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<li id="toc-Scouring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scouring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scouring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scouring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Milling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manual_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Manual methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Post-processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Тепавица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тепавица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Valchování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valchování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannu" title="Pannu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pannu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkning" title="Valkning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valkning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walken" title="Walken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanutamine" title="Vanutamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanutamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatanado" title="Abatanado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abatanado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulado" title="Fulado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fulado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulage_(textile)" title="Foulage (textile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foulage (textile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լմում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լմում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3f" title="Þóf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þóf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follatura" title="Follatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Follatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="מבטשה (טחנת מים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבטשה (טחנת מים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kall%C3%B3z%C3%A1s" title="Kallózás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kallózás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volder" title="Volder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toving" title="Toving – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valking" title="Valking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folowanie" title="Folowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Folowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Валяние – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валяние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkning" title="Valkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-industrial process in making wool fabric</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tucked" redirects here. For the sewn pleat, see <a href="/wiki/Tuck_(sewing)" title="Tuck (sewing)">Tuck (sewing)</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Smile_(Katy_Perry_album)" title="Smile (Katy Perry album)">Smile (Katy Perry album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Felting" class="mw-redirect" title="Felting">felting</a>, the same process, but of loose fibers, not woven cloth, and <a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">boiled wool</a>, for knitted cloth.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg/250px-Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg/375px-Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg/500px-Waulking_18th_century_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Scotswomen walking or fulling <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollen</a> cloth, singing a <a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">waulking song</a>, 1772 (engraving made by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> on one of his tours).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fulling</b>, also known as <b>tucking</b> or <b>walking</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i>waukin</i>, hence often spelt <b>waulking</b> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>), is a step in <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woollen</a> <a href="/wiki/Clothmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothmaking">clothmaking</a> which involves the cleansing of woven <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>) to eliminate (<a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a>) oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. The work delivers a smooth, tightly finished fabric that is insulating and water-repellent. Well-known examples are <a href="/wiki/Duffel_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Duffel cloth">duffel cloth</a>, first produced in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in the 14th century, and <a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">loden</a>, produced in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> from the 16th century on. </p><p>Waulking could be done with the hands and feet. In medieval Europe, it was done in <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">water-powered</a> fulling mills. After the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, coal and electric power were used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Felting" class="mw-redirect" title="Felting">Felting</a> refers more generally to the interlocking of loose wool fibers; they need not be spun and woven first. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fulling involves two processes: <a href="/wiki/Scouring_(textiles)" title="Scouring (textiles)">scouring</a> (cleaning) and milling (thickening). Removing the oils encourages felting, and the cloth is pounded to clean it and to encourage the fibers to felt, so in practice the processes overlap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scouring">Scouring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scouring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scouring_(textiles)" title="Scouring (textiles)">scouring (textiles)</a></div> <p>Urine was so important to the fulling business that it was <a href="/wiki/Urine_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine tax">taxed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stale urine, known as wash or <a href="/wiki/Lant" title="Lant">lant</a>, was a source of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> salts and assisted in cleansing and whitening the cloth and having its fibers intertwined. </p><p>By the medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">fuller's earth</a> had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure <a href="/wiki/Hydrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrous">hydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">aluminium silicate</a>. Worked through the cloth, it absorbs oils and dirt. It was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milling">Milling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Milling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second function of fulling was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing (<a href="/wiki/Felting" class="mw-redirect" title="Felting">felting</a>). This was vital in the case of <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollens</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">carded</a> <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, but not for <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> materials made from <a href="/wiki/Combing" title="Combing">combed</a> wool. After this stage, water was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because the microscopic scales on the surface of wool fibres hook together, somewhat like hook and loop fixings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manual_methods">Manual methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manual methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii;_its_history,_buildings_and_antiquities_-_an_account_of_the_destruction_of_the_city,_with_a_full_description_of_the_remains,_and_of_the_recent_excavations_and_also_an_itinerary_for_visitors_(14772708972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pompeii%3B_its_history%2C_buildings_and_antiquities_-_an_account_of_the_destruction_of_the_city%2C_with_a_full_description_of_the_remains%2C_and_of_the_recent_excavations_and_also_an_itinerary_for_visitors_%2814772708972%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pompeii%3B_its_history%2C_buildings_and_antiquities_-_an_account_of_the_destruction_of_the_city%2C_with_a_full_description_of_the_remains%2C_and_of_the_recent_excavations_and_also_an_itinerary_for_visitors_%2814772708972%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pompeii%3B_its_history%2C_buildings_and_antiquities_-_an_account_of_the_destruction_of_the_city%2C_with_a_full_description_of_the_remains%2C_and_of_the_recent_excavations_and_also_an_itinerary_for_visitors_%2814772708972%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Manual trampling, drawing after an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> fresco in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullonica_of_Stephanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullonica of Stephanus (page does not exist)">Fullonica of Stephanus</a>, Pompeii. A <a href="/wiki/Fullonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullonica">fullonica</a> is a fullery and laundry shop.</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, fulling was carried out by the pounding of the woollen cloth with a club, or the fuller's feet or hands. </p><p>In Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the cloth while ankle deep in tubs of human <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several Biblical references to fulling (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2018:17&version=nrsv">2 Kings 18:17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%207:3&version=nrsv">Isaiah 7:3</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2036:2&version=nrsv">36:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Malachi%203:2&version=nrsv">Malachi 3:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%209:3&version=nrsv">Mark 9:3</a>). In addition to this, at least one reference appears in the speeches of <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a>, written in Athens during the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-woods_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scotland, then a rather remote and un-industrialized region, retained manual methods into the 1700s. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> tradition, this process was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">waulking songs</a>, which women sang to set the pace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mills">Mills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fulling cloth by letting a waterfall agitate it"><img alt="Fulling cloth by letting a waterfall agitate it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG/400px-Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG/600px-Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG/800px-Fulling_at_Goritsa_waterfall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fulling cloth by letting a waterfall agitate it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A driving-stock fulling mill from Georg Andreas Böckler's Theatrum Machinarum Novum, 1661"><img alt="A driving-stock fulling mill from Georg Andreas Böckler's Theatrum Machinarum Novum, 1661" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg/228px-Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg/342px-Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg/457px-Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A driving-stock fulling mill from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Andreas_B%C3%B6ckler" title="Georg Andreas Böckler">Georg Andreas Böckler</a>'s <i>Theatrum Machinarum Novum</i>, 1661</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulling_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a falling-stock machine, showing the set of hammers that drop in sequence to pound the cloth in the vats below"><img alt="Model of a falling-stock machine, showing the set of hammers that drop in sequence to pound the cloth in the vats below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fulling_mill.jpg/535px-Fulling_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="357" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Fulling_mill.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a falling-stock machine, showing the set of hammers that drop in sequence to pound the cloth in the vats below</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1891 illustration of a rotary fulling mill"><img alt="1891 illustration of a rotary fulling mill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg/272px-PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg/409px-PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg/545px-PSM_V39_D471_Rotary_fulling_mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1891 illustration of a rotary fulling mill</div> </li> </ul> <p>From the medieval period, the fulling of cloth was often done in a <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mill</a>, known as a fulling mill, a walk mill, or a tuck mill, and in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, a pandy. They appear to have originated in the 9th or 10th century in Europe. The earliest known reference to a fulling mill in France, which dates from about 1086, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a fulling mill established at <a href="/wiki/Temple_Guiting" title="Temple Guiting">Temple Guiting</a>, Gloucestershire which was documented in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> (also 1086).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. A. Lewis (possibly Welsh historian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.library.wales/index.php/lewis-e-edward-arthur-1880-1942">Edward Arthur Lewis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed: </p> <dl><dd>'Fulling mills appear in Wales early in the reign of Edward II., just at the time when fulling mills were being introduced into Lancashire.'<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world.<sup id="cite_ref-woods_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mills beat the cloth with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks (operating vertically) that were used only for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a> on the shaft of a <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheel</a> or on a <a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">tappet</a> wheel, which lifted the hammer. </p><p>Driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot (the head of the hammer) struck the cloth almost horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth. This was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled evenly. However, the cloth was taken out about every two hours to undo plaits and wrinkles. The 'foot' was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the cloth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-processing">Post-processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_(cropped_to_napping).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg/440px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_1_-_MAN_%28cropped_to_napping%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>Raising the nap, Roman fresco</figcaption></figure> <p>After fulling, cloth was stretched on great frames known as tenters, to which it is attached by <a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">tenterhooks</a> (whence the phrase <i>being <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on_tenterhooks" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:on tenterhooks">on tenterhooks</a></i>). The area where the tenters were erected was known as a <a href="/wiki/Tenterground" title="Tenterground">tenterground</a>. </p><p>Cloth would also have the <a href="/wiki/Nap_(fabric)" title="Nap (fabric)">nap</a> raised by napping or <a href="/wiki/Gig-mill" title="Gig-mill">gigging</a>. The surface would then be <a href="/wiki/Shearing_(textiles)" title="Shearing (textiles)">sheared</a> smooth. The process might be repeated for a smoother finish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names for workers who performed these tasks (<i><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(surname)" title="Fuller (surname)">fuller</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_(surname)" title="Tucker (surname)">tucker</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Walker_(surname)" title="Walker (surname)">walker</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have become common <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh (language)">Welsh</a> word for a fulling mill is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandy#Welsh" class="extiw" title="wikt:pandy"><i>pandy</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_1968_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_1968-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which appears in many place-names, for example <a href="/wiki/Tonypandy" title="Tonypandy">Tonypandy</a> ("fulling mill lea"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleachfield" title="Bleachfield">Bleachfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadeumi" title="Dadeumi">Dadeumi</a>, a similar traditional practice in Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laundry_topics" title="List of laundry topics">List of laundry topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_(laundering_process)" title="Posting (laundering process)">Posting (laundering process)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413153044/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/160414-history-bad-taxes-tax-day">"Feeling Overtaxed? The Romans Would Tax Your Urine"</a>. <i>History</i>. 2016-04-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/160414-history-bad-taxes-tax-day">the original</a> on April 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Feeling+Overtaxed%3F+The+Romans+Would+Tax+Your+Urine&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2F160414-history-bad-taxes-tax-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFulling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woods_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woods_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Woods (2005), "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization", <i>How the Monks Saved Civilization</i> <b>33</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gimpel, <i>The Medieval Machine</i> (2nd ed., Pimlico, London 1992 repr.), 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Doomsday Book. England's Heritage, Then and now. Book Club Associates, 1985. Editor:Thomas Hinde. Page 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1904" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lewis, E. A. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TransactionsOfTheRoyalHistoricalSociety1904VolXVII2ndSeries/page/n197/mode/2up">"The development of industry and commerce in Wales during the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. New Series XVII: 121–173<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=The+development+of+industry+and+commerce+in+Wales+during+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=New+Series+XVII&rft.pages=121-173&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTransactionsOfTheRoyalHistoricalSociety1904VolXVII2ndSeries%2Fpage%2Fn197%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFulling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The author added the following footnote to their observation: 'Chetham Society Publications, xliii. 637. Cf the Pipe Roll of the Bishopric of Winchester, 1208-9. Introd. xxvii, as to the earliest recorded fulling mills in England.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Gareth <i>Daniel Rhydderch of Aberloch</i>, reproduced from The Western Mail July 17, 1933 accessed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311112410/http://colley.co.uk/garethjones/rural_wales/daniel_rhydderch.htm">"Daniel Rhydderch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colley.co.uk/garethjones/rural_wales/daniel_rhydderch.htm">the original</a> on 2007-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Rhydderch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolley.co.uk%2Fgarethjones%2Frural_wales%2Fdaniel_rhydderch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFulling" class="Z3988"></span> June 19, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_1968-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_1968_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1968" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James (1968). "Weaving". <i>The Shell Book of Country Crafts</i>. John Baker (Publishers) Ltd. pp. 213–215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weaving&rft.btitle=The+Shell+Book+of+Country+Crafts&rft.pages=213-215&rft.pub=John+Baker+%28Publishers%29+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFulling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=full">"full"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 30, 2005.</li> <li>E. K. Scott, "Early Cloth Fulling and its Machinery", <i>Trans. Newcomen Soc.</i> 12 (1931), 30–52.</li> <li>E. M. Carus-Wilson, "An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century", <i>Economic History Review</i>, Old Series, 11(1) (1941), 39–60.</li> <li>Reginald Lennard, "Early English Fulling Mills: additional examples", <i>Economic History Review</i>, New Series, 3(3) (1951), 342–343.</li> <li>R. A. Pelham, <i>Fulling Mills</i> (<a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a>, (mills booklet 5), c. 1958)</li> <li>A. J. Parkinson, "Fulling mills in Merioneth", <i>J. Merioneth Hist. & Rec. Soc.</i> 9(4) (1984), 420–456.</li> <li>D. Druchunas <i>Felting, Vogue Knitting, The Basics</i>, Sixth & Spring Books, NY. (2005); p. 10.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fulling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fulling">fulling</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tenter">tenter</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicnewey.co.uk/mills/mills_002.htm">A model of a fulling mill on view at bishops Lydeard Mill & Museum, Somerset</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laundry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laundry_navbox" title="Template talk:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laundry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">Laundry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_laundry_topics" title="List of laundry topics">List of laundry topics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">Bleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_softener" title="Fabric softener">Fabric softener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent" title="Laundry detergent">Laundry detergent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent_pod" title="Laundry detergent pod">pods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combo_washer_dryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Combo washer dryer">Combo washer dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_washer" title="Tunnel washer">Tunnel washer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_cleaning" title="Wet cleaning">Wet cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboard_(laundry)" title="Washboard (laundry)">Washboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_copper" title="Wash copper">Wash copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_horse" title="Clothes horse">Clothes horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_line" title="Clothes line">Clothes line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_cabinet" title="Drying cabinet">Drying cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_Hoist" title="Hills Hoist">Hills Hoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangle_(machine)" title="Mangle (machine)">Mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryer_ball" title="Dryer ball">Dryer ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_machine#Clothes_folder" title="Folding machine">Clothes folder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FoldiMate" title="FoldiMate">FoldiMate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundroid" title="Laundroid">Laundroid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_mangle" title="Box mangle">Box mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_hanger" title="Clothes hanger">Clothes hanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironing" title="Ironing">Ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">Laundry starch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">Colour fastness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_(laundering_process)" title="Posting (laundering process)">Posting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">Stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hand_Laundry_Alliance" title="Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance">Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_and_Dry_Cleaning_International_Union" title="Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union">Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_Workers_Industrial_Union" title="Laundry Workers Industrial Union">Laundry Workers Industrial Union</a></li> <li>Project Laundry List</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Launderers" title="Worshipful Company of Launderers">Worshipful Company of Launderers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Housekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_laundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial laundry">Industrial laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_symbol" title="Laundry symbol">Laundry symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washerwoman" title="Washerwoman">Washerwoman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothespin" title="Clothespin">Clothespin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensing_ball" title="Dispensing ball">Dispensing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper" title="Hamper">Hamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posser" title="Posser">Posser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_paddle" title="Washing paddle">Washing paddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbier_v._Connolly" title="Barbier v. Connolly">Barbier v. Connolly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Laundry_Co._v._United_States" title="Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States">Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearson_v._Chung" title="Pearson v. Chung">Pearson v. Chung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_and_wash_houses_in_Britain" title="Baths and wash houses in Britain">Baths and wash houses in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi_Ghat" title="Dhobi Ghat">Dhobi Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavoir" title="Lavoir">Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-service_laundry" title="Self-service laundry">Self-service laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A4ttstuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvättstuga">Tvättstuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1585730#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/230b8e7e-e9db-4121-a351-8bc1a337f588">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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