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(Replaced 1);)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&diff=prev&oldid=1255188098" title="Levi Billig">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&direction=prev&oldid=1255188098" title="Levi Billig">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-Jewish orientalist (1897–1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Levi (Louis) Bellig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="he">לוי ביליג</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg/220px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg/330px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1936 (aged 39)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery">Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">pioneering Arabic studies in Hebrew</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Oriental studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Levi (Lewis) Billig</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לוי ביליג</span>; 1897 – 22 August 1936) was an Anglo-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Studies">orientalist</a> and scholar of Arabic. One of the pioneers of Arabic education in the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, Billig co-edited the first Arabic textbook for Hebrew-speaking students and was the first lecturer in Arabic language and literature at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>Billig was murdered in 1936 by an Arab assassin in his home in the early months of the <a href="/wiki/1936-1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billig was born in London, England, in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTAkilled-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned two <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's degrees">master's degrees</a>, in classics from <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a> in 1920 and in Oriental Studies from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> in 1925. At Cambridge, his professors included <a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Edward Granville Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Bevan" title="Anthony Ashley Bevan">Anthony Ashley Bevan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">Reynold A. Nicholson</a>. He also studied at <a href="/wiki/Jews%27_College_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews' College London">Jews' College London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> administrator <a href="/wiki/Judah_L._Magnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah L. Magnes">Judah L. Magnes</a> appointed German scholar <a href="/wiki/Josef_Horovitz" title="Josef Horovitz">Josef Horovitz</a> as the inaugural Visiting Director of the university's School of Oriental Studies. Billig was appointed the first lecturer in Arabic Language and Literature and oversaw the new department's research work. Billig was the only one of the eight founders of the School of Oriental Studies not to graduate from a German university.<sup id="cite_ref-Milson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTAkilled-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billig's research interests included early Shi'ite literature. He began work on an edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Basa%27ir_ad-Darajat" title="Basa'ir ad-Darajat">Basa'ir ad-Darajat</a></i>, a compilation of Hadiths among <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1920s, Billig was involved in advancing efforts to teach Arabic in Jewish schools in the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>. He participated in the inaugural meeting in 1927 of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Biram" title="Arthur Biram">Arthur Biram</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Yellin" title="David Yellin">David Yellin</a>'s "committee for Arabic studies in high schools". At the meeting, the committee agreed to compose an Arabic Reader textbook, edited by Billig and David Yellin's son Avinoam Yellin, an Arabic scholar and orientalist. Despite the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, progress on the textbook continued, and Billig and Yellin published their textbook <i>Mukhtarat al-Qira'a (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Collections of Readings</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</i> in 1931, the first ever educational material designed for Hebrew-speaking students.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the introduction, the editors expressed hope that the book would facilitate Arabic studies. Billig and Yellin included classic Arabic compositions, from the Pre-Islamic era through the modern period, that the editors hoped Jewish students would learn. The textbook was also published in Hebrew and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 August 1936, Billig was killed while sitting at his desk in the study of his home in the Jerusalem suburbs by an Arab who shot at Billig through the shutters. At the time of his death, he was working on <i>Basa'ir ad-Darajat</i>, and his corpse was found surrounded by Arabic manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billig was one of three Jews killed by Arabs on 22 August, and one of 73 Jews killed since the beginning of the Arab revolt. Hebrew University closed on 23 August in mourning over Billig's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTAkilled-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Yonatan Mendel of <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Gurion University">Ben-Gurion University</a>, Billig's murder "shook the world of Jewish Orientalism in Palestine to its foundations".<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Shelomo Dov Goitein</a> dedicated his Hebrew version of <i><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_the_Nobles" title="Genealogies of the Nobles">Genealogies of the Nobles</a></i> by 9th century Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a>, published in 1938, to Billig.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billig's death was linked with that of Avinoam Yellin, a frequent Billig collaborator and the son of <a href="/wiki/David_Yellin" title="David Yellin">David Yellin</a>, who was killed in October 1937 during the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. Both men had dedicated their lives to the study of and friendship with Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their deaths marked the symbolic death of the Arabic Reader and signaled a change in Arabic studies for Jewish schools in Palestine, from a grammarian approach to one more practical.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levi_Billig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JTAkilled-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JTAkilled_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/3-jews-including-hebrew-u-teacher-slain-by-arabs">"3 Jews, Including Hebrew U. Teacher, Slain by Arabs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. 1936-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=3+Jews%2C+Including+Hebrew+U.+Teacher%2C+Slain+by+Arabs&rft.date=1936-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2F3-jews-including-hebrew-u-teacher-slain-by-arabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Milson, Menahem (1996-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+beginnings+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies+at+the+Hebrew+University...-a018579336">"The beginnings of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought</i>. <b>45</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judaism%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+of+Jewish+Life+and+Thought&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies+at+the+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996-03-22&rft.aulast=Milson&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Bbeginnings%2Bof%2BArabic%2Band%2BIslamic%2BStudies%2Bat%2Bthe%2BHebrew%2BUniversity...-a018579336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mendel, Yonatan (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585608">"From German Philology to Local Usability: The Emergence of 'Practical' Arabic in the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa' 1913–48"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2015.1061508">10.1080/00263206.2015.1061508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585608">24585608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146484354">146484354</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=From+German+Philology+to+Local+Usability%3A+The+Emergence+of+%27Practical%27+Arabic+in+the+Hebrew+Reali+School+in+Haifa%27+1913%E2%80%9348&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146484354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2015.1061508&rft.aulast=Mendel&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/Cmd5479.pdf">"Palestine Royal Commission report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Royal Commission">Palestine Royal Commission</a>. July 1937<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Of many tragic cases we may mention that of Mr. Lewis Billig, Lecturer in Arabic Literature in the Hebrew UniverFiity, who had devoted his life to Arabic studies and was murdered in his house in the suburbs of Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestine+Royal+Commission+report&rft.pub=Palestine+Royal+Commission&rft.date=1937-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2Fpdfs%2FCmd5479.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2015" class="citation book cs1">Black, Ian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sT6sCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22levi+billig%22+arabic&pg=PT447"><i>Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (RLE Israel and Palestine)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44269-1"><bdi>978-1-317-44269-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Arabs%2C+1936-1939+%28RLE+Israel+and+Palestine%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44269-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsT6sCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522levi%2Bbillig%2522%2Barabic%26pg%3DPT447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1938" class="citation journal cs1">Gibb, H.A.R. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608364">"Reviewed Work: The Ansāb Al-Ashrāf of Al-Balādhurī"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608364">608364</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+The+Ans%C4%81b+Al-Ashr%C4%81f+of+Al-Bal%C4%81dhur%C4%AB.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevi+Billig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/indignation-mounts-in-palestine-over-yellins-death-shertok-counsels-restraint">"Indignation Mounts in Palestine over Yellin's Death; Shertok Counsels Restraint"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. 1937-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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