Livestock - CSIRO

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NFNJZDG');</script>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Livestock - CSIRO</title>  <meta name="VIcurrentDateTime" content="638682985189638432" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/layouts/system/VisitorIdentification.js"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=10.0,minimum-scale=0.25,user-scalable=yes" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock" /> <meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Origin" content="*" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="CSIRO.Page.Template" content="Taggable Landing Page" /> <meta name="CSIRO.GUID" content="{8E69A75F-9382-4107-BDD0-230AAB7D9D13}" /> <meta name="CSIRO.Page.Type" content="navigation" /> <meta name="CSIRO.Paths" content="research/animals" /> <meta name="CSIRO.Tags" content="animals" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="CSIRO" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="09 Oct 2023" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices." /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Livestock" /> <meta name="Description" content="We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices." /> <meta name="Last.Updated" content="09 Oct 2023" /> <meta name="keywords" content="livestock, livestock research, livestock agriculture, cattle research, cow research" /> <meta property="og:description" content="We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.csiro.au/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/CarolineLee.jpg?mw=1200&hash=51315C5247E9603B822ACDAB31CD3607" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Livestock" /> <meta name="ParentID" content="{5ED082BF-4CC7-44B2-812D-9A64595EBEA9}" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="CSIRO" /> <meta name="referrer" content="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" /> <meta name="robots" content="NOODP" /> <meta name="Template-Group" content="navigation" /> <meta name="Title" content="Livestock" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.csiro.au/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/CarolineLee.jpg?mw=1200&hash=51315C5247E9603B822ACDAB31CD3607" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CSIROnews" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Livestock" /> <meta name="Viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=10.0,minimum-scale=0.25,user-scalable=yes" /> <link rel="icon" href="//style.csiro.au/assets/media/CSIRO/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/css/csiro.min.css?v=20230801" /> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/common.min.js?v=20240813"></script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/lib/bluebird/bluebird.min.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=DC-8702296"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'DC-8702296'); </script> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NFNJZDG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" height="0" style="position:absolute"> <symbol id="angle-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M151.5 347.8L3.5 201c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l19.8-19.8c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0L160 282.7l119.7-118.5c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0l19.8 19.8c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-148 146.8c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="arrow" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="badge-dollar" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M18.06 13.34a3.84 3.84 0 0 1-4.72 4.72 3.85 3.85 0 0 1-6.68 0 3.84 3.84 0 0 1-4.72-4.72 3.85 3.85 0 0 1 0-6.68 3.84 3.84 0 0 1 4.72-4.72 3.85 3.85 0 0 1 6.68 0 3.84 3.84 0 0 1 4.72 4.72 3.85 3.85 0 0 1 0 6.68zm.69-3.34a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-2.31-2.67 2.86 2.86 0 0 0-.25-3.52 2.88 2.88 0 0 0-3.52-.25A2.86 2.86 0 0 0 10 1.25a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-2.67 2.31 2.86 2.86 0 0 0-3.52.25 2.88 2.88 0 0 0-.25 3.52A2.86 2.86 0 0 0 1.25 10a2.88 2.88 0 0 0 2.31 2.67 2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .25 3.52c1.13 1.12 2.25.83 3.52.25A2.86 2.86 0 0 0 10 18.75a2.88 2.88 0 0 0 2.67-2.31c1.27.58 2.39.88 3.52-.25a2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .25-3.52A2.86 2.86 0 0 0 18.75 10zm-6.05 2.38a2.12 2.12 0 0 1-2 1.37v.94a.31.31 0 0 1-.32.31h-.69a.31.31 0 0 1-.31-.31v-.94h-.06a2.7 2.7 0 0 1-1.67-.57.3.3 0 0 1 0-.47l.44-.45a.32.32 0 0 1 .39 0 1.45 1.45 0 0 0 .88.29h1.44a.8.8 0 0 0 .2-1.62l-2.2-.63a2.13 2.13 0 0 1-1.6-1.8 2 2 0 0 1 2-2.25h.14v-.94A.31.31 0 0 1 9.69 5h.62a.31.31 0 0 1 .32.31v.94a2.7 2.7 0 0 1 1.67.57.3.3 0 0 1 0 .47l-.3.45a.32.32 0 0 1-.39 0 1.45 1.45 0 0 0-.88-.29H9.24A.8.8 0 0 0 9 9.07l2.31.66a2.07 2.07 0 0 1 1.39 2.65z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="blog" viewBox="0 0 27.15 27.4"> <title>Blog icon</title> <path fill="currentColor" d="M0 14.27V8.41A2.13 2.13 0 0 1 2.22 6a2.18 2.18 0 0 1 2.29 2.44v11a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 3.33 3.25 3.2 3.2 0 0 0 2.78-3.29c0-1.68-1.1-2.67-3-2.78a2.21 2.21 0 0 1-2.31-2.7 2 2 0 0 1 2.12-1.84 7.12 7.12 0 0 1 7.65 7.2 7.7 7.7 0 0 1-7.47 8.12A7.61 7.61 0 0 1 0 19.78v-5.51zM19.44 18.74a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-1.56-1.28A10.77 10.77 0 0 0 10 9.29a1.6 1.6 0 1 1 .75-3.11A13.84 13.84 0 0 1 21 16.81a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-1.24 1.89 1.64 1.64 0 0 1-.32.04z"></path> <path fill="currentColor" d="M25.55 18.67A1.6 1.6 0 0 1 24 17.3 17 17 0 0 0 10.21 3.18 1.6 1.6 0 0 1 10.72 0a20 20 0 0 1 16.41 16.85 1.6 1.6 0 0 1-1.36 1.81z"></path> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 448 512" id="calendar"> <path d="M112 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v48h192V16c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16v48h32c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64v320c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V128c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64h32V16c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16zm304 192H32v256c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h320c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V192zm-32-96H64c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v32h384v-32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="calendar-day" viewBox="0 0 17.5 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M17.5 4.38v13.75A1.87 1.87 0 0 1 15.63 20H1.88A1.88 1.88 0 0 1 0 18.13V4.38A1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.88 2.5h1.87V.31A.31.31 0 0 1 4.06 0h.63A.31.31 0 0 1 5 .31V2.5h7.5V.31a.31.31 0 0 1 .31-.31h.63a.31.31 0 0 1 .31.31V2.5h1.88a1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.87 1.88zm-1.25 0a.63.63 0 0 0-.62-.63H1.88a.63.63 0 0 0-.63.63v1.87h15zm0 3.12h-15v10.63a.63.63 0 0 0 .63.62h13.75a.62.62 0 0 0 .62-.62zm-12.5 6.88v-3.75a.63.63 0 0 1 .63-.63h3.75a.63.63 0 0 1 .62.63v3.75a.62.62 0 0 1-.62.62H4.38a.63.63 0 0 1-.63-.62zM5 13.75h2.5v-2.5H5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="camera" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M342.7 144H464v288H48V144h121.3l24-64h125.5l23.9 64zM324.3 32h-131c-20 0-37.9 12.4-44.9 31.1L136 96H48c-26.5 0-48 21.5-48 48v288c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h416c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V144c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-88l-14.3-38c-5.8-15.7-20.7-26-37.4-26zM256 408c-66.2 0-120-53.8-120-120s53.8-120 120-120 120 53.8 120 120-53.8 120-120 120zm0-192c-39.7 0-72 32.3-72 72s32.3 72 72 72 72-32.3 72-72-32.3-72-72-72z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="clock" viewBox="0 0 19.38 19.38"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M19.38 9.69A9.69 9.69 0 1 1 9.69 0a9.69 9.69 0 0 1 9.69 9.69zM9.69 1.25a8.44 8.44 0 1 0 8.44 8.44 8.44 8.44 0 0 0-8.44-8.44zm-.55 9.58a.47.47 0 0 1-.14-.38V4.22a.47.47 0 0 1 .46-.47H10a.47.47 0 0 1 .47.47v5.71l2.75 2a.47.47 0 0 1 .11.65L13 13a.47.47 0 0 1-.65.1z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="download" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M452 432c0 11-9 20-20 20s-20-9-20-20 9-20 20-20 20 9 20 20zm-84-20c-11 0-20 9-20 20s9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20-9-20-20-20zm144-48v104c0 24.3-19.7 44-44 44H44c-24.3 0-44-19.7-44-44V364c0-24.3 19.7-44 44-44h99.4L87 263.6c-25.2-25.2-7.3-68.3 28.3-68.3H168V40c0-22.1 17.9-40 40-40h96c22.1 0 40 17.9 40 40v155.3h52.7c35.6 0 53.4 43.1 28.3 68.3L368.6 320H468c24.3 0 44 19.7 44 44zm-261.7 17.7c3.1 3.1 8.2 3.1 11.3 0L402.3 241c5-5 1.5-13.7-5.7-13.7H312V40c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8h-96c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v187.3h-84.7c-7.1 0-10.7 8.6-5.7 13.7l140.7 140.7zM480 364c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12H336.6l-52.3 52.3c-15.6 15.6-41 15.6-56.6 0L175.4 352H44c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v104c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12V364z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="envelope" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M464 64H48C21.49 64 0 85.49 0 112v288c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V112c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 48v40.805c-22.422 18.259-58.168 46.651-134.587 106.49-16.841 13.247-50.201 45.072-73.413 44.701-23.208.375-56.579-31.459-73.413-44.701C106.18 199.465 70.425 171.067 48 152.805V112h416zM48 400V214.398c22.914 18.251 55.409 43.862 104.938 82.646 21.857 17.205 60.134 55.186 103.062 54.955 42.717.231 80.509-37.199 103.053-54.947 49.528-38.783 82.032-64.401 104.947-82.653V400H48z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="event-type" viewBox="0 0 28.8 20.21"> <path fill="currentColor" data-name="Path 124" d="M28.48 0H6a.31.31 0 0 0-.3.31V1a.31.31 0 0 0 .3.26h1v1.92a5 5 0 0 1 1.29.48v-2.4h18v11.37H11.77a5 5 0 0 1 .87.91 2.43 2.43 0 0 1 .2.35h3.77v1.94l-3.44 3.39a.31.31 0 0 0 0 .44l.45.44a.32.32 0 0 0 .46 0l3.17-3.1 3.17 3.13a.31.31 0 0 0 .45 0l.45-.44a.31.31 0 0 0 0-.45l-3.43-3.39V13.9h8.34a1.27 1.27 0 0 0 1.28-1.27V1.26h1A.32.32 0 0 0 28.8 1V.31a.33.33 0 0 0-.32-.31z"></path> <g data-name="Group 820" fill="currentColor"> <path data-name="Path 125" d="M5.8 12.25h.29A3.56 3.56 0 0 0 6 5.13a3.56 3.56 0 0 0-.14 7.12zm.14-5.93A2.38 2.38 0 1 1 3.57 8.7 2.39 2.39 0 0 1 6 6.31z"></path> <path data-name="Path 126" d="M11.28 14.53a3.41 3.41 0 0 0-2.86-1.45c-1 0-1.29.37-2.48.37s-1.44-.37-2.48-.37a3.4 3.4 0 0 0-2.85 1.45 3.54 3.54 0 0 0-.61 2v1.39a1.49 1.49 0 0 0 1.48 1.48h8.92a1.49 1.49 0 0 0 1.49-1.49v-1.39a3.54 3.54 0 0 0-.61-1.99zm-.58 3.38a.3.3 0 0 1-.3.3H1.49a.29.29 0 0 1-.3-.3v-1.39a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .4-1.32 2.23 2.23 0 0 1 1.87-.93c.81.16 1.63.29 2.46.37H6c.82-.08 1.64-.21 2.45-.37a2.23 2.23 0 0 1 1.87.93 2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .4 1.32z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="external-link" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M17.5 10.31v7.82A1.87 1.87 0 0 1 15.63 20H1.88A1.88 1.88 0 0 1 0 18.13V4.38A1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.88 2.5h7.81a.31.31 0 0 1 .31.31v.63a.31.31 0 0 1-.31.31H1.88a.63.63 0 0 0-.63.63v13.75a.63.63 0 0 0 .63.62h13.75a.62.62 0 0 0 .62-.62v-7.82a.31.31 0 0 1 .31-.31h.63a.31.31 0 0 1 .31.31zM20 .47v5.31a.47.47 0 0 1-.47.47h-.39a.47.47 0 0 1-.47-.47V2.27L6 14.86a.46.46 0 0 1-.66 0l-.22-.22a.46.46 0 0 1 0-.66L17.76 1.36h-3.54a.47.47 0 0 1-.47-.47V.48a.47.47 0 0 1 .47-.48h5.31a.47.47 0 0 1 .47.47z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="facebook" viewBox="0 0 264 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M76.7 512V283H0v-91h76.7v-71.7C76.7 42.4 124.3 0 193.8 0c33.3 0 61.9 2.5 70.2 3.6V85h-48.2c-37.8 0-45.1 18-45.1 44.3V192H256l-11.7 91h-73.6v229"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="filter" viewBox="0 0 18.82 16.7"> <rect fill="currentColor" x="6.43" y="14.21" width="5.97" height="2.49" rx=".26"></rect> <path fill="currentColor" d="M1.27 14.18a1.24 1.24 0 1 0 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 0 0 0-1.24-1.24z"></path> <rect fill="currentColor" x="6.43" y="7.11" width="12.39" height="2.49" rx=".26"></rect> <path fill="currentColor" d="M.26 2.52h18.29a.27.27 0 0 0 .27-.27v-2a.27.27 0 0 0-.27-.25H.26A.26.26 0 0 0 0 .26v2a.26.26 0 0 0 .26.26zM1.27 7.07a1.24 1.24 0 1 0 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 0 0 0-1.24-1.24z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="globe-asia" viewBox="0 0 496 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M248 8C111.04 8 0 119.03 0 256s111.04 248 248 248 248-111.03 248-248S384.96 8 248 8zm0 32c18.88 0 37.09 2.68 54.55 7.25l-51.93 43.78c-7.12 4.72-11.19 12.94-10.69 21.44.53 8.53 5.62 16.19 13.25 20.02l10.81 5.41v64.19c-1.75-.55-3.56-.88-5.44-.94-7.12 0-14.47 3.56-18.25 9.91L222.62 240c-8.53 0-16.59 3.33-22.62 9.38l-5.66 5.66c-4.53 4.53-7.03 10.56-7.03 16.97s2.5 12.44 7.03 16.97l5.66 5.66V304h-22.12l-22.59-45.23a23.997 23.997 0 0 0-17.66-12.95c-7.38-1.23-15.38 1.28-20.78 6.72L97.38 272H32.81c-.39-5.3-.81-10.6-.81-16 0-119.1 96.9-216 216-216zM37.56 304h59.81c8.53 0 16.59-3.33 22.62-9.38l11.62-11.61 17.62 35.31c5.47 10.91 16.44 17.67 28.62 17.67H200c17.66 0 32-14.36 32-32v-9.38c0-8.34-3.34-16.53-9.22-22.47l.16-.16c11.19 0 21.72-5.97 27.44-15.53l10.84-18.06c3.16 1.03 6.75 1.59 10.78 1.59 13.22 0 24-10.77 24-24v-78.11c0-12.16-6.72-23.09-17.56-28.56l59.07-49.67C412.01 93.76 464 168.84 464 256c0 22.71-3.57 44.58-10.09 65.16-1.32-1.77-2.38-3.7-3.96-5.29l-4.88-4.88V308c0-19.85-16.15-36-36-36H403c-5.5 0-10.79 1.27-15.55 3.57a40.04 40.04 0 0 0-16.56-3.57H358.8c-8.37 0-16.39 2.57-23.21 7.42l-23.72 16.9-38.25 15.14c-15.28 6.11-25.14 20.69-25.14 37.14v10.21c0 10.68 4.16 20.73 11.71 28.28L272.11 399c9.06 9.06 21.12 14.06 33.94 14.06h10.34c3.92 0 7.84-.48 11.64-1.43l18.39-4.6 10.91 10.91c5.38 5.38 11.89 9.13 18.93 11.45C340.34 456.03 296.06 472 248 472c-102.59 0-188.53-71.95-210.44-168zM409 399.49c-.87.14-1.68.51-2.57.51h-15.16c-4.24 0-8.31-1.69-11.31-4.69l-13.01-13.01a26.78 26.78 0 0 0-25.42-7.04l-21.27 5.32c-1.27.32-2.57.48-3.88.48h-10.34c-4.24 0-8.31-1.69-11.31-4.69l-11.91-11.91a8.008 8.008 0 0 1-2.34-5.66v-10.2c0-3.27 1.99-6.21 5.03-7.43l39.34-15.74c1.98-.79 3.86-1.82 5.59-3.05l23.71-16.89a8.05 8.05 0 0 1 4.64-1.48h12.09c3.23 0 6.15 1.94 7.39 4.93l5.35 12.85a4 4 0 0 0 3.69 2.46h3.8c1.78 0 3.35-1.17 3.84-2.88l4.2-14.47c.5-1.71 2.06-2.88 3.84-2.88h6.06c2.21 0 4 1.79 4 4v12.93c0 2.12.84 4.16 2.34 5.66l11.91 11.91c3 3 4.69 7.07 4.69 11.31v18.75A216.64 216.64 0 0 1 409 399.49z"></path> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 448 512" id="hashtag" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M207.6 51.6c2-8.6-3.4-17.2-12-19.2s-17.2 3.4-19.2 12l-23 99.6H48c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h98l-36.9 160H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h85.7l-21.3 92.4c-2 8.6 3.4 17.2 12 19.2s17.2-3.4 19.2-12l23-99.6h127.1l-21.3 92.4c-2 8.6 3.4 17.2 12 19.2s17.2-3.4 19.2-12l23-99.6H400c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16h-98l36.9-160H432c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16h-85.7l21.3-92.4c2-8.6-3.4-17.2-12-19.2s-17.2 3.4-19.2 12l-23 99.6H186.3l21.3-92.4zM178.9 176H306l-36.9 160H142l36.9-160z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="hourglass-half" viewBox="0 0 15 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M9.31 10c3.34 1.19 5.07 5.16 5.07 8.75h.15a.47.47 0 0 1 .47.47v.31a.47.47 0 0 1-.47.47H.47a.47.47 0 0 1-.47-.47v-.31a.47.47 0 0 1 .47-.47h.16c0-3.58 1.71-7.56 5.06-8.75C2.35 8.81.63 4.84.63 1.25H.47A.47.47 0 0 1 0 .78V.47A.47.47 0 0 1 .47 0h14.06a.47.47 0 0 1 .47.47v.31a.47.47 0 0 1-.47.47h-.15c0 3.58-1.72 7.56-5.07 8.75zM7.5 9.06c3.11 0 5.63-3.5 5.63-7.81H1.88c0 4.31 2.51 7.81 5.62 7.81zm0 1.88c-3.11 0-5.62 3.5-5.62 7.81h11.25c0-4.31-2.52-7.81-5.63-7.81zm3.66 5.31a.49.49 0 0 1 .45.35l.08.33a.47.47 0 0 1-.46.57H3.77a.47.47 0 0 1-.46-.57c0-.11 0-.22.08-.33a.49.49 0 0 1 .45-.35zm-.89-10.17a.46.46 0 0 1-.36.17H5.09a.46.46 0 0 1-.36-.17c-.08-.09-.19-.24-.26-.34A.47.47 0 0 1 4.85 5h5.3a.47.47 0 0 1 .38.74c-.07.1-.18.26-.26.34z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="instagram" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="latitude" viewBox="0 0 20 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <style>.st0{fill:#00313c}.st1{opacity:8.000000e-02;enable-background:new}.st2{fill:#fff}.st3{fill:#00a1c2}.st4{enable-background:new}.st5{fill:#004b87}.st6{fill:#00855b}.st7{fill:#c20023}.st8{fill:#e67623}.st9{opacity:.67}.st10,.st11{fill:none}.st11{stroke:#dfdfdf}.st12{opacity:.1;fill:#fff;enable-background:new}.st13,.st14{fill:#fff;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:.75;stroke-miterlimit:10}.st14{fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round}.st15{fill:#1d1d1b}</style> <path d="M1.3 15c-1.8-3.1-1.8-6.9 0-10S6.4 0 10 0s6.9 1.9 8.7 5 1.8 6.9 0 10-5.1 5-8.7 5-6.9-1.9-8.7-5zm1.1-9.4c-1.6 2.7-1.6 6 0 8.8 1.6 2.7 4.5 4.4 7.6 4.4s6-1.7 7.6-4.4c1.6-2.7 1.6-6 0-8.8C16 2.9 13.1 1.2 10 1.2S4 2.9 2.4 5.6z"/> <path d="M18.7 10.6H1.2c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6s.3-.6.6-.6h17.5c.3 0 .6.3.6.6 0 .4-.3.6-.6.6zM16.6 16.7H3.2c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6s.3-.6.6-.6h13.4c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.2.6-.6.6zM3.4 3.3h13.4c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.3.6-.6.6H3.4c-.4 0-.6-.2-.6-.6 0-.3.2-.6.6-.6z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="linkedin" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M100.3 448H7.4V148.9h92.9V448zM53.8 108.1C24.1 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8S24.1 0 53.8 0s53.8 24.1 53.8 53.8-24.1 54.3-53.8 54.3zM448 448h-92.7V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.3-79.2-48.3 0-55.7 37.7-55.7 76.7V448h-92.8V148.9h89.1v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.7-48.3 87.9-48.3 94 0 111.3 61.9 111.3 142.3V448h-.1z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="lock" viewBox="0 0 17.5 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M17.5 10.63v7.5A1.87 1.87 0 0 1 15.63 20H1.88A1.88 1.88 0 0 1 0 18.13v-7.5a1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.88-1.88h.93V5.94a5.94 5.94 0 0 1 11.88 0v2.81h.94a1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.87 1.88zm-5.94-4.69a2.81 2.81 0 1 0-5.62 0v2.81h5.62z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="longitude" viewBox="0 0 20 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <style>.st0{fill:#00313c}.st1{opacity:8.000000e-02;enable-background:new}.st2{fill:#fff}.st3{fill:#00a1c2}.st4{enable-background:new}.st5{fill:#004b87}.st6{fill:#00855b}.st7{fill:#c20023}.st8{fill:#e67623}.st9{opacity:.67}.st10,.st11{fill:none}.st11{stroke:#dfdfdf}.st12{opacity:.1;fill:#fff;enable-background:new}.st13,.st14{fill:#fff;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:.75;stroke-miterlimit:10}.st14{fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round}.st15{fill:#1d1d1b}</style> <path d="M5 1.3c3.1-1.8 6.9-1.8 10 0s5 5.1 5 8.7-1.9 6.9-5 8.7-6.9 1.8-10 0-5-5.1-5-8.7 1.9-6.9 5-8.7zm9.4 1.1c-2.7-1.6-6-1.6-8.8 0C2.9 4 1.3 6.9 1.2 10s1.7 6 4.4 7.6c2.7 1.6 6 1.6 8.8 0 2.7-1.6 4.4-4.5 4.4-7.6s-1.7-6-4.4-7.6z"/> <path d="M9.4 18.7V1.2c0-.3.3-.6.6-.6s.6.3.6.6v17.5c0 .3-.3.6-.6.6-.4 0-.6-.3-.6-.6z"/> <path d="M10 19.9c-3.4 0-6.1-4.4-6.1-10S6.6-.1 10-.1s6.1 4.4 6.1 10-2.7 10-6.1 10zm0-18.7c-2.7 0-4.9 4-4.9 8.7 0 4.7 2.2 8.7 4.9 8.7s4.9-4 4.9-8.7c0-4.7-2.2-8.7-4.9-8.7z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mailbox" viewBox="0 0 576 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M432 64H144A144 144 0 0 0 0 208v208a32 32 0 0 0 32 32h512a32 32 0 0 0 32-32V208A144 144 0 0 0 432 64zM256 416H32V208a112 112 0 0 1 224 0zm288 0H288V208c0-45.52-21.54-85.61-54.51-112H432a112.12 112.12 0 0 1 112 112zm-48-224H328a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h88v80a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h64a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-96a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm-16 96h-32v-64h32zm-296-96h-80a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="map-marker" viewBox="0 0 384 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M192 96c-52.935 0-96 43.065-96 96s43.065 96 96 96 96-43.065 96-96-43.065-96-96-96zm0 160c-35.29 0-64-28.71-64-64s28.71-64 64-64 64 28.71 64 64-28.71 64-64 64zm0-256C85.961 0 0 85.961 0 192c0 77.413 26.97 99.031 172.268 309.67 9.534 13.772 29.929 13.774 39.465 0C357.03 291.031 384 269.413 384 192 384 85.961 298.039 0 192 0zm0 473.931C52.705 272.488 32 256.494 32 192c0-42.738 16.643-82.917 46.863-113.137S149.262 32 192 32s82.917 16.643 113.137 46.863S352 149.262 352 192c0 64.49-20.692 80.47-160 281.931z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="pause" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M144 479H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V79c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h96c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v352c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48zm304-48V79c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-96c-26.5 0-48 21.5-48 48v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h96c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="pen" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M19.27 5.73L5.5 19.5 1 20H.94A.93.93 0 0 1 0 19l.5-4.5L14.27.73A2.45 2.45 0 0 1 16 0a2.49 2.49 0 0 1 1.8.73l1.47 1.47a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 0 3.53zM15.24 8L12 4.76 1.7 15.07l-.41 3.64 3.63-.4zm3.14-4.92l-1.46-1.46a1.24 1.24 0 0 0-1.77 0l-2.26 2.26 3.23 3.23 2.26-2.26a1.25 1.25 0 0 0 0-1.77z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="phone" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M476.5 22.9L382.3 1.2c-21.6-5-43.6 6.2-52.3 26.6l-43.5 101.5c-8 18.6-2.6 40.6 13.1 53.4l40 32.7C311 267.8 267.8 311 215.4 339.5l-32.7-40c-12.8-15.7-34.8-21.1-53.4-13.1L27.7 329.9c-20.4 8.7-31.5 30.7-26.6 52.3l21.7 94.2c4.8 20.9 23.2 35.5 44.6 35.5C312.3 512 512 313.7 512 67.5c0-21.4-14.6-39.8-35.5-44.6zM69.3 464l-20.9-90.7 98.2-42.1 55.7 68.1c98.8-46.4 150.6-98 197-197l-68.1-55.7 42.1-98.2L464 69.3C463 286.9 286.9 463 69.3 464z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="phone-plus" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M476.5 22.9L382.3 1.2C378.8.4 375.4 0 372 0c-18 0-34.7 10.6-42 27.7l-43.5 101.5c-8 18.6-2.6 40.6 13.1 53.4l40 32.7C311 267.8 267.8 311 215.4 339.5l-32.7-40c-8.9-10.8-22.1-16.7-35.5-16.7-6 0-12.1 1.2-17.9 3.7L27.7 329.9c-20.4 8.7-31.5 30.7-26.6 52.3l21.7 94.2c4.8 20.9 23.2 35.5 44.6 35.5C312.3 512 512 313.7 512 67.5c0-21.4-14.6-39.8-35.5-44.6zM69.3 464l-20.9-90.7 98.2-42.1 55.7 68.1c98.8-46.4 150.6-98 197-197l-68.1-55.7 42.1-98.2L464 69.3C463 286.9 286.9 463 69.3 464zM88 208c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h16c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16v-72h72c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16v-16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16h-72V16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16h-16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v72H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v16c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h72v72z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="play" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M424.4 214.7L72.4 6.6C43.8-10.3 0 6.1 0 47.9V464c0 37.5 40.7 60.1 72.4 41.3l352-208c31.4-18.5 31.5-64.1 0-82.6z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="podcast" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M267.429 488.563C262.286 507.573 242.858 512 224 512c-18.857 0-38.286-4.427-43.428-23.437C172.927 460.134 160 388.898 160 355.75c0-35.156 31.142-43.75 64-43.75s64 8.594 64 43.75c0 32.949-12.871 104.179-20.571 132.813zM156.867 288.554c-18.693-18.308-29.958-44.173-28.784-72.599 2.054-49.724 42.395-89.956 92.124-91.881C274.862 121.958 320 165.807 320 220c0 26.827-11.064 51.116-28.866 68.552-2.675 2.62-2.401 6.986.628 9.187 9.312 6.765 16.46 15.343 21.234 25.363 1.741 3.654 6.497 4.66 9.449 1.891 28.826-27.043 46.553-65.783 45.511-108.565-1.855-76.206-63.595-138.208-139.793-140.369C146.869 73.753 80 139.215 80 220c0 41.361 17.532 78.7 45.55 104.989 2.953 2.771 7.711 1.77 9.453-1.887 4.774-10.021 11.923-18.598 21.235-25.363 3.029-2.2 3.304-6.566.629-9.185zM224 0C100.204 0 0 100.185 0 224c0 89.992 52.602 165.647 125.739 201.408 4.333 2.118 9.267-1.544 8.535-6.31-2.382-15.512-4.342-30.946-5.406-44.339-.146-1.836-1.149-3.486-2.678-4.512-47.4-31.806-78.564-86.016-78.187-147.347.592-96.237 79.29-174.648 175.529-174.899C320.793 47.747 400 126.797 400 224c0 61.932-32.158 116.49-80.65 147.867-.999 14.037-3.069 30.588-5.624 47.23-.732 4.767 4.203 8.429 8.535 6.31C395.227 389.727 448 314.187 448 224 448 100.205 347.815 0 224 0zm0 160c-35.346 0-64 28.654-64 64s28.654 64 64 64 64-28.654 64-64-28.654-64-64-64z"></path> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 60.625 43.875" id="quote-left" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16.7.001h1.05a5.193 5.193 0 0 1 5.188 5.188 5.193 5.193 0 0 1-5.187 5.188H16.7a6.335 6.335 0 0 0-6.328 6.328v.047h7.378a9.386 9.386 0 0 1 9.375 9.375v8.375a9.386 9.386 0 0 1-9.375 9.374H9.375A9.386 9.386 0 0 1 0 34.501v-17.8a16.6 16.6 0 0 1 4.891-11.81A16.6 16.6 0 0 1 16.7.001Zm1.047 8.375a3.191 3.191 0 0 0 3.188-3.187 3.191 3.191 0 0 0-3.187-3.187H16.7A14.72 14.72 0 0 0 2 16.704v17.8a7.383 7.383 0 0 0 7.375 7.372h8.375a7.383 7.383 0 0 0 7.375-7.375v-8.375a7.383 7.383 0 0 0-7.375-7.375H8.375v-2.047A8.338 8.338 0 0 1 16.7 8.376ZM50.2.001h1.05a5.193 5.193 0 0 1 5.188 5.188 5.193 5.193 0 0 1-5.187 5.188H50.2a6.335 6.335 0 0 0-6.328 6.328v.047h7.378a9.386 9.386 0 0 1 9.375 9.375v8.375a9.386 9.386 0 0 1-9.375 9.374h-8.375a9.386 9.386 0 0 1-9.375-9.375v-17.8a16.6 16.6 0 0 1 4.891-11.812A16.6 16.6 0 0 1 50.2.001Zm1.047 8.375a3.191 3.191 0 0 0 3.188-3.187 3.191 3.191 0 0 0-3.187-3.187H50.2a14.72 14.72 0 0 0-14.7 14.7v17.8a7.383 7.383 0 0 0 7.375 7.375h8.375a7.383 7.383 0 0 0 7.375-7.375v-8.375a7.383 7.383 0 0 0-7.375-7.375h-9.375v-2.047A8.338 8.338 0 0 1 50.2 8.376Z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="rss" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M128.081 415.959c0 35.369-28.672 64.041-64.041 64.041S0 451.328 0 415.959s28.672-64.041 64.041-64.041 64.04 28.673 64.04 64.041zm175.66 47.25c-8.354-154.6-132.185-278.587-286.95-286.95C7.656 175.765 0 183.105 0 192.253v48.069c0 8.415 6.49 15.472 14.887 16.018 111.832 7.284 201.473 96.702 208.772 208.772.547 8.397 7.604 14.887 16.018 14.887h48.069c9.149.001 16.489-7.655 15.995-16.79zm144.249.288C439.596 229.677 251.465 40.445 16.503 32.01 7.473 31.686 0 38.981 0 48.016v48.068c0 8.625 6.835 15.645 15.453 15.999 191.179 7.839 344.627 161.316 352.465 352.465.353 8.618 7.373 15.453 15.999 15.453h48.068c9.034-.001 16.329-7.474 16.005-16.504z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="search" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M508.5 468.9L387.1 347.5c-2.3-2.3-5.3-3.5-8.5-3.5h-13.2c31.5-36.5 50.6-84 50.6-136C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c52 0 99.5-19.1 136-50.6v13.2c0 3.2 1.3 6.2 3.5 8.5l121.4 121.4c4.7 4.7 12.3 4.7 17 0l22.6-22.6c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.3 0-17zM208 368c-88.4 0-160-71.6-160-160S119.6 48 208 48s160 71.6 160 160-71.6 160-160 160z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="search-plus" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M312 196v24c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-68v68c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-24c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-68h-68c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-24c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h68v-68c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h24c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v68h68c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12zm196.5 289.9l-22.6 22.6c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0L347.5 387.1c-2.3-2.3-3.5-5.3-3.5-8.5v-13.2c-36.5 31.5-84 50.6-136 50.6C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0s208 93.1 208 208c0 52-19.1 99.5-50.6 136h13.2c3.2 0 6.2 1.3 8.5 3.5l121.4 121.4c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17zM368 208c0-88.4-71.6-160-160-160S48 119.6 48 208s71.6 160 160 160 160-71.6 160-160z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="share" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M352 320c-28.6 0-54.2 12.5-71.8 32.3l-95.5-59.7c9.6-23.4 9.7-49.8 0-73.2l95.5-59.7c17.6 19.8 43.2 32.3 71.8 32.3 53 0 96-43 96-96S405 0 352 0s-96 43-96 96c0 13 2.6 25.3 7.2 36.6l-95.5 59.7C150.2 172.5 124.6 160 96 160c-53 0-96 43-96 96s43 96 96 96c28.6 0 54.2-12.5 71.8-32.3l95.5 59.7c-4.7 11.3-7.2 23.6-7.2 36.6 0 53 43 96 96 96s96-43 96-96c-.1-53-43.1-96-96.1-96zm0-288c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64s-28.7 64-64 64-64-28.7-64-64 28.7-64 64-64zM96 320c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64s28.7-64 64-64 64 28.7 64 64-28.7 64-64 64zm256 160c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64s28.7-64 64-64 64 28.7 64 64-28.7 64-64 64z"></path> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 512 512" id="signs-post" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M240 16c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16v16h168.3c4.9 0 9.5 2.2 12.5 6l51.2 64c4.7 5.8 4.7 14.1 0 20l-51.2 64c-3 3.8-7.6 6-12.5 6H272v32h176c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32v96c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H272v112c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16V384H71.7c-4.9 0-9.5-2.2-12.5-6L8 314c-4.7-5.8-4.7-14.1 0-20l51.2-64c3-3.8 7.6-6 12.5-6H240v-32H64c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32V64c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32h176V16zm192.6 48H64v96h368.6l38.4-48-38.4-48zM79.4 256 41 304l38.4 48H448v-96H79.4z"/> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 496 512" id="spotify" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M248 8C111.1 8 0 119.1 0 256s111.1 248 248 248 248-111.1 248-248S384.9 8 248 8zm100.7 364.9c-4.2 0-6.8-1.3-10.7-3.6-62.4-37.6-135-39.2-206.7-24.5-3.9 1-9 2.6-11.9 2.6-9.7 0-15.8-7.7-15.8-15.8 0-10.3 6.1-15.2 13.6-16.8 81.9-18.1 165.6-16.5 237 26.2 6.1 3.9 9.7 7.4 9.7 16.5s-7.1 15.4-15.2 15.4zm26.9-65.6c-5.2 0-8.7-2.3-12.3-4.2-62.5-37-155.7-51.9-238.6-29.4-4.8 1.3-7.4 2.6-11.9 2.6-10.7 0-19.4-8.7-19.4-19.4s5.2-17.8 15.5-20.7c27.8-7.8 56.2-13.6 97.8-13.6 64.9 0 127.6 16.1 177 45.5 8.1 4.8 11.3 11 11.3 19.7-.1 10.8-8.5 19.5-19.4 19.5zm31-76.2c-5.2 0-8.4-1.3-12.9-3.9-71.2-42.5-198.5-52.7-280.9-29.7-3.6 1-8.1 2.6-12.9 2.6-13.2 0-23.3-10.3-23.3-23.6 0-13.6 8.4-21.3 17.4-23.9 35.2-10.3 74.6-15.2 117.5-15.2 73 0 149.5 15.2 205.4 47.8 7.8 4.5 12.9 10.7 12.9 22.6 0 13.6-11 23.3-23.2 23.3z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="tachometer-alt-fast" viewBox="0 0 20 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <style>.st0{fill:#00313c}.st1{opacity:8.000000e-02;enable-background:new}.st2{fill:#fff}.st3{fill:#00a1c2}.st4{enable-background:new}.st5{fill:#004b87}.st6{fill:#00855b}.st7{fill:#c20023}.st8{fill:#e67623}.st9{opacity:.67}.st10,.st11{fill:none}.st11{stroke:#dfdfdf}.st12{opacity:.1;fill:#fff;enable-background:new}.st13,.st14{fill:#fff;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:.75;stroke-miterlimit:10}.st14{fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round}.st15{fill:#1d1d1b}</style> <path d="M1.3 15c-1.8-3.1-1.8-6.9 0-10S6.4 0 10 0s6.9 1.9 8.7 5 1.8 6.9 0 10-5.1 5-8.7 5-6.9-1.9-8.7-5zm1.1-9.4c-1.6 2.7-1.6 6 0 8.8 1.6 2.7 4.5 4.4 7.6 4.4s6-1.7 7.6-4.4c1.6-2.7 1.6-6 0-8.8C16 2.9 13.1 1.2 10 1.2S4 2.9 2.4 5.6zm.4 4.4c0-.5.4-.9.9-.9s1 .4 1 .9-.4.9-.9.9-1-.4-1-.9zm2.8-3.4c-.5 0-.9-.4-.9-.9s.4-.9.9-.9.9.4.9.9-.4.9-.9.9zm4.4 9.6c-1.4 0-2.5-1.1-2.5-2.5s1.1-2.5 2.5-2.5c.2 0 .4 0 .6.1l3.2-6c.2-.3.6-.4.9-.2s.4.5.3.8l-3.2 6c.5.5.8 1.1.8 1.8-.1 1.4-1.2 2.5-2.6 2.5zm0-1.2c.7 0 1.2-.6 1.2-1.2s-.6-1.2-1.2-1.2-1.2.6-1.2 1.2S9.3 15 10 15zm0-10.3c-.5 0-.9-.4-.9-.9s.4-1 .9-1 .9.4.9.9-.4 1-.9 1zm6.2 6.2c-.5 0-.9-.4-.9-.9s.4-.9.9-.9.9.4.9.9-.3.9-.9.9z"/> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 320 512" id="thermometer" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M160 32c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v156.7c0 14.9-7 27.7-16 36.9-19.8 20.2-32 47.9-32 78.4 0 61.9 50.1 112 112 112s112-50.1 112-112c0-30.5-12.2-58.2-32-78.4-9-9.2-16-22-16-36.9V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64zM64 96c0-53 43-96 96-96s96 43 96 96v156.7c0 4.6 2.2 9.8 6.8 14.5 25.5 26 41.2 61.6 41.2 100.8 0 79.5-64.5 144-144 144S16 447.5 16 368c0-39.3 15.7-74.9 41.2-100.8 4.6-4.7 6.8-9.9 6.8-14.5V96zm96 304a32 32 0 1 0 0-64 32 32 0 1 0 0 64zm0 32c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64 0-29.8 20.4-54.9 48-62V144c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16s16 7.2 16 16v162c27.6 7.1 48 32.2 48 62 0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="times" viewBox="0 0 320 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M193.94 256L296.5 153.44l21.15-21.15c3.12-3.12 3.12-8.19 0-11.31l-22.63-22.63c-3.12-3.12-8.19-3.12-11.31 0L160 222.06 36.29 98.34c-3.12-3.12-8.19-3.12-11.31 0L2.34 120.97c-3.12 3.12-3.12 8.19 0 11.31L126.06 256 2.34 379.71c-3.12 3.12-3.12 8.19 0 11.31l22.63 22.63c3.12 3.12 8.19 3.12 11.31 0L160 289.94 262.56 392.5l21.15 21.15c3.12 3.12 8.19 3.12 11.31 0l22.63-22.63c3.12-3.12 3.12-8.19 0-11.31L193.94 256z"></path> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 878 1000" style="enable-background:new 0 0 878 1000" xml:space="preserve" id="threads-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill="currentColor" class="ast0" d="M446.7 1000h-.3c-149.2-1-263.9-50.2-341-146.2C36.9 768.3 1.5 649.4.3 500.4v-.7c1.2-149.1 36.6-267.9 105.2-353.4C182.5 50.2 297.3 1 446.4 0h.6c114.4.8 210.1 30.2 284.4 87.4 69.9 53.8 119.1 130.4 146.2 227.8l-85 23.7c-46-165-162.4-249.3-346-250.6-121.2.9-212.9 39-272.5 113.2C118.4 271 89.6 371.4 88.5 500c1.1 128.6 29.9 229 85.7 298.5 59.6 74.3 151.3 112.4 272.5 113.2 109.3-.8 181.6-26.3 241.7-85.2 68.6-67.2 67.4-149.7 45.4-199.9-12.9-29.6-36.4-54.2-68.1-72.9-8 56.3-25.9 101.9-53.5 136.3-36.9 45.9-89.2 71-155.4 74.6-50.1 2.7-98.4-9.1-135.8-33.4-44.3-28.7-70.2-72.5-73-123.5-2.7-49.6 17-95.2 55.4-128.4 36.7-31.7 88.3-50.3 149.3-53.8 44.9-2.5 87-.5 125.8 5.9-5.2-30.9-15.6-55.5-31.2-73.2-21.4-24.4-54.5-36.8-98.3-37.1h-1.2c-35.2 0-83 9.7-113.4 55L261.2 327c40.8-60.6 107-94 186.6-94h1.8c133.1.8 212.4 82.3 220.3 224.5 4.5 1.9 9 3.9 13.4 5.9 62.1 29.2 107.5 73.4 131.4 127.9 33.2 75.9 36.3 199.6-64.5 298.3C673.1 965 579.6 999.1 447 1000h-.3zm41.8-487.1c-10.1 0-20.3.3-30.8.9-76.5 4.3-124.2 39.4-121.5 89.3 2.8 52.3 60.5 76.6 116 73.6 51-2.7 117.4-22.6 128.6-154.6-28.2-6.1-59.1-9.2-92.3-9.2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="twitter" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" id="svg-a205q1c87" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M714.163 519.284 1160.89 0h-105.86L667.137 450.887 357.328 0H0l468.492 681.821L0 1226.37h105.866l409.625-476.152 327.181 476.152H1200L714.137 519.284h.026ZM569.165 687.828l-47.468-67.894-377.686-540.24h162.604l304.797 435.991 47.468 67.894 396.2 566.721H892.476L569.165 687.854v-.026Z" /> </symbol> <symbol id="user" viewBox="0 0 448 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M313.6 304c-28.7 0-42.5 16-89.6 16-47.1 0-60.8-16-89.6-16C60.2 304 0 364.2 0 438.4V464c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48v-25.6c0-74.2-60.2-134.4-134.4-134.4zM400 464H48v-25.6c0-47.6 38.8-86.4 86.4-86.4 14.6 0 38.3 16 89.6 16 51.7 0 74.9-16 89.6-16 47.6 0 86.4 38.8 86.4 86.4V464zM224 288c79.5 0 144-64.5 144-144S303.5 0 224 0 80 64.5 80 144s64.5 144 144 144zm0-240c52.9 0 96 43.1 96 96s-43.1 96-96 96-96-43.1-96-96 43.1-96 96-96z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="users" viewBox="0 0 640 512"> <path d="M96 80a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1-96 0zm128 0a80 80 0 1 0-160 0 80 80 0 1 0 160 0zm96 80a64 64 0 1 1 0 128 64 64 0 1 1 0-128zm0 160a96 96 0 1 0 0-192 96 96 0 1 0 0 192zm-58.7 64h117.4c54.2 0 98.4 42.5 101.2 96H160.1c2.8-53.5 47-96 101.2-96zm0-32C187.7 352 128 411.7 128 485.3c0 14.7 11.9 26.7 26.7 26.7h330.6c14.7 0 26.7-11.9 26.7-26.7 0-73.6-59.7-133.3-133.3-133.3H261.3zM512 32a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96zm0 128a80 80 0 1 0 0-160 80 80 0 1 0 0 160zm16 64c44.2 0 80 35.8 80 80 0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16c0-61.9-50.1-112-112-112h-84c2.6 10.2 4 21 4 32h80zm-336 0c0-11 1.4-21.8 4-32h-84C50.1 192 0 242.1 0 304c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16c0-44.2 35.8-80 80-80h80z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="video" viewBox="0 0 576 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M543.9 96c-6.2 0-12.5 1.8-18.2 5.7L416 170.1v-58.3c0-26.4-23.2-47.8-51.8-47.8H51.8C23.2 64 0 85.4 0 111.8v288.4C0 426.6 23.2 448 51.8 448h312.4c28.6 0 51.8-21.4 51.8-47.8v-58.3l109.7 68.3c5.7 4 12.1 5.7 18.2 5.7 16.6 0 32.1-13 32.1-31.5V127.5C576 109 560.5 96 543.9 96zM368 200v198.9c-.6.4-1.8 1.1-3.8 1.1H51.8c-2 0-3.2-.6-3.8-1.1V113.1c.6-.4 1.8-1.1 3.8-1.1h312.4c2 0 3.2.6 3.8 1.1V200zm160 155.2l-112-69.8v-58.7l112-69.8v198.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="volume-up" viewBox="0 0 576 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M342.91 193.57c-7.81-3.8-17.5-.48-21.34 7.5-3.81 7.97-.44 17.53 7.53 21.34C343.22 229.2 352 242.06 352 256s-8.78 26.8-22.9 33.58c-7.97 3.81-11.34 13.38-7.53 21.34 3.86 8.05 13.54 11.29 21.34 7.5C368.25 306.28 384 282.36 384 256s-15.75-50.29-41.09-62.43zM231.81 64c-5.91 0-11.92 2.18-16.78 7.05L126.06 160H24c-13.26 0-24 10.74-24 24v144c0 13.25 10.74 24 24 24h102.06l88.97 88.95c4.87 4.87 10.88 7.05 16.78 7.05 12.33 0 24.19-9.52 24.19-24.02V88.02C256 73.51 244.13 64 231.81 64zM224 404.67L139.31 320H32V192h107.31L224 107.33v297.34zM421.51 1.83c-7.89-4.08-17.53-1.12-21.66 6.7-4.13 7.81-1.13 17.5 6.7 21.61 84.76 44.55 137.4 131.1 137.4 225.85s-52.64 181.3-137.4 225.85c-7.82 4.11-10.83 13.8-6.7 21.61 4.1 7.75 13.68 10.84 21.66 6.7C516.78 460.06 576 362.67 576 255.99c0-106.67-59.22-204.06-154.49-254.16zM480 255.99c0-66.12-34.02-126.62-88.81-157.87-7.69-4.38-17.59-1.78-22.04 5.89-4.45 7.66-1.77 17.44 5.96 21.86 44.77 25.55 72.61 75.4 72.61 130.12s-27.84 104.58-72.61 130.12c-7.72 4.42-10.4 14.2-5.96 21.86 4.3 7.38 14.06 10.44 22.04 5.89C445.98 382.62 480 322.12 480 255.99z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="water-temp" viewBox="0 0 22.5 20" style="enable-background:new 0 0 22.5 20" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <style>.st0{fill:#00313c}.st1{opacity:8.000000e-02;enable-background:new}.st2{fill:#fff}.st3{fill:#00a1c2}.st4{enable-background:new}.st5{fill:#004b87}.st6{fill:#00855b}.st7{fill:#c20023}.st8{fill:#e67623}.st9{opacity:.67}.st10,.st11{fill:none}.st11{stroke:#dfdfdf}.st12{opacity:.1;fill:#fff;enable-background:new}.st13,.st14{fill:#fff;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:.75;stroke-miterlimit:10}.st14{fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round}.st15{fill:#1d1d1b}</style> <path d="M5.2 12.3c.6.4 1.2.7 1.8.8.1.5.3.9.6 1.3h-.2c-1.2 0-2.2-.6-3-1-.3-.2-.6-.4-.8-.6-.2.2-.5.4-.8.6-.6.4-1.4.8-2.3 1-.2 0-.5-.3-.5-.7 0-.3.2-.6.6-.6.6-.1 1.2-.4 1.7-.8.4-.3.7-.5 1-.9.3-.3.7-.3.9 0 .3.3.6.6 1 .9zm2.3 6.5c.8 0 1.6-.4 2.3-.8.4-.3.7-.5 1-.9.3-.3.7-.3.9 0 .3.3.6.6 1 .9.6.4 1.5.8 2.3.8s1.6-.4 2.3-.8c.4-.3.7-.5 1-.9.3-.3.7-.3.9 0 .3.3.6.6 1 .9.5.3 1.1.6 1.7.8.3.1.6.3.6.6 0 .4-.3.7-.7.6-.9-.2-1.7-.6-2.3-1-.3-.2-.6-.4-.8-.6-.2.2-.5.4-.8.6-.7.5-1.8 1-3 1s-2.2-.6-3-1c-.3-.2-.6-.4-.8-.6-.2.2-.5.4-.8.6-.7.5-1.8 1-3 1s-2.2-.6-3-1c-.3-.2-.6-.4-.8-.6.1.1-.2.3-.5.6-.6.4-1.4.8-2.3 1-.4 0-.7-.3-.7-.7 0-.3.2-.6.6-.6.6-.1 1.2-.4 1.7-.8.4-.3.7-.5 1-.9.3-.3.7-.3.9 0 .3.3.6.6 1 .9.7.5 1.5.9 2.3.9zm3.1-17.6c0-.7.6-1.2 1.2-1.2h2.5c.4 0 .7.3.7.6s-.3.6-.6.6h-2.5v2.5h2.5c.3.1.6.3.6.7s-.3.6-.6.6h-2.5v3.8c1.4.3 2.5 1.6 2.5 3.1 0 1.7-1.4 3.1-3.1 3.1s-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.1c0-1.5 1.1-2.8 2.5-3.1V1.2zm.6 12.6c.7 0 1.3-.4 1.6-.9s.3-1.3 0-1.9-1-.9-1.6-.9-1.3.4-1.6.9-.3 1.3 0 1.9 1 .9 1.6.9zm3.8.6h-.2c.3-.4.5-.8.6-1.3.7-.1 1.3-.4 1.8-.8.4-.3.7-.5 1-.9.3-.3.7-.3.9 0 .3.3.6.6 1 .9.5.3 1.1.6 1.7.8.3.1.6.3.6.6 0 .4-.3.7-.7.6-.9-.2-1.7-.6-2.3-1-.3-.2-.6-.4-.8-.6-.2.2-.5.4-.8.6-.6.5-1.6 1.1-2.8 1.1z"/> </symbol> <symbol viewBox="0 0 512 512" id="wind"> <path d="M288 16c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h64c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48s-21.5 48-48 48H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h352c44.2 0 80-35.8 80-80S412.2 0 368 0h-64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zm64 384c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h56c48.6 0 88-39.4 88-88s-39.4-88-88-88H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h408c30.9 0 56 25.1 56 56s-25.1 56-56 56h-56c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zM112 512h64c44.2 0 80-35.8 80-80s-35.8-80-80-80H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16h160c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48s-21.5 48-48 48h-64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="youtube" viewBox="0 0 576 512"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="cookie-bite" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path d="M182.8 28.4l-74 39.5c-19.7 10.5-35.6 27-45.4 47.1l-36.7 75.6c-9.8 20.1-13 42.9-9.1 64.9l14.5 82.8c3.9 22.1 14.6 42.3 30.7 57.9l60.3 58.4c16.1 15.6 36.6 25.6 58.7 28.7l83 11.7c22.1 3.1 44.6-.9 64.4-11.4l74-39.5c19.7-10.5 35.6-27 45.4-47.2l36.7-75.5c9.8-20.1 13-42.9 9.1-64.9-.9-5.3-5.3-9.3-10.6-10.1-51.5-8.2-92.8-47.1-104.5-97.4-1.8-7.6-8-13.4-15.7-14.6-54.6-8.7-97.7-52-106.2-106.8-.8-5.4-4.9-9.8-10.3-10.6-22.1-3.1-44.6.9-64.4 11.4zm46.3 19.7c15 58.3 62 103.6 121.2 116.4 15.6 54.1 59 96.4 113.7 110.5 0 11.2-2.5 22.3-7.5 32.5L419.8 383c-6.8 14.1-17.9 25.6-31.7 32.9l-74 39.5c-13.7 7.3-29.4 10.1-44.8 7.9l-83-11.7c-15.4-2.2-29.7-9.2-40.9-20l-60.3-58.4c-11.2-10.9-18.7-25-21.4-40.4L49.1 250c-2.7-15.4-.5-31.3 6.4-45.4L92.2 129c6.8-14.1 17.9-25.6 31.7-32.9l74-39.5c9.7-5.2 20.4-8.1 31.2-8.6zM184 192a24 24 0 1 0-48 0 24 24 0 1 0 48 0zm8 184a24 24 0 1 0 0-48 24 24 0 1 0 0 48zm120-120a24 24 0 1 0-48 0 24 24 0 1 0 48 0zm40 120a24 24 0 1 0 0-48 24 24 0 1 0 0 48z"></path> </symbol> </svg> <header class="header " id="header"> <div class="header__inner standard-container"> <div class="branding"> <a href="/" class="branding__link"> <img src="/-/media/Web-team/Images/CSIRO_Logo/logo.png?h=85&iar=0&mh=85&mw=85&w=85&hash=7274FF1C07A84A176DA08265D18B87E5" class="branding__logo" alt="CSIRO Logo" width="85" height="85" DisableWebEdit="True" /> </a> </div> <div class="navigation" id="navigation"> <div class="navigation__control" id="mobile-navigation-control"> <button class="nav__btn btn btn--transparent" id="header-mobile-nav" aria-label="Open mobile menu"> <span class="nav__btn__inner"> </span> </button> </div> <div class="navigation__container"> <nav> <div class="supplimentary__container"> <a href="#content" class="skip-link sr-only--focusable reversed"> <span class="skip-link__inner"> Skip to content </span> </a> <a href="#header-search" class="skip-link sr-only--focusable reversed"> <span class="skip-link__inner"> Skip to search </span> </a> <div class="tagline"> <p class="tagline__text">AUSTRALIA’S NATIONAL SCIENCE AGENCY</p> </div> </div> <ul class="navigation__list" aria-label="CSIRO site main navigation"> <li class="navigation__item " id="{45392C12-EEED-488F-92D5-A19A2A1AF7C8}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{45392C12-EEED-488F-92D5-A19A2A1AF7C8}" href="/en/about" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> About <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open About" data-id="{45392C12-EEED-488F-92D5-A19A2A1AF7C8}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{D2DB1472-F1EF-4349-9659-3E83FC73DD7C}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{D2DB1472-F1EF-4349-9659-3E83FC73DD7C}" href="/en/research" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Research <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open Research" data-id="{D2DB1472-F1EF-4349-9659-3E83FC73DD7C}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{CB1A807A-5F2B-47F5-B098-6F7AB68DC034}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{CB1A807A-5F2B-47F5-B098-6F7AB68DC034}" href="/en/work-with-us" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Work with us <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open Work with us" data-id="{CB1A807A-5F2B-47F5-B098-6F7AB68DC034}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{9B419C0D-C85D-412A-AC3F-C532209FDF87}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{9B419C0D-C85D-412A-AC3F-C532209FDF87}" href="/en/careers" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Careers <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open Careers" data-id="{9B419C0D-C85D-412A-AC3F-C532209FDF87}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{221E0326-4B39-4F20-8E0D-FB0799178B56}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{221E0326-4B39-4F20-8E0D-FB0799178B56}" href="/en/education" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Education <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open Education" data-id="{221E0326-4B39-4F20-8E0D-FB0799178B56}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{3214C43A-5FCE-4F5D-BB7B-4FE00DBB71DC}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{3214C43A-5FCE-4F5D-BB7B-4FE00DBB71DC}" href="/en/news" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> News <span class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--desktop"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </a> <button class="navigation__icon navigation__icon--responsive" aria-label="Open News" data-id="{3214C43A-5FCE-4F5D-BB7B-4FE00DBB71DC}"> <svg class="angle-down" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down"></use> </svg> <div class="navigation__loader centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item " id="{5A998708-1DAE-44A1-B2D2-3FBCE1C89F9B}"> <a class="navigation__link" data-id="{5A998708-1DAE-44A1-B2D2-3FBCE1C89F9B}" href="https://events.csiro.au" aria-haspopup="false" aria-expanded="false"> Events </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="header__search" id="header-search-container" data-id="header-search-box" data-auto-url="https://scsearch.csiro.au/api/sitecore/fusionsearch/getautocomplete?database=web&frontEndID=%7BF7F5718A-E0C1-410E-9C2B-C8F675526ADB%7D&query=_query_" data-search-url="https://scsearch.csiro.au/CSIROau?q=_query_&site=All&start=0&sort=score%20desc" data-page="{8E69A75F-9382-4107-BDD0-230AAB7D9D13}"> <div class="search__inner"> <div class="search__content"> <label class="sr-only" for="header-search-box">Search</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search CSIRO...." id="header-search-box" class="form__input" /> <div class="quicklinks"> <div class="quicklinks__inner" id="quicklinks-list"> <h2 class="quicklinks__heading">Quick links</h2> <ul class="quicklinks__list list--med list--no-type"> <li> <a href="/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change" class="has-arrow has-arrow--hidden"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Climate change</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/research/health-medical/diseases/COVID-19-research" class="has-arrow has-arrow--hidden"> <span class="has-arrow__text">COVID-19 research</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/research/health-medical/diets" class="has-arrow has-arrow--hidden"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Diets</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://people.csiro.au/" class="has-arrow has-arrow--hidden"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Staff profiles</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="quicklinks__list list--no-type" id="autocompleteResults"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="search__btn btn btn--primary" id="header__open-search" aria-label="Search"> <svg class="search" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> <button class="search__btn btn btn--transparent" id="header-search" aria-label="Open Search"> <svg class="search" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#search" id="header-search-svg"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content"> <div class="banner" style="background-image:url('/-/media/AF/Images/SustainableFM/Belmont-jardin-zoo-Associated.jpg?mh=4000&mw=4000&hash=3F1C40379B5942B721E912FE96BA1F5D');"> <div class="standard-container"> <div class="banner__content"> <nav class="breadcrumb" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ul class="list--inline breadcrumb__list"> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a href="/" class="breadcrumb__link">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item">...</li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a class="breadcrumb__link" href="/en/research">Research</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a class="breadcrumb__link" href="/en/research/animals">Animals</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <h1>Livestock</h1> <section aria-label="Article summary"> <p class="summary banner__text"> We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices. </p> </section> <div class="banner__share"> <button class="btn btn--transparent btn--x-small btn--uppercase contact-btn banner__contact-btn"> Contact </button> <div class="share-links"> <p class="text--remove-margin share-links__title"> <svg class="icon share banner__icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#share"></use> </svg> Share </p> <ul class="list--inline share-links__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock&t=Livestock" aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="social-icon"> <svg class="icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Currently Reading Livestock: (https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock)" aria-label="Share on Twitter" class="social-icon"> <svg class="icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#twitter"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock&title=Livestock&summary=We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices." aria-label="Share on Linkedin" class="social-icon"> <svg class="icon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:?subject=Check out: Livestock&body=We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeds and management practices. - https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock" aria-label="Share on Email" class="social-icon"> <svg class="icon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#envelope"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="page-content no-wrap"> <div class="page__section "> <div class="standard-container "> <div class="grid grid--large-horizontal-gap grid--no-wrap grid--1-2 "> <div class="grid__item grid__item--primary"> <div class=" bg--white"> <h2>Our Lansdown Research Station, near Townsville, QLD</h2> <p class="first" style="color: #1a2e3b; background-color: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; letter-spacing: 0.01rem;">At our Lansdown Research Station, near Townsville in Qld, we conduct research to optimise productivity and environmental aspects of northern cattle systems.</p> <p style="color: #1a2e3b; background-color: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; letter-spacing: 0.01rem;">Our work at Lansdown ranges from methane mitigation research to precision livestock management and improving cattle efficiency on pasture.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <figure class="inline-media"> <div class="inline-media--video"> <iframe frameborder="0" title="CSIRO’s Lansdown Research Station, Woodstock, near Townsville QLD" src="//player.vimeo.com/video/544859118" webkitallowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" allowfullscreen="true"> </iframe> </div> <div class="transcript" id="{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}-transcript"> <div class="transcript__inner"> <p>[Music plays]</p> <p>[Text appears: CSIRO’s Lansdown Research Station]</p> <p>[Images show green paddocks and trees from the air]</p> <p>[Images change to show lines of trees in pasture from the air]</p> <p>[Text appears saying Rows of Leucaena growing in pasture]</p> <p>[Images change to show lines of trees in pasture]</p> <p>[Images change to show a group of sheds and buildings from the air]</p> <p>[Images change to show cattle in pens]</p> <p>[Images change to show cattle from the air wearing collars in a paddock]</p> <p>[Text appears: Cattle wearing eGrazor activity monitoring collars]</p> <p>[Images change to show cattle grazing in a paddock and a creek from the air]</p> <p>[Image shows CSIRO’s logo]</p> <p>[Text appears: Australia’s National Science Agency]</p> </div> </div> <div class="video__caption-wrapper gap--top--x-small"> <figcaption class="caption"> CSIRO’s Lansdown Research Station, Woodstock, near Townsville QLD </figcaption> <ul class="list--inline"> <li> <button id="{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}-transcript-control" aria-expanded="false" class="transcript__btn btn btn--small btn--transparent" data-transcriptid="{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}-transcript" data-type="Video"> View transcript </button> </li> <li> <button data-target="embedDialog-{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}" class="btn btn--small embed__control-btn btn--transparent"> Copy embed code </button> </li> </ul> </div> </figure> <div class="embed" id="embedDialog-{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}"> <div class="embed__inner"> <h2>Share & embed this video</h2> <button aria-label="Close share video pop up" class="embed__close-btn btn--close" data-target="embedDialog-{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}"> <svg class="icon times contact-form__svg" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#times"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="grid grid--2"> <div class="grid__item embed__item"> <h3 class="embed__heading">Link</h3> <div class="form__input"> <p id="{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}" class="embed__text">https://vimeo.com/544859118</p> <div class="embed__btn-wrapper copy__wrapper"> <button data-copyid="{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}" class="btn btn--transparent btn--x-small embed__btn"> Copy </button> <p class="copy__message">Copied!</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid__item embed__item"> </div> <div class="embed__item grid__item--1-1"> <h3 class="embed__heading">Embed code</h3> <div class="form__input"> <p id="url-{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}" class="embed__text"> <iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/544859118" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p> <div class="embed__btn-wrapper copy__wrapper"> <button data-copyid="url-{A9296B9D-EEE9-4A84-B366-838EDB911390}" class="btn btn--transparent btn--x-small embed__btn"> Copy </button> <p class="copy__message">Copied!</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section links-with-images"> <div class="standard-container "> <h2 class="teaser__component-title">Animal welfare</h2> <div class="grid grid--3"> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Numnuts" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Lambs-and-ewes.jpg?mw=1000&hash=02379434BE8334483B63C83BDDDD7B16)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Numnuts</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Our research is helping the sheep sector manage the health and welfare of lambs at tail docking and castration time, known as 'marking', as well as other livestock management practices. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Enrichment-for-laying-hens" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Chicks-enrichment-small.jpg?mw=1000&hash=D664CC7B882271C70861A19A20BBACA5)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Rearing enrichment for laying hens</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Our animal welfare team has shown that enriching the rearing environment of chicks makes for the improved behaviour, health and welfare of adult free-range laying hens. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/veterinary/How-animals-feel" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/CarolineLee.jpg?mw=1000&hash=822076CE3A279BA6AD5E45455F4F5907)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">How farm animals 'feel'</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We are researching ways to improve the welfare of livestock by developing scientific methods for assessing how animals 'feel' in response to common management practices. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Managing-flystrike-and-mulesing-in-sheep" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Sheep.jpg?mw=1000&hash=775D566E9DD978A345EED35A5A3AFCAB)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Managing flystrike and mulesing in sheep</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Our research is helping the sheep sector manage the health and welfare issues associated with flystrike and phase out the controversial practice of mulesing. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Benchmarking-beef-cattle-welfare" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/pexels-kat-jayne-735974-cattle-assoicated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=EF11D7DA2418D7992A868F8E76A625E7)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Benchmarking cattle welfare</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Consumers are increasingly demanding higher standards of welfare in animal production systems. We're developing a science-based tool to assess and benchmark the welfare of beef cattle on-farm. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Hornless-Cattle" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Hornless_cattle_associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=0568805E32899FA91A5B38DC5FE8C86C)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Hornless cattle</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> A discovery by CSIRO scientists is central to the Australian Poll Gene Marker test, which is helping Australian cattle breeders select the best breeding cattle. It may also help the industry end the painful practice of dehorning beef cattle. </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section links-with-images"> <div class="standard-container "> <h2 class="teaser__component-title">Livestock tracking and management</h2> <div class="grid grid--3"> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Wagyu-feeder-check" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Feedlot-cow-2.jpg?mw=1000&hash=391E6EC24102CD97EFBDCC04A969E4A2)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Wagyu feeder check</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Now there’s a way of predicting how well Wagyu cattle will turn into the perfect marbled steak. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/work-with-us/industries/agriculture/Digital-agriculture/Farming-Forecaster" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Digital-Ag/Farming-Forecaster-screen-shot.jpg?mw=1000&hash=39B725D5DB71D4D21B9CF62B67342B89)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Farming Forecaster</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Co-developed with livestock producers, Farming Forecaster brings soil moisture, local weather, livestock performance and future pasture production information together into one place. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/news/All/News/2021/December/CSIRO-sets-beef-benchmark-for-protein-production" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Young-Angus-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=99D53BDB1C814B8B267752172A4990C8)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">CSIRO sets beef benchmark for protein production</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> New research by CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency, has for the first time quantified the contribution Australian beef makes to the protein supply for human nutrition, paving the way to better understand efficiencies across production of other proteins. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/EweWatch" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/EweWatch-1.JPG?mw=1000&hash=C7F20B059FE88E62270ED0C152443AC6)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">EweWatch</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We're working to reduce difficult lambing, or dystocia, to help give lambs the best start in life. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Tropical-legume-forages" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Plants/Leucaena-growing-in-rows.jpg?mw=1000&hash=1715F436410D2BEDA5C2C25BD2814DEA)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Tropical legume crops</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We're researching tropical legume forage crops to reduce methane emissions from cattle. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Ceres-Tag" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/Web-team/Images/Default-images/placeholder.png?mw=1000&hash=120253CC0C51223364F6EA9593AB1714)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Ceres Tag</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We're working with agtech company, Ceres Tag, to develop next-generation ear tags to track and monitor livestock, unlocking invaluable data for the livestock industry. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/eGrazor-measuring-cattle-pasture-intake" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/egrazor-cattle-grazing-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=2843DC5B6631252D783C7EC1F3819D27)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">eGrazor cattle measurement</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> The livestock sector is under mounting pressure to produce more from a smaller environmental footprint. Accurate measurement of pasture intake using the eGrazor technology could hold the key to more efficient cattle production. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/FutureFeed" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/DrRobKinley-feeding-beef-cattle-Northern-Australia-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=5436DA6ACBE4126B7237C4ADF147E402)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">FutureFeed livestock feed</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> A livestock seaweed feed supplement could help global food security and fight climate change by reducing powerful greenhouse gas emissions. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/RAPP-Map-GEOGLAM" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/LWF/Images/Landscape-intensification/BU4494.jpg?mw=1000&hash=8D1940A9C78FF2DE5456B5C0EA9F3735)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Global Rangelands Monitoring</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Monitoring the world’s rangelands and pastures. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/LiveGAPS" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Global-farming/LIVEGAPS---child-and-goat---associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=6AABB68EE81FBB2ADB6767F21FC7602B)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">LiveGAPS</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Together with global partners, we're providing the data needed to improve the livelihoods of livestock farmers in developing countries. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Livestock-logistics" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/LWF/Images/Landscape-intensification/feedlot_assoc.jpg?mw=1000&hash=0F05EDC3E337648C917E841E9A4F002B)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Livestock logistics</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Northern Australia’s beef herd comprises 12.5 million cattle and makes up 90 per cent of Australia’s live cattle exports. We have helped improve the efficiency of the transport that keeps this industry moving. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Merino-ewe-productivity" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Merino-sheep-associated.JPG?mw=1000&hash=E43D36C0EA18BA90F9F573858DFE6811)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--grey"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Merino ewe productivity</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We've been part of the Merino Lifetime Productivity project looking at the performance of Merino ewes over their lifetime. The project will help the Australian Merino industry understand what makes the best Merinos in different environments. </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section links-with-images"> <div class="standard-container "> <h2 class="teaser__component-title">Livestock health and disease</h2> <div class="grid grid--3"> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/environmental-impacts/sustainability/Global-Burden-of-Animal-Diseases" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Sustainability/Goat-kid-at-Naibonat.jpg?mw=1000&hash=7F7E505BCCF37617CCFF25A04259EDA8)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Global Burden of Animal Diseases</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We're part of a global consortium that aims to quantify the societal impacts of livestock diseases to better inform future investments in animal health. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/veterinary/African-swine-fever" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/NFandC/Facilities/Images/AAHL/Mudchute_farm_pig_Assoc.jpg?mw=1000&hash=F14593BDDBBE65871418281995D13E30)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">African swine fever</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Our Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) was built to help protect Australia's livestock industries from disease threats such as African swine fever (ASF), and our scientists are well prepared to help and respond. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Dung-Beetles" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/Education-media/Images/DIY/Dung-Beetle.jpg?mw=1000&hash=E9FF38B9D7EE2B0176B58794FC7579BB)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Dung beetles control buffalo and bush flies.</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> While Australia has several hundred species of native dung beetles that make use of the fibrous pelleted dung produced by kangaroos, wallabies, wombats and other native mammals, most are unable to cope with the large quantities of dung produced by introduced livestock, particularly cattle. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Foot-and-Mouth-Disease" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/BF/Images/Associated-images/Cattle-farmer-yards-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=F15AFF3BC416CC07ADF1D4F51ABD3EFB)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Foot and mouth disease</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease affecting cloven hoofed animals. While FMD is not transmissible to people, the disease has major economic consequences. We're working with industry and government to ensure Australia is prepared should FMD reach our shores. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Prepared-for-FMD" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/NFandC/Facilities/Images/AAHL/cow3.jpg?mw=1000&hash=AEE9B2164E3B1A6299C4663BF761D177)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Prepared for foot-and-mouth disease</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> While Australia has been free of foot-and-mouth disease since 1872, the disease is still considered the most serious biosecurity threat to our livestock industries today. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Hendra" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/BF/Images/Associated-images/CSIRO-AAHL-Hendra-virus-Photo_Alex-Hyatt.jpg?mw=1000&hash=FD6A51A76793A0D2A8245ADF0E7F36F1)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Hendra vaccine</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> In 1994, a deadly new virus threatened to stop Australia's premier horse race – the Melbourne Cup. Over the next 16 years, 18 outbreaks of the now infamous Hendra virus were recorded through Queensland and NSW. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Immune-competent-cattle" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Young-Angus-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=99D53BDB1C814B8B267752172A4990C8)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Immune competent cattle</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> We have shown that 'immune competent' Angus cattle have reduced mortalities and health-associated costs, particularly in feedlots. Selecting for immune competence has the potential to improve animal welfare outcomes and reduce the use of antibiotics and chemicals in production animals. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Infectious-disease" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/LWF/Images/Social-economic/Bali-cow-and-calf.JPG?mw=1000&hash=B8A5B6E4D43E5BA30F72D2224CD446B1)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Infectious disease</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Working with government and industry, we're protecting our agricultural industries from emerging infectious animal diseases entering and establishing in our waters and on our land. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/plants/crops/Farming-systems/Sustainable-weed-pest-and-disease-control" class="card has-arrow"> <div class="card__image"> <div class="card__image__inner" style="background-image: url(/-/media/AF/Images/SustainableFM/family-livestock-farm.jpg?mw=1000&hash=2E779516355356C3A9C85CADCFDC9113)"> </div> </div> <div class="card__content bg--white"> <h3 class="card__title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Sustainable weed, pest and disease control</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="card__summary"> Building economic and environmentally sustainable and durable pest, weed and disease control throughout food and fibre production systems. </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section links-with-images"> <div class="standard-container "> <h2 class="teaser__component-title">Our livestock research locations </h2> <div class="grid grid--2"> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Armidale" class="teaser teaser--full-height has-arrow bg--grey"> <div class="teaser__image teaser__image--large"> <div class="teaser__image__inner" style="background-image:url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/egrazor-cattle-grazing-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=2843DC5B6631252D783C7EC1F3819D27)"> </div> </div> <div class="teaser__content"> <h3 class="teaser__item-title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Chiswick</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="teaser__text"> Our Chiswick Research Station near Armidale in NSW undertakes research on solutions for the sheep, cattle and poultry industries. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Lansdown" class="teaser teaser--full-height has-arrow bg--grey"> <div class="teaser__image teaser__image--large"> <div class="teaser__image__inner" style="background-image:url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Wayne-Flintham-Lansdown-Cattle.jpg?mw=1000&hash=DFFD2A9D735D33C8DAAB8946C24E0795)"> </div> </div> <div class="teaser__content"> <h3 class="teaser__item-title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Lansdown</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="teaser__text"> Our Lansdown Research Station in north Queensland supports a team of researchers using novel technologies to deliver science-based solutions for the tropical beef industry. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/work-with-us/industries/agriculture/Boorowa-Agriculture-Station" class="teaser teaser--full-height has-arrow bg--grey"> <div class="teaser__image teaser__image--large"> <div class="teaser__image__inner" style="background-image:url(/-/media/News-releases/2019/Boorowa/Workshops-associated.jpg?mw=1000&hash=6250ACCE3B6BA142FC147F99830F811E)"> </div> </div> <div class="teaser__content"> <h3 class="teaser__item-title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">Boorowa</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="teaser__text"> BARS is a state-of-the-art agricultural research facility near the town of Boorowa in southern New South Wales. </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/about/locations/state-locations/QLD/St-Lucia" class="teaser teaser--full-height has-arrow bg--grey"> <div class="teaser__image teaser__image--large"> <div class="teaser__image__inner" style="background-image:url(/-/media/AF/Images/Michelle-Colgrave-St-Lucia.JPG?mw=1000&hash=72476D7F18B804412E36553A9631F041)"> </div> </div> <div class="teaser__content"> <h3 class="teaser__item-title"> <span class="has-arrow__text">St Lucia</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h3> <p class="teaser__text"> The Queensland Bioscience Precinct is a state-of-the-art research facility based at the University of Queensland, housing more than 130 CSIRO Agriculture and Food staff. </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section bg--primary-dark featured-item"> <div class=""> <div class="teaser bg--primary-dark teaser--full-width "> <div class="teaser__inner"> <div class="teaser__content"> <a href="/en/research/animals/livestock/Our-livestock-research" class="teaser__link has-arrow"> <h2 class="teaser__item-title"> <span class="has-arrow__text"> Our livestock research</span><span class="has-arrow__inner"></span> </h2> <p class="teaser__text"> We work with livestock farmers and allied industries to improve their productivity, profitability and sustainability through better livestock breeding and management practices. </p> </a> </div> <div class="teaser__image teaser__image--large" style="background-image:url(/-/media/AF/Images/Animals/Cows.jpg?mh=2000&mw=2000&hash=AFE7856113D948222CC24C6321BFF119)"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section news-component " data-id="{CDDFA619-B78D-4EE9-AB21-2D292A84389E}"> <div class="standard-container"> <h2>Livestock blog articles</h2> <div id="news-component__loading-{CDDFA619-B78D-4EE9-AB21-2D292A84389E}"> <div class="centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Content is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="callout callout--info hidden" id="news-component__failure-{CDDFA619-B78D-4EE9-AB21-2D292A84389E}"> <p>There are no news releases to show.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <footer> <div class="bg--light gap--top--large gap--bottom--large"> <div class="standard-container"> <div class="grid grid--2-1"> <div class="grid__item"> <div class="small-container gap--bottom--small"> <h2 class="h3"> At CSIRO, we solve the greatest challenges through innovative science and technology. </h2> </div> <ul class="list--inline"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CSIROnews/" aria-label="Connect with us on Facebook" class="social-icon social-icon--facebook"> <svg class="icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/csirogram/" aria-label="Connect with us on Instagram" class="social-icon social-icon--instagram"> <svg class="icon-instagram" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#instagram"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/csiro/" aria-label="Connect with us on LinkedIn" class="social-icon social-icon--linkedin"> <svg class="icon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://open.spotify.com/user/fs8pbo7y0dk9h4grl0mghwsdd?si=xUY0NIWtQ3mC1UuY8yN_iA" aria-label="Hear our our Spotify playlists" class="social-icon social-icon--spotify"> <svg class="icon-spotify" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#spotify"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@csirogram" aria-label="Threads" class="social-icon social-icon--threads-icon"> <svg class="icon-threads-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#threads-icon"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/csiro" aria-label="Connect with us on Twitter" class="social-icon social-icon--twitter"> <svg class="icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#twitter"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/csiro" aria-label="Watch our youtube videos" class="social-icon social-icon--youtube"> <svg class="icon-youtube" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#youtube"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="gap--top--default"> <ul class="list--inline list--with-divider"> <li> <a href="/en/about/Corporate-governance/Access-to-information" class="reversed">Access to information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about/Policies/Legal/Accessibility" class="reversed">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about/Policies/Legal/Copyright" class="reversed">Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about/Policies/Legal/Legal-notice" class="reversed">Legal notice and disclaimer</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about/Policies" class="reversed">Policy & Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about/Policies/Privacy" class="reversed">Your privacy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="gap--top--x-small"> <p> We are committed to child safety and to the implementation of <a href="/en/about/Policies/Child-Safe-Policy">Child Safe principles and procedures</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid__item"> <div class="grid grid--adjust grid--2"> <div class="grid__item"> <a href="/en/contact" id="footer-contact-us" class="btn btn--transparent btn--arrow"> Contact us </a> </div> <div class="grid__item vertical-centre-content"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="icon--prepend icon--large icon"> <use xlink:href="#phone"></use> </svg> <a class="h4 reversed text--remove-margin" href="tel:1300363400"> 1300 363 400 </a> </div> </div> <div class="gap--top--default" id="footer-subscribe-area"> <h2 class="h3"> Subscribe to our newsletter </h2> <form id="sn-sub-form" class="gap--bottom--x-small" method="post" autocomplete="off"> <input name="__RequestVerificationToken" type="hidden" value="djwflAgi3YHvUovOh7EyTBq6n5koQX7dhWdHGgcaGEVRdKutWZLjhnv1MK_wfra7TxBwQ6s9Ire08tFITrObvo1NvRjR5uBPO1szhm99jac1" /> <input type="hidden" tabindex="-1" class="hidden" name="sid" value="{FC39535B-91FF-4C87-9477-8C8CA0B19FEA}" /> <div class="form__inline"> <label class="sr-only" for="sn_email"> Enter your email address </label> <div class="form__item"> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input name="email" type="email" class="form__input" id="sn_email" placeholder="Your email address" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <div class="sr-only"> <label for="txtcheck-6e29f059-fb77-44ee-8a97-df1e418bb2c6"> Please leave this field empty or your enquiry will not be submitted: </label> <input tabindex="-1" value="" id="txtcheck-6e29f059-fb77-44ee-8a97-df1e418bb2c6" name="subhp" type="text" placeholder="Please leave this field empty" class="bot" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="ac-txtcheck-6e29f059-fb77-44ee-8a97-df1e418bb2c6"> You shouldn't be able to see this field. Please try again and leave the field blank. </div> </div> <button id="sn-sub-btn" type="submit" class="btn btn--primary form__submit" value=""> Subscribe </button> </div> </form> <div class="callout callout--success hidden" id="sn-sub-callout-success"> <p>Thanks. You're all set to get our newsletter</p> </div> <div class="callout callout--danger hidden" id="sn-sub-callout-failure"> <p>We could not sign you up to receive our newsletter. Please try again later or contact us if this persists.</p> </div> <div class="callout callout--danger hidden" id="sn-sub-callout-form-error"> </div> <div id="sn-sub-loading" class="hidden form__row"> <div class="centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Processing your request is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg--primary-dark gap--top--default gap--bottom--default"> <div class="standard-container bg__has-text"> <p>CSIRO acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the land, sea and waters, of the area that we live and work on across Australia. We acknowledge their continuing connection to their culture and pay our respects to their Elders past and present. View our <a href="/en/about/Indigenous-Science-and-Engagement-Program/Reconciliation-Action-Plan">vision towards reconciliation</a>.</p> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="modal__bg" id="modal__bg"></div> <div class="expanded-media" id="expanded-media"> <div class="expanded-media__close"> <button aria-label="Close full screen image" class="btn btn--close" id="expanded-media-close"> <svg class="icon times" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#times" /> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="expanded-media__image-wrapper"> <img class="expanded-media__image" alt="" src="" /> </div> <div class="sidebar__container"> <button class="btn btn--primary sidebar__control"> <svg class="btn--prepend icon icon--default" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#angle-down" /> </svg> <span>Show Info</span> </button> <div class="expanded-media__sidebar"> <div class="expanded-media__description"> <div class="expanded-media__inner"> <span id="expanded-media-caption"></span> </div> </div> <div class="expanded-media__long-description hidden"> <div class="expanded-media__inner" id="expanded-media-long-description"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contact-form__modal bg--light" id="contact-us-dialog"> <div class="contact-form__inner"> <div class="contact-form"> <button aria-label="Close contact us form" class="btn--close" id="contactFormClose"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="icon times contact-form__svg"> <use xlink:href="#times"> </use> </svg> </button> <h2>Contact us</h2> <div class="contact-form__summary gap--bottom--default" id="cfm-summary-area"> <p>Find out how we can help you and your business. Get in touch using the form below and our experts will get in contact soon!</p> <p>CSIRO will handle your personal information in accordance with the <em>Privacy Act 1988</em> (Cth) and our <a href="/en/about/Policies/Privacy">Privacy Policy</a>.</p> <br class="t-last-br" /> <p>This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms">Terms of Service</a> apply.</p> </div> <form action="/api/sitecore/Contactus/SendEnquiry" method="post" id="contact-us-form" autocomplete="off"> <input name="__RequestVerificationToken" type="hidden" value="K5i1bufOi-rf5H8EzNd0WqEAJgA8vu-eDOkeb-6W0v91Hgbe3PDAKPaO-lrSQfZwzMamcr9XnKYJ_WCd3gWf3v94DycTVPBl13IevvKPjo01" /> <div class="form__row"> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-email" class="form__label"> Email <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input id="cfm-email" class="form__input" type="email" name="email" value="" maxlength="100" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <p aria-hidden="true" class="form__error-text" id="cfm-email-error"> Enter a valid email address, for example jane.doe@csiro.au </p> </div> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-location" class="form__label"> Country <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <select id="cfm-location" class="form__input" name="country"> </select> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <p aria-hidden="true" class="form__error-text" id="cfm-location-error"> A Country value must be provided </p> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-firstName" class="form__label"> First name <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input id="cfm-firstName" type="text" name="firstName" class="form__input" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-firstName-error"> First name must be filled in </p> </div> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-lastname" class="form__label"> Surname <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input id="cfm-lastname" name="surname" type="text" class="form__input" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-lastname-error"> Surname must be filled in </p> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <div class="form__item"> <div id="cfm-representing-area" class=""> <span id="cfm-representing" class="form__label"> I am representing <span class="form__required">*</span> </span> </div> <div class="form__radio"> <input id="cfm-representing-individual" name="representing" type="radio" value="Myself" aria-checked="false"> <label for="cfm-representing-individual" class="form__label"> <span class="form__radio-border"></span> <span class="radio__label"></span> Myself </label> </div> <div class="form__radio"> <input id="cfm-representing-organisation" name="representing" type="radio" value="Organisation" aria-checked="false"> <label for="cfm-representing-organisation" class="form__label"> <span class="form__radio-border"></span> <span class="radio__label"></span> Organisation (let us know in your enquiry if you are a small to medium enterprise) </label> </div> <div class="form__item" id="cfm-representing-error-area"> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-representing-error"> Please choose an option </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form__row hidden" id="cfm-organisation-area"> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-organisationName" class="form__label"> Organisation (let us know in your enquiry if you are a small to medium enterprise) <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input id="cfm-organisationName" class="form__input" type="text" name="organisation" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-organisation-error"> Organisation must be filled in </p> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-enquiry-subject" class="form__label"> Enquiry Subject <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <input id="cfm-enquiry-subject" class="form__input" name="enquirySubject" maxlength="100" /> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <div class="form__has-char-counter"> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-enquiry-subject-error"> Please provide a subject for the enquriy </p> <p class="text--small form__char-counter" id="cfm-enquiry-subject-char-count"> <span class="char-counter">0</span> / 100 </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <div class="form__item"> <label for="cfm-enquiry" class="form__label"> Your enquiry <span class="form__required">*</span> </label> <div class="form__input-wrapper"> <textarea id="cfm-enquiry" class="form__input" name="enquiry" maxlength="1900"></textarea> <span class="form__has-content"></span> </div> <div class="form__has-char-counter"> <p class="form__error-text" id="cfm-enquiry-error"> We'll need to know what you want to contact us about so we can give you an answer </p> <p id="cfm-enquiry-char-count" class="text--small form__char-counter"> <span class="char-counter">0</span> / 1900 </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="cfm-snapshot" name="snapshotSubscribe" type="checkbox" value="false"> <label class="form__label" for="cfm-snapshot"> <span class="checkbox__label"></span> I’d like to hear more by subscribing to CSIRO's monthly newsletter, Snapshot. </label> </div> </div> <div id="cfm-loading-area" class="hidden form__row"> <div class="centre-content"> <div class="loader" aria-label="Processing your request is loading..."> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> <div class="loader__inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form__row"> <button id="contact-us-submit-btn" class="btn btn--primary" > Send enquiry </button> </div> <div class="sr-only"> <label for="txtcheck-1778f1aa-c050-4db8-ab23-664ca0e1537b"> Please leave this field empty or your enquiry will not be submitted: </label> <input tabindex="-1" value="" id="txtcheck-1778f1aa-c050-4db8-ab23-664ca0e1537b" name="ehp" type="text" class="bot" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="ac-txtcheck-1778f1aa-c050-4db8-ab23-664ca0e1537b" placeholder="Please leave this field empty"> You shouldn't be able to see this field. Please try again and leave the field blank. </div> </form> <div class="form__row"> <div class="callout callout--success form__message hidden" id="cfm-success-callout-area"> <h3> Thank you </h3> <p> We have received your enquiry and will reply soon. </p> </div> <div class="callout callout--danger form__message hidden" id="cfm-error-callout-area"> <h3> We're Sorry </h3> <p> The contact form is currently unavailable. Please try again later. If this problem persists, please call us with your enquiry on 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176. We are available from 9.00 am to 4.00 pm AEST Monday - Friday. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script>var exports = {};</script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/blogs.min.js"></script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/news-component.min.js"></script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/filter.min.js?v=20240510"></script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/tagging.min.js"></script> <script src="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/js/decision-tree.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://style.csiro.au/CSIRO2020/v1/prod/css/decision-tree.min.css" /> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6Lc-lBYpAAAAAExjYs1jJ3vywHEllKm1KURR-3tx"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-51486545-7"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var pageurl = window.location.pathname; if(pageurl.indexOf("?k") > -1) { var pageurl = pageurl.split("?k")[0]; } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'event' : 'pageview', 'pageType' : getMetaContentByName("CSIRO.Page.Type"), 'pageTemplate' : getMetaContentByName("CSIRO.Page.Template") }); function getMetaContentByName(name, content) { var content = (content == null) ? 'content' : content; if(document.querySelector("meta[name='" + name + "']") != null) { return document.querySelector("meta[name='" + name + "']").getAttribute(content); } else { return ""; } }; </script> <script src="//static.getclicky.com/js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{ clicky.init(16636); }catch(e){}</script> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '397237171003918'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=397237171003918&ev=PageView &noscript=1"/> </noscript> </body> <script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_partner_id = "4596148"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(l) { if (!l){window.lintrk = function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])}; window.lintrk.q=[]} var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(window.lintrk); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=4596148&fmt=gif" /> </noscript> </html>

CINXE.COM

Livestock - CSIRO