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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-war deployments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War in Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smaller,_faster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller,_faster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Smaller, faster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller,_faster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MANPADS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MANPADS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>MANPADS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MANPADS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobility,_maneuverability_and_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility,_maneuverability_and_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mobility, maneuverability and range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility,_maneuverability_and_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidance_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidance_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Guidance systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidance_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Target acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Surface-to-air missile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grond-tot-lugmissiel" title="Grond-tot-lugmissiel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grond-tot-lugmissiel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%AC%D9%88" title="صاروخ أرض-جو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صاروخ أرض-جو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Ракета земя-въздух – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ракета земя-въздух" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADssil_terra-aire" title="Míssil terra-aire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Míssil terra-aire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protiletadlov%C3%BD_raketov%C3%BD_komplet" title="Protiletadlový raketový komplet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protiletadlový raketový komplet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugabwehrrakete" title="Flugabwehrrakete – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flugabwehrrakete" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hut%C3%B5rjerakett" title="Õhutõrjerakett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhutõrjerakett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misil_superficie-aire" title="Misil superficie-aire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misil superficie-aire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurretik_airerako_misil" title="Lurretik airerako misil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurretik airerako misil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="موشک سطح‌به‌هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موشک سطح‌به‌هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_surface-air" title="Missile surface-air – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Missile surface-air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5_%EB%AF%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%BC" title="지대공 미사일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지대공 미사일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluru_kendali_darat_ke_udara" title="Peluru kendali darat ke udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluru kendali darat ke udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_terra-aria" title="Missile terra-aria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Missile terra-aria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="טיל קרקע-אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיל קרקע-אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketa_%C5%BEem%C4%97%E2%80%93oras" title="Raketa žemė–oras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raketa žemė–oras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gv%C3%A9delmi_rak%C3%A9ta" title="Légvédelmi rakéta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légvédelmi rakéta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2_-_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD" title="ഭൂതല - വ്യോമ മിസൈൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂതല - വ്യോമ മിസൈൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluru_berpandu_permukaan_ke_udara" title="Peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtdoelraket" title="Luchtdoelraket – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtdoelraket" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%BE%E7%A9%BA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="地対空ミサイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地対空ミサイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftvernmissil" title="Luftvernmissil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftvernmissil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakke-til-luft-missil" title="Bakke-til-luft-missil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakke-til-luft-missil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missil_antiaerian" title="Missil antiaerian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Missil antiaerian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshqariladigan_zenit_raketalari" title="Boshqariladigan zenit raketalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boshqariladigan zenit raketalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-ballistic missile</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ground-launched missile designed to attack aerial targets</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_(31894602128).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2831894602128%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2831894602128%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2831894602128%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300</a> missiles being launched</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>surface-to-air missile</b> (<b>SAM</b>), also known as a <b>ground-to-air missile</b> (<b>GTAM</b>) or <b>surface-to-air guided weapon</b> (<b>SAGW</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> designed to be launched from the ground or the sea to destroy <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> or other missiles. It is one type of <a href="/wiki/Antiaircraft_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaircraft warfare">anti-aircraft system</a>; in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weapons, with <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a> pushed into specialized roles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempt at SAM development took place during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but no operational systems were introduced. Further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for close-range work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s, to modern systems that are man-portable. Shipborne systems followed the evolution of land-based models, starting with long-range weapons and steadily evolving toward smaller designs to provide a layered defence. This evolution of design increasingly pushed gun-based systems into the shortest-range roles. </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">Nike Ajax</a> was the first operational SAM system, and the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> was the most-produced SAM system. Widely used modern examples include the <a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">Patriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300</a> wide-area systems, <a href="/wiki/RIM-174_Standard_ERAM" title="RIM-174 Standard ERAM">SM-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aster_(missile_family)" title="Aster (missile family)">MBDA Aster Missile</a> naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">9K38 Igla</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known idea for a guided surface-to-air missile was in 1925, when a <a href="/wiki/Beam_riding" title="Beam riding">beam riding</a> system was proposed whereby a rocket would follow a searchlight beam onto a target. A selenium cell was mounted on the tip of each of the rocket's four tail fins, with the cells facing backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one selenium cell was no longer in the light beam, it would be steered in the opposite direction back into the beam. The first historical mention of a concept and design of a surface-to-air missile in which a drawing was presented, was by inventor Gustav Rasmus in 1931, who proposed a design that would home in on the sound of an aircraft's engines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, efforts were started to develop surface-to-air missiles as it was generally considered that <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">flak</a> was of little use against <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> of ever-increasing performance. The lethal radius of a flak shell is fairly small, and the chance of delivering a "hit" is essentially a fixed percentage per round. In order to attack a target, guns fire continually while the aircraft are in range in order to launch as many shells as possible, increasing the chance that one of these will end up within the lethal range. Against the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-17">Boeing B-17</a>, which operated just within the range of the numerous German <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">eighty-eights</a>, an average of 2,805 rounds had to be fired per bomber destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001197_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001197-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bombers flying at higher altitudes require larger guns and shells to reach them. This greatly increases the cost of the system, and (generally) slows the rate of fire. Faster aircraft fly out of range more quickly, reducing the number of rounds fired against them. Against late-war designs like the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> or jet-powered designs like the <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a>, flak would be essentially useless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This potential was already obvious by 1942, when <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Axthelm" title="Walther von Axthelm">Walther von Axthelm</a> outlined the growing problems with flak defences that he predicted would soon be dealing with "aircraft speeds and flight altitudes [that] will gradually reach 1,000 km/h (620 mph) and between 10,000–15,000 m (33,000–49,000 ft)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was seen generally; in November 1943 the Director of Gunnery Division of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> concluded that guns would be useless against jets, stating "No projectile of which control is lost when it leaves the ship can be of any use to us in this matter." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_efforts">Axis efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axis efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1898%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_Fla-Rakete_%22Wasserfall%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Wasserfall</i> missile lifts off during a test flight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first serious consideration of a SAM development project was a series of conversations that took place in Germany during 1941. In February, Friederich Halder proposed a "flak rocket" concept, which led <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dornberger" title="Walter Dornberger">Walter Dornberger</a> to ask <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> to prepare a study on a guided missile able to reach between 15,000 and 18,000 m (49,000 and 59,000 ft) altitude. Von Braun became convinced a better solution was a manned rocket interceptor, and said as much to the director of the <a href="/wiki/T-Amt" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Amt">T-Amt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roluf_Lucht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roluf Lucht (page does not exist)">Roluf Lucht</a>, in July. The directors of the <i>Luftwaffe</i> flak arm were not interested in manned aircraft, and the resulting disagreements between the teams delayed serious consideration of a SAM for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman200178_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman200178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Axthelm published his concerns in 1942, and the subject saw serious consideration for the first time; initial development programs for liquid- and <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fuel rockets</a> became part of the Flak Development Program of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point serious studies by the <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> team had been prepared, and several rocket designs had been proposed, including 1940's <i><a href="/wiki/Feuerlilie" title="Feuerlilie">Feuerlilie</a></i>, and 1941's <a href="/wiki/Wasserfall_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserfall missile"><i>Wasserfall</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_117" title="Henschel Hs 117">Henschel Hs 117</a> <i>Schmetterling</i>. None of these projects saw any real development until 1943, when the first large-scale raids by the Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a> started. As the urgency of the problem grew, new designs were added, including <i><a href="/wiki/Enzian" title="Enzian">Enzian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rheintochter" title="Rheintochter">Rheintochter</a></i>, as well as the unguided <a href="/wiki/Taifun_(rocket)" title="Taifun (rocket)"><i>Taifun</i></a> which was designed to be launched in waves.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, these designs could be split into two groups. One set of designs would be boosted to altitude in front of the bombers and then flown towards them on a head-on approach at low speeds comparable to manned aircraft. These designs included the Feuerlilie, Schmetterling and Enzian. The second group were high-speed missiles, typically supersonic, that flew directly towards their targets from below. These included Wasserfall and Rheintochter. Both types used <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> for guidance, either by eye, or by comparing the returns of the missile and target on a single radar screen. Development of all these systems was carried out at the same time, and the war ended before any of them was ready for combat use. The infighting between various groups in the military also delayed development. Some extreme fighter designs, like the <a href="/wiki/Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Me 163"><i>Komet</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachem_Ba_349" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachem Ba 349"><i>Natter</i></a>, also overlapped with SAMs in their intended uses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> was especially supportive of missile development. In his opinion, had they been consistently developed from the start, the large scale <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">bomber raids of 1944</a> would have been impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_efforts">Allied efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allied efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairey_Stooge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairey_Stooge.png/220px-Fairey_Stooge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairey_Stooge.png/330px-Fairey_Stooge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fairey_Stooge.png/440px-Fairey_Stooge.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Typical of the "boost-glide" type weapons, the Fairey Stooge was an armed drone aircraft flown to a collision with the target. <i>Enzian</i> and <i>Schmetterling</i> were similar in concept, design and performance.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British developed unguided antiaircraft rockets (operated under the name <a href="/wiki/Z_Battery" title="Z Battery">Z Battery</a>) close to the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> usually held by the Allies meant that the demand for similar weapons was not as acute. </p><p>When several Allied ships were sunk in 1943 by <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_293" title="Henschel Hs 293">Henschel Hs 293</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">glide bombs</a>, Allied interest changed. These weapons were released from stand-off distances, with the bomber remaining outside the range of the ship's <a href="/wiki/Antiaircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaircraft gun">antiaircraft guns</a>, and the missiles themselves were too small and fast to be attacked effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-nmsu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmsu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To combat this threat, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bumblebee" title="Operation Bumblebee">Operation Bumblebee</a> to develop a ramjet-powered missile to destroy the launching aircraft at long range.<sup id="cite_ref-nmsu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmsu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial performance goal was to target an intercept at a horizontal range of 10 miles (16 km) and 30,000 feet (9,100 m) altitude, with a 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) warhead for a 30 to 60 percent kill probability.<sup id="cite_ref-hays_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hays-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weapon did not emerge for 16 years, when it entered operation as the <a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">RIM-8 Talos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy shipping losses to <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a></i> attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944-45)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944-45)">Liberation of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> provided additional incentive for guided missile development.<sup id="cite_ref-nmsu_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmsu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor45_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor45-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the British <i><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Stooge" title="Fairey Stooge">Fairey Stooge</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brakemine" title="Brakemine">Brakemine</a></i> efforts,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SAM-N-2_Lark" title="SAM-N-2 Lark">SAM-N-2 Lark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLark_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLark-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Lark</i> ran into considerable difficulty and it never entered operational use. The end of the war led to the British efforts being used strictly for research and development throughout their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor45_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor45-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_deployments">Post-war deployments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nike_ajax_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nike_ajax_32.jpg/170px-Nike_ajax_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nike_ajax_32.jpg/255px-Nike_ajax_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nike_ajax_32.jpg/340px-Nike_ajax_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nike_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike Ajax">Nike Ajax</a> was the first operational SAM system.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA-2_Guideline.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SA-2_Guideline.JPG/220px-SA-2_Guideline.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SA-2_Guideline.JPG/330px-SA-2_Guideline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SA-2_Guideline.JPG/440px-SA-2_Guideline.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2 Guideline">SA-2 Guideline</a> surface-to-air missiles, one of the most widely deployed SAM systems in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate post-war era, SAM developments were under way around the world, with several of these entering service in the early- and mid-1950s. </p><p>Coming to the same conclusions as the Germans regarding flak, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> started its <a href="/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">Project Nike</a> developments in 1944. Led by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nike_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike Ajax">Nike Ajax</a> was tested in production form in 1952, becoming the first operational SAM system when it was activated in March 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-flight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns about Ajax's ability to deal with formations of aircraft led to greatly updated version of the same basic design entering service in 1958 as the <a href="/wiki/Nike_Hercules" title="Nike Hercules">Nike Hercules</a>, the first nuclear-armed SAM.<sup id="cite_ref-flight_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> had also considered collision-course weapons (like the German radio-controlled concepts) and launched Project Thumper in 1946. This was merged with another project, Wizard, and emerged as the <a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">CIM-10 Bomarc</a> in 1959. The <i>Bomarc</i> had a range of over 500 km, but it was quite expensive and somewhat unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_Air_Defence" title="Rheinmetall Air Defence">Oerlikon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RSD_58" title="RSD 58">RSD 58</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started in 1947, and was a closely held secret until 1955. Early versions of the missile were available for purchase as early as 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never entered operational service. The RSD 58 used <a href="/wiki/Beam_riding" title="Beam riding">beam riding</a> guidance, which has limited performance against high-speed aircraft, as the missile is unable to "lead" the target to a collision point. Examples were purchased by several nations for testing and training purposes, but no operational sales were made.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began development of a SAM system in earnest with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was worried that <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> would be subjected to American and British <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">air raids</a>, like those against <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and, in 1951, he demanded that a missile system to counter a 900 bomber raid be built as quickly as possible. This led to the <a href="/wiki/S-25_Berkut" title="S-25 Berkut">S-25 Berkut</a> system (<a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a>: SA-1 "Guild"), which was designed, developed and deployed in a rush program. Early units entered operational service on 7 May 1955, and the entire system ringing Moscow was completely activated by June 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system failed, however, to detect, track, and intercept the only overflight of the Soviet capital Moscow by a U-2 reconnaissance plane on July 5, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The S-25 was a static system, but efforts were also put into a smaller design that would be much more mobile. This emerged in 1957 as the famous <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> (SA-2 "Guideline"), a portable system, with very high performance, that remained in operation into the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union remained at the forefront of SAM development throughout its history; and Russia has followed suit. </p><p>The early British developments with <i>Stooge</i> and <i>Brakemine</i> were successful, but further development was curtailed in the post-war era. These efforts picked up again with the opening of the Cold War, following the "Stage Plan" of improving UK air defences with new radars, fighters and missiles. Two competing designs were proposed for "Stage 1", based on common radar and control units, and these emerged as the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bloodhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Bloodhound">Bristol Bloodhound</a> in 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Army's <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Thunderbird" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Thunderbird">English Electric Thunderbird</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third design followed the American <i>Bumblebee</i> efforts in terms of role and timeline, and entered service in 1961 as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Slug_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Slug (missile)">Sea Slug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Vietnam">War in Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War in Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_US_aircraft_losses_to_missiles_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of US aircraft losses to missiles during the Vietnam War">List of US aircraft losses to missiles during the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg/220px-F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg/330px-F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg/440px-F-105_hit_by_SA-2_over_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>A moment after an S-75 Dvina (SA-2) hits an F-105 over North Vietnam, the fighter-bomber starts to spew flame.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam,_12_August_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg/220px-RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg/330px-RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg/440px-RF-4C_Phantom_II_of_the_11th_TRS_is_shot_down_by_a_S-75_missile_over_Vietnam%2C_12_August_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>An S-75 detonates directly below an RF-4C <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance plane">reconnaissance plane</a>. The crew ejected and were taken captive.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vietnam War was the first modern war in which guided antiaircraft missiles seriously challenged highly advanced supersonic jet aircraft. It would also be the first and only time that the latest and most modern <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a> technologies of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the most modern jet <a href="/wiki/Fighter_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter plane">fighter planes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombers">bombers</a> of the United States confronted each other in combat (if one does not count the Yom Kippur War wherein IAF was challenged by Syrian SA-3s).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> responded to this threat with increasingly effective means. Early efforts to directly attack the missiles sites as part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Spring_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Spring High (page does not exist)">Operation Spring High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand" title="Operation Iron Hand">Operation Iron Hand</a> were generally unsuccessful, but the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Wild_Weasel" title="Wild Weasel">Wild Weasel</a> aircraft carrying <a href="/wiki/AGM-45_Shrike" title="AGM-45 Shrike"><i>Shrike</i> missiles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_ARM" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard ARM">Standard ARM</a> missile changed the situation dramatically. Feint and counterfeint followed as each side introduced new tactics to try to gain the upper hand. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Operation Linebacker II</a> in 1972, the Americans had gained critical information about the performance and operations of the S-75 (via Arab S-75 systems captured by Israel), and used these missions as a way to demonstrate the capability of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a> to operate in a SAM saturated environment. Their first missions appeared to demonstrate the exact opposite, with the loss of three B-52s and several others damaged in a single mission.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dramatic changes followed, and by the end of the series, missions were carried out with additional chaff, ECM, Iron Hand, and other changes that dramatically changed the score.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the conclusion of the Linebacker II campaign, the shootdown rate of the S-75 against the B-52s was 7.52% (15 B-52s were shot down, 5 B-52s were heavily damaged for 266 missiles)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, The Soviet Union supplied 7,658 SAMs to North Vietnam, and their defense forces conducted about 5,800 launches, usually in multiples of three. By the war's end, the U.S lost a total of 3,374 aircraft in combat operations. According to the North Vietnamese, 31% were shot down by S-75 missiles (1,046 aircraft, or 5.6 missiles per one kill); 60% were shot down by anti-aircraft guns; and 9% were shot down by MiG fighters. The S-75 missile system significantly improved the effectiveness of North Vietnamese anti-aircraft artillery, which used data from S-75 radar stations<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the U.S states only 205 of those aircraft were lost to North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smaller,_faster"><span id="Smaller.2C_faster"></span>Smaller, faster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smaller, faster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG/220px-Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG/330px-Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG/440px-Zestaw_przeciwrakietowy_Osa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Osa was the first system to include search, track and missiles all on a single mobile platform.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/220px--Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm/Poliment-Redut_naval_anti-aircraft_missile_system.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of launch of Poliment-Redut naval SAM</figcaption></figure> <p>All of these early systems were "heavyweight" designs with limited mobility and requiring considerable set-up time. However, they were also increasingly effective. By the early 1960s, the deployment of SAMs had rendered high-speed high-altitude flight in combat practically suicidal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way to avoid this was to fly lower, below the line-of-sight of missile's radar systems. This demanded very different aircraft, like the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">F-111</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">TSR-2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>. </p><p>Consequently, SAMs evolved rapidly in the 1960s. As their targets were now being forced to fly lower due to the presence of the larger missiles, engagements would necessarily be at short ranges, and occur quickly. Shorter ranges meant the missiles could be much smaller, which aided them in terms of mobility. By the mid-1960s, almost all modern armed forces had short-range missiles mounted on trucks or light armour that could move with the armed forces they protected. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> (SA-6) and <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a> (SA-8), <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">MIM-23 Hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapier_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapier missile">Rapier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_(missile)" title="Roland (missile)">Roland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crotale_(missile)" title="Crotale (missile)">Crotale</a>. </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sea-skimming_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-skimming missile">sea-skimming missiles</a> in the late 1960s and 1970s led to additional mid- and short-range designs for defence against these targets. The UK's <a href="/wiki/Sea_Cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Cat">Sea Cat</a> was an early example that was designed specifically to replace the <a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">Bofors 40 mm</a> gun on its mount, and became the first operational point-defense SAM.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <a href="/wiki/RIM-7_Sea_Sparrow" title="RIM-7 Sea Sparrow">RIM-7 Sea Sparrow</a> quickly proliferated into a wide variety of designs fielded by most navies. Many of these are adapted from earlier mobile designs, but the special needs of the naval role has resulted in the continued existence of many custom missiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MANPADS">MANPADS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MANPADS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MANPADS" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPADS">MANPADS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starstreak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Starstreak.JPG/220px-Starstreak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Starstreak.JPG/330px-Starstreak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Starstreak.JPG/440px-Starstreak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Starstreak_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Starstreak missile">Starstreak</a> laser-guided surface-to-air missile of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As aircraft moved ever lower, and missile performance continued to improve, eventually it became possible to build an effective man-portable anti-aircraft missile. Known as <a href="/wiki/MANPADS" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPADS">MANPADS</a>, the first example was a Royal Navy system known as the <a href="/wiki/Holman_Projector" title="Holman Projector">Holman Projector</a>, used as a last-ditch weapon on smaller ships. The Germans also produced a similar short-range weapon known as <a href="/wiki/Fliegerfaust" title="Fliegerfaust">Fliegerfaust</a>, but it entered operation only on a very limited scale. The performance gap between this weapon and jet fighters of the post-war era was so great that such designs would not be effective. </p><p>By the 1960s, technology had closed this gap to a degree, leading to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43 Redeye</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-7_Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-7 Grail">SA-7 Grail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(missile)" title="Blowpipe (missile)">Blowpipe</a>. Rapid improvement in the 1980s led to second generation designs, like the <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">9K34 Strela-3</a> (SA-14), <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">Igla-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starstreak_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Starstreak missile">Starstreak</a>, with dramatically improved performance. By the 1990s to the 2010s, the Chinese had developed designs drawing influence from these, notably the <a href="/wiki/FN-6" title="FN-6">FN-6</a> and the <a href="/wiki/QW_missile" title="QW missile">QW series</a>. </p><p>Through the evolution of SAMs, improvements were also being made to <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a>, but the missiles pushed them into ever shorter-range roles. By the 1980s, the only remaining widespread use was point-defense of airfields and ships, especially against <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>. By the 1990s, even these roles were being encroached on by new MANPADS and similar short-range weapons, like the <a href="/wiki/RIM-116_Rolling_Airframe_Missile" title="RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile">RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_information">General information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface-to-air missiles are classified by their <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">guidance</a>, mobility, <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trajectory_of_a_projectile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajectory of a projectile">range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility,_maneuverability_and_range"><span id="Mobility.2C_maneuverability_and_range"></span>Mobility, maneuverability and range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mobility, maneuverability and range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg/170px-Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg/255px-Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg/340px-Night_launch_of_a_RIM-161_Standard_SM-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Long-range SAMs like the <a href="/wiki/RIM-161" class="mw-redirect" title="RIM-161">RIM-161</a> are an important part of modern naval forces.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg/220px-Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg/330px-Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg/440px-Granit_2023_-_102_-_FK-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HQ-22" title="HQ-22">FK-3</a>, the export version of the Chinese HQ-22 system of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Serbian Air Force and Air Defence">Serbian Air Force and Air Defence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Missiles able to fly longer distances are generally heavier, and therefore less mobile. This leads to three "natural" classes of SAM systems; heavy long-range systems that are fixed or semi-mobile, medium-range vehicle-mounted systems that can fire on the move, and short-range <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system" title="Man-portable air-defense system">man-portable air-defense systems</a> (MANPADS). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan._25,_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg/330px-Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg/440px-Jan._25%2C_2017_David%E2%80%99s_Sling_Test-5_test_series_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Sling" title="David's Sling">David's Sling</a> Stunner missile is designed for super-maneuverability. A three-pulse motor activates only during the kill-stage, providing additional acceleration and maneuverability.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern long-range weapons include the <a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300</a> systems, which have effective ranges on the order of 150 km (93 mi) and offer relatively good mobility and short unlimbering times. These compare with older systems with similar or less range, like the <a href="/wiki/MIM-14_Nike_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="MIM-14 Nike Hercules">MIM-14 Nike Hercules</a> or <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a>, which required fixed sites of considerable size. Much of this performance increase is due to improved rocket fuels and ever-smaller electronics in the guidance systems. Some very long-range systems remain, notably the Russian <a href="/wiki/S-400" class="mw-redirect" title="S-400">S-400</a>, which has a range of 400 km (250 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium-range designs, like the <a href="/wiki/Rapier_(missile)" title="Rapier (missile)">Rapier</a> and <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a>, are specifically designed to be highly mobile with very fast, or zero, setup times. Many of these designs were mounted on armoured vehicles, allowing them to keep pace with mobile operations in a conventional war. Once a major group unto itself, medium-range designs have seen less development since the 1990s, as the focus has changed to unconventional warfare. </p><p>Developments have also been made in onboard maneuverability. Israel's <a href="/wiki/David%27s_Sling" title="David's Sling">David's Sling</a> Stunner missile is designed to intercept the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles at low altitude. The multi-stage interceptor consists of a solid-fuel, rocket motor booster, followed by an asymmetrical <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">kill vehicle</a> with advanced steering for super-maneuverability during the kill-stage. A three-pulse motor provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the terminal phase.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MANPAD systems first developed in the 1960s and proved themselves in battle during the 1970s. MANPADS normally have ranges on the order of 3 km (1.9 mi) and are effective against <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopters</a> and aircraft making ground attacks. Against fixed wing aircraft, they can be very effective, forcing them to fly outside the missile's envelope and thereby greatly reducing their effectiveness in ground-attack roles. MANPAD systems are sometimes used with vehicle mounts to improve maneuverability, like the <a href="/wiki/AN/TWQ-1_Avenger" title="AN/TWQ-1 Avenger">Avenger</a> system. These systems have encroached on the performance niche formerly filled by dedicated mid-range systems. </p><p><b>Ship-based anti-aircraft missiles</b> are also considered to be SAMs, although in practice it is expected that they would be more widely used against <a href="/wiki/Sea_skimming" title="Sea skimming">sea skimming</a> missiles rather than aircraft<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Virtually all surface <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> can be armed with SAMs, and naval SAMs are a necessity for all front-line surface warships. Some warship types specialize in anti-air warfare e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser" title="Ticonderoga-class cruiser"><i>Ticonderoga</i>-class</a> cruisers equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Aegis_combat_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegis combat system">Aegis combat system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kirov-class_battlecruiser" title="Kirov-class battlecruiser"><i>Kirov</i>-class</a> cruisers with the <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system#S-300F" title="S-300 missile system">S-300F</a> <i>Fort</i> missile system. Modern Warships may carry all three types (from long-range to short-range) of SAMs as a part of their multi-layered air defence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidance_systems">Guidance systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guidance systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">Missile guidance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_(310).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg/220px-2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg/330px-2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg/440px-2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_%28310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Fire control radar of Iranian <a href="/wiki/Bavar_373" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavar 373">Bavar 373</a> SAM system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg/220px-Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg/330px-Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg/440px-Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Israel's <a href="/wiki/Arrow_3" title="Arrow 3">Arrow 3</a> missiles use a <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbaled</a> seeker for <a href="/wiki/Hemispherical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemispherical">hemispheric</a> coverage. By measuring the seeker's <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight propagation</a> relative to the vehicle's motion, they use <a href="/wiki/Proportional_navigation" title="Proportional navigation">proportional navigation</a> to divert their course and line up exactly with the target's flight path.<sup id="cite_ref-arr3new_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arr3new-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>SAM systems generally fall into two broad groups based on their guidance systems, those using <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and those using some other means. </p><p>Longer range missiles generally use radar for early detection and guidance. Early SAM systems generally used tracking radars and fed guidance information to the missile using <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> concepts, referred to in the field as <a href="/wiki/Command_guidance" title="Command guidance">command guidance</a>. Through the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Semi-active_radar_homing" title="Semi-active radar homing">semi-active radar homing</a> (SARH) concept became much more common. In SARH, the reflections of the tracking radar's broadcasts are picked up by a receiver in the missile, which homes in on this signal. SARH has the advantage of leaving most of the equipment on the ground, while also eliminating the need for the ground station to communicate with the missile after launch. </p><p>Smaller missiles, especially MANPADS, generally use <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">infrared homing</a> guidance systems. These have the advantage of being "fire-and-forget", once launched they will home on the target on their own with no external signals needed. In comparison, SARH systems require the tracking radar to illuminate the target, which may require them to be exposed through the attack. Systems combining an infrared seeker as a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_guidance" title="Terminal guidance">terminal guidance</a> system on a missile using SARH are also known, like the <a href="/wiki/MIM-46_Mauler" title="MIM-46 Mauler">MIM-46 Mauler</a>, but these are generally rare. </p><p>Some newer short-range systems use a variation of the SARH technique, but based on <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> illumination instead of radar. These have the advantage of being small and very fast acting, as well as highly accurate. A few older designs use purely optical tracking and command guidance, perhaps the best known example of this is the British <i><a href="/wiki/Rapier_(missile)" title="Rapier (missile)">Rapier</a></i> system, which was initially an all-optical system with high accuracy. </p><p>All SAM systems from the smallest to the largest generally include <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">identified as friend or foe</a> (IFF) systems to help identify the target before being engaged. While IFF is not as important with MANPADs, as the target is almost always visually identified prior to launch, most modern MANPADs do include it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_acquisition">Target acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Target acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JASDF_Type91_SAM,_in_Alaska(USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg/220px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg/330px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg/440px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>A JASDF soldier uses the optical sight on the Type 91 Kai MANPADS to acquire a mock airborne target. The prominent vertical metal devices on the left are the <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF antennas.</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg/220px-USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg/330px-USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg/440px-USMC-090212-M-6603L-077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine">U.S. Marine</a> antiaircraft gunner aims his <i>Stinger</i> at a location indicated by a spotter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Long-range systems generally use radar systems for target detection, and depending on the generation of system, may "hand off" to a separate tracking radar for attack. Short range systems are more likely to be entirely visual for detection. </p><p>Hybrid systems are also common. The <a href="/wiki/MIM-72_Chaparral" title="MIM-72 Chaparral">MIM-72 Chaparral</a> was fired optically, but normally operated with a short range early warning radar that displayed targets to the operator. This radar, the <a href="/wiki/AN/MPQ-49_Forward_Area_Alerting_Radar" title="AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar">FAAR</a>, was taken into the field with a <a href="/wiki/Gama_Goat" title="Gama Goat">Gama Goat</a> and set up behind the lines. Information was passed to the <i>Chaparral</i> via a <a href="/wiki/Data_link" title="Data link">data link</a>. Likewise, the UK's Rapier system included a simple radar that displayed the rough direction of a target on a series of lamps arranged in a circle. The missile operator would point his telescope in that rough direction and then hunt for the target visually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface-to-air_missiles" title="List of surface-to-air missiles">List of surface-to-air missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-portable air-defense systems">Man-portable air-defense systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">Missile guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-aircraft_weapons" title="List of anti-aircraft weapons">List of anti-aircraft weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_surface-to-air_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles">List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses" title="Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses">Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses</a> (SEAD), the mission of finding and destroying SAM and AA gun installations. The SEAD mission in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> is designated "<a href="/wiki/Wild_Weasel" title="Wild Weasel">Wild Weasel</a>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a quote-of-a-quote and the original source is not available. Axthelm almost certainly stated these numbers in metric terms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The introduction of effective SAMs led to the cancellation of the B-70 bomber, and the prohibition of manned recce flights over the Soviet Union.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1951/1951%20-%200852.html">"Evolution of the Guided Missile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515040018/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1951/1951%20-%200852.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>FLIGHT</i>, May 4, 1951, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporation1931" class="citation web cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (1 July 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XygDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26">"Popular Science"</a>. Bonnier Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629171120/https://books.google.com/books?id=XygDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=1931-07-01&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXygDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001197-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001197_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterman2001">Westerman 2001</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001111_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterman2001">Westerman 2001</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman200178-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman200178_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterman2001">Westerman 2001</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterman2001112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterman2001">Westerman 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040110140650/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/missiles/missile_info.cfm?missile_id=33">"Scheufeln Taifun"</a>. <i>RAF Museum</i>. Archived from the original on 10 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+Museum&rft.atitle=Scheufeln+Taifun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fcosford%2Fcollections%2Fmissiles%2Fmissile_info.cfm%3Fmissile_id%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Speer, "Inside the Third Reich", Macmillan, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmsu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nmsu_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmsu_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmsu_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028154222/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf">"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Mexico State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+White+Sands+Proving+Ground+1941%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=New+Mexico+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmsua.edu%2Ftiopete%2Ffiles%2F2008%2F12%2Fwspgcoldbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hays-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hays_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html">"Talos Missile History"</a>. Hays, Philip R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622194123/http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talos+Missile+History&rft.pub=Hays%2C+Philip+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okieboat.com%2FTalos%2520history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip Hays, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html">"History of the Talos Missile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622194123/http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor45-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor45_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor45_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1975, p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Flight</i> 1947, p.345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLark-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLark_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsch 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flight-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flight_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flight_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201337.html">"Nike Zeus"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928045209/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201337.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, 2 August 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radomes.pandapawuniverse.com/C_BOMARC.php">"The Boeing IM-99/CIM-10 BOMARC"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, National Air Defense Radar Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1955/1955%20-%200007.pdf">"Swiss Guided Missile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515025848/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1955/1955%20-%200007.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Flight</i>, 7 January 1955, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201746.html">"Guided Missiles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022443/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201746.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>FLIGHT</i>, 7 December 1956, p. 910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Gunston, <i>Rockets & Missiles</i>, Salamander Books, 1979, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare</i> Vol. 11, pp. 1175–1176, general editor Bernard Fitzsimons, Purnell & Sons Ltd. 1967/68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruntman2015" class="citation book cs1">Gruntman, Mike (2015). <i>Intercept 1961 : the birth of Soviet missile defense</i> (1st ed.). Reston, VA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781624103490" title="Special:BookSources/9781624103490"><bdi>9781624103490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercept+1961+%3A+the+birth+of+Soviet+missile+defense&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781624103490&rft.aulast=Gruntman&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruntman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gruntman, Mike (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2537023">"Intercept 1961: From Air Defense SA-1 to Missile Defense System A [Scanning our Past]"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>104</b> (4): 883–890. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2016.2537023">10.1109/JPROC.2016.2537023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-2256">1558-2256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Intercept+1961%3A+From+Air+Defense+SA-1+to+Missile+Defense+System+A+%5BScanning+our+Past%5D&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=883-890&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2016.2537023&rft.issn=1558-2256&rft.aulast=Gruntman&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2016.2537023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/s75.htm">"S-75"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005194237/http://astronautix.com/lvs/s75.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Astronautica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202746.html">"Bloodhound: The SAGW System of the Royal Air Force."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232426/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202746.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Flight International</i>, 23 October 1959, pp. 431–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202460.html">"Thunderbird"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003050450/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202460.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Flight International</i>, 25 September 1959, pp. 295–299, 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200786.html">"Seaslug: The Most Missile in the Least Space"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232412/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200786.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Flight International</i>, 21 November 1958, pp. 790–794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel III p. 1-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Zaloga, "Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile", Osprey Publishing, 2007, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Michel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/christmas-bombing.html?c=y&page=10">"The Christmas Bombing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621100501/http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/christmas-bombing.html?c=y&page=10">Archived</a> 2013-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Air and Space</i>, January 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, Steven J. Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Osprey Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-062-8">978-1-84603-062-8</a>. p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svpressa.ru/post/article/213039/">"Русская "Двина", сбив сотни "Фантомов", довела американцев до психоза - Статьи - История - Свободная Пресса"</a> (in Russian). 14 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%22%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%22%2C+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8+%22%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%22%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0+-+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+-+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+-+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.date=2018-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvpressa.ru%2Fpost%2Farticle%2F213039%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies p. 72-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201625.html">"SEACAT – The Guided Missile To Defend Small Ships"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232424/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201625.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Flight International</i>, 5 September 1963, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulghum2010" class="citation cs2">Fulghum, David A. (23 September 2010), "Missile-Killing Interceptors Eyed By Israel, US", <i>Aviation Week's DTI</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week%27s+DTI&rft.atitle=Missile-Killing+Interceptors+Eyed+By+Israel%2C+US&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft.aulast=Fulghum&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/s-400-triumf/">"S-400 Triumf"</a>. <i>Missile Threat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missile+Threat&rft.atitle=S-400+Triumf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissilethreat.csis.org%2Fdefsys%2Fs-400-triumf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arr3new-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arr3new_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2010" class="citation web cs1">Eshel, David (2010-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationnow.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/awst/2010/02/08/AW_02_08_2010_p44-200503.xml&headline=Israel%20%20Upgrades%20Its%20Antimissile%20Plans&channel=defense">"Israel upgrades its antimissile plans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=Israel+upgrades+its+antimissile+plans&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationnow.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory.jsp%3Fid%3Dnews%2Fawst%2F2010%2F02%2F08%2FAW_02_08_2010_p44-200503.xml%26headline%3DIsrael%2520%2520Upgrades%2520Its%2520Antimissile%2520Plans%26channel%3Ddefense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Davies, Peter. <i>F-105 Wild Weasel vs SA-2 "guideline" SAM, Vietnam 1965–73.</i> Osprey 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-471-0">978-1-84908-471-0</a>.</li> <li>Hobson, Chris. <i>Vietnam Air Losses, United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. Midland Publishing 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-115-6">1-85780-115-6</a>.</i></li> <li>Michel III, Marshal L. <i>Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972.</i> 1997, Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-519-6">978-1-59114-519-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterman2001" class="citation book cs1">Westerman, Edward (2001). <i>Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700614206" title="Special:BookSources/0700614206"><bdi>0700614206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flak%3A+German+Anti-Aircraft+Defenses%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0700614206&rft.aulast=Westerman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-to-air+missile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artofwar.ru/k/kolesnik_n_n/text_0160.shtml">ArtOfWar. Шеломытов Геннадий Яковлевич. Все считали, что такого не могло быть никогда</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usva.org.ua/mambo3/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=330&ltemid=60">Óêðà¿íñüêà Ñï³ëêà âåòåðàí³â Àôãàí³ñòàíó (âî¿í³â-³íòåðíàö³îíàë³ñò³â) - Âüåòíàì. Êàê ýòî áûëî</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-to-air_missile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has several original texts related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Vietnam War">Audio recordings and transcripts of Wild Weasel missions flown during the Vietnam War, including attacks on SAM sites.</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surface-to-air_missiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Surface-to-air missiles">Surface-to-air missiles</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/">Rest-of-World Missile Systems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528194411/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/">Archived</a> 2016-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2_a9NEESo0">RIM-2 Terrier SAM intercepts a F6f drone</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_missile" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missile_types" title="Template:Missile types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missile_types" title="Template talk:Missile types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missile_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Missile types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_missile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Air-launched ballistic missile">Air-launched ballistic missile</a> (ALBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-launched_cruise_missile" title="Air-launched cruise missile">Air-launched cruise missile</a> (ALCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">Air-to-air missile</a> (AAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">Air-to-surface missile</a> (ASM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">Ballistic missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">Cruise missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">Intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">Intermediate-range ballistic missile</a> (IRBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">Short-range ballistic missile</a> (SRBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standoff_missile" title="Standoff missile">Standoff missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">Submarine-launched ballistic missile</a> (SLBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_cruise_missile" title="Submarine-launched cruise missile">Submarine-launched cruise missile</a> (SLCM)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surface-to-air missile</a> (SAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">Surface-to-surface missile</a> (SSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missile" title="Tactical ballistic missile">Tactical ballistic missile</a> (TBM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By target type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-ballistic missile</a> (ABM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">Anti-radiation missile</a> (ARM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> (ASAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ship ballistic missile">Anti-ship ballistic missile</a> (ASBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missile</a> (AShM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">Anti-submarine missile</a> (ASuM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank missile</a> (ATGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-attack_missile" title="Land-attack missile">Land-attack missile</a> (LAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system" title="Man-portable air-defense system">Man-portable air-defense system</a> (MANPADS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">guidance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">Unguided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_guidance" title="Radar guidance">Radar guidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_radar_homing" title="Active radar homing">Active radar homing</a> (ARH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-active_radar_homing" title="Semi-active radar homing">Semi-active radar homing</a> (SARH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_radar" title="Passive radar">Passive radar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_homing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive homing">Passive homing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track-via-missile" title="Track-via-missile">Track-via-missile</a> (TVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">Anti-radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_guidance" title="Command guidance">Command guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_to_line-of-sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Command to line-of-sight">Command to line-of-sight</a> (CLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_off_line_of_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Command off line of sight">Command off line of sight</a> (COLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_command_to_line_of_sight" title="Manual command to line of sight">Manual command to line of sight</a> (MCLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_command_to_line_of_sight" title="Semi-automatic command to line of sight">Semi-automatic command to line of sight</a> (SACLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_command_to_line_of_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic command to line of sight">Automatic command to line of sight</a> (ACLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_guidance" title="Pursuit guidance">Pursuit guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_riding" title="Beam riding">Beam riding</a> (LOSBR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">Infrared guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_guidance" title="Laser guidance">Laser guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-guided_missile" title="Wire-guided missile">Wire guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite guidance">Satellite guidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance">Inertial guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-inertial_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro-inertial guidance">Astro-inertial guidance</a></li> <li>Terrestrial guidance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TERCOM" title="TERCOM">TERCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSMAC" class="mw-redirect" title="DSMAC">DSMAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_target_recognition" title="Automatic target recognition">Automatic target recognition</a> (ATR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio guidance">Radio guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="TV guidance">TV guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_seeker" title="Contrast seeker">Contrast seeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicted_line_of_sight" title="Predicted line of sight">Predicted line of sight</a> (PLOS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_rockets" title="List of military rockets">List of military rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List of missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">List of missiles by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-ship_missiles" title="List of anti-ship missiles">List of anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_missiles" title="List of anti-tank missiles">List of anti-tank missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICBMs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ICBMs">List of ICBMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface-to-air_missiles" title="List of surface-to-air missiles">List of surface-to-air missiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NATO_designation_for_Russian_and_former_Soviet_Union_missiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_and_Soviet_missiles" title="Template:Russian and Soviet missiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_and_Soviet_missiles" title="Template talk:Russian and Soviet missiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_and_Soviet_missiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian and Soviet missiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NATO_designation_for_Russian_and_former_Soviet_Union_missiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO designation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">Air-to-air</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_air-to-air_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for air-to-air missiles">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-5_(missile)" title="K-5 (missile)">AA-1 Alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-13_(missile)" title="K-13 (missile)">AA-2 Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-8_(missile)" title="K-8 (missile)">AA-3 Anab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-9_(missile)" title="K-9 (missile)">AA-4 Awl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-4_(missile)" title="R-4 (missile)">AA-5 Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-40_(missile)" title="R-40 (missile)">AA-6 Acrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-23_(missile)" title="R-23 (missile)">AA-7 Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-60_(missile)" title="R-60 (missile)">AA-8 Aphid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-33_(missile)" title="R-33 (missile)">AA-9 Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-27_(air-to-air_missile)" title="R-27 (air-to-air missile)">AA-10 Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-73_(missile)" title="R-73 (missile)">AA-11 Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-77" title="R-77">AA-12 Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-37_(missile)" title="R-37 (missile)">AA-13 Arrow</a></li> <li>K-74M2 (R-73M)</li> <li>K-77M (R-77M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novator_KS-172" title="Novator KS-172">KS-172</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">Air-<br />to-surface</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_air-to-surface_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for air-to-surface missiles">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10Kh" title="10Kh">10Kh</a> 14Kh 18Kh RV-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS-1_Komet" title="KS-1 Komet">AS-1 Kennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-10S" title="K-10S">AS-2 Kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-20" title="Kh-20">AS-3 Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-22" title="Kh-22">AS-4 Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSR-2" title="KSR-2">AS-5 Kelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSR-5" title="KSR-5">AS-6 Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-23_Grom" title="Kh-23 Grom">AS-7 Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K114_Shturm" title="9K114 Shturm">AS-8 Kokon AT-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-28" title="Kh-28">AS-9 Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-25" title="Kh-25">AS-10 Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-58" title="Kh-58">AS-11 Kilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-25" title="Kh-25">AS-12 Kegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-59" title="Kh-59">AS-13 Kingbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-29" title="Kh-29">AS-14 Kedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-55" title="Kh-55">AS-15 Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-15" title="Kh-15">AS-16 Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-31" title="Kh-31">AS-17 Krypton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-59" title="Kh-59">AS-18 Kazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-80" title="Kh-80">AS-X-19 Koala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-35" title="Kh-35">AS-20 Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-90" title="Kh-90">AS-X-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-59" title="Kh-59">AS-22</a> Kh-59MK2S/69</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-22" title="Kh-22">AS-4M</a> Kh-32</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-38" title="Kh-38">AS-23</a> Kh-38/36</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-38" title="Kh-38">AS-24</a> Kh-36</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-45" title="Kh-45">Kh-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-55" title="Kh-55">AS-25</a> Kh-50</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-101" title="Kh-101">AS-26 Kodiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-90" title="Kh-90">Kh-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-270_Moskit" title="P-270 Moskit">AS-27 Sunburn A</a> Kh-41</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-800_Oniks" title="P-800 Oniks">AS-28 Strobile A</a> Kh-61</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Kalibr">AS-29 Sizzler</a> Club A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(missile)" title="Hermes (missile)">Hermes A ATS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronshtadt_Kh-50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronshtadt Kh-50 (page does not exist)">Kh-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMUR" title="LMUR">LMUR</a> Izd. 305</li> <li>Iz 85 Kh-MD-E</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh-74&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kh-74 (page does not exist)">Kh-74M2 "GZUR"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-47M2_Kinzhal" title="Kh-47M2 Kinzhal">AS-X-36 Stone AH</a> (Kh-76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrahMos" title="BrahMos">AS-37 BrahMos</a> AL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M22_Zircon" title="3M22 Zircon">Zirkon</a> (Kh-72) ASM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrahMos-II" title="BrahMos-II">BrahMos-II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank<br />guided</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_anti-tank_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M6_Shmel" title="3M6 Shmel">AT-1 Snapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M17" class="mw-redirect" title="9M17">AT-2 Swatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">AT-3 Sagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K111_Fagot" title="9K111 Fagot">AT-4 Spigot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M113_Konkurs" title="9M113 Konkurs">AT-5 Spandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K114_Shturm" title="9K114 Shturm">AT-6 Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K115_Metis" title="9K115 Metis">AT-7 Saxhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K112_Kobra" title="9K112 Kobra">AT-8 Songster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M120_Ataka" title="9M120 Ataka">AT-9 Spiral-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M117_Bastion" title="9M117 Bastion">AT-10 Stabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-11_Sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-11 Sniper">AT-11 Sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M117_Bastion" title="9M117 Bastion">AT-12 Swinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K115-2_Metis-M" title="9K115-2 Metis-M">AT-13 Saxhorn-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M133_Kornet" title="9M133 Kornet">АТ-14 Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M123_Khrizantema" title="9M123 Khrizantema">АТ-15 Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K121_Vikhr" title="9K121 Vikhr">AT-16 Scallion</a></li> <li>'Avtonomya' IR FF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(missile)" title="Hermes (missile)">Hermes A/M/K ATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMUR" title="LMUR">LMUR</a> Izd. 305</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronshtadt_Kh-50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronshtadt Kh-50 (page does not exist)">Kh-50</a></li> <li>Iz 85 Kh-MD-E</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surface-<br />to-air</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_surface-to-air_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground-<br />based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-25_Berkut" title="S-25 Berkut">SA-1 Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">SA-2 Guideline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">SA-3 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2K11_Krug" title="2K11 Krug">SA-4 Ganef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-200_missile_system" title="S-200 missile system">SA-5 Gammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">SA-6 Gainful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">SA-7 Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">SA-8 Gecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K31_Strela-1" title="9K31 Strela-1">SA-9 Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">SA-10 Grumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">SA-11 Gadfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">SA-12 Gladiator/Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K35_Strela-10" title="9K35 Strela-10">SA-13 Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">SA-14 Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_missile_system" title="Tor missile system">SA-15 Gauntlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-16 Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">SA-17 Grizzly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-18 Grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2K22_Tunguska" title="2K22 Tunguska">SA-19 Grison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">SA-20 Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-400_missile_system" title="S-400 missile system">SA-21 Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsir-S1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantsir-S1">SA-22 Greyhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300VM" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300VM">SA-23 Gladiator/Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-24 Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K333_Verba" title="9K333 Verba">SA-29 Gizmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfey" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfey">Morfey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-350_missile_system" title="S-350 missile system">S-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M337_Sosna-R" title="9M337 Sosna-R">Sosna-R/RA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Naval-<br />based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">SA-N-1 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">SA-N-2 Guideline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">SA-NX-2C</a> M-3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-11_Shtorm" title="M-11 Shtorm">SA-N-3 Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">SA-N-4 Gecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">SA-N-5 Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">SA-N-6 Grumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">SA-N-7 Gadfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">SA-N-8 Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_missile_system" title="Tor missile system">SA-N-9 Gauntlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-N-10 Grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K22_Tunguska" class="mw-redirect" title="9K22 Tunguska">SA-N-11 Grison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">SA-N-12 Grizzly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-N-14 Grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">SA-N-20 Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsir-S1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantsir-S1">SA-N-21</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantsir-M" title="Pantsir-M">Greyhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-350_missile_system" title="S-350 missile system">9K</a><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">96</a> <a href="/wiki/S-400_missile_system" title="S-400 missile system">Redut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M337_Sosna-R" title="9M337 Sosna-R">Palash/Palma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-<br />ballistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh" title="ABM-1 Galosh">ABM-1 Galosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-135 anti-ballistic missile system">ABM-3</a>/<a href="/wiki/53T6" title="53T6">53T6 Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-500_missile_system" title="S-500 missile system">S-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">A-235</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">Surface-<br />to-surface</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_surface-to-surface_missiles" title="List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-surface missiles">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground-<br />based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-1_(missile)" title="R-1 (missile)">SS-1 Scunner</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scud_missile" title="Scud missile">SS-1 Scud</a> (<a href="/wiki/R-11_Zemlya" title="R-11 Zemlya">Scud-A</a>/<a href="/wiki/R-17_Elbrus" title="R-17 Elbrus">-B</a>/-C/-D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_(missile)" title="R-2 (missile)">SS-2 Sibling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-5_Pobeda" title="R-5 Pobeda">SS-3 Shyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">SS-4 Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-14_Chusovaya" title="R-14 Chusovaya">SS-5 Skean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">SS-6 Sapwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16_(missile)" title="R-16 (missile)">SS-7 Saddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">SS-8 Sasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-26_(missile)" title="R-26 (missile)">SS-8B Sasin 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">SS-9 Scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR-200" title="UR-200">SS-10 Scrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">SS-11 Sego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">SS-12 Scaleboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-1" title="RT-1">SS-X-13 Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-2" title="RT-2">SS-13 Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-20P" title="RT-20P">SS-15 Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">SS-16 Sinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">SS-17 Spanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">SS-18 Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">SS-19 Stiletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer" title="RSD-10 Pioneer">SS-20 Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">SS-21 Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">SS-22 Scaleboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTR-23_Oka" title="OTR-23 Oka">SS-23 Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">SS-24 Scalpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">SS-25 Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">SS-26 Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-2PM2_Topol-M" title="RT-2PM2 Topol-M">SS-27 Sickle B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer" title="RSD-10 Pioneer">SS-28 Saber 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-24_Yars" title="RS-24 Yars">SS-29 Sickle C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-28_Sarmat" title="RS-28 Sarmat">SS-X-30 Satan 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-26_Rubezh" title="RS-26 Rubezh">SS-X-31 Sickle D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BZhRK_Barguzin" title="BZhRK Barguzin">SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avangard_(hypersonic_glide_vehicle)" title="Avangard (hypersonic glide vehicle)">Avangard</a> / HGV Yu-7#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik" title="9M730 Burevestnik">SS-X-33 Stone AN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Naval-<br />based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10Kh" title="10Kh">14KhK1</a> 15Kh 17Kh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS-1_Komet" title="KS-1 Komet">KS-1 Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-20" title="Kh-20">P-20 Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-10S" title="K-10S">P-40</a> <a href="/wiki/KSR-2" title="KSR-2">P-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSShch" title="KSShch">SS-N-1 Scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-15_Termit" title="P-15 Termit">SS-N-2 Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock" title="SS-N-3 Shaddock">SS-N-3c Shaddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock" title="SS-N-3 Shaddock">SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-13_(missile)" title="R-13 (missile)">SS-N-4 Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-21_(missile)" title="R-21 (missile)">SS-N-5 Sark/Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-1" title="RT-1">D-6</a> <a href="/wiki/RT-2" title="RT-2">D-6M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-15_(missile)" title="R-15 (missile)">D-7 R-15M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-27_Zyb" title="R-27 Zyb">SS-N-6 Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-70_Ametist" title="P-70 Ametist">SS-N-7 Starbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">SS-N-8 Sawfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-120_Malakhit" title="P-120 Malakhit">SS-N-9 Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-500_Bazalt" title="P-500 Bazalt">SS-N-12 Sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-27_Zyb#R-27K" title="R-27 Zyb">SS-NX-13 Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metel_Anti-Ship_Complex" title="Metel Anti-Ship Complex">SS-N-14 Silex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPK-2_Vyuga" title="RPK-2 Vyuga">SS-N-15 Starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPK-6_Vodopad/RPK-7_Veter" title="RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter">SS-N-16 Stallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-31_(missile)" title="R-31 (missile)">SS-N-17 Snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">SS-N-18 Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-700_Granit" title="P-700 Granit">SS-N-19 Shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-39_Rif" title="R-39 Rif">SS-N-20 Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK-55" title="RK-55">SS-N-21 Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-270_Moskit" title="P-270 Moskit">SS-N-22 Sunburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29RM_Shtil" title="R-29RM Shtil">SS-N-23 Skif</a> R29RM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29RMU_Sineva" title="R-29RMU Sineva">SS-N-23A Skif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29RMU2_Layner" title="R-29RMU2 Layner">SS-N-23B Skif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-80" title="Kh-80">SS-NX-24 Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-35" title="Kh-35">SS-N-25 Switchblade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-800_Oniks" title="P-800 Oniks">SS-N-26 Strobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Kalibr">SS-N-27 Sizzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Kalibr">SS-N-30A</a> 3M-14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-39M" title="R-39M">SS-NX-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPK-9_Medvedka" title="RPK-9 Medvedka">SS-N-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSM-56_Bulava" title="RSM-56 Bulava">SS-N-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M22_Zircon" title="3M22 Zircon">SS-NX-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M22_Zircon" title="3M22 Zircon">SS-NX-34</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skif_(missile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skif (missile) (page does not exist)">Skif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M-51_Alfa" title="3M-51 Alfa">SS-N-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrahMos" title="BrahMos">SS-N-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrahMos-II" title="BrahMos-II">SS-NX-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status-6_Oceanic_Multipurpose_System" title="Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System">SS-NX-38 Canyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Ship-<br />to-ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10Kh" title="10Kh">10Kh</a>N</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock" title="SS-N-3 Shaddock">SSC-1B Sepal</a> Redut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS-1_Komet" title="KS-1 Komet">SSC-2 Salish/Samlet</a> AS/KS-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-20" title="Kh-20">P-20 Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSShch" title="KSShch">SSC-K P-1</a> Schuka KSShch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-15_Termit" title="P-15 Termit">SSC-3 Styx</a> Rubezh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK-55" title="RK-55">SSC-4 Slingshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-80" title="Kh-80">SSC-X-5 Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-35" title="Kh-35">SSC-6 Sennight</a></li> <li>SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728</li> <li>SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Kalibr">SSC-14</a> Klub N/M 3M14/54</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrahMos-II" title="BrahMos-II">SSC-13</a> <a href="/wiki/BrahMos" title="BrahMos">BrahMos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-800_Oniks" title="P-800 Oniks">SSC-10</a>/<a href="/wiki/K-300P_Bastion-P" title="K-300P Bastion-P">SSC-5 Stooge</a> Bastion P/S</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-270_Moskit" title="P-270 Moskit">SSC-7/12</a> 3M-80MV</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh-74&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kh-74 (page does not exist)">SSC-X-11</a> "GZUR"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3M22_Zircon" title="3M22 Zircon">SSC-X-15</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skif_(missile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skif (missile) (page does not exist)">Skif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik" title="9M730 Burevestnik">SSC-X-9 Stone AN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(missile)" title="Hermes (missile)">Hermes M ATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(missile)" title="Hermes (missile)">Hermes K ATS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466704#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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