CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hard disk drive - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"465cbfc9-524a-47de-8f10-b2e355393b80","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hard_disk_drive","wgTitle":"Hard disk drive","wgCurRevisionId":1276215716,"wgRevisionId":1276215716,"wgArticleId":13777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2019","Use American English from January 2025","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from January 2025","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023","Articles needing additional references from January 2025","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2020","Articles containing video clips","20th-century inventions","American inventions","Computer data storage","Computer storage devices","Hard disk drives","Rotating disc computer storage media"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hard_disk_drive","wgRelevantArticleId":13777,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Hard_disk","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Hard_disk_drive","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4439","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/1200px-ST3320620AS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1579"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/800px-ST3320620AS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1053"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/640px-ST3320620AS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="842"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hard disk drive - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hard_disk_drive rootpage-Hard_disk_drive skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hard+disk+drive" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hard+disk+drive" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hard+disk+drive" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hard+disk+drive" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetic_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Magnetic recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Error_rates_and_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Error_rates_and_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Error rates and handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Error_rates_and_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capacity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Form factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performance characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Latency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transfer_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transfer_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Data transfer rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transfer_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_and_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_and_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Access and interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_and_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrity_and_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrity_and_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Integrity and failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrity_and_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Market segments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_segments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market segments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_segment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_segment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Consumer segment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_segment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enterprise_and_business_segment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprise_and_business_segment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Enterprise and business segment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprise_and_business_segment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Price_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Price evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers_and_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers_and_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Manufacturers and sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers_and_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_from_SSDs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_from_SSDs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Competition from SSDs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_from_SSDs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hard disk drive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeskyf" title="Hardeskyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hardeskyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festplattenlaufwerk" title="Festplattenlaufwerk – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Festplattenlaufwerk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5" title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قرص صلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص صلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_duro" title="Disco duro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Disco duro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unid%C3%A1_de_discu_duru" title="Unidá de discu duru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unidá de discu duru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu%27a_at%C3%A3" title="Apu'a atã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apu'a atã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rt_disk" title="Sərt disk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərt disk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ثابیت دیسک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ثابیت دیسک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD" title="হার্ড ডিস্ক ড্রাইভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হার্ড ডিস্ক ড্রাইভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%93-p%C3%B4a%E2%81%BF-ki" title="Ngē-pôaⁿ-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngē-pôaⁿ-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Ҡаты диск – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаты диск" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Цвёрды дыск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цвёрды дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Цьвёрды дыск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цьвёрды дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Твърд диск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Твърд диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdi_disk" title="Tvrdi disk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tvrdi disk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pladenn_galet" title="Pladenn galet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pladenn galet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_dur" title="Disc dur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc dur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%BF_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Тăп диск – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăп диск" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%BD_disk" title="Pevný disk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pevný disk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgyrrwr_caled" title="Disgyrrwr caled – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Disgyrrwr caled" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harddisk-drev" title="Harddisk-drev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harddisk-drev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festplattenlaufwerk" title="Festplattenlaufwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Festplattenlaufwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5vaketas" title="Kõvaketas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõvaketas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σκληρός δίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκληρός δίσκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_disco_duro" title="Unidad de disco duro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad de disco duro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskaparato" title="Diskaparato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diskaparato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko gogor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="درایو دیسک سخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درایو دیسک سخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hard disk" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_dur" title="Disque dur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque dur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_d%C3%BBr" title="Disc dûr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Disc dûr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruadhiosca" title="Cruadhiosca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruadhiosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_r%C3%ADxido" title="Disco ríxido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disco ríxido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="하드 디스크 드라이브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하드 디스크 드라이브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%BF_%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կոշտ սկավառակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոշտ սկավառակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5" title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdi_disk" title="Tvrdi disk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tvrdi disk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harda_disko" title="Harda disko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harda disko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_keras" title="Cakram keras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cakram keras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_dur" title="Disco dur – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Disco dur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%B0ur_diskur" title="Harður diskur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harður diskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_rigido" title="Disco rigido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco rigido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97" title="דיסק קשיח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסק קשיח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_padhet" title="Cakram padhet – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cakram padhet" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾರ್ಡ್ ಡಿಸ್ಕ್‌‌ ಡ್ರೈವ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾರ್ಡ್ ಡಿಸ್ಕ್‌‌ ಡ್ರೈವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მყარი დისკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მყარი დისკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Қатқыл диск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатқыл диск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiendeshi_diski_kuu" title="Kiendeshi diski kuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiendeshi diski kuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Зумыд диск – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зумыд диск" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_d%C3%AEsk" title="Hard dîsk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hard dîsk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Катуу диск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катуу диск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_fixus" title="Discus fixus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Discus fixus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cietais_disks" title="Cietais disks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cietais disks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standusis_diskas" title="Standusis diskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Standusis diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_sjief" title="Hel sjief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hel sjief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diski_eb%C3%B3mbelo_en%C3%A9ne" title="Diski ebómbelo enéne – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Diski ebómbelo enéne" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disch_d%C3%BCr" title="Disch dür – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Disch dür" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merevlemez" title="Merevlemez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Merevlemez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Тврд диск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тврд диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila_mateza" title="Kapila mateza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kapila mateza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹാർഡ് ഡിസ്ക് ഡ്രൈവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാർഡ് ഡിസ്ക് ഡ്രൈവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბერჯეკი დისკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერჯეკი დისკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83" title="هارد ديسك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارد ديسك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_keras" title="Cakera keras – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera keras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_kareh" title="Cakram kareh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cakram kareh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Калгода дисксь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Калгода дисксь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Хатуу диск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хатуу диск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA" title="ဟတ်ဒစ်စ် ဒရိုက်ဗ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟတ်ဒစ်စ် ဒရိုက်ဗ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harde_schijf" title="Harde schijf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harde schijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="हार्ड डिस्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हार्ड डिस्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="हार्द दिस्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हार्द दिस्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96" title="ハードディスクドライブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハードディスクドライブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harddisk" title="Harddisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harddisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelager" title="Platelager – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Platelager" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_dur" title="Disc dur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Disc dur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Таҥга диск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Таҥга диск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattiq_magnit_disk" title="Qattiq magnit disk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qattiq magnit disk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਹਾਰਡ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਰਡ ਡਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ہارڈ ڈسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہارڈ ڈسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastplaat" title="Fastplaat – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fastplaat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysk_twardy" title="Dysk twardy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dysk twardy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_disco_r%C3%ADgido" title="Unidade de disco rígido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de disco rígido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatt%C4%B1_magnitli_disk" title="Qattı magnitli disk – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qattı magnitli disk" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_dur" title="Disc dur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc dur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinch%27i_piruru_pusachina" title="Sinch'i piruru pusachina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinch'i piruru pusachina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Твердый діск – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Твердый діск" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Жёсткий диск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жёсткий диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Кытаанах диск – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытаанах диск" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discu_fissu" title="Discu fissu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Discu fissu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hard disk drive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hard disk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hard disk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%BD_disk" title="Pevný disk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pevný disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trdi_disk" title="Trdi disk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trdi disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D9%82" title="وەگەڕخەری دیسکی ڕەق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەگەڕخەری دیسکی ڕەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Хард-диск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хард-диск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdi_disk" title="Tvrdi disk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tvrdi disk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardisk" title="Hardisk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hardisk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiintolevy" title="Kiintolevy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiintolevy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rddisk" title="Hårddisk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hårddisk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hard disk drive" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வன் தட்டு நிலை நினைவகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வன் தட்டு நிலை நினைவகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%8Debsi_aquran" title="Aḍebsi aquran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aḍebsi aquran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Каты диск – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каты диск" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="హార్డ్ డిస్క్ డ్రైవ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హార్డ్ డిస్క్ డ్రైవ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮาร์ดดิสก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาร์ดดิสก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Диски сахт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Диски сахт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabit_disk_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCc%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Sabit disk sürücüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sabit disk sürücüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Жорсткий диск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорсткий диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9_%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ہارڈ ڈسک ڈرائیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہارڈ ڈسک ڈرائیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_duro" title="Disco duro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Disco duro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%94_%C4%91%C4%A9a_c%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Ổ đĩa cứng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ổ đĩa cứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hard disk drive" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%98" title="硬盘 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硬盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="הארטער דיסק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הארטער דיסק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F" title="硬碟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="硬碟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hard disk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%97rnas%C4%97s_d%C4%97skos" title="Stėrnasės dėskos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stėrnasės dėskos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%98" title="硬盘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硬盘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4439#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hard_disk_drive" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hard_disk_drive" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hard_disk_drive" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&oldid=1276215716" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hard_disk_drive&id=1276215716&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHard_disk_drive"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHard_disk_drive"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hard_disk_drive&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4439" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">Hard disk</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electro-mechanical data storage device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hard drive" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hard_Drive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hard Drive (disambiguation)">Hard Drive (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ST3320620AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/220px-ST3320620AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/330px-ST3320620AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ST3320620AS.jpg/440px-ST3320620AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Front side of the <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Barracuda" title="Seagate Barracuda">Seagate Barracuda</a> 320GB HDD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg/220px-Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg/330px-Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg/440px-Seagate_Hard_Drive_Back_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>Back side of the HDD showing its controller board</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg/220px-2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg/330px-2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg/440px-2019_Rozebrane_dyski_twarde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3894" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>A 2.5" and 3.5" HDD with the front cover removed to show its internals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv/220px--Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="304" data-mwtitle="Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="534" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="534" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv/Harddrive-engineerguy.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHarddrive-engineerguy.ogv&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Overview how HDDs work</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Computer memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">Memory access pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">Memory map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Secondary_storage" title="Computer data storage">Secondary storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">MOS memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_availability" title="Continuous availability">Continuous availability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">Areal density (computer storage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">Block (data storage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-attached_storage" title="Direct-attached storage">Direct-attached storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">Block-level storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-instance_storage" title="Single-instance storage">Single-instance storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Structured data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">Unstructured data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Data corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Data cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Data degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation_and_reconciliation" title="Data validation and reconciliation">Data validation and reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Data recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">Data cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Shared resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_bank" title="Data bank">Data bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_store" title="Data store">Data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_refresh" title="Memory refresh">Memory refresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_record" title="Storage record">Storage record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_repository" title="Information repository">Information repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">Knowledge base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_deletion" title="File deletion">File deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_dump" title="Core dump">Core dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_dump" title="Hex dump">Hex dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_transfer" title="Information transfer">Information transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">Volume (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">Boot sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">Volume boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">Disk array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">Disk mirroring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_aggregation" title="Disk aggregation">Disk aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Disk partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">Locality of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">Logical disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">Storage virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">Memory-mapped file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software entropy">Software entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">Persistence (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">Persistent data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">Bank switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kryder#Kryder's_law_projection" title="Mark Kryder">Kryder's law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Volatile_memory" title="Volatile memory">Volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)#HARDWARE" title="Cache (computing)">Hardware cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDRAM" title="EDRAM">eDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory#Synchronous_Graphics_RAM_(SGRAM)" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SGRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPDDR" title="LPDDR">LPDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Data_Rate_SRAM" title="Quad Data Rate SRAM">QDRSRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM" title="Dynamic random-access memory">EDO DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDR_DRAM" title="XDR DRAM">XDR DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1T-SRAM" title="1T-SRAM">1T-SRAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">QRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">Content-addressable memory</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_RAM" title="Computational RAM">Computational RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Video random access memory">VRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-ported_RAM" title="Dual-ported RAM">Dual-ported RAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams–Kilburn tube</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">Delay-line memory</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellon_optical_memory" title="Mellon optical memory">Mellon optical memory</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-RAM" title="T-RAM">T-RAM</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-RAM" title="Z-RAM">Z-RAM</a> (2002–2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Non-volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diode_matrix" title="Diode matrix">Diode matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory#Factory-programmed" title="Read-only memory">MROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a> (SSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> is used in:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">Solid-state hybrid drive</a> (SSHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">IBM FlashSystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Core_Module" title="Flash Core Module">Flash Core Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SxS" title="SxS">SxS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQD_card" title="XQD card">XQD card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">Programmable metallization cell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PCM</a> (<a href="/wiki/3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_RAM" title="Magnetoresistive RAM">MRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">Nano-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early-stage <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FeRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe_FET" title="Fe FET">FeFET memory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex videotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">Magnetic recording</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">Magnetic-tape data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">Tape drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">Tape library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">Digital Data Storage</a> (DDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">Videocassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">8 mm video format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard disk drive</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CDDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable#DVD+R_and_DVD+RW_(DVD_"plus")" title="DVD recordable">DVD+R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_card" title="DVD card">DVD card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">In development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterned_media" title="Patterned media">Patterned media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_quantum_holography" title="Electronic quantum holography">Electronic quantum holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D_optical_data_storage" title="5D optical data storage">5D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage">DNA digital data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_memory" title="Universal memory">Universal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">Quantum memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">Plugboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum memory</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Magnetic-core memory</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plated-wire_memory" title="Plated-wire memory">Plated-wire memory</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_rope_memory" title="Core rope memory">Core rope memory</a> (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin-film memory</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor memory</a> (~1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble memory</a> (~1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> (1971)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory_types" title="Template:Memory types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory_types" title="Template talk:Memory types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/220px--HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm/HDD_Startup_and_Shutdown.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>HDD with front cover to show its operation</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hard disk drive</b> (<b>HDD</b>), <b>hard disk</b>, <b>hard drive</b>, or <b>fixed disk</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an electro-mechanical <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage device</a> that stores and retrieves <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> with one or more rigid rapidly rotating <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_platter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk platter">platters</a> coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with <a href="/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_head" title="Disk read-and-write head">magnetic heads</a>, usually arranged on a moving <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-ostep_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostep-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data is accessed in a <a href="/wiki/Random-access" class="mw-redirect" title="Random-access">random-access</a> manner, meaning that individual <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">blocks</a> of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-volatile storage">non-volatile storage</a>, retaining stored data when powered off.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">rectangular box</a>. </p><p>Hard disk drives were introduced by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-IBM350_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were the dominant <a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">secondary storage</a> device for <a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">general-purpose computers</a> beginning in the early 1960s. HDDs maintained this position into the modern era of <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, though personal computing devices produced in large volume, like <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, rely on <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> storage devices. More than 224 companies have <a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers" title="List of defunct hard disk manufacturers">produced HDDs historically</a>, though after extensive industry consolidation, most units are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>. HDDs dominate the volume of storage produced (<a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">exabytes</a> per year) for servers. Though production is growing slowly (by exabytes shipped<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sales revenues and unit shipments are declining, because <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs) have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, somewhat better reliability,<sup id="cite_ref-BBRel2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBRel2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much lower latency and access times.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santo_Domingo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santo_Domingo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revenues for SSDs, most of which use <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash memory">NAND flash memory</a>, slightly exceeded those for HDDs in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrons_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrons-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue of hard disk drives as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Register_UK_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register_UK_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though SSDs have four to nine times higher cost per bit,<sup id="cite_ref-jcmit_2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcmit_2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_August2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are replacing HDDs in applications where speed, power consumption, small size, high capacity and durability are important.<sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santo_Domingo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santo_Domingo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the cost per bit of SSDs is falling, and the price premium over HDDs has narrowed.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_August2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">performance</a>. Capacity is specified in <a href="/wiki/Unit_prefix" title="Unit prefix">unit prefixes</a> corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-<a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabyte</a> (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a>, where 1 gigabyte = 1 000 megabytes = 1 000 000 kilobytes (1 million) = 1 000 000 000 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> (1 billion). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and the computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. There can be confusion regarding storage capacity since capacities are stated in decimal gigabytes (powers of 1000) by HDD manufacturers, whereas the most commonly used operating systems report capacities in powers of 1024, which results in a smaller number than advertised. Performance is specified as the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time), the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>, which is a function of the physical <a href="/wiki/Rotational_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational speed">rotational speed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a>), and finally, the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate). </p><p>The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard <a href="/wiki/Computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer interface">interface</a> cables such as <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> (Serial ATA), <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, SAS (<a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">Serial Attached SCSI</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">PATA</a> (Parallel ATA) cables. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hard_disk_drives" title="History of hard disk drives">History of hard disk drives</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hard disk drive</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg/220px-IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg/330px-IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/IBM_350_RAMAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="343" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A partially disassembled IBM 350 hard disk drive (RAMAC)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date invented</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 1954<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954-12-24</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> team led by <a href="/wiki/Rey_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey Johnson">Rey Johnson</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="max-width: 35em;"> <caption>Improvement of HDD characteristics over time </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Started with (1957)</th> <th>Improved to</th> <th>Improvement </th></tr> <tr> <td>Capacity<br />(formatted)</td> <td>3.75 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a><sup id="cite_ref-350Cap_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350Cap-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>32 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> (as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-x-mozaic_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-mozaic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8.5-million-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical volume</td> <td>68 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a> (1.9 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m<sup>3</sup></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM350_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2.1 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">cubic inches</a> (34 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cm<sup>3</sup></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-59_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-59-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>56,000-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>2,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a><br />(910 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IBM350_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2.2 <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounces</a><br />(62 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-59_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-59-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>15,000-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average <a href="/wiki/Access_time" title="Access time">access time</a></td> <td>approx. 600 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a><sup id="cite_ref-IBM350_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2.5 ms to 10 ms; RW RAM dependent</td> <td>about<br />200-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Price</td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$9,200</span> per megabyte (1961;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$97,500</span> in 2022) </td> <td>US$14.4 per <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabyte</a> by end of 2022<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6.8-billion-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Data density">Data density</a></td> <td>2,000 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> per <a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">square inch</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.4 <a href="/wiki/Terabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabit">terabits</a> per square inch in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-WDHC680_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDHC680-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>700-million-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average lifespan</td> <td>c. 2000 hrs <a href="/wiki/MTBF" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBF">MTBF</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>c. 2,500,000 hrs (~285 years) MTBF<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1250-to-one<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first production IBM hard disk drive, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_350" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 350">350 disk storage</a>, shipped in 1957 as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC system. It was approximately the size of two large refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-350Cap_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350Cap-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a stack of 52 disks (100 surfaces used).<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-350-dsu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-350-dsu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 350 had a single arm with two read/write heads, one facing up and the other down, that moved both horizontally between a pair of adjacent platters and vertically from one pair of platters to a second set.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-650_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-650-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibm-7070_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-7070-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibm-1401_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-1401-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variants of the IBM 350 were the <a href="/wiki/IBM_355" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 355">IBM 355</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_7300" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7300">IBM 7300</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_1405" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1405">IBM 1405</a>. </p><p>In 1961, IBM announced, and in 1962 shipped, the IBM 1301 disk storage unit,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which superseded the IBM 350 and similar drives. The 1301 consisted of one (for Model 1) or two (for model 2) modules, each containing 25 platters, each platter about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch (3.2 mm) thick and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the earlier IBM disk drives used only two read/write heads per arm, the 1301 used an array of 48<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heads (comb), each array moving horizontally as a single unit, one head per surface used. <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector" title="Cylinder-head-sector">Cylinder-mode</a> read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches (about 6 μm) above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three large refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes per module. Access time was about a quarter of a second. </p><p>Also in 1962, IBM introduced the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1311" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1311">model 1311</a> disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable <a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">disk pack</a>. Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s. Non-removable HDDs were called "fixed disk" drives. </p><p>In 1963, IBM introduced the 1302,<sup id="cite_ref-1301Ref_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1301Ref-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with twice the track capacity and twice as many tracks per cylinder as the 1301. The 1302 had one (for Model 1) or two (for Model 2) modules, each containing a separate comb for the first 250 tracks and the last 250 tracks. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="fixed-head"></span>Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track, <i>e.g.</i>, Burroughs B-475 in 1964, <a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_magnetic_disk_drives#IBM_2305" title="History of IBM magnetic disk drives">IBM 2305</a> in 1970, so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track and the only latency was the time for the desired block of data to rotate into position under the head.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives, they were very expensive and are no longer in production.<sup id="cite_ref-CHAUDHURI2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAUDHURI2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named "<a href="/wiki/IBM_3340" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3340">Winchester</a>". Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to "land" on a special area of the disk surface upon spin-down, "taking off" again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of "Winchester technology" drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later "Winchester" drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters. </p><p>In 1974, IBM introduced the swinging arm actuator, made feasible because the Winchester recording heads function well when skewed to the recorded tracks. The simple design of the IBM GV (Gulliver) drive,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of all time, the actuator and filtration system being adopted in the 1980s eventually for all HDDs, and still universal nearly 40 years and 10 billion arms later. </p><p>Like the first removable pack drive, the first "Winchester" drives used platters 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. In 1978, IBM introduced a swing arm drive, the IBM 0680 (Piccolo), with eight-inch platters, exploring the possibility that smaller platters might offer advantages. Other eight-inch drives followed, then <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (130 mm) drives, sized to replace the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk drive">floppy disk drives</a>. The latter were primarily intended for the then fledgling personal computer (PC) market. </p><p>Over time, as recording densities were greatly increased, further reductions in disk diameter to 3.5" and 2.5" were found to be optimum. Powerful rare earth magnet materials became affordable during this period and were complementary to the swing arm actuator design to make possible the compact form factors of modern HDDs. </p><p>As the 1980s began, HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs, but by the late 1980s, their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers. </p><p>Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add-on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer's name but under the subsystem manufacturer's name such as <a href="/wiki/Corvus_Systems" title="Corvus Systems">Corvus Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Technologies" title="Tallgrass Technologies">Tallgrass Technologies</a>, or under the PC system manufacturer's name such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_ProFile" title="Apple ProFile">Apple ProFile</a>. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC/XT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC/XT">IBM PC/XT</a> in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD, and soon thereafter, internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers. </p><p>External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>. Many Macintosh computers made between 1986 and 1998 featured a <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> port on the back, making external expansion simple. Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user-accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh 128K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_512K" title="Macintosh 512K">Macintosh 512K</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Plus" title="Macintosh Plus">Macintosh Plus</a> did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models, external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage. </p><p>HDD improvements have been driven by increasing <a href="/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">areal density</a>, listed in the table above. Applications expanded through the 2000s, from the <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> of the late 1950s to most <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content. </p><p>In the 2000s and 2010s, NAND began supplanting HDDs in applications requiring portability or high performance. NAND performance is improving faster than HDDs, and applications for HDDs are eroding. In 2018, the largest hard drive had a capacity of 15 TB, while the largest capacity SSD had a capacity of 100 TB.<sup id="cite_ref-100TB_2018_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100TB_2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, HDDs were forecast to reach 100 TB capacities around 2025,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the expected pace of improvement was pared back to 50 TB by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller form factors, 1.8-inches and below, were discontinued around 2010. The cost of solid-state storage (NAND), represented by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, is improving faster than HDDs. NAND has a higher <a href="/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand" title="Price elasticity of demand">price elasticity of demand</a> than HDDs, and this drives market growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleton_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleton-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 2000s and 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Marketing#Product_life_cycle" title="Marketing">product life cycle</a> of HDDs entered a mature phase, and slowing sales may indicate the onset of the declining phase.<sup id="cite_ref-lifecycle_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifecycle-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011 Thailand floods</a> damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between 2011 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> closed its last Malaysian HDD factory due to decreasing demand, to focus on SSD production.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three remaining HDD manufacturers have had decreasing demand for their HDDs since 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MagneticMedia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MagneticMedia.svg/220px-MagneticMedia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MagneticMedia.svg/330px-MagneticMedia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MagneticMedia.svg/440px-MagneticMedia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic cross section & <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> encoded binary data</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_recording">Magnetic recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Magnetic recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></div> <p>A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic material">ferromagnetic material</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on both sides of a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>. The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as <a href="/wiki/Run-length_limited" title="Run-length limited">run-length limited</a> encoding,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions. </p><p>A typical HDD design consists of a <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="spindle"></span><span id="Spindle"></span><span class="vanchor-text">spindle</span></span></i> that holds flat circular disks, called <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_platter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk platter">platters</a>, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum alloy">aluminum alloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>. They are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-headcrash_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headcrash-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-7_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-7-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 mm (70,000–180,000 nm)<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thick. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg/220px-Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg/330px-Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg/440px-Toshiba_MK1403MAV_-_broken_glass_platter-93375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6697" data-file-height="3767" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed hard disk, glass platter visible</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_drive-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hard_drive-en.svg/220px-Hard_drive-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hard_drive-en.svg/330px-Hard_drive-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hard_drive-en.svg/440px-Hard_drive-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Diagram labeling the major components of a computer HDD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg/220px-Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg/330px-Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg/440px-Aufnahme_einzelner_Magnetisierungen_gespeicherter_Bits_auf_einem_Festplatten-Platter..jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Recording of single magnetisations of bits on a 200 MB HDD-platter (recording made visible using CMOS-MagView)<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-9_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-9-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg/220px-Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg/330px-Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg/440px-Perpendicular_Recording_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinal recording (standard) & <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_recording" title="Perpendicular recording">perpendicular recording</a> diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The platters in contemporary HDDs are spun at speeds varying from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006428274939999999♠"></span>4200 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a></span> in energy-efficient portable devices, to 15,000 rpm for high-performance servers.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first HDDs spun at 1,200 rpm<sup id="cite_ref-IBM350_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, for many years, 3,600 rpm was the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the platters in most consumer-grade HDDs spin at 5,400 or 7,200 rpm. </p><p>Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called <a href="/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_head" title="Disk read-and-write head">read-and-write heads</a> that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface, with their <a href="/wiki/Flying_height" title="Flying height">flying height</a> often in the range of tens of nanometers. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it. </p><p>In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a <a href="/wiki/Voice_coil" title="Voice coil">voice coil</a> actuator or, in some older designs, a <a href="/wiki/Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">stepper motor</a>. Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second, resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track, but modern drives (since the 1990s) use <a href="/wiki/Zone_bit_recording" title="Zone bit recording">zone bit recording</a>, increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones. </p><p>In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of <a href="/wiki/Superparamagnetism" title="Superparamagnetism">thermal effects</a>⁠ ⁠— thermally induced magnetic instability which is commonly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Superparamagnetic_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Superparamagnetic limit">superparamagnetic limit</a>". To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a three-atom layer of the non-magnetic element <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-15_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_recording" title="Perpendicular recording">perpendicular recording</a> (PMR), first shipped in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-16_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-16-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, used in certain HDDs.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-17_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-17-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-18_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-18-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-19_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-19-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perpendicular recording may be accompanied by changes in the manufacturing of the read/write heads to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the heads.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a higher-density recording media was introduced, consisting of coupled soft and hard magnetic layers. So-called <i><a href="/wiki/Exchange_spring_media" title="Exchange spring media">exchange spring media</a></i> magnetic storage technology, also known as <i>exchange coupled composite media</i>, allows good writability due to the write-assist nature of the soft layer. However, the thermal stability is determined only by the hardest layer and not influenced by the soft layer.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-19a_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-19a-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-19b_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-19b-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flux control MAMR (FC-MAMR) allows a hard drive to have increased recording capacity without the need for new hard disk drive platter materials. MAMR hard drives have a microwave-generating spin torque generator (STO) on the read/write heads which allows physically smaller bits to be recorded to the platters, increasing areal density. Normally hard drive recording heads have a pole called a main pole that is used for writing to the platters, and adjacent to this pole is an air gap and a shield. The write coil of the head surrounds the pole. The STO device is placed in the air gap between the pole and the shield to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the pole; FC-MAMR technically doesn't use microwaves but uses technology employed in MAMR. The STO has a Field Generation Layer (FGL) and a Spin Injection Layer (SIL), and the FGL produces a magnetic field using spin-polarised electrons originating in the SIL, which is a form of spin torque energy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg/220px-Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg/330px-Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg/440px-Hard_disk_dismantled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>An HDD with disks and motor hub removed, exposing copper-colored stator coils surrounding a bearing in the center of the spindle motor. The orange stripe along the side of the arm is a thin printed-circuit cable, the spindle bearing is in the center and the actuator is in the upper left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg/220px-Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg/330px-Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg/440px-Circuit_board_of_a_Samsung_hard_disk_MP0402H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Circuit board of a 2.5-inch Samsung hard disk MP0402H</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical HDD has two electric motors: a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read/write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the end of the head support arm is the read-write head; thin printed-circuit cables connect the read-write heads to <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force"><i>g</i></a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg/220px-Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg/330px-Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg/440px-Kopftraeger_WD2500JS-00MHB0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Head stack with an actuator coil on the left and read/write heads on the right</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDD_read-write_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HDD_read-write_head.jpg/220px-HDD_read-write_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HDD_read-write_head.jpg/330px-HDD_read-write_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HDD_read-write_head.jpg/440px-HDD_read-write_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7247" data-file-height="4218" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a single <a href="/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_head" title="Disk read-and-write head">read–write head</a>, showing the side facing the platter</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="actuator"></span><span id="Actuator"></span><span class="vanchor-text">actuator</span></span></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moving_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving coil">moving coil</a> motor that swings the heads to the desired position. A metal plate supports a squat <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium–iron–boron</a> (NIB) high-flux <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_coil" title="Voice coil">voice coil</a></i> by analogy to the coil in <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives have only one magnet). </p><p>The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead and is made of doubly coated copper <a href="/wiki/Magnet_wire" title="Magnet wire">magnet wire</a>. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the center of the actuator bearing) then interact with the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of the fixed magnet. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field#Force_on_a_charged_particle" title="Magnetic field">tangential force</a>. If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore, the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head. </p><p>The HDD's electronics controls the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk and transfers data to or from a <a href="/wiki/Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">disk controller</a>. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">servo</a> feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology) or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo, otherwise known as sector servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice coil motor to rotate the arm. A more modern servo system also employs milli or micro actuators to more accurately position the read/write heads.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spinning of the disks uses fluid-bearing spindle motors. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media that have failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Error_rates_and_handling"><span class="anchor" id="ERRORRATESHANDLING"></span>Error rates and handling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Error rates and handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern drives make extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code" title="Error correction code">error correction codes</a> (ECCs), particularly <a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction" title="Reed–Solomon error correction">Reed–Solomon error correction</a>. These techniques store extra bits, determined by mathematical formulas, for each block of data; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly. The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD, but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors, resulting in much larger storage capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a typical 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> hard disk with 512-byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GB</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">ECC</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the newest drives, as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-21_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-21-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Low-density_parity-check_code" title="Low-density parity-check code">low-density parity-check codes</a> (LDPC) were supplanting Reed–Solomon; LDPC codes enable performance close to the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shannon limit">Shannon limit</a> and thus provide the highest storage density available.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-21_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-21-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical hard disk drives attempt to "remap" the data in a <a href="/wiki/Bad_sector" title="Bad sector">physical sector that is failing</a> to a spare physical sector provided by the drive's "spare sector pool" (also called "reserve pool"),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while relying on the ECC to recover stored data while the number of errors in a bad sector is still low enough. The S.M.A.R.T (<a href="/wiki/Self-Monitoring,_Analysis_and_Reporting_Technology" title="Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology">Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology</a>) feature counts the total number of errors in the entire HDD fixed by ECC (although not on all hard drives as the related S.M.A.R.T attributes "Hardware ECC Recovered" and "Soft ECC Correction" are not consistently supported), and the total number of performed sector remappings, as the occurrence of many such errors may predict an <a href="/wiki/HDD_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="HDD failure">HDD failure</a>. </p><p>The "No-ID Format", developed by IBM in the mid-1990s, contains information about which sectors are bad and where remapped sectors have been located.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a tiny fraction of the detected errors end up as not correctable. Examples of specified uncorrected bit read error rates include: </p> <ul><li>2013 specifications for enterprise SAS disk drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10<sup>16</sup> bits read,<sup id="cite_ref-SGAT2013_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGAT2013-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2013_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 specifications for consumer SATA hard drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10<sup>14</sup> bits.<sup id="cite_ref-SGAT2018_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGAT2018-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2018_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2018-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Within a given manufacturers model the uncorrected bit error rate is typically the same regardless of capacity of the drive.<sup id="cite_ref-SGAT2013_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGAT2013-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2013_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGAT2018_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGAT2018-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2018_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2018-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worst type of errors are <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruptions</a> which are errors undetected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; some of these errors may be caused by hard disk drive malfunctions while others originate elsewhere in the connection between the drive and the host.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="TDMR"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png/220px-Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png/330px-Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png/440px-Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Leading-edge hard disk drive areal densities from 1956 through 2009 compared to Moore's law. By 2016, progress had slowed significantly below the extrapolated density trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_2016_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2016-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The rate of areal density advancement was similar to <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> (doubling every two years) through 2010: 60% per year during 1988–1996, 100% during 1996–2003 and 30% during 2003–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne2015b-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> called the increase "flabbergasting",<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1997_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1997-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while observing later that growth cannot continue forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2005_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2005-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price improvement decelerated to −12% per year during 2010–2017,<sup id="cite_ref-McCallum_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCallum-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the growth of areal density slowed. The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10% per year during 2010–2016,<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_Fontana_2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_Fontana_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_2014-11-10_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_2014-11-10-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As bit cell size decreases, more data can be put onto a single drive platter. In 2013, a production desktop 3 TB HDD (with four platters) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit/in<sup>2</sup> which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains (11 by 1.6 grains).<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2013a_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2013a-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-2000s, areal density progress has been challenged by a <a href="/wiki/Superparamagnetism#Effect_on_hard_drives" title="Superparamagnetism">superparamagnetic</a> trilemma involving grain size, grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to maintain acceptable signal-to-noise, smaller grains are required; smaller grains may self-reverse (<a href="/wiki/Electrothermal_instability" title="Electrothermal instability">electrothermal instability</a>) unless their magnetic strength is increased, but known write head materials are unable to generate a strong enough magnetic field sufficient to write the medium in the increasingly smaller space taken by grains. </p><p>Magnetic storage technologies are being developed to address this trilemma, and compete with <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs). In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Shingled_magnetic_recording" title="Shingled magnetic recording">shingled magnetic recording</a> (SMR),<sup id="cite_ref-Seagate_2013-09-09_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seagate_2013-09-09-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended as something of a "stopgap" technology between PMR and Seagate's intended successor <a href="/wiki/Heat-assisted_magnetic_recording" title="Heat-assisted magnetic recording">heat-assisted magnetic recording</a> (HAMR). SMR utilizes overlapping tracks for increased data density, at the cost of design complexity and lower data access speeds (particularly write speeds and <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> 4k speeds).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>) focused on developing ways to seal <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>-filled drives instead of the usual filtered air. Since <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> are reduced, higher areal densities can be achieved due to using a smaller track width, and the energy dissipated due to friction is lower as well, resulting in a lower power draw. Furthermore, more platters can be fit into the same enclosure space, although helium gas is notoriously difficult to prevent escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, helium drives are completely sealed and do not have a breather port, unlike their air-filled counterparts. </p><p>Other recording technologies are either under research or have been commercially implemented to increase areal density, including Seagate's <a href="/wiki/Heat-assisted_magnetic_recording" title="Heat-assisted magnetic recording">heat-assisted magnetic recording</a> (HAMR). HAMR requires a different architecture with redesigned media and read/write heads, new lasers, and new near-field optical transducers.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilov_anandtech_b_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilov_anandtech_b-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HAMR is expected to ship commercially in late 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after technical issues delayed its introduction by more than a decade, from earlier projections as early as 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-HAMR_2008_for_2009_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAMR_2008_for_2009-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAMR_2014_for_2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAMR_2014_for_2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAMR_2013_for_2016_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAMR_2013_for_2016-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blocks_HAMR_2019_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_HAMR_2019-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HAMR's planned successor, <a href="/wiki/Bit-patterned_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-patterned recording">bit-patterned recording</a> (BPR),<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-22_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-22-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been removed from the roadmaps of Western Digital and Seagate.<sup id="cite_ref-BPR_roadmaps_2018_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPR_roadmaps_2018-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Digital's microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR),<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR), was sampled in 2020, with the first EAMR drive, the Ultrastar HC550, shipping in late 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blocks_MAMR_2019_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blocks_MAMR_2019-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_magnetic_recording" title="Two-dimensional magnetic recording">Two-dimensional magnetic recording</a> (TDMR)<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2013a_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2013a-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood_2010_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_2010-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "current perpendicular to plane" <a href="/wiki/Giant_magnetoresistance" title="Giant magnetoresistance">giant magnetoresistance</a> (CPP/GMR) heads have appeared in research papers.<sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some drives have adopted dual independent actuator arms to increase read/write speeds and compete with SSDs.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 3D-actuated vacuum drive (3DHD) concept<sup id="cite_ref-3DHD_blog_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3DHD_blog-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3D magnetic recording have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies, Seagate forecasts that areal density will grow 20% per year during 2020–2034.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity">Capacity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg/220px-Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg/330px-Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg/440px-Seagate_Barracuda_IMG_7901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Barracuda" title="Seagate Barracuda">Seagate Barracuda</a> drives from 2003 and 2009, respectively 160 GB and 1 TB. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Western Digital offers capacities up to 26 TB.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG/220px-MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG/330px-MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG/440px-MSATA_SSD_vs._2.5%22_SATA_drive.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>mSATA SSD on top of a 2.5-inch hard drive</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest-capacity HDDs shipping commercially as of 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> are 36 TB.<sup id="cite_ref-x-mozaic_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-mozaic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Shows that 36 TB drives exist but doesn't establish this is the highest available capacity (January 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The capacity of a hard disk drive, as reported by an operating system to the end user, is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer for several reasons, e.g. the operating system using some space, use of some space for data redundancy, space use for file system structures. Confusion of <a href="/wiki/Decimal_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal prefix">decimal prefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary prefixes</a> can also lead to errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculation">Calculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks, and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size. This information is available from the manufacturer's product specification, and from the drive itself through use of operating system functions that invoke low-level drive commands.<sup id="cite_ref-SAS_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAS-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SATA_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SATA-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older IBM and compatible drives, e.g. <a href="/wiki/IBM_3390" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3390">IBM 3390</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Count_Key_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Key Data">CKD</a> record format, have variable length records; such drive capacity calculations must take into account the characteristics of the records. Some newer DASD simulate CKD, and the same capacity formulae apply. </p><p>The gross capacity of older sector-oriented HDDs is calculated as the product of the number of <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(disk_drive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (disk drive)">cylinders</a> per recording zone, the number of bytes per sector (most commonly 512), and the count of <a href="/wiki/Zone_bit_recording" title="Zone bit recording">zones</a> of the drive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some modern SATA drives also report <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector" title="Cylinder-head-sector">cylinder-head-sector</a> (CHS) capacities, but these are not physical parameters because the reported values are constrained by historic operating system interfaces. The C/H/S scheme has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">logical block addressing</a> (LBA), a simple linear addressing scheme that locates blocks by an integer index, which starts at LBA 0 for the first block and increments thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When using the C/H/S method to describe modern large drives, the number of heads is often set to 64, although a typical modern hard disk drive has between one and four platters. In modern HDDs, spare capacity for <a href="/wiki/Internal_hard-drive_defect_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal hard-drive defect management">defect management</a> is not included in the published capacity; however, in many early HDDs, a certain number of sectors were reserved as spares, thereby reducing the capacity available to the operating system. Furthermore, many HDDs store their firmware in a reserved service zone, which is typically not accessible by the user, and is not included in the capacity calculation. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> subsystems, <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> and fault-tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity. For example, a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring, while a RAID 5 array with <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> drives loses <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">1/n</span> of capacity (which equals to the capacity of a single drive) due to storing parity information. RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user, but provide fault tolerance. Most RAID vendors use <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksums</a> to improve data integrity at the block level. Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes, or by using separate 512-byte sectors for the checksum data.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-38_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-38-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some systems may use <a href="/wiki/Host_protected_area" title="Host protected area">hidden</a> <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partitions</a> for system recovery, reducing the capacity available to the end user without knowledge of <a href="/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software" title="List of disk partitioning software">special disk partitioning utilities</a> like <a href="/wiki/Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formatting">Formatting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disk_formatting" title="Disk formatting">Disk formatting</a></div> <p>Data is stored on a hard drive in a series of logical blocks. Each block is delimited by markers identifying its start and end, error detecting and correcting information, and space between blocks to allow for minor timing variations. These blocks often contained 512 bytes of usable data, but other sizes have been used. As drive density increased, an initiative known as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Format" title="Advanced Format">Advanced Format</a> extended the block size to 4096 bytes of usable data, with a resulting significant reduction in the amount of disk space used for block headers, error-checking data, and spacing. </p><p>The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called <i>low-level formatting</i>, which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>High-level formatting</i> writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk. This includes writing <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> structures into selected logical blocks. For example, some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file. </p><p>Examples of partition mapping scheme include <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a> (MBR) and <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a> (GPT). Examples of data structures stored on disk to retrieve files include the <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">File Allocation Table</a> (FAT) in the <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> file system and <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inodes</a> in many <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> file systems, as well as other operating system data structures (also known as <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>). As a consequence, not all the space on an HDD is available for user files, but this system overhead is usually small compared with user data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units">Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix#Disk_drives" title="Binary prefix">Binary prefix § disk drives</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatcenter" style="width: 60%; margin-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>Decimal and binary <a href="/wiki/Unit_prefix" title="Unit prefix">unit prefixes</a> interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-SeagateStorageGuide_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeagateStorageGuide-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Capacity advertised by manufacturers<sup id="cite_ref-units-decimal_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-decimal-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Capacity expected by some consumers<sup id="cite_ref-units-binary_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-binary-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Reported capacity </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-units-binary_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-binary-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> ver 10.6+<sup id="cite_ref-units-decimal_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-units-decimal-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>With prefix </th> <th>Bytes </th> <th>Bytes </th> <th>Diff. </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,374,182,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.37% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93.1 GB </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,099,511,627,776 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.95% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">931 GB </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 GB, 1,000,000 MB </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early days of computing, the total capacity of HDDs was specified in seven to nine decimal digits frequently truncated with the idiom <i>millions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-26_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-26-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1301Ref_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1301Ref-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, the total capacity of HDDs was given by manufacturers using <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> decimal prefixes such as <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> (1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes), <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a> (1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes) and <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> (1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes).<sup id="cite_ref-SeagateStorageGuide_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeagateStorageGuide-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-27_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-27-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-28_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-28-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-29_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-29-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, capacities of <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">memory</a> are usually quoted using a <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary prefixes">binary interpretation</a> of the prefixes, i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000. </p><p>Software reports hard disk drive or memory capacity in different forms using either decimal or binary prefixes. The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> family of operating systems uses the binary convention when reporting storage capacity, so an HDD offered by its manufacturer as a 1 TB drive is reported by these operating systems as a 931 GB HDD. <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> 10.6 ("<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard</a>") uses decimal convention when reporting HDD capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The default behavior of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">df</span> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line utility">command-line utility</a> on Linux is to report the HDD capacity as a number of 1024-byte units.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between the decimal and binary prefix interpretation caused some consumer confusion and led to class action suits <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix#Legal_disputes" title="Binary prefix">against HDD manufacturers</a>. The plaintiffs argued that the use of decimal prefixes effectively misled consumers, while the defendants denied any wrongdoing or liability, asserting that their marketing and advertising complied in all respects with the law and that no class member sustained any damages or injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-WDSettle_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDSettle-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-30_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-30-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-31_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-31-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a California court ruled that use of the decimal prefixes with a decimal meaning was not misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="FORM-FACTORS"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_factors">Form factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Form factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_disk_drive_form_factors" title="List of disk drive form factors">List of disk drive form factors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg/220px-SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg/330px-SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg/440px-SixHardDriveFormFactors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>8-, 5.25-, 3.5-, 2.5-, 1.8- and 1-inch HDDs, together with a ruler to show the size of platters and read-write heads</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG/220px-5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG/330px-5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG/440px-5.25_inch_MFM_hard_disk_drive.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A newer 2.5-inch (63.5 mm) 6,495 MB HDD compared to an older 5.25-inch full-height 110 MB HDD</figcaption></figure> <p>IBM's first hard disk drive, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_350" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 350">IBM 350</a>, used a stack of fifty 24-inch platters, stored 3.75 MB of data (approximately the size of one modern digital picture), and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduced its <a href="/wiki/IBM_1311" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1311">model 1311</a> disk, which used six 14-inch (nominal size) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine. This became a standard platter size for many years, used also by other manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-39_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-39-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IBM_2314" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2314">IBM 2314</a> used platters of the same size in an eleven-high pack and introduced the "drive in a drawer" layout, sometimes called the "pizza oven", although the "drawer" was not the complete drive. Into the 1970s, HDDs were offered in standalone cabinets of varying dimensions containing from one to four HDDs. </p><p>Beginning in the late 1960s, drives were offered that fit entirely into a chassis that would mount in a <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a>. Digital's <a href="/wiki/RK05" title="RK05">RK05</a> and RL01 were early examples using single 14-inch platters in removable packs, the entire drive fitting in a 10.5-inch-high rack space (six rack units). In the mid-to-late 1980s, the similarly sized <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Eagle" title="Fujitsu Eagle">Fujitsu Eagle</a>, which used (coincidentally) 10.5-inch platters, was a popular product. </p><p>With increasing sales of microcomputers having built-in <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy-disk drives (FDDs)</a>, HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Shugart Associates SA1000</a>, HDD <i>form factors</i> initially followed those of 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disk drives. Although referred to by these nominal sizes, the actual sizes for those three drives respectively are 9.5", 5.75" and 4" wide. Because there were no smaller floppy disk drives, smaller HDD form factors such as 2½-inch drives (actually 2.75" wide) developed from product offerings or industry standards. </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 2½-inch and 3½-inch hard disks are the most popular sizes. By 2009, all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-51_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-51-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-52_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-52-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has no moving parts. While nominal sizes are in inches, actual dimensions are specified in millimeters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_characteristics">Performance characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Hard disk drive performance characteristics</a></div> <p>The factors that limit the <a href="/wiki/Access_time" title="Access time">time to access the data</a> on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics#Seek_time" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Seek time</a> is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data.</li> <li>Rotational latency is incurred because the desired <a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">disk sector</a> may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested. Average rotational latency is shown in the table, based on the statistical relation that the average latency is one-half the rotational period.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> or data transfer rate (once the head is in the right position) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred; typically relatively small, but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous files.</li></ul> <p>Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a> is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk.<sup id="cite_ref-itworld-2001-04-18_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itworld-2001-04-18-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, performance will be temporarily reduced while the procedure is in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-67_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-67-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed (thus reducing latency) or by reducing the time spent seeking. Increasing areal density increases <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads, thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data. The time to access data has not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latency">Latency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>Latency characteristics typical of HDDs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rotational speed (rpm) </th> <th>Average rotational latency (ms)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>15,000 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7,200 </td> <td>4.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5,400 </td> <td>5.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4,800 </td> <td>6.25 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transfer_rate">Data transfer rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Data transfer rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a typical 7,200-rpm desktop HDD has a sustained "disk-to-<a href="/wiki/Disk_buffer" title="Disk buffer">buffer</a>" data transfer rate up to <span class="nowrap">1,030 Mbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-71_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-71-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate depends on the track location; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks (where there are more data sectors per rotation) and lower toward the inner tracks (where there are fewer data sectors per rotation); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000-rpm drives. A current, widely used standard for the "buffer-to-computer" interface is <span class="nowrap">3.0 Gbit/s</span> SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s (10-bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2023)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file-generator tools, then reading back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by <a href="/wiki/File_system_fragmentation" title="File system fragmentation">file system fragmentation</a> and the layout of the files.<sup id="cite_ref-itworld-2001-04-18_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itworld-2001-04-18-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates. Higher speeds require a more powerful spindle motor, which creates more heat. While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm. Since data transfer rate performance tracks only one of the two components of areal density, its performance improves at a lower rate.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_considerations">Other considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other performance considerations include quality-adjusted <a href="/wiki/Price_index" title="Price index">price</a>, power consumption, audible noise, and both operating and non-operating shock resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_and_interfaces">Access and interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Access and interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_interface" title="Hard disk drive interface">Hard disk drive interface</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg/220px-Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg/330px-Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg/440px-Seagate_ST33232A_hard_disk_inner_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Inner view of a 1998 <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> HDD that used the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a> interface</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive,_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg/220px-2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg/330px-2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg/440px-2.5-inch_SATA_drive_on_top_of_a_3.5-inch_SATA_drive%2C_close-up_of_data_and_power_connectors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>2.5-inch SATA drive on top of 3.5-inch SATA drive, showing close-up of (7-pin) data and (15-pin) power connectors</figcaption></figure> <p>Current hard drives connect to a computer over one of several <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> types, including parallel <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">Serial Attached SCSI</a> (SAS), and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1394 interface">IEEE 1394</a>, or <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>. All of these interfaces are digital; electronics on the drive process the analog signals from the read/write heads. Current drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, independent of the data encoding scheme used internally, and independent of the physical number of disks and heads within the drive. </p><p>Typically, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> in the electronics inside the drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses <a href="/wiki/PRML" class="mw-redirect" title="PRML">PRML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction" title="Reed–Solomon error correction">Reed–Solomon error correction</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-79_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-79-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to decode the data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by <a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">error detection and correction</a>, and performs <a href="/wiki/Bad_sector" title="Bad sector">bad sector</a> remapping, data collection for <a href="/wiki/Self-Monitoring,_Analysis,_and_Reporting_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology">Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology</a>, and other internal tasks. </p><p>Modern interfaces connect the drive to the host interface with a single data/control cable. Each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit. Older interfaces had separate cables for data signals and for drive control signals. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Computer_System_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Computer System Interface">Small Computer System Interface</a> (SCSI), originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface, was standard on servers, workstations, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_peripherals" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga peripherals">Commodore Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> computers through the mid-1990s, by which time most models had been transitioned to newer interfaces. The length limit of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices. The SCSI command set is still used in the more modern <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS interface</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Drive Electronics">Integrated Drive Electronics</a> (IDE), later standardized under the name <a href="/wiki/AT_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="AT Attachment">AT Attachment</a> (ATA, with the alias PATA (<a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a>) retroactively added upon introduction of SATA) moved the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive. This helped to standardize the host/controller interface, reduce the programming complexity in the host device driver, and reduced system cost and complexity. The 40-pin IDE/ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable. The data cable was originally 40-conductor, but later higher speed requirements led to an <a href="/wiki/AT_Attachment#Parallel_ATA_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="AT Attachment">"ultra DMA" (UDMA)</a> mode using an 80-conductor cable with additional wires to reduce <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a> at high speed.</li> <li>EIDE was an unofficial update (by Western Digital) to the original IDE standard, with the key improvement being the use of <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> (DMA) to transfer data between the disk and the computer without the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards. By directly transferring data between memory and disk, DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte per byte, therefore allowing it to process other tasks while the data transfer occurs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC) is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market. It is a serial protocol. In disk drives usually the <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_Arbitrated_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop">Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop</a> (FC-AL) connection topology is used. FC has much broader usage than mere disk interfaces, and it is the cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area networks</a> (SANs). Recently other protocols for this field, like <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATA_over_Ethernet" title="ATA over Ethernet">ATA over Ethernet</a> have been developed as well. Confusingly, drives usually use <i>copper</i> twisted-pair cables for Fibre Channel, not fiber optics. The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices, such as servers or <a href="/wiki/Disk_array_controller" title="Disk array controller">disk array controllers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">Serial Attached SCSI</a> (SAS). The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA. SAS uses a mechanically compatible data and power connector to standard 3.5-inch SATA1/SATA2 HDDs, and many server-oriented SAS RAID controllers are also capable of addressing SATA HDDs. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA). The SATA data cable has one data pair for differential transmission of data to the device, and one pair for differential receiving from the device, just like <a href="/wiki/EIA-422" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA-422">EIA-422</a>. That requires that data be transmitted serially. A similar <a href="/wiki/Differential_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential signaling">differential signaling</a> system is used in <a href="/wiki/RS485" class="mw-redirect" title="RS485">RS485</a>, <a href="/wiki/LocalTalk" title="LocalTalk">LocalTalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, and differential <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>. SATA I to III are designed to be compatible with, and use, a subset of SAS commands, and compatible interfaces. Therefore, a SATA hard drive can be connected to and controlled by a SAS hard drive controller (with some minor exceptions such as drives/controllers with limited compatibility). However, they cannot be connected the other way round—a SATA controller cannot be connected to a SAS drive.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrity_and_failure">Integrity and failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Integrity and failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_failure" title="Hard disk drive failure">Hard disk drive failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_crash" title="Head crash">Head crash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Data recovery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive#SSD_reliability_and_failure_modes" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive § SSD reliability and failure modes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RAID#Unrecoverable_read_errors_during_rebuild" title="RAID">RAID § Unrecoverable read errors during rebuild</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hard_disk_drive#More_citations_needed_in_integrity_section" title="Talk:Hard disk drive">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hard_disk_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Hard disk drive">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_disk_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hard_disk_head.jpg/220px-Hard_disk_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hard_disk_head.jpg/330px-Hard_disk_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hard_disk_head.jpg/440px-Hard_disk_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of an HDD head resting on a disk platter; its mirror reflection is visible on the platter surface. Unless the head is on a landing zone, the heads touching the platters while in operation can be catastrophic.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg/220px-Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg/330px-Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg/440px-Hard_disk_head_crash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>HDD head crash</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_HDD_head_(kaputt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg/220px-Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg/330px-Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg/440px-Broken_HDD_head_%28kaputt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Even worse crash</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface, HDDs are vulnerable to being damaged by a <a href="/wiki/Head_crash" title="Head crash">head crash</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk failure">failure of the disk</a> in which the head scrapes across the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, physical shock, contamination of the drive's internal enclosure, wear and tear, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, or poorly manufactured platters and heads. </p><p>The HDD's spindle system relies on <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">disk enclosure</a> to support the heads at their proper <a href="/wiki/Flying_height" title="Flying height">flying height</a> while the disk rotates. HDDs require a certain range of air densities to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in breadth), usually with a filter on the inside (the <i>breather filter</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-80_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-80-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the air density is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high-altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (9,800 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-81_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-81-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on most disk drives, excluding sealed drives, such as drives that use helium, where any exposure to outside air would cause a failure – they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters. An exception to this are hermetically sealed, helium-filled HDDs that largely eliminate environmental issues that can arise due to humidity or atmospheric pressure changes. Such HDDs were introduced by HGST in their first successful high-volume implementation in 2013. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Giant_magnetoresistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant magnetoresistive">giant magnetoresistive</a> (GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) still results in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so-called "thermal asperity", a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal). </p><p>When the logic board of a hard disk fails, the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk. In the case of read-write head faults, they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust-free environment. If the disk platters are undamaged, they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive. In the event of disk-platter failures, disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For logical damage to file systems, a variety of tools, including <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a> on <a href="/wiki/UNIX-like" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX-like">UNIX-like</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a> on <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, can be used for <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">data recovery</a>. Recovery from logical damage can require <a href="/wiki/File_carving" title="File carving">file carving</a>. </p><p>A common expectation is that hard disk drives designed and marketed for server use will fail less frequently than consumer-grade drives usually used in desktop computers. However, two independent studies by <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a><sup id="cite_ref-CMUDiskFailure_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMUDiskFailure-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><sup id="cite_ref-GoogleDiskFailure_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleDiskFailure-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that the "grade" of a drive does not relate to the drive's failure rate. </p><p>A 2011 summary of research, into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware" title="Tom's Hardware">Tom's Hardware</a> summarized research findings as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a> (MTBF) does not indicate reliability; the annualized failure rate is higher and usually more relevant.</li> <li>HDDs do not tend to fail during early use, and temperature has only a minor effect; instead, failure rates steadily increase with age.</li> <li>S.M.A.R.T. warns of mechanical issues but not other issues affecting reliability, and is therefore not a reliable indicator of condition.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Failure rates of drives sold as "enterprise" and "consumer" are "very much similar", although these drive types are customized for their different operating environments.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In drive arrays, one drive's failure significantly increases the short-term risk of a second drive failing.</li></ul> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Backblaze, a storage provider, reported an annualized failure rate of two percent per year for a storage farm with 110,000 off-the-shelf HDDs with the reliability varying widely between models and manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-Backblaze_3Q2019_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backblaze_3Q2019-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backblaze subsequently reported that the failure rate for HDDs and SSD of equivalent age was similar.<sup id="cite_ref-BBRel2021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBRel2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To minimize cost and overcome failures of individual HDDs, storage systems providers rely on redundant HDD arrays. HDDs that fail are replaced on an ongoing basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Backblaze_3Q2019_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backblaze_3Q2019-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAMR_2008_for_2009_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAMR_2008_for_2009-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_segments">Market segments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Market segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_segment">Consumer segment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consumer segment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10,000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg/220px-Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg/330px-Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg/440px-Two_Western_Digital_VelociRaptor_1_TB_SATA_10%2C000_rpm_3.5-inch_HDDs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two high-end consumer SATA 2.5-inch 10,000 rpm HDDs, factory-mounted in 3.5-inch adapter frames</figcaption></figure></dd> <dt>Desktop HDDs</dt> <dd>Desktop HDDs typically have one to five internal platters, rotate at 5,400 to 10,000 rpm, and have a media transfer rate of <span class="nowrap">0.5 Gbit/s</span> or higher (1 GB = 10<sup>9</sup> bytes; <span class="nowrap">1 Gbit/s</span> = <span class="nowrap">10<sup>9</sup> bit/s</span>). Earlier (1980–1990s) drives tend to be slower in rotation speed. As of May 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the highest-capacity <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop</a> HDDs stored 16 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with plans to release 18 TB drives later in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18 TB HDDs were released in 2020<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the typical speed of a hard drive in an average desktop computer is 7,200 rpm, whereas low-cost desktop computers may use 5,900 rpm or 5,400 rpm drives. For some time in the 2000s and early 2010s some desktop users and data centers also used 10,000 rpm drives such as <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital_Raptor" title="Western Digital Raptor">Western Digital Raptor</a> but such drives have become much rarer as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and are not commonly used now, having been replaced by NAND flash-based SSDs.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Mobile (laptop) HDDs</dt> <dd>Smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, they tend to be slower and have lower capacity, because typically has one internal platter and were 2.5" or 1.8" physical size instead of more common for desktops 3.5" form-factor. Mobile HDDs spin at 4,200 rpm, 5,200 rpm, 5,400 rpm, or 7,200 rpm, with 5,400 rpm being the most common; 7,200 rpm drives tend to be more expensive and have smaller capacities, while 4,200 rpm models usually have very high storage capacities. Because of smaller platter(s), mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their desktop counterparts.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Consumer electronics HDDs</dt></dl> <p>These drives typically spin at 5400 rpm and include: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="VideoHDD"></span><b>Video hard drives</b>, sometimes called "<b>surveillance hard drives</b>", are embedded into <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> and provide a guaranteed streaming capacity, even in the face of read and write errors.<sup id="cite_ref-VHD_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VHD-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Drives embedded into <a href="/wiki/Automotive_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive vehicle">automotive vehicles</a>; they are typically built to resist larger amounts of shock and operate over a larger temperature range.</li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="anchor" id="PORTABLE"></span><span class="anchor" id="EXTERNAL"></span><span class="anchor" id="REMOVABLE"></span>External and portable HDDs</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class" title="USB mass storage device class">USB mass storage device class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">Disk enclosure</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg/220px-WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg/330px-WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg/440px-WD_External_Hard_Drives_IMG_7899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>Two 2.5" external USB hard drives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ST3400820AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ST3400820AS.jpg/220px-ST3400820AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ST3400820AS.jpg/330px-ST3400820AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ST3400820AS.jpg/440px-ST3400820AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Seagate Hard Drive with a controller board to convert SATA to USB, FireWire, and eSATA</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Current external hard disk drives typically connect via <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>; earlier models use USB-B (sometimes with using of a pair of ports for better bandwidth) or (rarely) <a href="/wiki/ESATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESATA">eSATA</a> connection. Variants using USB 2.0 interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA. <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a> drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design. As of March 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External hard disk drives are usually available as assembled integrated products, but may be also assembled by combining an external <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">enclosure</a> (with USB or other interface) with a separately purchased drive. They are available in 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes; 2.5-inch variants are typically called <i>portable external drives</i>, while 3.5-inch variants are referred to as <i>desktop external drives</i>. "Portable" drives are packaged in smaller and lighter enclosures than the "desktop" drives; additionally, "portable" drives use power provided by the USB connection, while "desktop" drives require external <a href="/wiki/Power_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Power brick">power bricks</a>. Features such as <a href="/wiki/Self_encrypting_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Self encrypting drive">encryption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connectivity,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biometric security or multiple interfaces (for example, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>) are available at a higher cost.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-98_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-98-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are pre-assembled external hard disk drives that, when taken out from their enclosures, cannot be used internally in a laptop or desktop computer due to embedded USB interface on their <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a>, and lack of SATA (or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a>) interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprise_and_business_segment">Enterprise and business segment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Enterprise and business segment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Server and workstation HDDs</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg/220px-IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg/330px-IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg/440px-IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hot-swapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-swapping">Hot-swappable</a> HDD enclosure</figcaption></figure></dd> <dd>Typically used with multiple-user computers running <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a>. Examples are: transaction processing databases, internet infrastructure (email, webserver, e-commerce), scientific computing software, and nearline storage management software. Enterprise drives commonly operate continuously ("24/7") in demanding environments while delivering the highest possible performance without sacrificing reliability. Maximum capacity is not the primary goal, and as a result the drives are often offered in capacities that are relatively low in relation to their cost.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMK-99_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMK-99-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The fastest enterprise HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above <span class="nowrap">1.6 Gbit/s</span><sup id="cite_ref-erwpnw_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erwpnw-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a sustained transfer rate up to <span class="nowrap">1 Gbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-erwpnw_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erwpnw-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters to mitigate increased power requirements (as they have less <a href="/wiki/Air_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drag">air drag</a>) and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives. Enterprise HDDs are commonly connected through <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">Serial Attached SCSI</a> (SAS) or <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC). Some support multiple ports, so they can be connected to a redundant <a href="/wiki/Host_bus_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host bus adapter">host bus adapter</a>.</dd> <dd>Enterprise HDDs can have sector sizes larger than 512 bytes (often 520, 524, 528 or 536 bytes). The additional per-sector space can be used by hardware RAID controllers or applications for storing <a href="/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field" title="Data Integrity Field">Data Integrity Field</a> (DIF) or Data Integrity Extensions (DIX) data, resulting in higher reliability and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="#VideoHDD">Surveillance hard drives</a>;</dt> <dd>Video recording HDDs used in network video recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-VHD_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VHD-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price_evolution">Price evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Price evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDD price per byte decreased at the rate of 40% per year during 1988–1996, 51% per year during 1996–2003 and 34% per year during 2003–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-jcmit_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcmit-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne2015b-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price decrease slowed down to 13% per year during 2011–2014, as areal density increase slowed and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011 Thailand floods</a> damaged manufacturing facilities<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_2014-11-10_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_2014-11-10-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have held at 11% per year during 2010–2017.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> has published a quality-adjusted <a href="/wiki/Price_index" title="Price index">price index</a> for large-scale enterprise storage systems including three or more enterprise HDDs and associated controllers, racks and cables. Prices for these large-scale storage systems decreased at the rate of 30% per year during 2004–2009 and 22% per year during 2009–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne2015b-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers_and_sales">Manufacturers and sales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Manufacturers and sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hard_disk_drives" title="History of hard disk drives">History of hard disk drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers" title="List of defunct hard disk manufacturers">List of defunct hard disk manufacturers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg/220px-Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg/330px-Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg/440px-Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of HDD manufacturer consolidation</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 200 companies have manufactured HDDs over time, but consolidations have concentrated production to just three manufacturers today: <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>. Production is mainly in the Pacific rim. </p><p>HDD unit shipments peaked at 651 million units in 2010 and have been declining since then to 166 million units in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seagate at 43% of units had the largest market share.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_from_SSDs">Competition from SSDs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Competition from SSDs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg/220px-SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg/330px-SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg/440px-SEAGATE_7200.9_160GB_HDD%2B2230_256GB_NVME_SSD%2BSANDISK_X400_256GB_SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>HDD and SSD</figcaption></figure> <p>HDDs are being superseded by <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs) in markets where the higher speed (up to 7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabytes">gigabytes</a> per second for <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> (NGFF) <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a> drives<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Gigabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabytes">gigabytes</a> per second for <a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a> expansion card drives)<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), ruggedness, and lower power of SSDs are more important than price, since the bit cost of SSDs is four to nine times higher than HDDs.<sup id="cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blocks_August2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jcmit_2019_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcmit_2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, HDDs are reported to have a failure rate of 2–9% per year, while SSDs have fewer failures: 1–3% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_2016_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_2016-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, SSDs have more un-correctable data errors than HDDs.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_2016_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_2016-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SSDs are available in larger capacities (up to 100 TB)<sup id="cite_ref-100TB_2018_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100TB_2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the largest HDD, as well as higher storage densities (100 TB and 30 TB SSDs are housed in 2.5 inch HDD cases with the same height as a 3.5-inch HDD),<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although such large SSDs are very expensive. </p><p>A laboratory demonstration of a 1.33 Tb 3D NAND chip with 96 layers (NAND commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs)) had 5.5 Tbit/in<sup>2</sup> as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-EETimes_2019Feb_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EETimes_2019Feb-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the maximum areal density for HDDs is 1.5 Tbit/in<sup>2</sup>. The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years, similar to <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> (40% per year) and faster than the 10–20% per year for HDDs. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the maximum capacity was 16 terabytes for an HDD,<sup id="cite_ref-Mearian_2015Dec_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearian_2015Dec-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100 terabytes for an SSD.<sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_2016Feb_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin_2016Feb-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HDDs were used in 70% of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016, and SSDs were used in 30%. The usage share of HDDs is declining and could drop below 50% in 2018–2019 according to one forecast, because SSDs are replacing smaller-capacity (less than one terabyte) HDDs in desktop and notebook computers and MP3 players.<sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_2016June_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin_2016June-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market for silicon-based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing faster than for HDDs. Worldwide NAND revenue grew 16% per year from $22 billion to $57 billion during 2011–2017, while production grew 45% per year from 19 exabytes to 175 exabytes.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_Fontana_2018_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_Fontana_2018-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_acoustic_management" title="Automatic acoustic management">Automatic acoustic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_of_death" title="Click of death">Click of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software" title="Comparison of disk encryption software">Comparison of disk encryption software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">Data erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_mapping" title="Drive mapping">Drive mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_recovery_control" title="Error recovery control">Error recovery control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Hard disk drive performance characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_drive" title="Hybrid drive">Hybrid drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Network drive">Network drive</a> (file server, <a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">shared resource</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_precompensation" title="Write precompensation">Write precompensation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further inequivalent terms used to describe various hard disk drives include <i><a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drive</a></i>, <i>disk file</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Direct_access_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct access storage device">direct access storage device</a></i> (DASD), <i><a href="/wiki/CKD_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="CKD disk">CKD disk</a></i>, and <i>Winchester disk drive</i> (after the <a href="/wiki/IBM_3340" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3340">IBM 3340</a>). The term "DASD" includes devices with media other than disks. The term "hard disk drive" can refer to devices with removable media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the original filing date of the application which led to US Patent 3,503,060, generally accepted as the definitive hard disk drive patent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">32,000,000,000,000 ÷ 3,750,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparable in size to two large refrigerators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The 1.8-inch form factor is obsolete; sizes smaller than 2.5 inches have been replaced by flash memory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">68 × 12 × 12 × 12 ÷ 2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">910,000 ÷ 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">600 ÷ 2.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(97,500 ÷ 14.4] * 10^6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,400,000,000,000 ÷ 2,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2,500,000 ÷ 2,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">40 for user data, one for format tracks, 6 for alternate surfaces and one for maintenance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initially gamma iron oxide particles in an epoxy binder, the recording layer in a modern HDD typically is domains of a granular Cobalt-Chrome-Platinum-based alloy physically isolated by an oxide to enable <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_recording" title="Perpendicular recording">perpendicular recording</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically a variety of run-length limited codes have been used in magnetic recording including for example, codes named <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modified_Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Frequency Modulation">MFM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_Coded_Recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Coded Recording">GCR</a> which are no longer used in modern HDDs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-units-decimal-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-units-decimal_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units-decimal_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Expressed using <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">decimal multiples</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-units-binary-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-units-binary_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-units-binary_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Expressed using <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary multiples</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Average rotational latency in milliseconds is computed as follows: 60 × 1000 ÷ 2 ÷ R, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span> is rotational speed revolutions per minute.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ostep-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ostep_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArpaci-DusseauArpaci-Dusseau2014" class="citation web cs1">Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/file-disks.pdf">"Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, Chapter: Hard Disk Drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arpaci-Dusseau Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216141507/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/file-disks.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operating+Systems%3A+Three+Easy+Pieces%2C+Chapter%3A+Hard+Disk+Drives&rft.pub=Arpaci-Dusseau+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Arpaci-Dusseau&rft.aufirst=Remzi+H.&rft.au=Arpaci-Dusseau%2C+Andrea+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~remzi%2FOSTEP%2Ffile-disks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonHennessy1971" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lD9LZRcIZ8C&pg=PA23"><i>Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080502571" title="Special:BookSources/9780080502571"><bdi>9780080502571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Organization+and+Design%3A+The+Hardware%2FSoftware+Interface&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780080502571&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hennessy%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lD9LZRcIZ8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingo" class="citation web cs1">Domingo, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.pcmag.com/storage-devices-reviews/8061/feature/ssd-vs-hdd-whats-the-difference">"SSD vs. HDD: What's the Difference?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a> UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328191847/http://uk.pcmag.com/storage-devices-reviews/8061/feature/ssd-vs-hdd-whats-the-difference">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD+vs.+HDD%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.pub=PC+Magazine+UK&rft.aulast=Domingo&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.pcmag.com%2Fstorage-devices-reviews%2F8061%2Ffeature%2Fssd-vs-hdd-whats-the-difference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafaArmejachOzturkCristal2016" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa, Naveed Ul; Armejach, Adria; Ozturk, Ozcan; Cristal, Adrian; Unsal, Osman S. (2016). "Implications of non-volatile memory as primary storage for database management systems". <i>2016 International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS)</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSAMOS.2016.7818344">10.1109/SAMOS.2016.7818344</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F37609">11693/37609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-3076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-3076-7"><bdi>978-1-5090-3076-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17794134">17794134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implications+of+non-volatile+memory+as+primary+storage+for+database+management+systems&rft.btitle=2016+International+Conference+on+Embedded+Computer+Systems%3A+Architectures%2C+Modeling+and+Simulation+%28SAMOS%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F37609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17794134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSAMOS.2016.7818344&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-3076-7&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Naveed+Ul&rft.au=Armejach%2C+Adria&rft.au=Ozturk%2C+Ozcan&rft.au=Cristal%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Unsal%2C+Osman+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM350-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBM350_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM350_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM350_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM350_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM350_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531032031/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html">"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit"</a>. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Archives%3A+IBM+350+disk+storage+unit&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fstorage%2Fstorage_350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2019" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton (November 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/15117/demand-for-hdd-storage-booming-240-eb-83-million-drives-shipped-in-q3-2019">"Demand for HDD Storage Booming: 240 EB Shipped in Q3 2019"</a>. <i>AnandTech</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827154848/https://www.anandtech.com/show/15117/demand-for-hdd-storage-booming-240-eb-83-million-drives-shipped-in-q3-2019">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnandTech&rft.atitle=Demand+for+HDD+Storage+Booming%3A+240+EB+Shipped+in+Q3+2019&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F15117%2Fdemand-for-hdd-storage-booming-240-eb-83-million-drives-shipped-in-q3-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBRel2021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBRel2021_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBRel2021_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2021" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Andy (September 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/">"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?"</a>. <i>Backblaze</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Once we controlled for age and drive days, the two drive types were similar and the difference was certainly not enough by itself to justify the extra cost of purchasing a SSD versus a HDD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Backblaze&rft.atitle=Are+SSDs+Really+More+Reliable+Than+Hard+Drives%3F&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backblaze.com%2Fblog%2Fare-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.de/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf">"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intel. July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019001340/http://www.intel.de/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Validating+the+Reliability+of+Intel+Solid-State+Drives&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.de%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdoc%2Ftechnology-brief%2Fintel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerton2014" class="citation web cs1">Fullerton, Eric (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928051219/http://ieeemagnetics.org/files/IEEEMS-N-54-2-final.pdf">"5th Non-Volatile Memories Workshop (NVMW 2014)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeemagnetics.org/files/IEEEMS-N-54-2-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5th+Non-Volatile+Memories+Workshop+%28NVMW+2014%29&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2014-03&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeemagnetics.org%2Ffiles%2FIEEEMS-N-54-2-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy2012" class="citation web cs1">Handy, James (July 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101051214/http://thessdguy.com/for-the-lack-of-a-fab/#more-538">"For the Lack of a Fab..."</a> Objective Analysis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thessdguy.com/for-the-lack-of-a-fab/#more-538">the original</a> on January 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+the+Lack+of+a+Fab...&rft.pub=Objective+Analysis&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthessdguy.com%2Ffor-the-lack-of-a-fab%2F%23more-538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arstechnica.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchinson, Lee. (June 25, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/inside-the-ssd-revolution-mobile-devices-and-modern-oss/">How SSDs conquered mobile devices and modern OSes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707230253/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/inside-the-ssd-revolution-mobile-devices-and-modern-oss/">Archived</a> July 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved January 7, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santo_Domingo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santo_Domingo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santo_Domingo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanto_Domingo2012" class="citation news cs1">Santo Domingo, Joel (May 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2404258,00.asp">"SSD vs HDD: What's the Difference?"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319184712/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2404258,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=SSD+vs+HDD%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.aulast=Santo+Domingo&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2404258%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrons-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrons_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2018" class="citation web cs1">Hough, Jack (May 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/why-western-digital-can-gain-45-despite-declining-business-1526323466">"Why Western Digital Can Gain 45% Despite Declining HDD Business"</a>. Barron's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515011821/https://www.barrons.com/articles/why-western-digital-can-gain-45-despite-declining-business-1526323466">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Western+Digital+Can+Gain+45%25+Despite+Declining+HDD+Business&rft.pub=Barron%27s&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-western-digital-can-gain-45-despite-declining-business-1526323466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Register_UK_2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Register_UK_2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2017" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (July 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/31/flash_drive_revenues_twice_hdd_revenues/">"NAND that's that... Flash chip industry worth twice disk drive biz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=NAND+that%27s+that...+Flash+chip+industry+worth+twice+disk+drive+biz&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2017%2F07%2F31%2Fflash_drive_revenues_twice_hdd_revenues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcmit_2019-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jcmit_2019_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcmit_2019_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2019" class="citation web cs1">McCallum, John C. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcmit.net/disk2015.htm">"Disk Drive Storage Price Decreasing with Time (1955-2019)"</a>. <i>jcmit.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jcmit.com&rft.atitle=Disk+Drive+Storage+Price+Decreasing+with+Time+%281955-2019%29&rft.date=2019-11&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcmit.net%2Fdisk2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blocks_August2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_August2019_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2019" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2019/08/28/nearline-disk-drives-ssd-attack/">"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"</a>. <i>Blocks and Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blocks+and+Files&rft.atitle=How+long+before+SSDs+replace+nearline+disk+drives%3F&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2Fnearline-disk-drives-ssd-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kean, David W., 1977, <i>IBM San Jose: A quarter century of innovation</i>. San Jose, CA: International Business Machines Corporation. CHM accession number: 102687875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350Cap-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-350Cap_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-350Cap_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2014/14-jul/o44timecapsule-2219543.html">"Comment: Time Capsule, 1956 Hard Disk"</a>. Oracle Magazine. July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811202917/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2014/14-jul/o44timecapsule-2219543.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>. <q>IBM 350 disk drive held 3.75 MB</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comment%3A+Time+Capsule%2C+1956+Hard+Disk&rft.series=Oracle+Magazine&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnetwork%2Fissue-archive%2F2014%2F14-jul%2Fo44timecapsule-2219543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-mozaic-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x-mozaic_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x-mozaic_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seagate.com/products/enterprise-drives/exos-x/x-mozaic/">"Exos Mozaic 3+"</a>. <i>Seagate US</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seagate+US&rft.atitle=Exos+Mozaic+3%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fproducts%2Fenterprise-drives%2Fexos-x%2Fx-mozaic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2024/Seagates-Breakthrough-30TB-Hard-Drives-Ramp-Volume-Marking-an-Inflection-Point-in-the-Storage-Industry/default.aspx">Seagate’s Breakthrough 30TB+ Hard Drives Ramp Volume, Marking an Inflection Point in the Storage Industry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-59-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-59_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-59_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2009_11/pr0501.htm">"Toshiba Storage Solutions – MK3233GSG"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724122541/http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2009_11/pr0501.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toshiba+Storage+Solutions+%E2%80%93+MK3233GSG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toshiba.co.jp%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F2009_11%2Fpr0501.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ballistic Research Laboratories "A THIRD SURVEY OF DOMESTIC ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS," March 1961, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm03.html#IBM-305-RAMAC">section on IBM 305 RAMAC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302120119/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm03.html#IBM-305-RAMAC">Archived</a> March 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. 314-331) states a $34,500 purchase price which calculates to $9,200/MB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2022" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Andy (November 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/">"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte"</a>. Backblaze<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Cost+Per+Gigabyte&rft.pub=Backblaze&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backblaze.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321114231/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_magnetic.html">"Magnetic head development"</a>. <i>IBM Archives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_magnetic.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Archives&rft.atitle=Magnetic+head+development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fstorage%2Fstorage_magnetic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDHC680-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDHC680_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westerndigital.com/tools/documentRequestHandler?docPath=/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc680.pdf">"Ultrastar DC HC690 Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Digital. October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ultrastar+DC+HC690+Data+Sheet&rft.pub=Western+Digital&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerndigital.com%2Ftools%2FdocumentRequestHandler%3FdocPath%3D%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdoc-library%2Fen_us%2Fassets%2Fpublic%2Fwestern-digital%2Fproduct%2Fdata-center-drives%2Fultrastar-dc-hc600-series%2Fdata-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc680.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hgst.com/products/hard-drives/ultrastar-he12">"Ultrastar DC HC500 Series HDD"</a>. <i>Hgst.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829180648/http://www.hgst.com/products/hard-drives/ultrastar-he12">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hgst.com&rft.atitle=Ultrastar+DC+HC500+Series+HDD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hgst.com%2Fproducts%2Fhard-drives%2Fultrastar-he12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-350-dsu-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm-350-dsu_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617040819/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html">"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit"</a>. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Archives%3A+IBM+350+disk+storage+unit&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fstorage%2Fstorage_350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-650-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm-650_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"355 DISK STORAGE", <i>IBM 650 RAMAC Manual of Operations</i> (4th ed.), June 1, 1957, p. 17, 22-6270-3, <q>Three mechanically independent access arms are provided for each file unit, and each arm can be independently directed to any track in the file.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=355+DISK+STORAGE&rft.btitle=IBM+650+RAMAC+Manual+of+Operations&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1957-06-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-7070-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm-7070_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7070/A22-7003-01_7070_Reference_Jan60.pdf">"Disk Storage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>IBM Reference Manual 7070 Data Processing System</i> (2nd ed.), January 1960, A22-7003-1, <q>Each disk-storage unit has three mechanically independent access arms, all of which can be seeking at the same time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disk+Storage&rft.btitle=IBM+Reference+Manual+7070+Data+Processing+System&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F7070%2FA22-7003-01_7070_Reference_Jan60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-1401-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm-1401_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/A24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf">"IBM RAMAC 1401 System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Reference Manual IBM 1401 Data Processing System</i> (6th ed.), April 1962, p. 63, A24-1403-5, <q>The disk storage unit can have two access arms. One is standard and the other is available as a special feature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IBM+RAMAC+1401+System&rft.btitle=Reference+Manual+IBM+1401+Data+Processing+System&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=1962-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F1401%2FA24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219183129/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_1301.html">"IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit"</a>. <i>ibm.com</i>. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_1301.html">the original</a> on December 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibm.com&rft.atitle=IBM+Archives%3A+IBM+1301+disk+storage+unit&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fstorage%2Fstorage_1301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328161124/http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/DiskPlatter-1301.htm">"DiskPlatter-1301"</a>. <i>computermuseum.li</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/DiskPlatter-1301.htm">the original</a> on March 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=computermuseum.li&rft.atitle=DiskPlatter-1301&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computermuseum.li%2FTestpage%2FDiskPlatter-1301.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1301Ref-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1301Ref_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1301Ref_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/A22-6785_1301_1302_on_709x.pdf"><i>IBM 1301, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage and IBM 1302, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage with IBM 7090, 7094 and 7094 II Data Processing Systems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. A22-6785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+1301%2C+Models+1+and+2%2C+Disk+Storage+and+IBM+1302%2C+Models+1+and+2%2C+Disk+Storage+with+IBM+7090%2C+7094+and+7094+II+Data+Processing+Systems&rft.pub=IBM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F7090%2FA22-6785_1301_1302_on_709x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 1995, Chapter 17 – Disk and File System Basics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAUDHURI2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHAUDHURI2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2008" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, P. Pal (April 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LNwVRpfkRgC&q=%22fixed+head%22&pg=PA568"><i>Computer Organization and Design</i></a> (3rd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3511-0"><bdi>978-81-203-3511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Organization+and+Design&rft.pages=568&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3511-0&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=P.+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5LNwVRpfkRgC%26q%3D%2522fixed%2Bhead%2522%26pg%3DPA568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. July 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US 3,849,800 Magnetic disk apparatus. Cuzner, Dodman, Heath, & Rigbey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100TB_2018-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-100TB_2018_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100TB_2018_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcorn2018" class="citation web cs1">Alcorn, Paul (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/100tb-ssd-nimbus-sata-flash,36687.html">"Need A 100TB SSD? Nimbus Data Has You Covered With The ExaDrive DC100"</a>. <i>Tomshardware.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tomshardware.com&rft.atitle=Need+A+100TB+SSD%3F+Nimbus+Data+Has+You+Covered+With+The+ExaDrive+DC100&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Alcorn&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fnews%2F100tb-ssd-nimbus-sata-flash%2C36687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott2018" class="citation web cs1">Mott, Nathaniel (November 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomshardware.com/news/seagate-hamr-100tb-drives-2025,38035.html">"Seagate Wants to Ship 100TB HDDs by 2025"</a>. <i>Tomshardware.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tomshardware.com&rft.atitle=Seagate+Wants+to+Ship+100TB+HDDs+by+2025&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Mott&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftomshardware.com%2Fnews%2Fseagate-hamr-100tb-drives-2025%2C38035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blocks_WWrevenue_August2019_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2019" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (September 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2019/09/23/seagate-assumes-ssds-wont-kill-disk-drives/">"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>the total addressable market for disk drives will grow from $21.8bn in 2019</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+long+before+SSDs+replace+nearline+disk+drives%3F&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2019%2F09%2F23%2Fseagate-assumes-ssds-wont-kill-disk-drives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleton-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appleton_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanellos2006" class="citation web cs1">Kanellos, Michael (January 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/flash-goes-the-notebook/">"Flash goes the notebook"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519203122/https://www.cnet.com/news/flash-goes-the-notebook/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Flash+goes+the+notebook&rft.date=2006-01-17&rft.aulast=Kanellos&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fflash-goes-the-notebook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifecycle-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lifecycle_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/industry-life-cycle.html">"Industry Life Cycle - Encyclopedia - Business Terms"</a>. <i>Inc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708234048/https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/industry-life-cycle.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inc.&rft.atitle=Industry+Life+Cycle+-+Encyclopedia+-+Business+Terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Findustry-life-cycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.backblaze.com/2012/10/09/backblaze_drive_farming/">"Farming hard drives: how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis"</a>. <i>blaze.com</i>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625060029/http://blog.backblaze.com/2012/10/09/backblaze_drive_farming/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blaze.com&rft.atitle=Farming+hard+drives%3A+how+Backblaze+weathered+the+Thailand+drive+crisis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.backblaze.com%2F2012%2F10%2F09%2Fbackblaze_drive_farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2018" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (July 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2018/07/17/western_digital_petaling_jaya_malaysia/">"Western Digital formats hard disk drive factory as demand spins down"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+formats+hard+disk+drive+factory+as+demand+spins+down&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2018%2F07%2F17%2Fwestern_digital_petaling_jaya_malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHruska2018" class="citation web cs1">Hruska, Joel (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extremetech.com/computing/273849-western-digital-to-close-hdd-plant-increase-ssd-production">"Western Digital to Close HDD Plant, Increase SSD Production"</a>. <i>extremetech.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=extremetech.com&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+to+Close+HDD+Plant%2C+Increase+SSD+Production&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Hruska&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F273849-western-digital-to-close-hdd-plant-increase-ssd-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumervan_EkCain2012" class="citation arxiv cs1">Plumer, M. L.; van Ek, J.; Cain, W. C. (2012). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5543">1201.5543</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.pop-ph">physics.pop-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=New+Paradigms+in+Magnetic+Recording&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1201.5543&rft.aulast=Plumer&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=van+Ek%2C+J.&rft.au=Cain%2C+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-headcrash-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-headcrash_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escotal.com/harddrive.html">"Hard Drives"</a>. <i>escotal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903080111/http://www.escotal.com/harddrive.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=escotal.com&rft.atitle=Hard+Drives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escotal.com%2Fharddrive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-6-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-6_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-master.com/HeadCrash-explain-hard-disk-drive-fail_Q18.html">"What is a "head-crash" & how can it result in permanent loss of my hard drive data?"</a>. <i>data-master.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233813/http://www.data-master.com/HeadCrash-explain-hard-disk-drive-fail_Q18.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data-master.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+%22head-crash%22+%26+how+can+it+result+in+permanent+loss+of+my+hard+drive+data%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data-master.com%2FHeadCrash-explain-hard-disk-drive-fail_Q18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-7-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-7_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903011543/http://www.hard-drive-help.com/technology.html">"Hard Drive Help"</a>. <i>hardrivehelp.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hard-drive-help.com/technology.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hardrivehelp.com&rft.atitle=Hard+Drive+Help&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hard-drive-help.com%2Ftechnology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-8-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-8_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlis2001" class="citation web cs1">Sherlis, Juliya (2001). Elert, Glenn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/JuliaSherlis.shtml">"Thickness of a piece of paper"</a>. <i>The Physics Factbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608160141/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/JuliaSherlis.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Thickness+of+a+piece+of+paper&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sherlis&rft.aufirst=Juliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F2001%2FJuliaSherlis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-9-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-9_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matesy.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=80&lang=en">CMOS-MagView</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113080808/http://www.matesy.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=80&lang=en">Archived</a> January 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is an instrument that visualizes magnetic field structures and strengths.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-10-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-10_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlount2007" class="citation web cs1">Blount, Walker C. (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419091304/http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/33c6a76df9338b0a86256d34007054c0/$file/why7200mobilehdds.pdf">"Why 7,200 RPM Mobile Hard Disk Drives?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/33c6a76df9338b0a86256d34007054c0/%24file/why7200mobilehdds.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+7%2C200+RPM+Mobile+Hard+Disk+Drives%3F&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Blount&rft.aufirst=Walker+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachigst.com%2Ftech%2Ftechlib.nsf%2Ftechdocs%2F33c6a76df9338b0a86256d34007054c0%2F%2524file%2Fwhy7200mobilehdds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozierok2018" class="citation web cs1">Kozierok, Charles (October 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-spindle-speed/">"Hard Drive Spindle Speed"</a>. The PC Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526103244/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-spindle-speed/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Spindle+Speed&rft.pub=The+PC+Guide&rft.date=2018-10-20&rft.aulast=Kozierok&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlstechnology.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-spindle-speed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-15-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-15_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/terabyte-territory">"Terabyte Territory"</a>. American Scientist. p. 212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708221725/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/terabyte-territory">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terabyte+Territory&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=American+Scientist&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Fissues%2Fpub%2Fterabyte-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-16-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-16_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2004_12/pr1401.htm">"Press Releases December 14, 2004"</a>. Toshiba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414064812/http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2004_12/pr1401.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Releases+December+14%2C+2004&rft.pub=Toshiba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toshiba.co.jp%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F2004_12%2Fpr1401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-17-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-17_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/laptops/momentus/">"Seagate Momentus 2½" HDDs per webpage January 2008"</a>. <i>Seagate.com</i>. October 24, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133828/http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/laptops/momentus">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seagate.com&rft.atitle=Seagate+Momentus+2%C2%BD%22+HDDs+per+webpage+January+2008&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fwww%2Fen-us%2Fproducts%2Flaptops%2Fmomentus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-18-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-18_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/desktops/barracuda_hard_drives/">"Seagate Barracuda 3½" HDDs per webpage January 2008"</a>. <i>Seagate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041031/http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/desktops/barracuda_hard_drives/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seagate.com&rft.atitle=Seagate+Barracuda+3%C2%BD%22+HDDs+per+webpage+January+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fwww%2Fen-us%2Fproducts%2Fdesktops%2Fbarracuda_hard_drives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-19-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-19_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316015932/http://www.wdc.com/en/company/investor/q108remarks.asp">"Western Digital Scorpio 2½" and Greenpower 3½" HDDs per quarterly conference, July 2007"</a>. <i>Wdc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdc.com/en/company/investor/q108remarks.asp">the original</a> on March 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wdc.com&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Scorpio+2%C2%BD%22+and+Greenpower+3%C2%BD%22+HDDs+per+quarterly+conference%2C+July+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdc.com%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Finvestor%2Fq108remarks.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080002290">"Damascene coil design for a perpendicular magnetic recording head"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damascene+coil+design+for+a+perpendicular+magnetic+recording+head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS20080002290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-19a-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-19a_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Suess2004" class="citation journal cs1">D. Suess; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222074314">"Exchange spring recording media for areal densities up to 10Tbit/in2"</a>. <i>J. Magn. Mag. Mat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Magn.+Mag.+Mat.&rft.atitle=Exchange+spring+recording+media+for+areal+densities+up+to+10Tbit%2Fin2&rft.date=2004&rft.au=D.+Suess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222074314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-19b-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-19b_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Victora2005" class="citation journal cs1">R. Victora; et al. (2005). "Composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording". <i>IEEE Trans. Mag. Mat</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">537–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ITM....41..537V">2005ITM....41..537V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2004.838075">10.1109/TMAG.2004.838075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29531529">29531529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Trans.+Mag.+Mat.&rft.atitle=Composite+media+for+perpendicular+magnetic+recording&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29531529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2004.838075&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ITM....41..537V&rft.au=R.+Victora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2021/06/14/toshiba-disks-get-2-gen-leg-up-from-flux-control/">"Toshiba disks get 2-gen leg-up from flux control"</a>. June 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toshiba+disks+get+2-gen+leg-up+from+flux+control&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2021%2F06%2F14%2Ftoshiba-disks-get-2-gen-leg-up-from-flux-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Al-Mamun, G. Guo, C. Bi, Hard Disk Drive: Mechatronics and Control, 2006, Taylor & Francis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozierok2018" class="citation web cs1">Kozierok, Charles (November 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-error-correcting-code-ecc/">"Hard Drive Error Correcting Code (ECC)"</a>. The PC Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526072642/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-error-correcting-code-ecc/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Error+Correcting+Code+%28ECC%29&rft.pub=The+PC+Guide&rft.date=2018-11-25&rft.aulast=Kozierok&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlstechnology.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-error-correcting-code-ecc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2011" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Curtis E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222506/http://www.idema.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/12/AF-in-Legacy-Infrastructures-SDC2011_IDEMA-AF.pdf">"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>idema.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idema.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/12/AF-in-Legacy-Infrastructures-SDC2011_IDEMA-AF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idema.org&rft.atitle=Advanced+Format+in+Legacy+Infrastructures%3A+More+Transparent+than+Disruptive&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Curtis+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idema.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2F2011%2F12%2FAF-in-Legacy-Infrastructures-SDC2011_IDEMA-AF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-21-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-21_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-21_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010031401/https://www.hgst.com/sites/default/files/resources/IDRC_WP_final.pdf">"Iterative Detection Read Channel Technology in Hard Disk Drives"</a>, Hitachi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/3699743-2-5-inch-hard-disk-drive-with-high-recording-density-and-high-shock-resistance.html">"2.5-inch Hard Disk Drive with High Recording Density and High Shock Resistance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526075908/https://docplayer.net/3699743-2-5-inch-hard-disk-drive-with-high-recording-density-and-high-shock-resistance.html">Archived</a> May 26, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Toshiba, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMjM_Data_Recovery_Ltd" class="citation web cs1">MjM Data Recovery Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174433/http://datarecovery.mjm.co.uk/sectorremapping.html">"MJM Data Recovery Ltd: Hard Disk Bad Sector Mapping Techniques"</a>. <i>Datarecovery.mjm.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datarecovery.mjm.co.uk/sectorremapping.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Datarecovery.mjm.co.uk&rft.atitle=MJM+Data+Recovery+Ltd%3A+Hard+Disk+Bad+Sector+Mapping+Techniques&rft.au=MjM+Data+Recovery+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatarecovery.mjm.co.uk%2Fsectorremapping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozierok2018" class="citation web cs1">Kozierok, Charles (December 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-sector-format-and-structure/">"Hard Drive Sector Format and Structure"</a>. The PC Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526072622/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-sector-format-and-structure/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Sector+Format+and+Structure&rft.pub=The+PC+Guide&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=Kozierok&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlstechnology.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-sector-format-and-structure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGAT2013-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGAT2013_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGAT2013_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/product-content/savvio-fam/enterprise-performance-15k-hdd/savvio-15k-4/en-us/enterprise-performance-15k-hdd-ds1797-1-1307us.pdf">"Enterprise Performance 15K HDD: Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seagate. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192706/http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/product-content/savvio-fam/enterprise-performance-15k-hdd/savvio-15k-4/en-us/enterprise-performance-15k-hdd-ds1797-1-1307us.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enterprise+Performance+15K+HDD%3A+Data+Sheet&rft.pub=Seagate&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Ffiles%2Fwww-content%2Fproduct-content%2Fsavvio-fam%2Fenterprise-performance-15k-hdd%2Fsavvio-15k-4%2Fen-us%2Fenterprise-performance-15k-hdd-ds1797-1-1307us.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WD2013-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WD2013_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WD2013_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2879-771463.pdf">"WD Xe: Datacenter hard drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Digital. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193439/http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2879-771463.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WD+Xe%3A+Datacenter+hard+drives&rft.pub=Western+Digital&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdc.com%2Fwdproducts%2Flibrary%2FSpecSheet%2FENG%2F2879-771463.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGAT2018-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGAT2018_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGAT2018_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-11-1806US-en_US.pdf">"3.5" BarraCuda data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seagate. June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728070449/https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/3-5-barracudaDS1900-11-1806US-en_US.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.5%22+BarraCuda+data+sheet&rft.pub=Seagate&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fwww-content%2Fdatasheets%2Fpdfs%2F3-5-barracudaDS1900-11-1806US-en_US.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WD2018-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WD2018_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WD2018_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdc.com/content/dam/wdc/website/downloadable_assets/eng/spec_data_sheet/2879-800002.pdf">"WD Red Desktop/Mobile Series Spec Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Digital. April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728070730/https://www.wdc.com/content/dam/wdc/website/downloadable_assets/eng/spec_data_sheet/2879-800002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WD+Red+Desktop%2FMobile+Series+Spec+Sheet&rft.pub=Western+Digital&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdc.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fwdc%2Fwebsite%2Fdownloadable_assets%2Feng%2Fspec_data_sheet%2F2879-800002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._H._Rosenthal2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._H._Rosenthal" title="David S. H. Rosenthal">David S. H. Rosenthal</a> (October 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1866298">"Keeping Bits Safe: How Hard Can It Be?"</a>. <i>ACM Queue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217020947/http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1866298">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=Keeping+Bits+Safe%3A+How+Hard+Can+It+Be%3F&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=David+S.+H.+Rosenthal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueue.acm.org%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fid%3D1866298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_2016-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2016_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2016" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Brian (March 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bit-player.org/2016/wheres-my-petabyte-disk-drive">"Where's My Petabyte Disk Drive?"</a>. p. chart of historical data courtesy of Edward Grochowski<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where%27s+My+Petabyte+Disk+Drive%3F&rft.pages=chart+of+historical+data+courtesy+of+Edward+Grochowski&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbit-player.org%2F2016%2Fwheres-my-petabyte-disk-drive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrne2015b-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne2015b_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2015" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, David (July 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/notes/feds-notes/2015/prices-for-data-storage-equipment-and-the-state-of-it-innovation-20150701.html#fn2">"Prices for Data Storage Equipment and the State of IT Innovation"</a>. The Federal Reserve Board FEDS Notes. p. Table 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708124555/http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/notes/feds-notes/2015/prices-for-data-storage-equipment-and-the-state-of-it-innovation-20150701.html#fn2">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prices+for+Data+Storage+Equipment+and+the+State+of+IT+Innovation&rft.pages=Table+2&rft.pub=The+Federal+Reserve+Board+FEDS+Notes&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Feconresdata%2Fnotes%2Ffeds-notes%2F2015%2Fprices-for-data-storage-equipment-and-the-state-of-it-innovation-20150701.html%23fn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1997-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1997_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1172800,00.asp">"Gallium Arsenide"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. March 25, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821103700/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1172800,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Gordon Moore: ... the ability of the magnetic disk people to continue to increase the density is flabbergasting--that has moved at least as fast as the semiconductor complexity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gallium+Arsenide&rft.date=1997-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C1172800%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2005-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2005_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubash2005" class="citation news cs1">Dubash, Manek (April 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081110/http://news.techworld.com/operating-systems/3477/moores-law-is-dead-says-gordon-moore/">"Moore's Law is dead, says Gordon Moore"</a>. <i>techworld.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techworld.com/news/operating-systems/moores-law-is-dead-says-gordon-moore-3576581/">the original</a> on July 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2022</span>. <q>It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=techworld.com&rft.atitle=Moore%27s+Law+is+dead%2C+says+Gordon+Moore&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft.aulast=Dubash&rft.aufirst=Manek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techworld.com%2Fnews%2Foperating-systems%2Fmoores-law-is-dead-says-gordon-moore-3576581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCallum-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCallum_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2017" class="citation web cs1">McCallum, John C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcmit.net/diskprice.htm">"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2017)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711202719/http://www.jcmit.net/diskprice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disk+Drive+Prices+%281955%E2%80%932017%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcmit.net%2Fdiskprice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_Fontana_2016-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_Fontana_2016_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecadRobert_E._Fontana_Jr.2017" class="citation web cs1">Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050933/http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/storage/support/cloud-trends-projections/?page=1">"A Look at Cloud Storage Component Technologies Trends and Future Projections"</a>. <i>ibmsystemsmag.com</i>. p. Table 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/storage/Support/cloud-trends-projections/?page=1">the original</a> on July 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibmsystemsmag.com&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Cloud+Storage+Component+Technologies+Trends+and+Future+Projections&rft.pages=Table+1&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Decad&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Robert+E.+Fontana+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibmsystemsmag.com%2Fmainframe%2Fstorage%2FSupport%2Fcloud-trends-projections%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor_2014-11-10-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_2014-11-10_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_2014-11-10_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2014" class="citation news cs1">Mellor, Chris (November 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/11/10/kryders_law_of_ever_cheaper_storage_disproven/">"Kryder's law craps out: Race to UBER-CHEAP STORAGE is OVER"</a>. <i>theregister.co.uk</i>. UK: The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112004831/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/11/10/kryders_law_of_ever_cheaper_storage_disproven/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The 2011 Thai floods almost doubled disk capacity cost/GB for a while. Rosenthal writes: 'The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR, meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future. The floods reinforced this.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theregister.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kryder%27s+law+craps+out%3A+Race+to+UBER-CHEAP+STORAGE+is+OVER&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2014%2F11%2F10%2Fkryders_law_of_ever_cheaper_storage_disproven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2013a-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2013a_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2013a_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Dave (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtc.umn.edu/resources/bd2013_anderson.pdf">"HDD Opportunities & Challenges, Now to 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seagate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232605/https://www.dtc.umn.edu/resources/bd2013_anderson.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2014</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'PMR CAGR slowing from historical 40+% down to ~8-12%' and 'HAMR CAGR = 20-40% for 2015–2020'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDD+Opportunities+%26+Challenges%2C+Now+to+2020&rft.pub=Seagate&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtc.umn.edu%2Fresources%2Fbd2013_anderson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Plumer, Martin L.; et al. (March 2011). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording". <i>Physics in Canada</i>. <b>67</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5543">1201.5543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012arXiv1201.5543P">2012arXiv1201.5543P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Canada&rft.atitle=New+Paradigms+in+Magnetic+Recording&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1201.5543&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012arXiv1201.5543P&rft.aulast=Plumer&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seagate_2013-09-09-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seagate_2013-09-09_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009135540/http://www.seagate.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/shingled-magnetic-recording-milestone-pr-master/">"Seagate Delivers On Technology Milestone: First to Ship Hard Drives Using Next-Generation Shingled Magnetic Recording"</a> (Press release). New York: <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a> plc. September 9, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/shingled-magnetic-recording-milestone-pr-master/">the original</a> on October 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Shingled Magnetic Technology is the First Step to Reaching a 20 Terabyte Hard Drive by 2020</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagate+Delivers+On+Technology+Milestone%3A+First+to+Ship+Hard+Drives+Using+Next-Generation+Shingled+Magnetic+Recording&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seagate+Technology+plc&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fabout%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fshingled-magnetic-recording-milestone-pr-master%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge2014" class="citation web cs1">Edge, Jake (March 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/591782/">"Support for shingled magnetic recording devices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202075938/http://lwn.net/Articles/591782/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+for+shingled+magnetic+recording+devices&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F591782%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2013" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (April 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/548116/">"LSFMM: A storage technology update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107075254/https://lwn.net/Articles/548116/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2015</span>. <q>A 'shingled magnetic recording' (SMR) drive is a rotating drive that packs its tracks so closely that one track cannot be overwritten without destroying the neighboring tracks as well. The result is that overwriting data requires rewriting the entire set of closely-spaced tracks; that is an expensive tradeoff, but the benefit—much higher storage density—is deemed to be worth the cost in some situations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSFMM%3A+A+storage+technology+update&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F548116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/brochure/brochure-helioseal-technology.pdf">"Brochure: HelioSeal Technology: Beyond Air. Helium Takes You Higher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Western Digital</i>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Digital&rft.atitle=Brochure%3A+HelioSeal+Technology%3A+Beyond+Air.+Helium+Takes+You+Higher.&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.westerndigital.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdoc-library%2Fen_us%2Fassets%2Fpublic%2Fwestern-digital%2Fcollateral%2Fbrochure%2Fbrochure-helioseal-technology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shilov_anandtech_b-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shilov_anandtech_b_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2015" class="citation news cs1">Shilov, Anton (December 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandtech.com/show/9866/hard-disk-drives-with-hamr-technology-set-to-arrive-in-2018">"Hard Disk Drives with HAMR Technology Set to Arrive in 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102200055/http://www.anandtech.com/show/9866/hard-disk-drives-with-hamr-technology-set-to-arrive-in-2018">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Unfortunately, mass production of actual hard drives featuring HAMR has been delayed for a number of times already and now it turns out that the first HAMR-based HDDs are due in 2018. ... HAMR HDDs will feature a new architecture, require new media, completely redesigned read/write heads with a laser as well as a special near-field optical transducer (NFT) and a number of other components not used or mass produced today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hard+Disk+Drives+with+HAMR+Technology+Set+to+Arrive+in+2018&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F9866%2Fhard-disk-drives-with-hamr-technology-set-to-arrive-in-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2023" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton (June 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/seagate-reveals-hamr-roadmap-32-tb-comes-first">"Seagate Reveals HAMR HDD Roadmap: 32TB First, 40TB Follows"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagate+Reveals+HAMR+HDD+Roadmap%3A+32TB+First%2C+40TB+Follows&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fnews%2Fseagate-reveals-hamr-roadmap-32-tb-comes-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAMR_2008_for_2009-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAMR_2008_for_2009_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAMR_2008_for_2009_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2018" class="citation web cs1">Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.dshr.org/2018/05/longer-talk-at-msst2018.html">"Longer talk at MSST2018"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longer+talk+at+MSST2018&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.dshr.org%2F2018%2F05%2Flonger-talk-at-msst2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAMR_2014_for_2015-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAMR_2014_for_2015_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2014" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton (October 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitguru.net/components/hard-drives/anton-shilov/tdk-hamr-technology-could-enable-15tb-hard-drives-already-in-2015/">"TDK: HAMR technology could enable 15TB HDDs already in 2015"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TDK%3A+HAMR+technology+could+enable+15TB+HDDs+already+in+2015&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitguru.net%2Fcomponents%2Fhard-drives%2Fanton-shilov%2Ftdk-hamr-technology-could-enable-15tb-hard-drives-already-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAMR_2013_for_2016-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAMR_2013_for_2016_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2013" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Bill (November 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121065015/http://www.tomsitpro.com/articles/wd-hamr-hdd-heat-assisted-magnetic-recording,1-1396.html">"WD Demos Future HDD Storage Tech: 60TB Hard Drives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomsitpro.com/articles/wd-hamr-hdd-heat-assisted-magnetic-recording,1-1396.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>…Seagate expects to start selling HAMR drives in 2016.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WD+Demos+Future+HDD+Storage+Tech%3A+60TB+Hard+Drives&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomsitpro.com%2Farticles%2Fwd-hamr-hdd-heat-assisted-magnetic-recording%2C1-1396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blocks_HAMR_2019-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blocks_HAMR_2019_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2019" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2019/08/28/nearline-disk-drives-ssd-attack/">"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Seagate CTO Dr John Morris told analysts that Seagate has built 55,000 HAMR drives and aims to get disks ready for customer sampling by the end of 2020.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+long+before+SSDs+replace+nearline+disk+drives%3F&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2Fnearline-disk-drives-ssd-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-22-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-22_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2368023,00.asp">"Will Toshiba's Bit-Patterned Drives Change the HDD Landscape?"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. August 19, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822220804/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2368023,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Will+Toshiba%27s+Bit-Patterned+Drives+Change+the+HDD+Landscape%3F&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2368023%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPR_roadmaps_2018-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BPR_roadmaps_2018_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2018" class="citation web cs1">Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.dshr.org/2018/05/longer-talk-at-msst2018.html">"Longer talk at MSST2018"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The most recent Seagate roadmap pushes HAMR shipments into 2020, so they are now slipping faster than real-time. Western Digital has given up on HAMR and is promising that Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) is only a year out. BPM has dropped off both companies' roadmaps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longer+talk+at+MSST2018&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.dshr.org%2F2018%2F05%2Flonger-talk-at-msst2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallary2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mallary, Mike; et al. (July 2014). "Head and Media Challenges for 3 Tb/in<sup>2</sup> Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording". <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>. <b>50</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2014.2305693">10.1109/TMAG.2014.2305693</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9464">0018-9464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22858444">22858444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Head+and+Media+Challenges+for+3+Tb%2Fin%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+Microwave-Assisted+Magnetic+Recording&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22858444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2014.2305693&rft.aulast=Mallary&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLivshitzBertramSchabes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Shaojing; Livshitz, Boris; Bertram, H. Neal; Schabes, Manfred; Schrefl, Thomas; Fullerton, Eric E.; Lomakin, Vitaliy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/hard-drives/JAP_2009_MAMR.pdf">"Microwave assisted magnetization reversal in composite media"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>94</b> (20): 202509. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApPhL..94t2509L">2009ApPhL..94t2509L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3133354">10.1063/1.3133354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524225721/https://www.karlstechnology.com/hard-drives/JAP_2009_MAMR.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Microwave+assisted+magnetization+reversal+in+composite+media&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=202509&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3133354&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApPhL..94t2509L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shaojing&rft.au=Livshitz%2C+Boris&rft.au=Bertram%2C+H.+Neal&rft.au=Schabes%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Schrefl%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Fullerton%2C+Eric+E.&rft.au=Lomakin%2C+Vitaliy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlstechnology.com%2Fhard-drives%2FJAP_2009_MAMR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2019" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton (September 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/14869/western-digital-announces-18-tb-eamr-hard-drive">"Western Digital Reveals 18 TB DC HC550 'EAMR' Hard Drive"</a>. <i>AnandTech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnandTech&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Reveals+18+TB+DC+HC550+%27EAMR%27+Hard+Drive&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F14869%2Fwestern-digital-announces-18-tb-eamr-hard-drive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocks_MAMR_2019-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blocks_MAMR_2019_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2019" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris (September 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2019/09/03/western-digital-18tb-and-20tb-mamr-disk-drives/">"Western Digital debuts 18TB and 20TB MAMR disk drives"</a>. <i>Blocks & Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2019</span>. <q>…microwave-assisted magnetic (MAMR) recording technology…sample shipments are due by the end of the year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blocks+%26+Files&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+debuts+18TB+and+20TB+MAMR+disk+drives&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2019%2F09%2F03%2Fwestern-digital-18tb-and-20tb-mamr-disk-drives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaevenlord2020" class="citation web cs1">Raevenlord (July 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techpowerup.com/269562/western-digital-finally-launches-ultrastar-dc-hc550-18-tb-drives-with-eamr-for-enterprise">"Western Digital Finally Launches Ultrastar DC HC550 18 TB Drives With EAMR for Enterprise"</a>. <i>TechPowerUp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechPowerUp&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Finally+Launches+Ultrastar+DC+HC550+18+TB+Drives+With+EAMR+for+Enterprise&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft.au=Raevenlord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techpowerup.com%2F269562%2Fwestern-digital-finally-launches-ultrastar-dc-hc550-18-tb-drives-with-eamr-for-enterprise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_2010-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_2010_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Roger (October 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/mag/MtgSum/Meeting2010_10_Presentation.pdf">"Shingled Magnetic Recording and Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. Hitachi GST. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810161542/http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/mag/MtgSum/Meeting2010_10_Presentation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=Shingled+Magnetic+Recording+and+Two-Dimensional+Magnetic+Recording&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewh.ieee.org%2Fr6%2Fscv%2Fmag%2FMtgSum%2FMeeting2010_10_Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coughlin-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coughlin_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_ThomasGrochowski,_Edward2012" class="citation web cs1">Coughlin, Thomas; Grochowski, Edward (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/mag/MtgSum/Meeting2012_06_Presentation.pdf">"Years of Destiny: HDD Capital Spending and Technology Developments from 2012–2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Santa Clara Valley Magnetics Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302180119/http://ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/mag/MtgSum/Meeting2012_06_Presentation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Years+of+Destiny%3A+HDD+Capital+Spending+and+Technology+Developments+from+2012%E2%80%932016&rft.pub=IEEE+Santa+Clara+Valley+Magnetics+Society&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Grochowski%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fewh.ieee.org%2Fr6%2Fscv%2Fmag%2FMtgSum%2FMeeting2012_06_Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiCaiShenHan2013" class="citation arxiv cs1">Bai, Zhaoqiang; Cai, Yongqing; Shen, Lei; Han, Guchang; Feng, Yuanping (2013). "All-Heusler giant-magnetoresistance junctions with matched energy bands and Fermi surfaces". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6106">1301.6106</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cond-mat.mes-hall">cond-mat.mes-hall</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=All-Heusler+giant-magnetoresistance+junctions+with+matched+energy+bands+and+Fermi+surfaces&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.6106&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Zhaoqiang&rft.au=Cai%2C+Yongqing&rft.au=Shen%2C+Lei&rft.au=Han%2C+Guchang&rft.au=Feng%2C+Yuanping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hgst.com/hdd/research/recording_head/pr/PerpendicularAnimation.html">"Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Explained - Animation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006062214/http://www1.hgst.com/hdd/research/recording_head/pr/PerpendicularAnimation.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perpendicular+Magnetic+Recording+Explained+-+Animation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.hgst.com%2Fhdd%2Fresearch%2Frecording_head%2Fpr%2FPerpendicularAnimation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/13935/seagate-hdd-plans-2019">"State of the Union: Seagate's HAMR Hard Drives, Dual-Actuator Mach2, and 24 TB HDDs on Track"</a>. <i>Anandtech.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002907/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13935/seagate-hdd-plans-2019">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anandtech.com&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Union%3A+Seagate%27s+HAMR+Hard+Drives%2C+Dual-Actuator+Mach2%2C+and+24+TB+HDDs+on+Track&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F13935%2Fseagate-hdd-plans-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3DHD_blog-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3DHD_blog_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.dshr.org/2019/09/promising-new-hard-disk-technology.html">"Promising New Hard Disk Technology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promising+New+Hard+Disk+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.dshr.org%2F2019%2F09%2Fpromising-new-hard-disk-technology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/168619-3d-magnetic-storage-breakthrough-enables-100tb-hard-drives">"3D magnetic storage breakthrough enables 100TB+ hard drives | Extremetech"</a>. October 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3D+magnetic+storage+breakthrough+enables+100TB%2B+hard+drives+%26%23124%3B+Extremetech&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fextreme%2F168619-3d-magnetic-storage-breakthrough-enables-100tb-hard-drives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAS-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAS_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Information technology – Serial Attached SCSI – 2 (SAS-2), INCITS 457 Draft 2, May 8, 2009, chapter 4.1 Direct-access block device type model overview</i>, <q>The LBAs on a logical unit shall begin with zero and shall be contiguous up to the last logical block on the logical unit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Serial+Attached+SCSI+%E2%80%93+2+%28SAS-2%29%2C+INCITS+457+Draft+2%2C+May+8%2C+2009%2C+chapter+4.1+Direct-access+block+device+type+model+overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SATA-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SATA_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO/IEC 791D:1994, AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives (ATA-1), section 7.1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idema.org/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=1223">"LBA Count for Disk Drives Standard (Document LBA1-03)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IDEMA" class="mw-redirect" title="IDEMA">IDEMA</a>. June 15, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222082703/http://www.idema.org/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=1223">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LBA+Count+for+Disk+Drives+Standard+%28Document+LBA1-03%29&rft.pub=IDEMA&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idema.org%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fdownload-monitor%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D1223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-38-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-38_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131225/http://blogs.netapp.com/efficiency/2009/08/measuring-storage-efficiency-part-ii-taxes.html">"How to Measure Storage Efficiency – Part II – Taxes"</a>. Blogs.netapp.com. August 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.netapp.com/efficiency/2009/08/measuring-storage-efficiency-part-ii-taxes.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Measure+Storage+Efficiency+%E2%80%93+Part+II+%E2%80%93+Taxes&rft.pub=Blogs.netapp.com&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.netapp.com%2Fefficiency%2F2009%2F08%2Fmeasuring-storage-efficiency-part-ii-taxes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaHoescheleRogers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Mayank R.; Hoeschele, Michael D.; Rogers, Marcus K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utica.edu/academic/institutes/ecii/publications/articles/EFE36584-D13F-2962-67BEB146864A2671.pdf">"Hidden Disk Areas: HPA and DCO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Digital Evidence</i>. <b>5</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Digital+Evidence&rft.atitle=Hidden+Disk+Areas%3A+HPA+and+DCO&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Mayank+R.&rft.au=Hoeschele%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Marcus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utica.edu%2Facademic%2Finstitutes%2Fecii%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2FEFE36584-D13F-2962-67BEB146864A2671.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604064402/http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/geom/formatLow-c.html">"Low-Level Formatting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/geom/formatLow-c.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low-Level+Formatting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcguide.com%2Fref%2Fhdd%2Fgeom%2FformatLow-c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeagateStorageGuide-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeagateStorageGuide_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeagateStorageGuide_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212124/http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/partners/my%20spp%20dashboard/learn/en-us/docs/amer-stx-storage-solutions-guide-Oct-2012.pdf">"Storage Solutions Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seagate. October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/partners/my%20spp%20dashboard/learn/en-us/docs/amer-stx-storage-solutions-guide-Oct-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storage+Solutions+Guide&rft.pub=Seagate&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Ffiles%2Fwww-content%2Fpartners%2Fmy%2520spp%2520dashboard%2Flearn%2Fen-us%2Fdocs%2Famer-stx-storage-solutions-guide-Oct-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WD2-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WD2_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122075109/http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf">"MKxx33GSG MK1235GSL r1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Toshiba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MKxx33GSG+MK1235GSL+r1&rft.pub=Toshiba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdd.toshiba.com%2Ftechdocs%2FMKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-26-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-26_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130810/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/650/650_pr2.html">"650 RAMAC announcement"</a>. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/650/650_pr2.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=650+RAMAC+announcement&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2F650%2F650_pr2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-27-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-27_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulvany, R.B., "Engineering Design of a Disk Storage Facility with Data Modules". IBM JRD, November 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-28-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-28_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to IBM Direct Access Storage Devices, M. Bohl, IBM publication SR20-4738. 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-29-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-29_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/discs/brochures/ProductLine_Oct74.pdf">CDC Product Line Card</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605112046/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/discs/brochures/ProductLine_Oct74.pdf">Archived</a> June 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Support_Team" class="citation web cs1">Apple Support Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201402">"How OS X and iOS report storage capacity"</a>. Apple, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170043/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201402">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+OS+X+and+iOS+report+storage+capacity&rft.pub=Apple%2C+Inc.&rft.au=Apple+Support+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fen-us%2FHT201402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.die.net/man/1/df">"df(1) – Linux man page"</a>. <i>linux.die.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718060713/http://linux.die.net/man/1/df">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linux.die.net&rft.atitle=df%281%29+%E2%80%93+Linux+man+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinux.die.net%2Fman%2F1%2Fdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDSettle-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDSettle_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/western-digital-settles-hard-drive-capacity-lawsuit">"Western Digital Settles Hard-Drive Capacity Lawsuit, Associated Press June 28, 2006"</a>. Fox News. March 22, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524225524/https://www.foxnews.com/story/western-digital-settles-hard-drive-capacity-lawsuit">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Settles+Hard-Drive+Capacity+Lawsuit%2C+Associated+Press+June+28%2C+2006&rft.date=2001-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fwestern-digital-settles-hard-drive-capacity-lawsuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-30-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-30_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogar2007" class="citation web cs1">Cogar, Phil (October 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2007/10/26/seagate_lawsuit_concludes_settlement_announced/1">"Seagate lawsuit concludes, settlement announced"</a>. Bit-tech.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320020954/http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2007/10/26/seagate_lawsuit_concludes_settlement_announced/1">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagate+lawsuit+concludes%2C+settlement+announced&rft.pub=Bit-tech.net&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.aulast=Cogar&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bit-tech.net%2Fnews%2Fbits%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2Fseagate_lawsuit_concludes_settlement_announced%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-31-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-31_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtremesystems.org/forums/showthread.php?t=93512">"Western Digital – Notice of Class Action Settlement email"</a>. Xtremesystems.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Digital+%E2%80%93+Notice+of+Class+Action+Settlement+email&rft.pub=Xtremesystems.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xtremesystems.org%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D93512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf">"Order granted motion to dismiss amended complaint without leave to amend, 22 January 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+granted+motion+to+dismiss+amended+complaint+without+leave+to+amend%2C+22+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2Fflashdrives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-39-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-39_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer <i>IBM's 360 and early 370 systems</i> MIT Press, 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0">0-262-16123-0</a>, page 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-51-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-51_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800474064_499486_NT_3335be30.HTM">Flash price fall shakes HDD market</a>, EETimes Asia, August 1, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201232357/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800474064_499486_NT_3335be30.HTM">Archived</a> February 1, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-52-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-52_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/newsView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=143">In 2008 Samsung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616035929/http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/newsView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=143">Archived</a> June 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> introduced the 1.3-inch SpinPoint A1 HDD but by March 2009 the family was listed as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/products/Product_EOLProducts.html">End Of Life Products</a> and new 1.3-inch models were not available in this size. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211054619/http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/products/Product_EOLProducts.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itworld-2001-04-18-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itworld-2001-04-18_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itworld-2001-04-18_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns2001" class="citation news cs1">Kearns, Dave (April 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itworld.com/NWW01041100636262">"How to defrag"</a>. <i>ITWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100220000835/http://www.itworld.com/NWW01041100636262">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITWorld&rft.atitle=How+to+defrag&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itworld.com%2FNWW01041100636262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-67-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-67_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroida2009" class="citation news cs1">Broida, Rick (April 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/162955/turning_off_disk_defragmenter_may_solve_a_sluggish_pc.html">"Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108094534/http://www.pcworld.com/article/162955/turning_off_disk_defragmenter_may_solve_a_sluggish_pc.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Turning+Off+Disk+Defragmenter+May+Solve+a+Sluggish+PC&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.aulast=Broida&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F162955%2Fturning_off_disk_defragmenter_may_solve_a_sluggish_pc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-71-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-71_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210155634/http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/support/before_you_buy/speed_considerations">"Speed Considerations"</a>. Seagate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/support/before_you_buy/speed_considerations">the original</a> on February 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speed+Considerations&rft.pub=Seagate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fwww%2Fen-us%2Fsupport%2Fbefore_you_buy%2Fspeed_considerations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.seagate.com/techsuppt/misc/glossary.txt">"GLOSSARY of DRIVE and COMPUTER TERMS"</a>. Seagate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLOSSARY+of+DRIVE+and+COMPUTER+TERMS&rft.pub=Seagate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.seagate.com%2Ftechsuppt%2Fmisc%2Fglossary.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrechtAroraAyanoor-VitikkateBeaujour2015" class="citation journal cs1">Albrecht, Thomas R.; Arora, Hitesh; Ayanoor-Vitikkate, Vipin; Beaujour, Jean-Marc; Bedau, Daniel; Berman, David; Bogdanov, Alexei L.; Chapuis, Yves-Andre; Cushen, Julia; Dobisz, Elizabeth E.; Doerk, Gregory; He Gao; Grobis, Michael; Gurney, Bruce; Hanson, Weldon; Hellwig, Olav; Hirano, Toshiki; Jubert, Pierre-Olivier; Kercher, Dan; Lille, Jeffrey; Zuwei Liu; Mate, C. Mathew; Obukhov, Yuri; Patel, Kanaiyalal C.; Rubin, Kurt; Ruiz, Ricardo; Schabes, Manfred; Lei Wan; Weller, Dieter; et al. (2015). "Bit Patterned Magnetic Recording: Theory, Media Fabrication, and Recording Performance". <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>. <b>51</b> (5). HGST, a Western Digital Company: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.06664">1503.06664</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ITM....5197880A">2015ITM....5197880A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2015.2397880">10.1109/TMAG.2015.2397880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33974771">33974771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Bit+Patterned+Magnetic+Recording%3A+Theory%2C+Media+Fabrication%2C+and+Recording+Performance&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1503.06664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33974771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2015.2397880&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ITM....5197880A&rft.aulast=Albrecht&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Arora%2C+Hitesh&rft.au=Ayanoor-Vitikkate%2C+Vipin&rft.au=Beaujour%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Bedau%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Berman%2C+David&rft.au=Bogdanov%2C+Alexei+L.&rft.au=Chapuis%2C+Yves-Andre&rft.au=Cushen%2C+Julia&rft.au=Dobisz%2C+Elizabeth+E.&rft.au=Doerk%2C+Gregory&rft.au=He+Gao&rft.au=Grobis%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gurney%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Weldon&rft.au=Hellwig%2C+Olav&rft.au=Hirano%2C+Toshiki&rft.au=Jubert%2C+Pierre-Olivier&rft.au=Kercher%2C+Dan&rft.au=Lille%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Zuwei+Liu&rft.au=Mate%2C+C.+Mathew&rft.au=Obukhov%2C+Yuri&rft.au=Patel%2C+Kanaiyalal+C.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Schabes%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Lei+Wan&rft.au=Weller%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Tsai-Wei+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-79-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-79_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708040145/http://gaussianwaves.blogspot.com/2008/06/reed-solomon-codes-introduction.html">"Reed Solomon Codes – Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaussianwaves.blogspot.com/2008/06/reed-solomon-codes-introduction.html">the original</a> on July 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reed+Solomon+Codes+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaussianwaves.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F06%2Freed-solomon-codes-introduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-80-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-80_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueler2019" class="citation web cs1">Mueler, Scott (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-air-filters/">"Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives"</a>. Macmillan Computer Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232939/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/hard-drive-air-filters/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micro+House+PC+Hardware+Library+Volume+I%3A+Hard+Drives&rft.pub=Macmillan+Computer+Publishing&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Mueler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlstechnology.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-air-filters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-81-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-81_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaseta" class="citation web cs1">Kaseta, Robert G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043804/http://apex.aero/Portals/0/harddisk.pdf">"Ruggedized Disk Drives for Commercial Airborne Computer Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apex.aero/Portals/0/harddisk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruggedized+Disk+Drives+for+Commercial+Airborne+Computer+Systems&rft.aulast=Kaseta&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapex.aero%2FPortals%2F0%2Fharddisk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabianowski2009" class="citation web cs1">Grabianowski, Ed (May 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/how-to-tech/how-to-recover-data-hard-drive4.htm">"How To Recover Lost Data from Your Hard Drive"</a>. HowStuffWorks. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105121608/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/how-to-tech/how-to-recover-data-hard-drive4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Recover+Lost+Data+from+Your+Hard+Drive&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks&rft.date=2009-05-29&rft.aulast=Grabianowski&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fhow-to-tech%2Fhow-to-recover-data-hard-drive4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMUDiskFailure-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMUDiskFailure_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storagemojo.com/2007/02/20/everything-you-know-about-disks-is-wrong/">"Everything You Know About Disks Is Wrong"</a>. <i>Storagemojo.com</i>. February 22, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524230125/https://storagemojo.com/2007/02/20/everything-you-know-about-disks-is-wrong/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storagemojo.com&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Know+About+Disks+Is+Wrong&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstoragemojo.com%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Feverything-you-know-about-disks-is-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleDiskFailure-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleDiskFailure_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinheiroWolf-Dietrich_WeberLuiz_André_Barroso2007" class="citation web cs1">Pinheiro, Eduardo; Wolf-Dietrich Weber; Luiz André Barroso (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.google.com/archive/disk_failures.pdf">"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Google Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105013605/http://research.google.com/archive/disk_failures.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Failure+Trends+in+a+Large+Disk+Drive+Population&rft.pub=Google+Inc&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Pinheiro&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Wolf-Dietrich+Weber&rft.au=Luiz+Andr%C3%A9+Barroso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.google.com%2Farchive%2Fdisk_failures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/ssd-reliability-failure-rate,2923-9.html">Investigation: Is Your SSD More Reliable Than A Hard Drive?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware" title="Tom's Hardware">Tom's Hardware</a> long term SSD reliability review, 2011, "final words"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2014" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Sebastian (November 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/computing/194059-using-smart-to-accurately-predict-when-a-hard-drive-is-about-to-die">"Using SMART to accurately predict when a hard drive is about to die"</a>. ExtremeTech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831050118/http://www.extremetech.com/computing/194059-using-smart-to-accurately-predict-when-a-hard-drive-is-about-to-die">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+SMART+to+accurately+predict+when+a+hard+drive+is+about+to+die&rft.pub=ExtremeTech&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F194059-using-smart-to-accurately-predict-when-a-hard-drive-is-about-to-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alphr.com/technology/23998/consumer-hard-drives-as-reliable-as-enterprise-hardware">"Consumer hard drives as reliable as enterprise hardware"</a>. Alphr. December 4, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911033552/http://www.alphr.com/technology/23998/consumer-hard-drives-as-reliable-as-enterprise-hardware">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+hard+drives+as+reliable+as+enterprise+hardware&rft.pub=Alphr&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphr.com%2Ftechnology%2F23998%2Fconsumer-hard-drives-as-reliable-as-enterprise-hardware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach2013" class="citation web cs1">Beach, Brian (December 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/">"Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?"</a>. Backblaze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150818015807/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enterprise+Drives%3A+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.pub=Backblaze&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backblaze.com%2Fblog%2Fenterprise-drive-reliability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backblaze_3Q2019-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Backblaze_3Q2019_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backblaze_3Q2019_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backblaze.com/b2/hard-drive-test-data.html">"Hard Drive Data and Stats"</a>. Backblaze<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Data+and+Stats&rft.pub=Backblaze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backblaze.com%2Fb2%2Fhard-drive-test-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnell2019" class="citation web cs1">Donnell, Deirdre O. (June 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notebookcheck.net/Seagate-introduces-world-first-16TB-Exos-HDD-and-IronWolf-NAS-drives.423041.0.html">"Seagate introduces world-first 16TB Exos HDD and IronWolf NAS drives"</a>. <i>Notebookcheck</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notebookcheck&rft.atitle=Seagate+introduces+world-first+16TB+Exos+HDD+and+IronWolf+NAS+drives&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Donnell&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.notebookcheck.net%2FSeagate-introduces-world-first-16TB-Exos-HDD-and-IronWolf-NAS-drives.423041.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seagate.com/em/en/internal-hard-drives/hdd/barracuda/">"BarraCuda en BarraCuda Pro interne harde schijven | Seagate Nederland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506051335/https://www.seagate.com/em/en/internal-hard-drives/hdd/barracuda/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BarraCuda+en+BarraCuda+Pro+interne+harde+schijven+%26%23124%3B+Seagate+Nederland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fem%2Fen%2Finternal-hard-drives%2Fhdd%2Fbarracuda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/13764/western-digital-2019-16tb-hdd-mamr-hamr">"16 TB MAMR Hard Drives in 2019: Western Digital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524072831/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13764/western-digital-2019-16tb-hdd-mamr-hamr">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=16+TB+MAMR+Hard+Drives+in+2019%3A+Western+Digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F13764%2Fwestern-digital-2019-16tb-hdd-mamr-hamr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VHD-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VHD_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VHD_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learncctv.com/how-to-choose-the-best-hard-drives-for-dvrs-and-nvrs/">"How to choose the best hard drive for DVRs and NVRs"</a>. August 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+choose+the+best+hard+drive+for+DVRs+and+NVRs&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearncctv.com%2Fhow-to-choose-the-best-hard-drives-for-dvrs-and-nvrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagereview.com/seagate_backup_plus_external_hard_drive_review_8tb">"Seagate Backup Plus External Hard Drive Review (8TB)"</a>. <i>storagereview.com</i>. March 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725004556/http://www.storagereview.com/seagate_backup_plus_external_hard_drive_review_8tb">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storagereview.com&rft.atitle=Seagate+Backup+Plus+External+Hard+Drive+Review+%288TB%29&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Fseagate_backup_plus_external_hard_drive_review_8tb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Lyle (September 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storagereview.com/review/wd-my-passport-wireless-review">"WD My Passport Wireless Review"</a>. <i>storagereview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storagereview.com&rft.atitle=WD+My+Passport+Wireless+Review&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Freview%2Fwd-my-passport-wireless-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-98-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-98_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025411/http://biometricsecurityproducts.org/biometric-safe/back-up-your-important-data-to-external-hard-disk-drive.html">"Back Up Your Important Data to External Hard disk drive | Biometric Safe | Info and Products Reviews about Biometric Security Device –"</a>. Biometricsecurityproducts.org. July 26, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biometricsecurityproducts.org/biometric-safe/back-up-your-important-data-to-external-hard-disk-drive.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+Up+Your+Important+Data+to+External+Hard+disk+drive+%26%23124%3B+Biometric+Safe+%26%23124%3B+Info+and+Products+Reviews+about+Biometric+Security+Device+%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Biometricsecurityproducts.org&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiometricsecurityproducts.org%2Fbiometric-safe%2Fback-up-your-important-data-to-external-hard-disk-drive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000039/http://content.hwigroup.net/images/products/xl/152766-7.jpg">"Western Digital My Passport, 2 TB"</a>. <i>hwigroup.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.hwigroup.net/images/products/xl/152766-7.jpg">the original</a> on October 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Example of a pre-assembled external hard disk drive without its enclosure that cannot be used internally on a laptop or desktop due to the embedded interface on its printed circuit board</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hwigroup.net&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+My+Passport%2C+2+TB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.hwigroup.net%2Fimages%2Fproducts%2Fxl%2F152766-7.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiung2010" class="citation web cs1">Hsiung, Sebean (May 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datarecoverytools.co.uk/2010/05/05/how-to-connect-and-recover-usb-only-western-digital-drives-with-hd-doctor-suite/">"How to bypass USB controller and use as a SATA drive"</a>. <i>datarecoverytools.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915191641/http://www.datarecoverytools.co.uk/2010/05/05/how-to-connect-and-recover-usb-only-western-digital-drives-with-hd-doctor-suite/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datarecoverytools.co.uk&rft.atitle=How+to+bypass+USB+controller+and+use+as+a+SATA+drive&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.aulast=Hsiung&rft.aufirst=Sebean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datarecoverytools.co.uk%2F2010%2F05%2F05%2Fhow-to-connect-and-recover-usb-only-western-digital-drives-with-hd-doctor-suite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoMK-99-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoMK-99_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/us/en/documents/server-products/Enterprise_vs_Desktop_HDDs_2.0.pdf">"Enterprise-class versus Desktop class Hard Drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803170316/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/us/en/documents/server-products/Enterprise_vs_Desktop_HDDs_2.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enterprise-class+versus+Desktop+class+Hard+Drives&rft.pub=Intel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fsupport%2Fus%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fserver-products%2FEnterprise_vs_Desktop_HDDs_2.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erwpnw-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erwpnw_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erwpnw_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/marketing/po_cheetah_15k_5.pdf">"Seagate Cheetah 15K.5 Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228051734/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/marketing/po_cheetah_15k_5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagate+Cheetah+15K.5+Data+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seagate.com%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2Fmarketing%2Fpo_cheetah_15k_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2008" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Martin K. (August 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109235547/https://oss.oracle.com/~mkp/docs/lpc08-data-integrity.pdf">"Linux Data Integrity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oss.oracle.com/~mkp/docs/lpc08-data-integrity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. [...] Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Data+Integrity&rft.pub=Oracle+Corporation&rft.date=2008-08-30&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Martin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foss.oracle.com%2F~mkp%2Fdocs%2Flpc08-data-integrity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcmit-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jcmit_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2015" class="citation web cs1">McCallum, John C. (May 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062141/http://www.jcmit.com/diskprice.htm">"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2015)"</a>. <i>jcmit.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcmit.com/diskprice.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jcmit.com&rft.atitle=Disk+Drive+Prices+%281955%E2%80%932015%29&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcmit.com%2Fdiskprice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/">"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte"</a>. Backblaze. July 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526075044/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive+Cost+Per+Gigabyte&rft.pub=Backblaze&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backblaze.com%2Fblog%2Fhard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/398951/global-shipment-figures-for-hard-disk-drives/">"Hard disk drive (HDD) unit shipments worldwide from 1976 to 2022"</a>. Statista<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+disk+drive+%28HDD%29+unit+shipments+worldwide+from+1976+to+2022&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F398951%2Fglobal-shipment-figures-for-hard-disk-drives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsop2023" class="citation web cs1">Alsop, Thomas (February 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257240/hard-disk-drive-hdd-supplier-market-share/">"Hard disk drive (HDD) supplier market shipment share worldwide in 2022"</a>. Statista<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+disk+drive+%28HDD%29+supplier+market+shipment+share+worldwide+in+2022&rft.pub=Statista&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft.aulast=Alsop&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1257240%2Fhard-disk-drive-hdd-supplier-market-share%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corsair.com/ww/en/Categories/Products/Storage/M-2-SSDs/Force-Series%E2%84%A2-Gen-4-PCIe-NVMe-M-2-SSD/p/CSSD-F2000GBMP600">"Force Series Gen.4 PCIe MP600 2TB NVMe M.2 SSD"</a>. <i>www.corsair.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.corsair.com&rft.atitle=Force+Series+Gen.4+PCIe+MP600+2TB+NVMe+M.2+SSD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corsair.com%2Fww%2Fen%2FCategories%2FProducts%2FStorage%2FM-2-SSDs%2FForce-Series%25E2%2584%25A2-Gen-4-PCIe-NVMe-M-2-SSD%2Fp%2FCSSD-F2000GBMP600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storagereview.com/intel_optane_ssd_900p_series_review">"Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Review"</a>. <i>StorageReview.com</i>. March 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092754/https://www.storagereview.com/intel_optane_ssd_900p_series_review">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StorageReview.com&rft.atitle=Intel+Optane+SSD+900P+Series+Review&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Fintel_optane_ssd_900p_series_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_2016-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google_2016_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google_2016_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederLagisettyMerchant2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Schroeder" title="Bianca Schroeder">Schroeder, Bianca</a>; Lagisetty, Raghav; Merchant, Arif (February 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf">"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+Reliability+in+Production%3A+The+Expected+and+the+Unexpected&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft.au=Lagisetty%2C+Raghav&rft.au=Merchant%2C+Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fconference%2Ffast16%2Ffast16-papers-schroeder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgr.com/2018/02/20/samsung-30tb-ssd-release-date-specs-price/amp">"You won't be able to afford Samsung's record-setting 30TB SSD"</a>. <i>Bgr.com</i>. February 20, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173238/https://bgr.com/2018/02/20/samsung-30tb-ssd-release-date-specs-price/amp">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bgr.com&rft.atitle=You+won%27t+be+able+to+afford+Samsung%27s+record-setting+30TB+SSD&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbgr.com%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2Fsamsung-30tb-ssd-release-date-specs-price%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCircuit_Breaker2018" class="citation web cs1">Circuit Breaker (February 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/circuitbreaker/2018/2/20/17031256/worlds-largest-ssd-drive-samsung-30-terabyte-pm1643">"Samsung unveils world's largest SSD with whopping 30TB of storage"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127210421/https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/circuitbreaker/2018/2/20/17031256/worlds-largest-ssd-drive-samsung-30-terabyte-pm1643">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Samsung+unveils+world%27s+largest+SSD+with+whopping+30TB+of+storage&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.au=Circuit+Breaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2Fplatform%2Famp%2Fcircuitbreaker%2F2018%2F2%2F20%2F17031256%2Fworlds-largest-ssd-drive-samsung-30-terabyte-pm1643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/advantages">"Advantages"</a>. <i>Nimbus Data</i>. July 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093052/https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/advantages">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nimbus+Data&rft.atitle=Advantages&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnimbusdata.com%2Fproducts%2Fexadrive-platform%2Fadvantages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/scalable-ssds">"Scalable SSDs"</a>. <i>Nimbus Data</i>. July 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143741/https://nimbusdata.com/products/exadrive-platform/scalable-ssds">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nimbus+Data&rft.atitle=Scalable+SSDs&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnimbusdata.com%2Fproducts%2Fexadrive-platform%2Fscalable-ssds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html">"Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours - for about $10K"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. July 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092730/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Samsung%27s+massive+15TB+SSD+can+be+yours+-+for+about+%2410K&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3101165%2Fdata-storage%2Fsamsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EETimes_2019Feb-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EETimes_2019Feb_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2019" class="citation web cs1">McGrath, Dylan (February 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1334344#">"Toshiba Claims Highest-Capacity NAND"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toshiba+Claims+Highest-Capacity+NAND&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fdocument.asp%3Fdoc_id%3D1334344%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mearian_2015Dec-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mearian_2015Dec_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2018" class="citation web cs1">Bedford, Tom (December 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alphr.com/storage/1010285/seagate-reveals-world-s-largest-and-most-ludicrous-16tb-hdd">"Seagate reveals world's largest, and most ludicrous 16TB HDD"</a>. <i>Alphr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074254/https://www.alphr.com/storage/1010285/seagate-reveals-world-s-largest-and-most-ludicrous-16tb-hdd">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alphr&rft.atitle=Seagate+reveals+world%27s+largest%2C+and+most+ludicrous+16TB+HDD&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphr.com%2Fstorage%2F1010285%2Fseagate-reveals-world-s-largest-and-most-ludicrous-16tb-hdd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coughlin_2016Feb-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coughlin_2016Feb_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov2018" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/12541/unlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd">"Unlimited 5 Year Endurance: The 100TB SSD from Nimbus Data"</a>. <i>AnandTech</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073911/https://www.anandtech.com/show/12541/unlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnandTech&rft.atitle=Unlimited+5+Year+Endurance%3A+The+100TB+SSD+from+Nimbus+Data&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F12541%2Funlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coughlin_2016June-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coughlin_2016June_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Coughlin, Tom (June 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2016/06/07/3d-nand-enables-larger-consumer-ssds/#60d25bea579b">"3D NAND Enables Larger Consumer SSDs"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616092553/http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2016/06/07/3d-nand-enables-larger-consumer-ssds/#60d25bea579b">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=forbes.com&rft.atitle=3D+NAND+Enables+Larger+Consumer+SSDs&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Coughlin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftomcoughlin%2F2016%2F06%2F07%2F3d-nand-enables-larger-consumer-ssds%2F%2360d25bea579b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_Fontana_2018-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_Fontana_2018_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecadRobert_E._Fontana_Jr.2018" class="citation web cs1">Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (May 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storageconference.us/2018/Presentations/Fontana.pdf">"A Ten Year (2008-2017) Storage Landscape LTO Tape Media, HDD, NAND"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Ten+Year+%282008-2017%29+Storage+Landscape+LTO+Tape+Media%2C+HDD%2C+NAND&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Decad&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Robert+E.+Fontana+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorageconference.us%2F2018%2FPresentations%2FFontana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheong_Chn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kheong Chn, Sann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaria.org/conferences2015/filesAICT15/AnIntroductionToHDDModellingDetectionAndDecoding.pdf">"An Introduction to the HDD, modelling, detection and decoding for magnetic recording channels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Eleventh Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eleventh+Advanced+International+Conference+on+Telecommunications&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+HDD%2C+modelling%2C+detection+and+decoding+for+magnetic+recording+channels&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kheong+Chn&rft.aufirst=Sann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaria.org%2Fconferences2015%2FfilesAICT15%2FAnIntroductionToHDDModellingDetectionAndDecoding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessmer2001" class="citation book cs1">Messmer, Hans-Peter (2001). <i>The Indispensable PC Hardware Book</i> (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-59616-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-59616-8"><bdi>978-0-201-59616-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indispensable+PC+Hardware+Book&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-201-59616-8&rft.aulast=Messmer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_Mueller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Mueller (page does not exist)">Mueller, Scott</a> (2011). <i>Upgrading and Repairing PCs</i> (20th ed.). Que. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-4710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-4710-5"><bdi>978-0-7897-4710-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Que&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7897-4710-5&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+disk+drive" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Hard disk drive</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hard_disk_drive" class="extiw" title="wikt:hard disk drive">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" class="extiw" title="c:Hard disk">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hard_disk_drive" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Hard disk drive">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Minimizing_hard_disk_drive_failure_and_data_loss" class="extiw" title="b:Minimizing hard disk drive failure and data loss">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" class="extiw" title="v:Hard disk drive">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthdd.com/help.htm">Hard Disk Drives Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wiy_eHdj8kg">Video showing an opened HD working</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191631/http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/jan.plaza/teaching/papers/seektime.html">Average seek time of a computer disk</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/article.html">Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003652/http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/article.html">Archived</a> October 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hddscan.com/doc/HDD_Tracks_and_Zones.html">HDD from inside: Tracks and Zones. How hard it can be?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spritesmods.com/?art=hddhack">Hard disk hacking</a> –  firmware modifications, in eight parts, going as far as booting a Linux kernel on an ordinary HDD controller board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226053423/http://www.recover.co.il/SA-cover/SA-cover.pdf">Hiding Data in Hard Drive's Service Areas</a> (PDF), February 14, 2013, by Ariel Berkman (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/other/2579-001079.pdf">Rotary Acceleration Feed Forward (RAFF) Information Sheet</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>, January 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seagate.com/files/docs/pdf/en-GB/whitepaper/tp608-powerchoice-tech-provides-gb.pdf">PowerChoice Technology for Hard Disk Drive Power Savings and Flexibility</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a>, March 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgst.com/science-of-storage/emerging-technologies/shingled-magnetic-recording">Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR)</a>, <a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a>, Inc., 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgst.com/science-of-storage/emerging-technologies/helium-technology">The Road to Helium</a>, HGST, Inc., 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13406">Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto-optical data storage.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_storage105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_storage" title="Template:Data storage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_storage" title="Template talk:Data storage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_storage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data storage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_storage105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental storage technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Semiconductor memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Uncommon" title="Computer data storage">Uncommon storage technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Robotic_storage" title="Computer data storage">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Network storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Network_connectivity" title="Computer data storage">Networked storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">File server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magnetic_storage_media26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template talk:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magnetic_storage_media26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Tape</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Ferrite core</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard disk</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Stripe card</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin film</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR_CRAM" title="NCR CRAM">CRAM</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor</a> (~1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble</a> (~1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">MRAM</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_storage_media170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_storage_media" title="Template talk:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_storage_media170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> (2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R XL</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE XL</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a> (2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc#Professional_Disc_for_Data_(PDD)" title="Professional Disc">PDD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD-R</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a> (1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tape" title="Optical tape">Optical tape</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">UDO</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">ProData</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect" title="Magneto-optic Kerr effect">Magneto-optic Kerr effect</a> (1877)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">MO disc</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical Assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floptical" title="Floptical">Floptical</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper_data_storage_media43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template talk:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_data_storage_media43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> (105 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a> (1640s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (mid-1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-notched_card" title="Edge-notched card">Edge-notched card</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">Optical mark recognition</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solid-state_drives316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solid-state_drive" title="Template talk:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solid-state_drives316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">SLC/MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XMC_(company)" title="XMC (company)">XMC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Form_factors">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">ONFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express#History" title="NVM Express">NVMHCI Work Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB-IF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">T10/SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">T11/FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">T13/ATA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Solid-state_computer_storage" title="Category:Solid-state computer storage">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hard_disk_drive_manufacturers194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hard_disk_drive_manufacturers" title="Template:Hard disk drive manufacturers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hard_disk_drive_manufacturers" title="Template talk:Hard disk drive manufacturers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hard_disk_drive_manufacturers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hard disk drive manufacturers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hard_disk_drive_manufacturers194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard disk drive</a> manufacturers</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hard_disk_drives" title="History of hard disk drives">History of hard disk drives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_magnetic_disk_drives" title="History of IBM magnetic disk drives">IBM magnetic disk drives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers" title="List of defunct hard disk manufacturers">List of defunct hard disk manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anelex" title="Anelex">Anelex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areal_Technology" title="Areal Technology">Areal Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atasi_Corporation" title="Atasi Corporation">Atasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Systems" title="Avatar Systems">Avatar Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Grinder" title="Bryant Grinder">Bryant Computer Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">C. Itoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlewood_Orb_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlewood Orb Drive">Castlewood Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcomp" title="Calcomp">Calcomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus_Memories" title="Caelus Memories">Caelus Memories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">CII-Honeywell-Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Memories,_Inc." title="Computer Memories, Inc.">Computer Memories, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conner_Peripherals" title="Conner Peripherals">Conner Peripherals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cornice Inc.">Cornice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Disc" title="Data Disc">Data Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datapoint" title="Datapoint">Datapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataproducts" title="Dataproducts">Dataproducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Data_Systems" title="Diablo Data Systems">Diablo Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulex" title="Emulex">Emulex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExcelStor_Technology" title="ExcelStor Technology">ExcelStor Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_Magicstor" class="mw-redirect" title="GS Magicstor">GS Magicstor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokushin_Electric_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokushin Electric Works">Hokushin Electric Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyosung" title="Hyosung">Hyosung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Peripherals" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Peripherals">Imprimis (CDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Int%C3%A9gral_Peripherals" title="Intégral Peripherals">Intégral Peripherals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomega" title="Iomega">Iomega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT_Storage" title="JT Storage">JT Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalok" title="Kalok">Kalok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Company" title="Kennedy Company">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librascope" title="Librascope">Librascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxtor" title="Maxtor">Maxtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropolis_Corporation" title="Micropolis Corporation">Micropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniScribe" title="MiniScribe">MiniScribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniStor" title="MiniStor">MiniStor Peripherals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR_Voyix" title="NCR Voyix">NCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDK" title="KDK">Nippon Electric Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noma%C3%AF" title="Nomaï">Nomaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Scientific" title="Ohio Scientific">Ohio Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Okidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti OPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertec_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertec Computer">Pertec Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plus_Development" title="Plus Development">Plus Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Instrument" title="Potter Instrument">Potter Instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrairieTek" title="PrairieTek">PrairieTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam_Corporation" title="Priam Corporation">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Corporation" title="Quantum Corporation">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodime" title="Rodime">Rodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGEM" title="SAGEM">SAGEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequel_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Sequel Inc.">Sequel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Shugart Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek" title="StorageTek">StorageTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SyQuest_Technology" title="SyQuest Technology">SyQuest Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandon_Corporation" title="Tandon Corporation">Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokico" title="Tokico">Tokico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec_Corporation" title="Xebec Corporation">Xebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YE-Data" class="mw-redirect" title="YE-Data">YE-Data</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM" title="Template:IBM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM" title="Template talk:IBM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_DS8000_series" title="IBM DS8000 series">DS8000</a></li></ul></li> <li>Quantum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li> <li>Software Labs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM Buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Building,_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academy of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM%27s_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Opel" title="John R. Opel">John R. Opel</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of<br />directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a></i></li> <li>Big Blue sports teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_navigational_boxes" title="Category:IBM navigational boxes">Navigational boxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_FOSS" title="Template:IBM FOSS">FOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_midrange_computers" title="Template:IBM midrange computers">Midrange computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_operating_systems" title="Template:IBM operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/360_line" title="Template:IBM System/360 line">System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/370_line" title="Template:IBM System/370 line">System/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_typewriters" title="Template:IBM typewriters">Typewriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disk_image_file_formats363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disk_images" title="Template:Disk images"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disk_images" title="Template talk:Disk images"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disk_images" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disk images"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disk_image_file_formats363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a> <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disc_image_software" title="Comparison of disc image software">Comparison of disc image software</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cue_sheet_(computing)" title="Cue sheet (computing)">BIN+CUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Access_Archive" title="Direct Access Archive">DAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMG_(file_format)" title="IMG (file format)">IMG</a>+<a href="/wiki/CloneCD_Control_File" title="CloneCD Control File">CCD+SUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_image" title="Optical disc image">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraISO#ISZ_format" title="UltraISO">ISZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Descriptor_File" title="Media Descriptor File">MDF+MDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemon_Tools#File_format" title="Daemon Tools">MDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRG_(file_format)" title="NRG (file format)">NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagicISO#Universal_Image_Format" title="MagicISO">UIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard disks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image" title="Apple Disk Image">DMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Virtual_Disk" title="Fast Virtual Disk">FVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMG_(file_format)" title="IMG (file format)">IMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_image" title="Optical disc image">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Disk_Image_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="New Disk Image Format">NDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qcow" title="Qcow">QCOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Image_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Disk Image Format">UDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox#VirtualBox_Disk_Image" title="VirtualBox">VDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHD_(file_format)" title="VHD (file format)">VHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMDK" title="VMDK">VMDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">WIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Disk_File" title="Amiga Disk File">ADF, ADZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Copy" title="Disk Copy">DC42, DART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Masher_System" title="Disk Masher System">DMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMG_(file_format)" title="IMG (file format)">IMG, IMA, IMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHD_(file_format)#Virtual_Floppy_Disk_(VFD)" title="VHD (file format)">VFD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CDDA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Disc_Description_Protocol" title="Disc Description Protocol">Disc Description Protocol</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Convention: Any item in this table that has the form of "A+B" or "A+B+C" indicates a disk format that spans multiple files, where A contains the bulk of the data, and B and C are <a href="/wiki/Sidecar_file" title="Sidecar file">sidecar files</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Storage_devices_for_Commodore_8-bit_systems103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commodore_disk_drives" title="Template:Commodore disk drives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commodore_disk_drives" title="Template talk:Commodore disk drives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commodore_disk_drives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commodore disk drives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Storage_devices_for_Commodore_8-bit_systems103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Storage devices for <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cassette</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Datasette</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">1530</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">1531</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">Parallel IEEE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8-inch</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8060" title="Commodore 8060">8060</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8060" title="Commodore 8060">8061</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8060" title="Commodore 8060">8062</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8280" title="Commodore 8280">8280</a></dd> <dt>5¼-inch</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_2031" title="Commodore 2031">2031</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_4040" title="Commodore 4040">2040</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_4040" title="Commodore 4040">3040</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_2031" title="Commodore 2031">4031</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_4040" title="Commodore 4040">4040</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8050" title="Commodore 8050">8050</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8050" title="Commodore 8050">8250</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_8050" title="Commodore 8050">SFD-1001</a></dd> <dt>Hard drive</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_D9060" title="Commodore D9060">9060</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_D9060" title="Commodore D9060">9090</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Serial CBM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>5¼-inch</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1540" title="Commodore 1540">1540</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">1541</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1551" title="Commodore 1551">1551</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1570" title="Commodore 1570">1570</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1571" title="Commodore 1571">1571</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MSD_Super_Disk" title="MSD Super Disk">MSD SD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indus_GT" title="Indus GT">Indus GT</a><span class="nowrap">  </span></dd> <dt>3½-inch</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1581" title="Commodore 1581">1581</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CMD_FD_series" title="CMD FD series">CMD FD</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Hard drive</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lt._Kernal" title="Lt. Kernal">Lt. Kernal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAID207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAID" title="Template:RAID"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAID" title="Template talk:RAID"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAID" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAID"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAID207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Redundant</a> <a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">array</a> of independent <a class="mw-selflink selflink">disks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">Disk arrays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing#RAID" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_striping" title="Data striping">Data striping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_array_controller" title="Disk array controller">Disk array controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">Disk mirroring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_drive" title="Parity drive">Parity drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RAID_levels" title="RAID levels">RAID levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_RAID_levels" title="Standard RAID levels">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_RAID_levels" title="Nested RAID levels">Nested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_RAID_levels" title="Non-standard RAID levels">Non-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degraded_mode" title="Degraded mode">Degraded mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">Parity bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">Throughput</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOM" title="GEOM">geom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdadm" title="Mdadm">mdadm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">Oracle ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4439#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1777" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4439#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4439#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4198218-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hard disks (Computer science)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88002126">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Disques durs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120661472">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Disques durs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120661472">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pevné disky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph165975&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hard disks (Computer science)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536724405171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/ff7fe5a4-6360-469e-991d-4c1b9b7fd42a">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&oldid=1276215716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&oldid=1276215716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_inventions" title="Category:20th-century inventions">20th-century inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_data_storage" title="Category:Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_storage_devices" title="Category:Computer storage devices">Computer storage devices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hard_disk_drives" title="Category:Hard disk drives">Hard disk drives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rotating_disc_computer_storage_media" title="Category:Rotating disc computer storage media">Rotating disc computer storage media</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2019">Use mdy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use American English from January 2025">Use American English from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from January 2025">Articles with failed verification from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2025">Articles needing additional references from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_July_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2020">Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 15:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hard disk drive</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>121 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-7cf7cb559d-kg55b","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.737","walltime":"2.121","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17634,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":576879,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18721,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":706587,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1699.792 1 -total"," 48.35% 821.823 2 Template:Reflist"," 30.90% 525.311 124 Template:Cite_web"," 6.52% 110.894 18 Template:Navbox"," 4.89% 83.127 1 Template:Memory_types"," 4.77% 81.125 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.30% 73.098 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.89% 66.169 20 Template:As_of"," 3.76% 63.923 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 3.41% 57.964 1 Template:Infobox_computer_hardware"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.983","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11339908,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-5fb5656994-7d6hc","timestamp":"20250220113511","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hard disk drive","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_disk_drive","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4439","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4439","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-18T17:37:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T15:40:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/ST3320620AS.jpg","headline":"data storage device"}</script> </body> </html>