskap" title="Statsvetenskap">statsvetare</a> fick inspiration av Rands individualistiska vision, och hon kan till viss del anses ha inspirerat den våg av <a href="/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering">globalisering</a> och <a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">nyliberalism</a> som skedde sedan 1980-talet och tidigare. Själv förblev hon livet ut kritisk mot etablerad "nyliberalism", samt den mer renodlade libertarianismen, och ansåg att den fortfarande var alltför djupt rotad i en filosofiskt misslyckad kollektivism för att vara moralisk och hållbar. Hon kallade de fullfjädrade libertarianerna för "höger-hippies", därför att deras ideologiska grund enligt henne saknade förmåga att bära upp och försvara de kapitalistiska idealen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg/250px-Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg/375px-Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg/500px-Spb_06-2012_University_Embankment_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Till följd av de politiska efterverkningarna av den av <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik" title="Bolsjevik">bolshevikerna</a> inledda <a href="/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen" title="Ryska revolutionen">ryska revolutionen</a> fick Rand möjlighet att vara med i den första årskullen av kvinnor som tilläts att studera vid <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburgs_universitet" title="Sankt Petersburgs universitet">Sankt Petersburgs universitet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Beträffande konflikten mellan israeler och palestinier i <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, så stödde hon Israel, för hon ansåg det vara det mest civiliserade av de två länderna. Vid ett tillfälle kallade hon Israels grannar för "nästan fullständigt primitiva vildar".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayn Rand var gift med Frank O'Connor. Under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a> vittnade Rand, trots sitt starka motstånd mot <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyismens</a> och dess auktoritära karaktär<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, om kommunistiskt inflytande och kommunistisk propaganda i <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>. Bland annat jämförde hon filmen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song of Russia [inte skriven än]">Song of Russia</a></i> (i vilken samhället och invånarna framstod som lyckliga) med verklighetens Sovjetunionen och ansåg att filmen skönmålade ett "inhumant" samhälle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:The_Fountain_Head_(1943_1st_ed)_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg/250px-The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg/375px-The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg/500px-The_Fountain_Head_%281943_1st_ed%29_-_Ayn_Rand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Urkällan, första upplagan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Enligt henne skedde detta ibland subtilt, men även genom att visa upp en generellt positiv bild av livet både i storstäder och små byar i Sovjetunionen, med olika sorters byggnader, kläder och mat som enligt Rands aldrig funnits ens under de bästa perioder hon levt där.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rand, som var en <a href="/wiki/Yttrandefrihet" title="Yttrandefrihet">yttrandefrihetens</a> förkämpe, tyckte att USA hade begått flera övertramp, bland annat i samband med hållandet av rättegångarna.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2020-07)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup> Hon menade även att filmens producent, <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>, inte skapat en kommunistisk film medvetet eller ovetandes, men att han i sin oförsiktighet ändå producerat en propagandafilm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verk">Verk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Verk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Verk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayn Rands första försäljningssuccé – efter de två mindre framgångsrika <i><a href="/wiki/De_levande" title="De levande">De levande</a></i> (1936) och <i><a href="/wiki/Lovs%C3%A5ng_(roman)" title="Lovsång (roman)">Lovsång</a></i> (1938) – var boken <i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i>. Enbart fram till 1950 sålde boken i en halv miljon exemplar, trots att den blev hårt kritiserad för sin ideologi och trots att de första försäljningssiffrorna var låga. <i>Urkällan</i> blev snart en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultustatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultustatus [inte skriven än]">kultbok</a>. </p><p>Boken följdes av Rands centrala verk, <i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i> (1957). Boken fick, liksom <i>Urkällan</i>, hård och sarkastisk kritik, ofta baserad på bokens individualistiska ideologi, men avskräckte inte miljontals läsare. Försäljningen har nämligen ökat till omkring 300 000 exemplar per år. I en amerikansk undersökning, där läsare ombads välja ut den bok som påverkat dem mest, hamnade <i>Och världen skälvde</i> på andra plats efter <i><a href="/wiki/Bibeln" title="Bibeln">Bibeln</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid sidan av romanproduktionen skrev Rand manus till ett flertal filmer och arbetade strax före sin död på en miniserie baserad på <i>Och världen skälvde</i>. Även om alla hennes böcker i varierande grad är politiska och samhällskritiska är Rand som filosof mest känd för sina skrifter om sitt filosofiska system <a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">objektivismen</a>, vilken förespråkar individens aktiva logiska resonemang, också kallad ”<a href="/wiki/Rationell_egoism" title="Rationell egoism">rationell egoism</a>”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmatiseringar">Filmatiseringar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Filmatiseringar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Filmatiseringar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_levande" title="De levande">De levande</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i> har filmatiserats. <i>De levande</i> spelades först in i <a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a> 1942 i två delar: <i><a href="/wiki/Noi_Vivi" title="Noi Vivi">Noi Vivi</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Addio_Kira!" title="Addio Kira!">Addio Kira!</a></i>, men dessa förbjöds av <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. De två filmerna klipptes sedan ihop till en film, <i>We the Living</i>, som hade premiär 1986. </p><p><i>Urkällan</i> filmatiserades 1949 (svensk filmtitel: <i><a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4ren" title="Pionjären">Pionjären</a></i>) med <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> och <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Neal" title="Patricia Neal">Patricia Neal</a>. <i>Och världen skälvde</i> filmatiserades och släpptes 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmen handlar om hur USA:s förmögna industrialister tröttnar på det alltmer repressiva samhället och ”strejkar” genom att starta en ny dold stat för sig själva och några få värdiga ute i ödemarken. Försök görs då till att hitta, tortera och kuva dem och framför allt den som grundat staten. Utomstående amerikaner får det snart mycket sämre och tvingas slutligen vädja till dem att återkomma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objektivismen">Objektivismen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Objektivismen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Objektivismen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism (Ayn Rand)</a></dd></dl></div> <table align="right" style="margin-left: 5px; text-align: center; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; width: auto;" class="box"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Den här artikeln ingår i Wikipedias<br /> serie om <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 95%; color:black; background-color:yellow;">Huvudinriktningar </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">Klassisk liberalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Konservativ_liberalism" title="Konservativ liberalism">Konservativ liberalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Nationalliberalism" title="Nationalliberalism">Nationalliberalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">Nyliberalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Socialliberalism" title="Socialliberalism">Socialliberalism</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 95%; color:black; background-color:yellow;">Nyckelbegrepp </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati">Demokrati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mlikhet" title="Jämlikhet">Jämlikhet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Marknadsekonomi" title="Marknadsekonomi">Marknadsekonomi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meritokrati" title="Meritokrati">Meritokrati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 95%; color:black; background-color:yellow;">Portalfigurer </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; ; color: inherit;">Denna tabell: <a href="/wiki/Mall:Liberalism_st%C3%A5ende" title="Mall:Liberalism stående"><span title="Visa denna mall" style=";">visa</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Liberalism_st%C3%A5ende&action=edit"><span style=";" title="Redigera den här mallen">redigera</span></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ayn Rand ansåg att människan är en varelse med förmåga till <a href="/wiki/Rationell_egoism" title="Rationell egoism">egoistiskt</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft" title="Förnuft">förnuft</a> – som behöver <a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">frihet</a> från politiskt förtryck för att kunna vara egen och bruka sitt förnuft fullt ut – så att hon kan leva i enlighet med sin mänskliga natur. Därmed ansåg hon att friheten är en <i>individuell rättighet</i> som måste skyddas i ett samhälle genom lag. Ett steg mot denna vision kallade hon "separationen mellan stat och ekonomi" (jämför<i> <a href="/wiki/Sekularism" title="Sekularism">separation mellan stat och kyrka</a></i>). </p><p>Rand ansåg att verkligheten, eller existensen, är <a href="/wiki/Objektivitet" title="Objektivitet">objektiv</a> – därav namnet på filosofin. I korthet betyder detta att verkligheten existerar och att vi måste förhålla oss till denna oavsett vad vi ser, tror eller anser. Hon menade att människan gör detta genom att tänka, att agera efter sitt <a href="/wiki/Rationell_egoism" title="Rationell egoism">rationella egenintresse</a> i förhållande till den objektiva verklighet. Därmed ansåg hon inte <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruismen</a> vara ett moraliskt ideal, utan en onödig och osammanhängande teori, som rent praktiskt stred mot individens natur och gjorde honom känslomässigt kluven och därigenom oförmögen till god moral. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a> </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">Vilken är altruismens moraliska kod? Den grundläggande principen för altruismen är att människan inte har någon rätt att existera för sin egen skull, att tjänandet av andra är det enda som kan motivera hennes existens, och att självuppoffring är hennes högsta moraliska plikt, dygd och värde. <p>Förväxla inte altruism med vänlighet, god vilja eller respekt för andras rättigheter. Dessa är inte grundvalar, utan konsekvenser, vilka i själva verket altruismen omöjliggör. </p><p>Den icke-reducerbara grunden för altruism, den absoluta basen, är självuppoffring – vilket innefattar: självskadande, självavsägande, självförnekande, självförstörande – vilket innebär: egot som en standard för det onda, det självlösa som en standard för det goda. </p> </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4em;text-align:right;font-size:smaller">– Ayn Rand i "Philosophy: Who Needs It"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>För att ge individen full möjlighet att tänka och agera oberoende av andra – med Rands ord "egoistisk" eller "själviskt" (till skillnad från altruistiskt, eller egotistiskt) – tog Rand ställning för <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">kapitalismen</a> i sin bok <i><a href="/wiki/Kapitalismen_-_Det_ok%C3%A4nda_idealet" title="Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet">Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet</a></i>, där hon skriver att ett alltför stort avvikande från kapitalismen leder till samhällets kollaps. Hon förespråkade i praktiken en <a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">nattväktarstat</a>, och motsatte sig inte gemensamma finansieringsformer eller hjälp till de som för tillfället råkade vara svaga eller fattiga – idealet var att dessa ärenden skedde på helt frivilliga grunder, samt med det praktiska målet att göra individen mer självständig. </p><p>Rand har en viss popularitet i både <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">klassiskt liberala</a> och <a href="/wiki/Nykonservatism" title="Nykonservatism">nykonservativa</a> kretsar, även om de flesta även bland dessa grupper inte är fullfjädrade anhängare av objektivismen. Inte minst hennes ateism, leder till ideologiska krockar i konservativa kretsar. Men hon själv motsatte sig även konservatismen som sådan, och menade att de konservativa var att skylla för att det enda motståndet mot kommunismen (vilken målats upp som "ny", "progressiv", "framåtblickande", etc.) var män som hävdade att det bättre alternativet var något "traditionellt", "gammalt" och "stagnant". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Collective">The Collective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: The Collective" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: The Collective"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line,_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg/250px-Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg/375px-Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg/500px-Woman_reading_Atlas_Shrugged_on_the_MBTA_Green_Line%2C_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>En individ läser <i>Och världen skälvde</i> i <a href="/wiki/Kollektivtrafik" title="Kollektivtrafik">kollektivtrafiken</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Efter succén med <i>Och världen skälvde</i> fick Rand många beundrare. Den inre cirkeln av objektivism- och egoism-anhängare, som kallade sig "The Collective" som ett internt skämt, leddes av filosofen och psykologen <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a>. Från omkring 1954 var Nathaniel Branden inte bara Rands högra hand utan även hennes älskare. Detta pågick med deras makars vetskap ända fram till 1968, när <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Branden" title="Barbara Branden">Barbara Branden</a> berättade för Rand att Nathaniel var förälskad i en annan kvinna och hade ljugit för dem under en längre tid. Sprickan mellan Rand och det forna paret Branden ledde till splittring i hela rörelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Collective fick, enligt <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekt" title="Sekt">sektliknande</a> inslag, där Rands ord var lag, och hierarkin i gruppen byggde på hur väl man anpassade sig till Rands lära.<sup id="cite_ref-Shermer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shermer-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> var av liknande mening, och menade att hon "hade extremt bra inflytande på alla dem som aldrig blev Randianer, men om de blev Randianer var de hopplösa".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Själv bestred hon kultanklagelserna.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jim Peron kom till Ayn Rands försvar genom sin analys av objektivismen, i vilken han tar ställning emot kultanklagelserna, med slutsatsen att de är ytliga <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem-argument" title="Ad hominem-argument">ad hominem</a></i>-attacker vilkas syfte är att misskreditera objektivismen utan att rationellt behöva argumentera mot den. </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">I cannot see how a disembodied philosophy can be a cult. I say Objectivism was disembodied because there was no Objectivist organization to join. The Nathaniel Branden Institute gave lectures but had no membership. You could subscribe to a newsletter but you couldn't join. Objectivism was, and is, structureless. And without a structure there cannot be cult. Cults spend a great deal of time recruiting members and persuading them to join a structure. A structure, or organization, is not optional. It is an essential trait of a cult. If the structure doesn't exist then there is no cult... Did Objectivism recruit members? It doesn't seem so. The obvious reason is that there was nothing to which members could be recruited. The vast majority of self-proclaimed Objectivists are people who read Rand's works and agreed with her. Most have never attended an Objectivist meeting nor subscribed to any Objectivist newsletter. All they did was buy Rand's books and like them. </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4em;text-align:right;font-size:smaller">– Jim Peron<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inflytande">Inflytande</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Inflytande" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Inflytande"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:TDTP08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TDTP08.JPG/190px-TDTP08.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TDTP08.JPG/285px-TDTP08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TDTP08.JPG/380px-TDTP08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrant vid Chicago Tax Day Tea Party-protesten med en skylt som lyder "Jag är John Galt".</figcaption></figure> <p>Både under sitt liv och efter sin död 1982 har Ayn Rand haft ett betydande inflytande på politik, filosofi och religion, främst i USA och Storbritannien. Hon anses bland annat ha påverkat en rad kända människor med tydligt olika ideologier och världsbilder, inklusive bland andra Storbritanniens tidigare premiärminister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, den amerikanske domaren <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> (som talat om att han inte är objektivist),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a> (grundare av <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a>, som citerar Rand men motsätter sig objektivismen), de republikanska politikerna <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> (som offentligt tagit avstånd från hennes filosofi)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (ordförande för USA:s centralbank, Federal Reserve 1987–2006). Även <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedias</a> skapare <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> hör till de som inspirerats, och han döpte sin dotter efter "Kira", en av Rands rollfigurer ur boken <i><a href="/wiki/De_levande" title="De levande">De levande</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endast Greenspan tillhörde dock personligen hennes inre krets, det humoristiskt s.k. "kollektivet", som korrekturläste <i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i> innan den utgavs 1957, och han har hävdat att Rand påverkat hans syn på etik och ekonomi. Detta har särskilt fått uppmärksamhet och kritik efter <a href="/wiki/Finanskrisen_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Finanskrisen 2007–2008">finanskrisen 2007–2008</a>. Efter en period då en tydligt icke-objektivistisk monetär politik förts, imploderade så småningom den amerikanska husmarknaden. Denna kollaps bedöms allmänt i efterhand ha blivit startskottet för den större ekonomiska krisen som följde och som spred sig till resten av världen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under en utfrågning sade sig Greenspan fortfarande stå fast vid sitt stöd för politiskt oreglerad <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez_faire" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez faire">laissez faire</a></i>, men att han varit tvungen att kompromissa eftersom han levde i en demokrati. Han förtydligade att enligt honom vore <i>laissez faire</i> fortfarande det bästa alternativet för ett demokratiskt samhälle. </p><p>På svenska har Ayn Rands böcker utgivits av <a href="/wiki/Timbro" title="Timbro">Timbro</a> med flera. <a href="/wiki/Centerpartiet" title="Centerpartiet">Centerpartiets</a> partiledare <a href="/wiki/Annie_L%C3%B6%C3%B6f" title="Annie Lööf">Annie Lööf</a> rekommenderade Rands verk <i>Och världen skälvde</i> som boktips efter att ha läst den,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vilket orsakade viss debatt, trots att Lööf inte intog någon filosofisk ställning.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I svensk press har Ayn Rands filosofi bland annat kallats "otäckt i teorin – praktiskt i vardagen" av <i><a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a></i>. Artikeln som publicerades till följd av och beskriver <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Fr%C3%A4nde" title="Carolina Frände">Carolina Frände</a> och <a href="/wiki/Joakim_Sten" title="Joakim Sten">Joakim Stens</a> uppsättning av den Rand-kritiska pjäsen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_ska_veta_mitt_v%C3%A4rde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du ska veta mitt värde [inte skriven än]">Du ska veta mitt värde</a></i>, innehöll flera uppenbara felaktigheter och myter relaterade till ämnet, bland annat hävdades att den <a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">nyliberala</a> politikern <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, son till den <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">klassiska liberalen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, skulle vara döpt efter författaren – en tanke som hade varit dementerat sedan flera år tillbaka.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedan intresset för <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> under 2016, har liberala skribenter världen över likställt honom med en nästan perfekt "Ayn Rand-skurk".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Så även den svenska liberale författaren och debattören <a href="/wiki/Johan_Norberg_(debatt%C3%B6r)" title="Johan Norberg (debattör)">Johan Norberg</a>, samtidigt som han i samma debattartikel även uttryckte idéer om människans natur som inte stöddes av Rand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="Vad är det för idéer om människans natur som inte stöddes av Rand? (2016-07)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> Både <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a>, den organisation som leds av Ayn Rands egenutnämnda arvtagare <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a>, samt skribenter för den oberoende och i viss mån konkurrerande organisationen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas Society [inte skriven än]">Atlas Society</a>, som tolkar och bjuder in till föreläsningar om Rands verk, har argumenterat mot Trump vid ett antal tillfällen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser"></span>Utmärkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nedslagskrater" title="Nedslagskrater">Nedslagskratern</a> <a href="/wiki/Rand_(krater)" title="Rand (krater)">Rand</a> på <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planeten</a> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> och <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroiden</a> <a href="/wiki/10895_Aynrand" title="10895 Aynrand">10895 Aynrand</a> är uppkallade efter henne.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiktion">Fiktion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fiktion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fiktion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_of_January_16th&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night of January 16th [inte skriven än]">Night of January 16th</a></i> (1934), teatermanus</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_levande" title="De levande">De levande</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovs%C3%A5ng_(roman)" title="Lovsång (roman)">Lovsång</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i> (1957)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politik_och_filosofi_(i_urval)"><span id="Politik_och_filosofi_.28i_urval.29"></span>Politik och filosofi (i urval)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Politik och filosofi (i urval)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Politik och filosofi (i urval)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapitalismen_-_Det_ok%C3%A4nda_idealet" title="Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet">Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet</a></i> (<i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lviskhetens_dygd" title="Själviskhetens dygd">Själviskhetens dygd</a></i> (<i>The Virtue of Selfishness</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Den_nya_v%C3%A4nstern:_Den_anti-industriella_revolutionen" title="Den nya vänstern: Den anti-industriella revolutionen">Den nya vänstern: Den anti-industriella revolutionen</a></i> (<i>The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft,_egoism,_kapitalism_och_en_romantisk_livsk%C3%A4nsla" title="Förnuft, egoism, kapitalism och en romantisk livskänsla">Förnuft, egoism, kapitalism och en romantisk livskänsla</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biografier_och_andra_böcker_om_Rand"><span id="Biografier_och_andra_b.C3.B6cker_om_Rand"></span>Biografier och andra böcker om Rand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografier och andra böcker om Rand" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografier och andra böcker om Rand"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rand har blivit föremål för flera, ofta kritiska, biografier. </p> <ul><li><i>Who is Ayn Rand?</i> (1960) av Barbara & Nathan Branden</li> <li><i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i> (1986) av Barbara Branden, filmatiserad <a href="/wiki/Film%C3%A5ret_1999" title="Filmåret 1999">1999</a> med <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> i huvudrollen.</li> <li><i>The Ayn Rand Cult</i> (1999) av Jeff Walker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kritik_i_spel">Kritik i spel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kritik i spel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kritik i spel"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bioshock" title="Bioshock">Bioshock</a></i> (2007) är ett spel som innehåller mycket kritik, bland annat mot Ayn Rand, genom kraftiga ironiseranden över hennes uttalanden.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fa278ebfc458360e5aed63d5058cca83c46134f1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-fa278ebfc458360e5aed63d5058cca83c46134f1_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Engelskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7f99c79f478803fb5b5b5508e969975dbc9060f7-2"><a href="#cite_ref-7f99c79f478803fb5b5b5508e969975dbc9060f7_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/bio/biofaq.html#Q2.2"><span title="engelska">Ayn Rand Biographical FAQ</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/bio/biofaq.html#Q2.2">läs online</a>, läst: 28 januari 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e0ae33fda0c1fd96ccab16ece701fbf43f190af3-3"><a href="#cite_ref-e0ae33fda0c1fd96ccab16ece701fbf43f190af3_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kungliga_biblioteket" title="Kungliga biblioteket">Kungliga biblioteket</a>, 26 mars 2018, <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris-URI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz1d535q7x28b">khwz1d535q7x28b</a>, läst: 24 augusti 2018.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f85ee4d3644af69b2042372968aa45a24e04b268_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Ryskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Ryskspråkiga Wikipedia">ryskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-784a64c6b5bb5075c7335c8c7f32edc0eef453fb_5-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Ryskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Ryskspråkiga Wikipedia">ryskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9e1c25aa66b3b04c0f3f76e9f41115140355e8b1-6"><a href="#cite_ref-9e1c25aa66b3b04c0f3f76e9f41115140355e8b1_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>CONOR.Sl</i>, CONOR.SI-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/10728547">10728547</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-732ec1c90a6f0694c7db9a71bf09fe7f2b674172-7"><a href="#cite_ref-732ec1c90a6f0694c7db9a71bf09fe7f2b674172_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Nederländskspråkiga Wikipedia">nederländskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288ab581e7d2d02995a26dfa8b091d96e78457fc-8"><a href="#cite_ref-288ab581e7d2d02995a26dfa8b091d96e78457fc_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Ryskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Ryskspråkiga Wikipedia">ryskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">i Rands tidiga författarskap, hon tog senare avstånd</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">20 januari enligt <a href="/wiki/Gamla_stilen_och_nya_stilen" title="Gamla stilen och nya stilen">g.s.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBritting,_Jeff.">Britting, Jeff. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">Ayn Rand</a></i>. Overlook Press. sid. 61-78. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-58567-406-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-58567-406-0">ISBN 1-58567-406-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">56413971</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.aulast=Britting%2C+Jeff.&rft.au=Britting%2C+Jeff.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B61-78&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/56413971&rft.isbn=1-58567-406-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56413971&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBritting,_Jeff.">Britting, Jeff. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">Ayn Rand</a></i>. Overlook Press. sid. 58-61. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-58567-406-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-58567-406-0">ISBN 1-58567-406-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">56413971</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.aulast=Britting%2C+Jeff.&rft.au=Britting%2C+Jeff.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B58-61&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/56413971&rft.isbn=1-58567-406-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56413971&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBurns,_Jennifer,_1975-">Burns, Jennifer, 1975- (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">Goddess of the market : Ayn Rand and the American Right</a></i>. Oxford University Press. sid. 85. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-971722-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-971722-4">ISBN 978-0-19-971722-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">466111284</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+market+%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.aulast=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.au=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/466111284&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971722-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F466111284&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFStrömquist,_Liv,_1978-">Strömquist, Liv, 1978-. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988064539">Uppgång & fall</a></i>. sid. 40. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-7037-927-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-7037-927-7">ISBN 978-91-7037-927-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/988064539">988064539</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988064539">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988064539</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uppg%C3%A5ng+%26+fall&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6mquist%2C+Liv%2C+1978-&rft.au=Str%C3%B6mquist%2C+Liv%2C+1978-&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B40&rft_id=info:oclcnum/988064539&rft.isbn=978-91-7037-927-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F988064539&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBurns,_Jennifer,_1975-">Burns, Jennifer, 1975- (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">Goddess of the market : Ayn Rand and the American Right</a></i>. Oxford University Press. sid. 178. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-971722-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-971722-4">ISBN 978-0-19-971722-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">466111284</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+market+%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.aulast=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.au=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/466111284&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971722-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F466111284&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHeller,_Anne_Conover.">Heller, Anne Conover. (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229027437">Ayn Rand and the world she made</a></i> (1st ed). Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. sid. 304-305. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-385-51399-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-385-51399-9">ISBN 978-0-385-51399-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/229027437">229027437</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229027437">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229027437</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand+and+the+world+she+made&rft.aulast=Heller%2C+Anne+Conover.&rft.au=Heller%2C+Anne+Conover.&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B304-305&rft.edition=1st+ed&rft.pub=Nan+A.+Talese%2FDoubleday&rft_id=info:oclcnum/229027437&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51399-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F229027437&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFStirner,_Max,_1806-1856.2005">Stirner, Max, 1806-1856. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61228824">The ego and his own : the case of the individual against authority</a></i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-486-44581-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-486-44581-6">ISBN 978-0-486-44581-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/61228824">61228824</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61228824">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61228824</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ego+and+his+own+%3A+the+case+of+the+individual+against+authority&rft.aulast=Stirner%2C+Max%2C+1806-1856.&rft.au=Stirner%2C+Max%2C+1806-1856.&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_id=info:oclcnum/61228824&rft.isbn=978-0-486-44581-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F61228824&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBurns,_Jennifer,_1975-">Burns, Jennifer, 1975- (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">Goddess of the market : Ayn Rand and the American Right</a></i>. Oxford University Press. sid. 15. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-971722-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-971722-4">ISBN 978-0-19-971722-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">466111284</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466111284</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+market+%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.aulast=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.au=Burns%2C+Jennifer%2C+1975-&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/466111284&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971722-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F466111284&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uHSv1asFvU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uHSv1asFvU</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peikoff.com/2009/04/20/why-didnt-ayn-rand-like-senator-mccarthy/">”Why didn't Ayn Rand like Senator McCarthy?”</a> (på amerikansk engelska). <i><span>peikoff.com</span></i>. 20 april 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://peikoff.com/2009/04/20/why-didnt-ayn-rand-like-senator-mccarthy/">https://peikoff.com/2009/04/20/why-didnt-ayn-rand-like-senator-mccarthy/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 januari 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+didn%27t+Ayn+Rand+like+Senator+McCarthy%3F&rft.atitle=peikoff.com&rft.date=20+april+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeikoff.com%2F2009%2F04%2F20%2Fwhy-didnt-ayn-rand-like-senator-mccarthy%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRand">Rand, Ayn (1966). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/168859">Capitalism, the unknown ideal</a></i>. New American Library. sid. 176 (?). <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-451-14795-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-451-14795-0">ISBN 978-0-451-14795-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/168859">168859</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/168859">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/168859</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 januari 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+the+unknown+ideal&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Ayn&rft.au=Rand%2C+Ayn&rft.date=1966&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B176+%28%3F%29&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft_id=info:oclcnum/168859&rft.isbn=978-0-451-14795-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F168859&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRand">Rand, Ayn. <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand's_testimony_before_the_House_of_Representatives_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities">Ayn Rand's testimony before the House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand's_testimony_before_the_House_of_Representatives_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand's_testimony_before_the_House_of_Representatives_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 juli 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%27s+testimony+before+the+House+of+Representatives+Committee+on+Un-American+Activities&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Ayn&rft.au=Rand%2C+Ayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAyn_Rand%27s_testimony_before_the_House_of_Representatives_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTeTByQD4go">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTeTByQD4go</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CY1mztRV?url=http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/texts/huac.html">”Ayn Rand's HUAC Testimony”</a>. Objectivism Reference Center. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/texts/huac.html">originalet</a> den 29 november 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CY1mztRV?url=http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/texts/huac.html">https://www.webcitation.org/6CY1mztRV?url=http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/texts/huac.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%27s+HUAC+Testimony&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Objectivism+Reference+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F6CY1mztRV%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.noblesoul.com%2Forc%2Ftexts%2Fhuac.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Congress_25-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Library of Congress News</i>, 20 november 1991. Kongressbiblioteket och <i>Book of the Month Club</i> undersöker läsares "lifetime reading habits".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480239/">”Atlas Schrugged (2011)”</a> (på engelska). Imdb<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480239/">http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480239/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atlas+Schrugged+%282011%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Imdb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0480239%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Faith and Force: The Destroyers of the Modern World, Philosophy: Who Needs It, 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Branden" title="Barbara Branden">Barbara Branden</a> (tidigare gift med Nathaniel Branden), skrev biografin <i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i> (1986), varifrån ovan beskrivning har hämtats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermer-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_29-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Michael Shermer, "Why People Believe Weird Things", reviderad upplaga 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/29691.html">Reason Magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201741/http://www.aynrandbookstore2.com/prodinfo.asp?number=AR93A">”The Passion of Ayn Rand's Critics”</a>. The Ayn Rand Book Store. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrandbookstore2.com/prodinfo.asp?number=AR93A">originalet</a> den 22 december 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201741/http://www.aynrandbookstore2.com/prodinfo.asp?number=AR93A">https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201741/http://www.aynrandbookstore2.com/prodinfo.asp?number=AR93A</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 februari 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Ayn+Rand%27s+Critics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+Ayn+Rand+Book+Store&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101222201741%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aynrandbookstore2.com%2Fprodinfo.asp%3Fnumber%3DAR93A&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114755/http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/essays/obj_cult4.html">”Is Objectivism a Cult?”</a>. Objectivism Reference Center. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/essays/obj_cult4.html">originalet</a> den 4 juli 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114755/http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/essays/obj_cult4.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114755/http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/essays/obj_cult4.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 maj 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Objectivism+a+Cult%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Objectivism+Reference+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080704114755%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.noblesoul.com%2Forc%2Fessays%2Fobj_cult4.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4uSHaBlh2g">”TNReport: Clarence Thomas on Ayn Rand, Ralph Ellison and Individuality”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4uSHaBlh2g">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4uSHaBlh2g</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TNReport%3A+Clarence+Thomas+on+Ayn+Rand%2C+Ralph+Ellison+and+Individuality&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DD4uSHaBlh2g&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/magazine/paul-ryan-wienermobiled.html?_r=0">”Paul Ryan: ‘I Call This Getting Wienermobiled’”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/magazine/paul-ryan-wienermobiled.html?_r=0">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/magazine/paul-ryan-wienermobiled.html?_r=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paul+Ryan%3A+%E2%80%98I+Call+This+Getting+Wienermobiled%E2%80%99&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F14%2Fmagazine%2Fpaul-ryan-wienermobiled.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/59260/why-man-smiling%7Ctitel=Why">http://www.fastcompany.com/59260/why-man-smiling%7Ctitel=Why</a> ist this man smiling?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalismmagazine.com/2008/11/alan-greenspan-vs-ayn-rand-and-freedom/">”Alan Greenspan vs. Ayn Rand and freedom”</a>. capitalismmagazine.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.capitalismmagazine.com/2008/11/alan-greenspan-vs-ayn-rand-and-freedom/">https://www.capitalismmagazine.com/2008/11/alan-greenspan-vs-ayn-rand-and-freedom/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alan+Greenspan+vs.+Ayn+Rand+and+freedom&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=capitalismmagazine.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalismmagazine.com%2F2008%2F11%2Falan-greenspan-vs-ayn-rand-and-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818191341/http://www.uvu.edu/woodbury/docs/summaryoftheprimarycauseofthehousingbubble.pdf">”A Summary of the Primary Causes of the Housing Bubble and the Resulting Credit Crisis: A Non-Technical Paper, by Jeff Holt”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uvu.edu/woodbury/docs/summaryoftheprimarycauseofthehousingbubble.pdf">originalet</a> den 18 augusti 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818191341/http://www.uvu.edu/woodbury/docs/summaryoftheprimarycauseofthehousingbubble.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160818191341/http://www.uvu.edu/woodbury/docs/summaryoftheprimarycauseofthehousingbubble.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Summary+of+the+Primary+Causes+of+the+Housing+Bubble+and+the+Resulting+Credit+Crisis%3A+A+Non-Technical+Paper%2C+by+Jeff+Holt&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160818191341%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvu.edu%2Fwoodbury%2Fdocs%2Fsummaryoftheprimarycauseofthehousingbubble.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-financial-crisis-for-dummies/">”The Financial Crisis for Dummies”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-financial-crisis-for-dummies/">http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-financial-crisis-for-dummies/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Financial+Crisis+for+Dummies&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-financial-crisis-for-dummies%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/politics/article/the-2008-economic-crisis-explained.html">”The 2008 economic crisis explained”</a>. <i><span>Cafebabel</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/politics/article/the-2008-economic-crisis-explained.html">http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/politics/article/the-2008-economic-crisis-explained.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+2008+economic+crisis+explained&rft.atitle=Cafebabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafebabel.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2Fthe-2008-economic-crisis-explained.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715192636/http://anniejohansson.se/">”Annie Johansson”</a>. <i><span>hemsida</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anniejohansson.se/">originalet</a> den 15 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715192636/http://anniejohansson.se/">https://web.archive.org/web/20110715192636/http://anniejohansson.se/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 september 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Annie+Johansson&rft.atitle=hemsida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110715192636%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fanniejohansson.se%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFJosefsson">Josefsson, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article13556592.ab">”Centern i otakt med tiden”</a>. <i><span>Aftonbladet Kultur 31/8 2011</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article13556592.ab">http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article13556592.ab</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 september 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Centern+i+otakt+med+tiden&rft.atitle=Aftonbladet+Kultur+31%2F8+2011&rft.aulast=Josefsson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Josefsson%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fkultur%2Farticle13556592.ab&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRönnblom">Rönnblom, Johan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222050143/http://www.newsmill.se/node/38887">”Omdömeslöst av C-kandidat att hylla Ayn Rand”</a>. <i><span>Newsmill</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmill.se/node/38887">originalet</a> den 22 december 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222050143/http://www.newsmill.se/node/38887">https://web.archive.org/web/20121222050143/http://www.newsmill.se/node/38887</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 september 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Omd%C3%B6mesl%C3%B6st+av+C-kandidat+att+hylla+Ayn+Rand&rft.atitle=Newsmill&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6nnblom&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=R%C3%B6nnblom%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20121222050143%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmill.se%2Fnode%2F38887&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/ayn-rand-otackt-i-teorin-praktiskt-i-vardagen/">”Ayn Rand: Otäckt i teorin – praktiskt i vardagen - DN.SE”</a> (på svenska). 2 maj 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/ayn-rand-otackt-i-teorin-praktiskt-i-vardagen/">http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/ayn-rand-otackt-i-teorin-praktiskt-i-vardagen/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%3A+Ot%C3%A4ckt+i+teorin+%E2%80%93+praktiskt+i+vardagen+-+DN.SE&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2+maj+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fkultur-noje%2Fscen%2Fayn-rand-otackt-i-teorin-praktiskt-i-vardagen%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/randanmarkningar-i-stadsteaterns-du-ska-veta-mitt-varde/">”Randanmärkningar i Stadsteaterns ”Du ska veta mitt värde” - DN.SE”</a> (på svenska). 17 februari 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/randanmarkningar-i-stadsteaterns-du-ska-veta-mitt-varde/">http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/scen/randanmarkningar-i-stadsteaterns-du-ska-veta-mitt-varde/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Randanm%C3%A4rkningar+i+Stadsteaterns+%E2%80%9DDu+ska+veta+mitt+v%C3%A4rde%E2%80%9D+-+DN.SE&rft.atitle=&rft.date=17+februari+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fkultur-noje%2Fscen%2Frandanmarkningar-i-stadsteaterns-du-ska-veta-mitt-varde%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD-R_OeP6tU">”Rand Paul on Ayn Rand and his name”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD-R_OeP6tU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD-R_OeP6tU</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rand+Paul+on+Ayn+Rand+and+his+name&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoD-R_OeP6tU&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2013/08/23/rand-paul-wasnt-named-after-ayn-rand-dad-confirms">”Rand Paul Wasn't Named After Ayn Rand, Dad Confirms”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2013/08/23/rand-paul-wasnt-named-after-ayn-rand-dad-confirms">http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2013/08/23/rand-paul-wasnt-named-after-ayn-rand-dad-confirms</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rand+Paul+Wasn%27t+Named+After+Ayn+Rand%2C+Dad+Confirms&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2013%2F08%2F23%2Frand-paul-wasnt-named-after-ayn-rand-dad-confirms&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREF2016">2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefederalist.com/2016/04/12/donald-trump-is-an-ayn-rand-villain/">”Donald Trump Is An Ayn Rand Villain”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thefederalist.com/2016/04/12/donald-trump-is-an-ayn-rand-villain/">http://thefederalist.com/2016/04/12/donald-trump-is-an-ayn-rand-villain/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump+Is+An+Ayn+Rand+Villain&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=2016&rft.au=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthefederalist.com%2F2016%2F04%2F12%2Fdonald-trump-is-an-ayn-rand-villain%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2016/04/which-ayn-rand-villain-is-donald-trump/">”Which Ayn Rand Villain Is Donald Trump? - The Objective Standard”</a> (på amerikansk engelska). 7 april 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2016/04/which-ayn-rand-villain-is-donald-trump/">https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2016/04/which-ayn-rand-villain-is-donald-trump/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Which+Ayn+Rand+Villain+Is+Donald+Trump%3F+-+The+Objective+Standard&rft.atitle=&rft.date=7+april+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theobjectivestandard.com%2F2016%2F04%2Fwhich-ayn-rand-villain-is-donald-trump%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503154802/https://ari.aynrand.org/blog/2015/10/15/donald-trump-and-the-anatomy-of-cronyism">”Donald Trump and the Anatomy of Cronyism”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ari.aynrand.org/blog/2015/10/15/donald-trump-and-the-anatomy-of-cronyism">originalet</a> den 3 maj 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503154802/https://ari.aynrand.org/blog/2015/10/15/donald-trump-and-the-anatomy-of-cronyism">https://web.archive.org/web/20190503154802/https://ari.aynrand.org/blog/2015/10/15/donald-trump-and-the-anatomy-of-cronyism</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump+and+the+Anatomy+of+Cronyism&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190503154802%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fari.aynrand.org%2Fblog%2F2015%2F10%2F15%2Fdonald-trump-and-the-anatomy-of-cronyism&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFThomas">Thomas, William R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5787-know-nothing-donald-trump">”Donald Trump: A Know-Nothing for the 21st Century”</a> (på amerikansk engelska)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5787-know-nothing-donald-trump">http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5787-know-nothing-donald-trump</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump%3A+A+Know-Nothing+for+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=William+R&rft.au=Thomas%2C+William+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlassociety.org%2Fcommentary%2Fcommentary-blog%2F5787-know-nothing-donald-trump&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHudgins">Hudgins, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816171243/http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5995-is-trump-a-howard-roark?highlight=WyJpcyIsIidpcyIsIidpcyciLCJpcyciLCJ0cnVtcCIsInRydW1wJ3MiLCJpcyB0cnVtcCJd">”Is Trump a Howard Roark?”</a> (på amerikansk engelska). Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5995-is-trump-a-howard-roark?highlight=WyJpcyIsIidpcyIsIidpcyciLCJpcyciLCJ0cnVtcCIsInRydW1wJ3MiLCJpcyB0cnVtcCJd">originalet</a> den 16 augusti 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816171243/http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5995-is-trump-a-howard-roark?highlight=WyJpcyIsIidpcyIsIidpcyciLCJpcyciLCJ0cnVtcCIsInRydW1wJ3MiLCJpcyB0cnVtcCJd">https://web.archive.org/web/20160816171243/http://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/5995-is-trump-a-howard-roark?highlight=WyJpcyIsIidpcyIsIidpcyciLCJpcyciLCJ0cnVtcCIsInRydW1wJ3MiLCJpcyB0cnVtcCJd</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 juli 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Trump+a+Howard+Roark%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hudgins&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Hudgins%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160816171243%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fatlassociety.org%2Fcommentary%2Fcommentary-blog%2F5995-is-trump-a-howard-roark%3Fhighlight%3DWyJpcyIsIidpcyIsIidpcyciLCJpcyciLCJ0cnVtcCIsInRydW1wJ3MiLCJpcyB0cnVtcCJd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4944">”Rand on Venus”</a> (på engelska). International Astronomical Union. 1 oktober 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4944">https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4944</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rand+on+Venus&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+oktober+2006&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F4944&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=10895">”Minor Planet Center 10895 Aynrand”</a> (på engelska). Minor Planet Center<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=10895">https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=10895</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 juni 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Minor+Planet+Center+10895+Aynrand&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D10895&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioshock.wikia.com/wiki/BioShock_Cultural_References">”BioShock Cultural References”</a>. Bioshock-wiki<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bioshock.wikia.com/wiki/BioShock_Cultural_References">http://bioshock.wikia.com/wiki/BioShock_Cultural_References</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 maj 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=BioShock+Cultural+References&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Bioshock-wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioshock.wikia.com%2Fwiki%2FBioShock_Cultural_References&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ayn_Rand"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rand&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ayn_Rand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ayn_Rand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ayn Rand">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikiquote har citat av eller om <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" class="extiw" title="q:Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>.<div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" class="extiw" title="q:Ayn Rand">Citat</a></div></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrandlexicon.com">The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrand.org">Ayn Rand Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0709446/">Ayn Rand</a> på <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(engelska)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=243508">Ayn Rand</a> på <a href="/wiki/Svensk_Filmdatabas" title="Svensk Filmdatabas">Svensk Filmdatabas</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Ayn_Rand" title="Mall:Ayn Rand"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Ayn_Rand&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayn Rand</a> (1905–1982)</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Romaner</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/De_levande" title="De levande">De levande</a></i> (1936)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Lovs%C3%A5ng_(roman)" title="Lovsång (roman)">Lovsång/Hymn</a></i> (1938)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Urk%C3%A4llan" title="Urkällan">Urkällan</a></i> (1943)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Och_v%C3%A4rlden_sk%C3%A4lvde" title="Och världen skälvde">Och världen skälvde</a></i> (1957)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Politik och filosofi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lviskhetens_dygd" title="Själviskhetens dygd">Själviskhetens dygd</a></i> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismen_-_Det_ok%C3%A4nda_idealet" title="Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet">Kapitalismen - Det okända idealet</a><i> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> </i><a href="/wiki/Den_nya_v%C3%A4nstern:_Den_anti-industriella_revolutionen" title="Den nya vänstern: Den anti-industriella revolutionen">Den nya vänstern: Den anti-industriella revolutionen</a><i> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft,_egoism,_kapitalism_och_en_romantisk_livsk%C3%A4nsla" title="Förnuft, egoism, kapitalism och en romantisk livskänsla">Förnuft, egoism, kapitalism och en romantisk livskänsla</a></i> (2008)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Filmer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Noi_Vivi" title="Noi Vivi">Noi Vivi</a></i> (1942)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Addio_Kira!" title="Addio Kira!">Addio Kira!</a></i> (1942)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4ren" title="Pionjären">Pionjären</a></i> (1949)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/We_the_living" class="mw-redirect" title="We the living">We the living</a></i> (1942/1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand [inte skriven än]">The Passion of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part I">Atlas Shrugged: Part I</a></i> (2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part II">Atlas Shrugged: Part II</a></i> (2012)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_III" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part III">Atlas Shrugged: Part III</a></i> (2014)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Relaterat</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Evasion" title="Evasion">Evasion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Objektivister" title="Kategori:Objektivister">Objektivister</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Galt_(litter%C3%A4r_figur)" title="John Galt (litterär figur)">John Galt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Objectivism:_The_Philosophy_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand">Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" class="extiw" title="q:Ayn Rand">Citat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/10895_Aynrand" title="10895 Aynrand">10895 Aynrand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rand_(krater)" title="Rand (krater)">Rand (krater)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"> </div><span style="font-size:110%;">Länkar till relaterade artiklar</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:111%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="background:yellow;;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Liberalism" title="Mall:Liberalism"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Liberalism&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Riktningar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Internationella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkokapitalism" title="Anarkokapitalism">Anarkokapitalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalfeminism" title="Liberalfeminism">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_och_progressivism_inom_islam" title="Liberalism och progressivism inom islam">Islamisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">Klassisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Konservativ_liberalism" title="Konservativ liberalism">Konservativ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Minarkism" title="Minarkism">Minarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nationalliberalism" title="Nationalliberalism">National</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Panarkism" title="Panarkism">Panarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Socialliberalism" title="Socialliberalism">Social</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Nationella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_liberalism" title="Amerikansk liberalism">Amerikansk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Neolibertarianism" title="Neolibertarianism">Neo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Storbritannien" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Storbritannien">Brittisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Danmark" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Danmark">Dansk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_i_Sverige" title="Liberalism i Sverige">Svensk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Tyskland" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Tyskland">Tysk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_efter_land" title="Kategori:Liberalism efter land">Mer</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Locke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Locke (1632–1704), känd som "liberalismens fader""><img alt="John Locke (1632–1704), känd som "liberalismens fader"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/110px-John_Locke.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/165px-John_Locke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/220px-John_Locke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), grundaren till den moderna liberalismen"><img alt="John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), grundaren till den moderna liberalismen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/110px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/165px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/220px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Begrepp</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frihandel" title="Frihandel">Handel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fri_marknad" title="Fri marknad">Marknad</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Religionsfrihet" title="Religionsfrihet">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frisinne" title="Frisinne">Sinne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Tryckfrihet" title="Tryckfrihet">Tryck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yttrandefrihet" title="Yttrandefrihet">Yttrande</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mlikhet" title="Jämlikhet">Jämlikhet</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mst%C3%A4lldhet" title="Jämställdhet">Mellan könen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Likhet_inf%C3%B6r_lagen" title="Likhet inför lagen">Inför lagen</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberal_demokrati" title="Liberal demokrati">Liberal demokrati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Marknadsekonomi" title="Marknadsekonomi">Marknadsekonomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medborgerliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Medborgerliga rättigheter">Medborgerliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Mänskliga rättigheter">Mänskliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Negativ_och_positiv_frihet" title="Negativ och positiv frihet">Negativa och positiva</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sekularisering" title="Sekularisering">Sekularisering</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Idéer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Den_osynliga_handen" title="Den osynliga handen">Den osynliga handen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">Nattväktarstat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Princip" title="Princip">Principer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folksuver%C3%A4nitetsprincipen" title="Folksuveränitetsprincipen">Folksuveränitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Icke-aggressionsprincipen" title="Icke-aggressionsprincipen">Icke-aggression</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Skadeprincipen" title="Skadeprincipen">Skade</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Samhällskontrakt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Spontan_ordning" title="Spontan ordning">Spontan ordning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ursprungspositionen" title="Ursprungspositionen">Ursprungspositionen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" title="De l'esprit des lois">Om lagarnas anda</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1748)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Nationernas_v%C3%A4lst%C3%A5nd" title="Nationernas välstånd">Nationernas välstånd</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1776)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Om_friheten" title="Om friheten">Om friheten</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1859)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Massornas_uppror" title="Massornas uppror">Massornas uppror</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom">Vägen till träldom</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1944)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/En_teori_om_r%C3%A4ttvisa" title="En teori om rättvisa">En teori om rättvisa</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Anarki,_stat_och_utopi" title="Anarki, stat och utopi">Anarki, stat och utopi</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1974)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Nyckelfigurer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Globalt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Politiker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1:e_baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1:e baron Acton">Acton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Camillo_di_Cavour" title="Camillo di Cavour">Cavour</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Havel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Sverige</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bard" title="Alexander Bard">Bard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Bremer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Chydenius</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Patrik_Engellau" title="Patrik Engellau">Engellau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sture_Eskilsson" title="Sture Eskilsson">Eskilsson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forsskål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John-Henri_Holmberg" title="John-Henri Holmberg">Holmberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Munkhammar" title="Johnny Munkhammar">Munkhammar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johan_Norberg_(debatt%C3%B6r)" title="Johan Norberg (debattör)">Norberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kjell_A._Nordstr%C3%B6m" title="Kjell A. Nordström">Nordström</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Segerfeldt" title="Fredrik Segerfeldt">Segerfeldt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Svensson" title="Mattias Svensson">Svensson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Tingsten" title="Herbert Tingsten">Tingsten</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Politiker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Per_Ahlmark" title="Per Ahlmark">Ahlmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fridtjuv_Berg" title="Fridtjuv Berg">Berg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bratt" title="Ivan Bratt">Bratt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Ekman" title="Carl Gustaf Ekman">Ekman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Gripenstedt" title="Johan August Gripenstedt">Gripenstedt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Hesselgren" title="Kerstin Hesselgren">Hesselgren</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Staaff" title="Karl Staaff">Staaff</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Organisationer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alliansen_liberaler_och_demokrater_f%C3%B6r_Europa" title="Alliansen liberaler och demokrater för Europa">ALDE</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">ALN</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">IFLRY</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Klassiskt_liberala_partiet" title="Klassiskt liberala partiet">Klassiskt liberala partiet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberala_internationalen" title="Liberala internationalen">LI</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberala_partier" title="Kategori:Liberala partier">Liberala partier</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalerna" title="Liberalerna">Liberalerna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Europeiska_liberala_ungdomsf%C3%B6rbundet" title="Europeiska liberala ungdomsförbundet">LYMEC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Gruppen_Renew_Europe" title="Gruppen Renew Europe">Renew</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Timbro" title="Timbro">Timbro</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Relaterat</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism">Antifascism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Antikommunism" title="Antikommunism">Antikommunism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frihetlig_socialism" title="Frihetlig socialism">Frihetlig socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalismens_historia" title="Liberalismens historia">Liberalismens historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalkonservatism" title="Liberalkonservatism">Liberalkonservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalteologi" title="Liberalteologi">Liberalteologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Oberoende_liberal" title="Oberoende liberal">Oberoende liberal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Praxeologi" title="Praxeologi">Praxeologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nsterliberalism" title="Vänsterliberalism">Vänsterliberalism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Politisk_filosofi" title="Mall:Politisk filosofi"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Politisk_filosofi&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politisk filosofi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritet" title="Auktoritet">Auktoritet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egendom" title="Egendom">Egendom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elit" title="Elit">Elit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folk" title="Folk">Folk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fred" title="Fred">Fred</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">Hegemoni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">Hierarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Krig" title="Krig">Krig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lag" title="Lag">Lag</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legitimitet" title="Legitimitet">Legitimitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lydnad" title="Lydnad">Lydnad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makt" title="Makt">Makt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monopol" title="Monopol">Monopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plikt" title="Plikt">Plikt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">Pluralism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">Regering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvisa" title="Rättvisa">Rättvisa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4lle_(sociologi)" title="Samhälle (sociologi)">Samhälle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stat" title="Stat">Stat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet">Suveränitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Utopi" title="Utopi">Utopi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Statsskick</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristokrati" title="Aristokrati">Aristokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Env%C3%A4lde" title="Envälde">Autokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati">Byråkrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diktatur" title="Diktatur">Diktatur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati">Demokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerontokrati" title="Gerontokrati">Gerontokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meritokrati" title="Meritokrati">Meritokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">Oligarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plutokrati" title="Plutokrati">Plutokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teknokrati" title="Teknokrati">Teknokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati">Teokrati</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ideologier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekologism" title="Ekologism">Ekologism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism">Feodalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kolonialism" title="Kolonialism">Kolonialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">Kommunism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korporativism" title="Korporativism">Korporativism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kristdemokrati" title="Kristdemokrati">Kristdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monarkism" title="Monarkism">Monarkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ngkultur" title="Mångkultur">Multikulturalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republikanism" title="Republikanism">Republikanism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdarwinism" title="Socialdarwinism">Socialdarwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdemokrati" title="Socialdemokrati">Socialdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tredje_v%C3%A4gens_politik" title="Tredje vägens politik">Tredje vägen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Civilisationernas_kamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisationernas kamp">Civilisationernas kamp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Familjen_som_statsmodell" title="Familjen som statsmodell">Familjen som statsmodell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kungad%C3%B6met_av_Guds_n%C3%A5de" title="Kungadömet av Guds nåde">Kungadömet av Guds nåde</a> • <a href="/wiki/Majoritetsf%C3%B6rtryck" title="Majoritetsförtryck">Majoritetsförtryck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktdelningsprincipen" title="Maktdelningsprincipen">Maktdelning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktbalans" title="Maktbalans">Maktbalans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">Nattväktarstat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturrätt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturtillst%C3%A5nd" title="Naturtillstånd">Naturtillstånd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Negativa_och_positiva_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Negativa och positiva rättigheter">Negativa och positiva rättigheter</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Ursprungspositionen" title="Ursprungspositionen">Okunnighetens slöja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organismtanken" title="Organismtanken">Organismtanken</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overton-f%C3%B6nstret" title="Overton-fönstret">Overton-fönstret</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llskontrakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhällskontrakt">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Statolatri" title="Statolatri">Statolatri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triangulering_(politik)" title="Triangulering (politik)">Triangulering</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gm%C3%A4stare_(politik)" title="Vågmästare (politik)">Vågmästare</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5ldsmonopol" title="Våldsmonopol">Våldsmonopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%84del_l%C3%B6gn" title="Ädel lögn">Ädel lögn</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius">Konfucius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zi" title="Sun Zi">Sun Zi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofon</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medeltiden</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Al_Farabi" title="Al Farabi">Al Farabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Aquino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ABs" title="Averroës">Averroës</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazali" title="Mohammad Ghazali">Ghazali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">17- och 18-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bakunin" title="Michail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet" title="Nicolas de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal" title="Mohammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">19- och 20-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar" title="Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rand</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Staten_(Platon)" title="Staten (Platon)">Staten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 375 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Politiken" title="Politiken">Politiken</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 350 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Fursten" title="Fursten">Fursten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1532)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Thomas_Hobbes)" title="Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1651)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" title="De l'esprit des lois">Om lagarnas anda</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1748)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_samh%C3%A4llsf%C3%B6rdraget" title="Om samhällsfördraget">Om samhällsfördraget</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1762)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Reflektioner_om_franska_revolutionen" title="Reflektioner om franska revolutionen">Reflektioner om franska revolutionen</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1790)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Grundlinien_der_Philosophie_des_Rechts" title="Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts">Rättsfilosofins grunddrag</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1820)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Kommunistiska_manifestet" title="Kommunistiska manifestet">Kommunistiska manifestet</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1848)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_friheten" title="Om friheten">Om friheten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1859)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Massornas_uppror" title="Massornas uppror">Massornas uppror</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom">Vägen till träldom</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1944)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B6ppna_samh%C3%A4llet_och_dess_fiender" title="Det öppna samhället och dess fiender">Det öppna samhället och dess fiender</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1945)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/En_teori_om_r%C3%A4ttvisa" title="En teori om rättvisa">En teori om rättvisa</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritarianism" title="Auktoritarianism">Auktoritarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/De_politiska_id%C3%A9ernas_historia" title="De politiska idéernas historia">De politiska idéernas historia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egalitarism" title="Egalitarism">Egalitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekonomikritik" title="Ekonomikritik">Ekonomikritik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitteori" title="Elitteori">Elitteori</a> • <a href="/wiki/GAL%E2%80%93TAN" title="GAL–TAN">GAL–TAN</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politiskt_spektrum" title="Politiskt spektrum">Politiskt spektrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politisk_v%C3%A4nster" title="Politisk vänster">Vänster</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_mitt" title="Politisk mitt">Mitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_h%C3%B6ger" title="Politisk höger">Höger</a>) • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rättsfilosofi</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsvetenskap" title="Rättsvetenskap">Rättsvetenskap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Separatism_(statsvetenskap)" title="Separatism (statsvetenskap)">Separatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etatism" title="Etatism">Statism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism">Totalitarism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politisk_filosofi" title="Kategori:Politisk filosofi">Kategori:Politisk filosofi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="background:#ceecee;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Samtidens_filosofer" title="Mall:Samtidens filosofer"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Samtidens_filosofer&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Samtidens_filosofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtidens filosofer">Samtidens filosofer</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytiska<br /> filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Anscombe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Cavell</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">Chalmers</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Churchland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Gellner</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Gray" title="John N. Gray">Gray</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Haack</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Kuhn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Lakatos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Midgley</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Regan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Scanlon" title="Thomas M. Scanlon">Scanlon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson">Strawson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(filosof)" title="Charles Taylor (filosof)">Taylor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Henrik_von_Wright" title="Georg Henrik von Wright">Wright</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinentala<br /> filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Anders</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Hacking</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Lévy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Virilio</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Övriga</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Botton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Harris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/H.L.A._Hart" title="H.L.A. Hart">Hart</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Næss</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table 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