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</button> <ul id="toc-Canonical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meditative_calming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditative_calming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Meditative calming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditative_calming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sati,_pāmojja,_pīti,_passaddhi,_sukho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sati,_pāmojja,_pīti,_passaddhi,_sukho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Sati, pāmojja, pīti, passaddhi, sukho</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sati,_pāmojja,_pīti,_passaddhi,_sukho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Enlightenment factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jhanic_attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jhanic_attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Jhanic attainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jhanic_attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arahantship_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arahantship_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Arahantship condition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arahantship_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abhidhammic_wholesome_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abhidhammic_wholesome_state"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f7d972">Part of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Abhidhamma" title="Theravada Abhidhamma">Theravāda Abhidhamma</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f7d972">52 <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors#Theravāda_Abhidhamma_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental factors">Cetasikas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/150px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/200px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f7d972;padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">7 universal <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>sabbacittasādhāraṇa</i>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; border: 1px solid #f7d972"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa">Phassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">Vedanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjna_(concept)" title="Samjna (concept)">Saññā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetan%C4%81" title="Cetanā">Cetanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaggata" title="Ekaggata">Ekaggatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABvitindriya" title="Jīvitindriya">Jīvitindriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasik%C4%81ra" title="Manasikāra">Manasikāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f7d972;padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">6 occasional <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>pakiṇṇaka</i>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; border: 1px solid #f7d972"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitarka-vic%C4%81ra" title="Vitarka-vicāra">Vitakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitarka-vic%C4%81ra" title="Vitarka-vicāra">Vicāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Adhimokṣa">Adhimokkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Viriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_(Buddhism)" title="Chanda (Buddhism)">Chanda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f7d972;padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">14 unwholesome <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>akusala</i>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; border: 1px solid #f7d972"> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">4 universal unwholesome <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>akusalasādhāraṇa</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_(Buddhism)" title="Moha (Buddhism)">Moha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80hr%C4%ABkya" title="Āhrīkya">Ahirika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapatrapya" title="Anapatrapya">Anottappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auddhatya" title="Auddhatya">Uddhacca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">3 greed-group <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>lobha</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Raga (Sanskrit term)">Lobha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_(Buddhism)" title="View (Buddhism)">Diṭṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81na" title="Māna">Māna</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">4 hatred-group <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>dosa</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvesha" title="Dvesha">Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAr%E1%B9%A3y%C4%81" title="Īrṣyā">Issā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81tsarya" title="Mātsarya">Macchariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukritya" title="Kaukritya">Kukkucca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">other unwholesome:</span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sty%C4%81na" title="Styāna">Thīna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middha" title="Middha">Middha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicikitsa" title="Vicikitsa">Vicikicchā</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f7d972;padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">25 beautiful <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>sobhana</i>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; border: 1px solid #f7d972"> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">19 universal beautiful <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>sobhanasādhāraṇa</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatrapya" title="Apatrapya">Ottappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alobha" title="Alobha">Alobha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adve%E1%B9%A3a" title="Adveṣa">Adosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatramajjhattat%C4%81" title="Tatramajjhattatā">Tatramajjhattatā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kāyapassaddhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cittapassaddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahut%C4%81" title="Lahutā">Kāyalahutā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahut%C4%81" title="Lahutā">Cittalahutā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudut%C4%81" title="Mudutā">Kāyamudutā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudut%C4%81" title="Mudutā">Cittamudutā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%C3%B1%C3%B1at%C4%81" title="Kammaññatā">Kāyakammaññatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%C3%B1%C3%B1at%C4%81" title="Kammaññatā">Cittakammaññatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81gu%C3%B1%C3%B1at%C4%81" title="Pāguññatā">Kāyapāguññatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81gu%C3%B1%C3%B1at%C4%81" title="Pāguññatā">Cittapāguññatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujukat%C4%81" title="Ujukatā">Kāyujukatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujukat%C4%81" title="Ujukatā">Cittujukatā</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">3 abstinences <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>virati</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path#Right_speech" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Sammāvācā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path#Right_action" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Sammākammanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path#Right_livelihood" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Sammā-ājīva</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">2 immeasurables <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>appamañña</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:85%;">1 faculty of wisdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>paññindriya</i>):</span></span></b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Paññā</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/28px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/42px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/56px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Theravada" title="Category:Theravada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#cc5500">Theravāda Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_dham_jak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra"><img alt="Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/100px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/150px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/200px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Theravāda Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthaviravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravada">Sthaviras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajjavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Mahāvihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">Bhāṇaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhagho%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhaghoṣa">Buddhaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81kassapa_(12th_century)" title="Mahākassapa (12th century)">Mahākassapa (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta_(12th_century)" title="Sāriputta (12th century)">Sāriputta (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thera" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera">Sumangala Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_N%C4%81rada" title="U Nārada">U Nārada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Ba_Khin" class="mw-redirect" title="U Ba Khin">U Ba Khin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mun Bhuridatta">Mun Bhuridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Ghosananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Ghosananda">Maha Ghosananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripasaran" title="Kripasaran">Kripasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauddha_Rishi_Mahapragya" title="Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya">Mahapragya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyananda_Mahasthavir" title="Pragyananda Mahasthavir">Pragyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">K. Sri Dhammananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Mahathera">Narada Mahathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_Weeraratna" title="Asoka Weeraratna">Asoka Weeraratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula_Thero" title="Walpola Rahula Thero">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Nanamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Brahm" title="Ajahn Brahm">Ajahn Brahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Analayo">Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanggana_Vanavichayen" title="Varanggana Vanavichayen">Varanggana Vanavichayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammananda_Bhikkhuni" title="Dhammananda Bhikkhuni">Dhammananda Bhikkhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Tathaaloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayya Tathaaloka">Ayya Tathaaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Khema" title="Ayya Khema">Ayya Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Nanayon" title="Kee Nanayon">Kee Nanayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Tipiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravāda)">Paracanonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Sub-commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimuttimagga" title="Vimuttimagga">Vimuttimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamm%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Abhidhammāvatāra">Abhidhammāvatāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81vacara%27s_manual" title="Yogāvacara's manual">Yogāvacara's manual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Orders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nikāya)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Nikaya" title="Maha Nikaya">Mahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thudhamma_Nikaya" title="Thudhamma Nikaya">Thudhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwegyin_Nikaya" title="Shwegyin Nikaya">Shwegyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Mahādvāra Nikāya">Mahādvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%ABladv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mūladvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Mūladvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%E1%B8%B7uvana_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veḷuvana Nikāya (page does not exist)">Veḷuvana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaukchaung-dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaukchaung-dvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Anaukchaung-dvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hngettwin_Nikaya" title="Hngettwin Nikaya">Hngettwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%E1%B9%87avimutti_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaṇavimutti Nikāya (page does not exist)">Gaṇavimutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarapura%E2%80%93R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya">Amarapura–Rāmañña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Nikaya" title="Siam Nikaya">Siam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangharaj_Nikaya" title="Sangharaj Nikaya">Saṅgharāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthabir_Nikaya" title="Mahasthabir Nikaya">Mahāsthabir</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADipatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADivedha" title="Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha">Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Abhidhamma" title="Theravada Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Pavāraṇā">Pavāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Southern Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_tradition" title="Dhammakaya tradition">Dhammakaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesākha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Āsāḷha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Day" title="Abhidhamma Day">Abhidhamma Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Higher education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamakut_Buddhist_University" title="Mahamakut Buddhist University">MBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University" title="Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University">MCRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Buddhist_College" title="International Buddhist College">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhist_Missionary_University" title="International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary University">ITBMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Mandalay" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay">SPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_and_Pali_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka">BPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Sihanouk_Raja_Buddhist_University" title="Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University">Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preah_Sihamoni_Raja_Buddhist_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preah Sihamoni Raja Buddhist University (page does not exist)">Sihamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champasak_Sangha_College" title="Champasak Sangha College">CSC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha College (page does not exist)">Sangha College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa_Buddhist_College" title="Kertarajasa Buddhist College">Kertarajasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syailendra_Buddhist_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syailendra Buddhist College (page does not exist)">Syailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Institute" title="Nalanda Institute">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Dipa_International_Buddhist_University" title="Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University">DDIBU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theravada Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Passaddhi</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> noun (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Prasrabhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasrabhi">prasrabhi</a>, Tibetan: ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་བ་, Tibetan Wylie: shin tu sbyang ba) that has been translated as "calmness", "tranquillity", "repose" and "serenity."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associated verb is <i>passambhati</i> (to calm down, to be quiet).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i>passaddhi</i> refers to tranquillity of the body, speech, thoughts and consciousness on the path to <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a>. As part of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">cultivated</a> mental factors, <i>passaddhi</i> is preceded by rapture (<i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">pīti</a></i>) and precedes concentration (<i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a></i>). </p><p><i>Passaddhi</i> is identified as a wholesome factor in the following canonical contexts: </p> <ul><li><i>kāyapassaddhi</i> is one of <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)#Theravāda_Abhidhamma_tradition" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">beautiful mental factors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> Abhidhamma tradition</li> <li><i>cittapassaddhi</i> is one of <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)#Theravāda_Abhidhamma_tradition" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">beautiful mental factors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma</a> tradition</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Seven_factors_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven factors of enlightenment">seven factors of enlightenment</a> (<i>sambojjhangas</i>)</li> <li>meditative absorptions (<i><a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhanani</a></i>)</li> <li>transcendental dependent arising (<i>lokuttara-<a href="/wiki/Paticcasamuppada" class="mw-redirect" title="Paticcasamuppada">paticcasamuppada</a></i>)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonical_references">Canonical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canonical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In various Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">canonical</a> schema, the calming of the body, speech and various mental factors is associated with gladness (<i>pāmojja</i>, <i>pāmujja</i>), rapture (<i>pīti</i>), and pleasure (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sukhaṃ</i></span></i>) and leads to the concentration needed for release from suffering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditative_calming">Meditative calming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meditative calming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calming (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">passambhayaṃ</i></span></i>) bodily and mental formations is the culmination of each of the first two tetrads of meditation instructions in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>'s famed <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a>: </p> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[1] </td> <td>Breathing in long, he discerns, 'I am breathing in long'.... </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dīghaṃ vā assasanto dīghaṃ assasāmīti pajānāti</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[2] </td> <td>Or breathing in short, he discerns, 'I am breathing in short'.... </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rassaṃ vā assasanto rassaṃ assasāmīti pajānāti</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[3] </td> <td>He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to the entire body....' </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sabbakāyapaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[4] </td> <td>He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming bodily fabrication....' </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Passambhayaṃ kāyasaṅkhāraṃ assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <br />[5] </td> <td> <br />He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to rapture....' </td> <td> <br /><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pītipaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[6] </td> <td>He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to pleasure....' </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sukhapaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[7] </td> <td>He trains himself, 'I will breathe in sensitive to mental fabrication....' </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>[8] </td> <td>He trains himself, 'I will breathe in calming mental fabrication....'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Passambhayaṃ cittasaṅkhāraṃ assasissāmīti sikkhati</i></span>....</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sati,_pāmojja,_pīti,_passaddhi,_sukho"><span id="Sati.2C_p.C4.81mojja.2C_p.C4.ABti.2C_passaddhi.2C_sukho"></span><i>Sati, pāmojja, pīti, passaddhi, sukho</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sati, pāmojja, pīti, passaddhi, sukho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of discourses identify the concurrent arising of the following wholesome mental states with the development of <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindfulness (Buddhism)">mindfulness</a> (<i>sati</i>) and the onset of the first <i>jhana</i>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>pāmojja</i> or <i>pāmujja</i> ("gladness" or "joy")</li> <li><i>pīti</i> ("rapture" or "joy")</li> <li><i>passaddhi</i> ("tranquility" or "serenity" or "calm")</li> <li><i>sukho</i> ("happiness" or "pleasure").</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>By establishing mindfulness, one overcomes the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hindrances" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hindrances">Five Hindrances</a> (<i>pañca nīvaraṇi</i>), gives rise to gladness, rapture, pleasure and tranquillizes the body (<i>kāyo passambhati</i>); such bodily tranquillity (<i>passaddhakāyo</i>) leads to higher states of concentration (<i>samādhi</i>) as indicated in this Pali-recorded discourse ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>: </p> <table cellpadding="15" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>Seeing that [these five hindrances] have been abandoned<br />within him, he becomes glad.<br />Glad, he becomes enraptured.<br />Enraptured, his body grows tranquil.<br />His body tranquil, he is sensitive to pleasure.<br />Feeling pleasure, his mind becomes concentrated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tassime pañca nīvaraṇe pahīṇe<br />attani samanupassato pāmojjaṃ jāyati.<br />Pamuditassa pīti jāyati.<br />Pītimanassa kāyo passambhati.<br />Passaddhakāyo sukhaṃ vedeti.<br />Sukhino cittaṃ samādhiyati.</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alternately, with right effort and sense-restraint, <i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">paññā</a></i> ("wisdom," "discernment") is fully realized, and the <i>jhana</i>-factors arise: </p> <table cellpadding="15" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>When defiling mental qualities are abandoned and bright mental qualities have grown, and one enters & remains in the culmination & abundance of discernment <i>[paññā]</i>, having known & realized it for oneself in the here & now, there is joy, rapture, serenity [<i>passaddhi</i>], mindfulness, alertness, and a pleasant/happy abiding.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṅkilesikā ceva dhammā pahīyissanti. Vodāniyā dhammā abhivaḍḍhissanti. Paññāpāripūriṃ vepullattañca diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissanti. Pāmujjañceva bhavissati pīti ca passaddhi ca sati ca sampajaññañca sukho ca vihāro.</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_factor">Enlightenment factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enlightenment factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passaddhi is the fifth of seven factors of enlightenment (<i>sambojjhanga</i>) that lead to deliverance from suffering. Among the factors of enlightenment, serenity (<i>passadhi</i>) is preceded by rapture (<i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">pīti</a></i>) and leads to concentration (<i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a></i>) as further described by the Buddha in the <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a>: </p> <dl><dd>"For one enraptured at heart, the body grows calm and the mind grows calm. When the body & mind of a monk enraptured at heart grow calm, then serenity as a factor for awakening becomes aroused. He develops it, and for him it goes to the culmination of its development.</dd> <dd>"For one who is at ease — his body calmed — the mind becomes concentrated. When the mind of one who is at ease — his body calmed — becomes concentrated, then concentration as a factor for awakening becomes aroused. He develops it, and for him it goes to the culmination of its development."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jhanic_attainment">Jhanic attainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jhanic attainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Table: <span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism#The_rūpa_jhānas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Rūpa jhāna</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success"><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Cetasika</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(mental factors)</span></th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">First<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Second<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Third<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Fourth<br />jhāna </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">Kāma</a> / Akusala dhamma<div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(sensuality / unskillful qualities)</span></div> </th> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">secluded from;<br />withdrawn </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(rapture)</span></div> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">seclusion-born;<br />pervades body </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a>-born;<br />pervades body </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">fades away<br />(along with distress) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">Sukha</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(non-sensual pleasure)</span></div> </th> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">pervades<br />physical body </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">abandoned<br />(no pleasure nor pain) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Vitakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitakka">Vitakka</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">("applied thought")</span></div> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">accompanies<br /><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhāna">jhāna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Ekaggata" title="Ekaggata">unification of awareness</a><br />free from vitakka and vicāra </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Vic%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicāra">Vicāra</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">("sustained thought")</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh">Upekkhāsatipārisuddhi<div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Purity_in_Buddhism" title="Purity in Buddhism">pure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">mindful</a> <a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">equanimity</a>)</span></div> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">internal confidence </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Equanimous" class="mw-redirect" title="Equanimous">equanimous</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindful</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">purity of<br />equanimity and mindfulness </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:JhanaFactors" title="Template:JhanaFactors"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:JhanaFactors" title="Template talk:JhanaFactors"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JhanaFactors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:JhanaFactors"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In describing one's progressive steps through the absorptions (<i><a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhanani</a></i>), the Buddha identifies six sequential "calmings" (<i>passaddhis</i>): </p> <ol><li>With the first jhana, speech (<i>vācā</i>) is calmed.</li> <li>With the second jhana, applied and sustained thought (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitakka">vitakka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vicara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicara">vicārā</a></i>) is calmed.</li> <li>With the third jhana, rapture (<i>pīti</i>) is calmed.</li> <li>With the fourth jhana, in-and-out breathing (<i>assāsa-passāsā</i>) is calmed.</li> <li>With the cessation of perception and feeling, perception and feeling (<i><a href="/wiki/Samjna" class="mw-redirect" title="Samjna">saññā</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedana">vedanā</a></i>) are calmed.</li> <li>With the ending of mental fermentations (<i>āsava</i>), lust, hatred and delusion (<i>rāga-dosa-moha</i>) are calmed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arahantship_condition">Arahantship condition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arahantship condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passaddhi is a "supporting condition" for the "destruction of the cankers" (<i>āsava-khaye</i>), that is, the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arahantship</a>. More specifically, in describing a set of supporting conditions that move one from <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsaric</a> suffering (see <a href="/wiki/Dependent_Origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent Origination">Dependent Origination</a>) to destruction of the cankers, the Buddha describes the following progression of conditions: </p> <ol><li>suffering (<i><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i>)</li> <li>faith (<i><a href="/wiki/Saddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddha">saddhā</a></i>)</li> <li>joy (<i>pāmojja</i>, <i>pāmujja</i>)</li> <li>rapture (<i>pīti</i>)</li> <li>tranquillity (<i>passaddhi</i>)</li> <li>happiness (<i><a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">sukha</a></i>)</li> <li>concentration (<i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a></i>)</li> <li>knowledge and vision of things as they are (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana</i></span></i>)</li> <li>disenchantment with worldly life (<i>nibbidā</i>)</li> <li>dispassion (<i>virāga</i>)</li> <li>freedom, release, emancipation, deliverance (<i>vimutti</i>)</li> <li>knowledge of destruction of the cankers (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">āsava-khaye-ñāna</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a>, this sequence that enables one to transcend worldly suffering is referred to as the "transcendental dependent arising" (<i>lokuttara-<a href="/wiki/Paticcasamuppada" class="mw-redirect" title="Paticcasamuppada">paticcasamuppada</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abhidhammic_wholesome_state">Abhidhammic wholesome state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abhidhammic wholesome state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Pitaka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dhammasangani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammasangani">Dhammasangani</a>, the first chapter identifies 56 states of material-world consciousness that are wholesome, including "lightness of sense and thought," upon which the text elaborates: </p> <dl><dd>What on that occasion is repose of sense (<i>kayāpassaddhi</i>)?</dd> <dd>The serenity, the composure which there is on that occasion, the calming, the tranquillizing, the tranquillity of the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">skandhas</a> of feeling, perception and syntheses — this is the serenity of sense that there then is.</dd> <dd>What on that occasion is serenity of thought (<i>cittapassaddhi</i>)?</dd> <dd>The serenity, the composure which there is on that occasion, the calming, the tranquillizing, the tranquillity of the skandha of intellect — this is the serenity of thought that there then is.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-canonical_Pali_texts">Post-canonical Pali texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-canonical Pali texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Passaddhi</i> is referenced in the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a> and other Pali commentarial (<i><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">atthakatha</a></i>) texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tranquillity's_nutriments"><span id="Tranquillity.27s_nutriments"></span>Tranquillity's nutriments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tranquillity's nutriments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Visuddhimagga, the enlightenment factors (<i><a href="/wiki/Bojjhanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojjhanga">bojjhangas</a></i>) are discussed in the context of skills for developing absorption (<i><a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhāna</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Visuddhimagga recommends that in order to develop the skill of "restrain[ing] the mind on an occasion when it should be restrained" (such as when it is "agitated through over-energeticness, etc."), one should develop tranquillity (<i>passaddhi</i>), concentration (<i>samādhi</i>) and equanimity (<i>upekkhā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards this end, the Visuddhimagga identifies seven things from which bodily and mental tranquillity arise: </p> <ol><li>"using superior food"</li> <li>"living in a good climate"</li> <li>"maintaining a pleasant posture"</li> <li>"keeping to the middle"</li> <li>"avoidance of violent persons"</li> <li>"cultivation of persons tranquil in body"</li> <li>"resoluteness upon that [tranquillity]."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">Jhana</a> (Meditative absorption)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paticcasamuppada" class="mw-redirect" title="Paticcasamuppada">Paticcasamuppada</a> (Dependent Origination) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">Twelve Nidanas</a> (12 Causes)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_factors_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven factors of enlightenment">Seven factors of enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiya_dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhipakkhiya dhamma">Bodhipakkhiya dhamma</a> (Qualities conducive to Enlightenment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ram%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāramī">Pāramī</a> (Perfections) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Pañña</a> (wisdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a> (truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a> (resolute determination)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana (Buddhism)">Dāna</a> (generosity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a> (renunciation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkhā</a> (equanimity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanti">Khanti</a> (patience)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Metta</a> (loving-kindness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> (diligence)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 447, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712115830/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:2512.pali">entry for "Passaddhi" (retrieved 9 Jul 2007).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 447, entries for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712115830/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:2512.pali">"Passaddhi" (retrieved 9 Jul 2007)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708002222/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:2514.pali">"Passambhati" (retrieved 14 Jul 2007)</a> etymologically derive both words from "pa+<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrambh</i></span>." The past participle of <i>passambhati</i> is <i>passaddha</i> and the present participle is <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">passambhayaṃ</i></span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Anapanasati Sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 118) in English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html">(Thanissaro, 2006).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Anapanasati Sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 118) in Pali <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima3/118-anappanasati-p.html">(SLTP, n.d.-a).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235959/http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima3/118-anappanasati-p.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Samaññaphala Sutta (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 2) in English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html">(Thanissaro, 1997).</a> The same verse is in the Potthapada Sutta (DN 9) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.09.0.than.html">(Thanissaro, 2003).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaññaphalasuttaṃ</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 2) in Pali <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/02samannaphala-p.html">(SLTP, n.d.-c), para. 61</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235954/http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/02samannaphala-p.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Poṭṭhapādasuttaṃ</i></span></i> (DN 9) in Pali <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html">(SLTP, n.d.-b), para. 33.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321010342/http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Potthapada Sutta (DN 9) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.09.0.than.html">(Thanissaro, 2003).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Poṭṭhapādasuttaṃ</i></span></i> (DN 9) in Pali <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html">(SLTP, n.d.-b), para. 33.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321010342/http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 118 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html">(Thanissaro, 2006).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikku</a> (2005). <i>In the Buddha's Words</i>. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. pp. 296–8 (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 28:1-9). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-491-9"><bdi>978-0-86171-491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Buddha%27s+Words&rft.place=Somerville&rft.pages=pp.+296-8+%28Samyutta+Nikaya%7CSN+28%3A1-9%29&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-491-9&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassaddhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105004425/http://mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/003-pancangikavaggo-p.html">"Suttantapiñake Aïguttaranikàyo § 5.1.3.8"</a>. <i>MettaNet-Lanka</i> (in Pali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/003-pancangikavaggo-p.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MettaNet-Lanka&rft.atitle=Suttantapi%C3%B1ake+A%C3%AFguttaranik%C3%A0yo+%C2%A7+5.1.3.8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmettanet.org%2Ftipitaka%2F2Sutta-Pitaka%2F4Anguttara-Nikaya%2FAnguttara3%2F5-pancakanipata%2F003-pancangikavaggo-p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassaddhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikku1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Bhikku, Thanissaro</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an05/an05.028.than.html">"Samadhanga Sutta: The Factors of Concentration (AN 5.28)"</a>. <i>Access to Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=Samadhanga+Sutta%3A+The+Factors+of+Concentration+%28AN+5.28%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bhikku&rft.aufirst=Thanissaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan05%2Fan05.028.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassaddhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 36.11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.than.html">(Thanissaro, 1998</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.nypo.html">Nyanaponika, 1983)</a>; and, similarly, <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 9.6.7, entitled "Passaddhisuttaṃ – Tranquillity [Sutta]" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara6/09-navakanipata/006-khemavaggo-e.html">(Upalavanna, n.d.).</a> In regards to the absence of the immaterial jhanas from this sequence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.nypo.html#n-5">Nyanaponika (1983), <i>n</i>. 5</a>, states: <dl><dd>"In the section on 'being quietened' (<i>patipassaddha</i>), the four immaterial absorptions (<i>arupajjhana</i>) are not mentioned. According to [Commentary] they are implied in the 'cessation of perception and feelings' (for the attainment of which they are a condition)."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.023.bodh.html">(Bodhi, 1980, 1995).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodhi (1980, 1995) states that the para<a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Nettipakarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettipakarana">Nettipakarana</a> provides this label for SN 12.23's secondary sequence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhys Davids (1900), pp. 1-4 (consciousness states xxxix and xl), 23, verses 40 and 41. Based on the second paragraph of this excerpt and the third excerpted paragraph's use of the word <i>citta</i>, it is evident that Rhys Davids uses the word "intellect" here for what is traditionally referred to in the <i>khandha</i> model as <i><a href="/wiki/Vijnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana">viññana</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhaghosa & <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> (1999), IV:42-66, pp. 127-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhaghosa & <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> (1999), p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhaghosa & <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> (1999), p. 132 (square brackets included in original text). According to Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), <i>op. cit.</i>, similar information is found in the <a href="/wiki/Vibhanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibhanga">Vibhanga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Atthakatha</a> 282.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passaddhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (trans., ed.) (1980). <i>Transcendental Dependent Arising: A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta</i> (The Wheel No. 277/278) (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.23) Kandy: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>. Retrieved 11 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" (1995) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel277.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel277.html</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, Bhadantacariya & Bhikkhu <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> (trans.) (1999). <i>The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga</i>. Seattle, WA: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">BPS</a> Pariyatti Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2">1-928706-00-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a> (trans.) (1983, 1998). <i>Rahogata Sutta: Secluded</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 36.11). Retrieved 09 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.nypo.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.nypo.html</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_Foley_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, C.A.F.</a> (trans.) (1900). <i>A Buddhist manual of psychological ethics or Buddhist Psychology, of the Fourth Century B.C., being a translation, now made for the first time, from the Original Pāli of the First Book in the Abhidhamma-Piţaka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena)</i>. Lancaster: <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>. Reprint currently available from Kessinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9">0-7661-4702-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._W._Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="T. W. Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, T.W.</a> & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). <i>The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary</i>. Chipstead: <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>. A general on-line search engine for this dictionary is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/">http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/</a>.</li> <li>Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series (SLTP) (n.d.-a). <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ānāpānasatisuttaṃ</i></span></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 118). Retrieved 13 Jul 2007 from "Mettanet - Lanka" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima3/118-anappanasati-p.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima3/118-anappanasati-p.html</a>.</li> <li>Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series (SLTP) (n.d.-b). <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaññaphalasuttaṃ</i></span></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 9). Retrieved 14 Jul 2007 from "Mettanet - Lanka" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/09-potthapada-p.html</a>.</li> <li>Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series (SLTP) (n.d.-c). <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaññaphalasuttaṃ</i></span></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 2). Retrieved 14 Jul 2007 from "Mettanet - Lanka" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/02samannaphala-p.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha1/02samannaphala-p.html</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (1997). <i>Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life</i> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 2). Retrieved 14 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). <i>Rahogata Sutta: Alone</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 36.11). Retrieved 09 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.011.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003). <i>Potthapada Sutta: About Potthapada</i> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 9). Retrieved 14 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.09.0.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.09.0.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). <i>Anapanasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 118). Retrieved 09 Jul 2007 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Upalavanna, Sister (n.d.). <i>Aṅguttara Nikāya, [Navakanipāta], 006. Khemavaggo – Section on Appeasement</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 9.6). 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data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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