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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1848 uprisings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1848_uprisings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidential election of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Louis_Napoléon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Louis_Napoléon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidency of Louis Napoléon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Louis_Napoléon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état_and_end_of_the_Second_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état_and_end_of_the_Second_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coup d'état and end of the Second Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état_and_end_of_the_Second_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French Second Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمهورية الفرنسية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهورية الفرنسية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Segunda República Francesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Fransa_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="İkinci Fransa Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Fransa Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی فرانسه جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی فرانسه جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ফরাসি দ্বিতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরাসি দ্বিতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Другая французская рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другая французская рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Втора република (Франция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора република (Франция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Republik_c%27hall" title="Eil Republik c'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Republik c'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Segona República Francesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_Francouzsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Druhá Francouzská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá Francouzská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_franske_republik" title="Anden franske republik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden franske republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Franz%C3%B6sische_Republik" title="Zweite Französische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite Französische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa_Teine_Vabariik" title="Prantsusmaa Teine Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa Teine Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δεύτερη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_francesa" title="Segunda República francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda República francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Respubliko_de_Francio" title="Dua Respubliko de Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Respubliko de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Bigarren_Errepublika" title="Frantziako Bigarren Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Bigarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="جمهوری دوم فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری دوم فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique_(France)" title="Deuxième République (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deuxième République (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Segunda República Francesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C2%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="프랑스 제2공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 제2공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="द्वितीय फ्रांसीसी गणतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय फ्रांसीसी गणतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_Francuska_Republika" title="Druga Francuska Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_Franca_Republiko" title="Duesma Franca Republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Duesma Franca Republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Prancis_Kedua" title="Republik Prancis Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Prancis Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%B0_franska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Annað franska lýðveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Annað franska lýðveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Repubblica_(Francia)" title="Seconda Repubblica (Francia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda Repubblica (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საფრანგეთის მეორე რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთის მეორე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas_Otr%C4%81_republika" title="Francijas Otrā republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas Otrā republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweet_Republik_(Frankr%C3%A4ich)" title="Zweet Republik (Frankräich) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zweet Republik (Frankräich)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Втора Француска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора Француска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="दुसरे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საფრანგეთიშ მაჟირა რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთიშ მაჟირა რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الجمهوريه الفرنسيه التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجمهوريه الفرنسيه التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kedua_Perancis" title="Republik Kedua Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Kedua Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Franse_Republiek" title="Tweede Franse Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Franse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF" title="フランス第二共和政 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス第二共和政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_franske_republikk" title="Den andre franske republikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre franske republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_franske_republikken" title="Den andre franske republikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den andre franske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Republika_Francuska" title="II Republika Francuska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II Republika Francuska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Segunda República Francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doua_Republic%C4%83_Francez%C4%83" title="A Doua Republică Franceză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A Doua Republică Franceză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вторая Французская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая Французская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Franceze" title="Republika e Dytë Franceze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Dytë Franceze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French Second Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کۆماری دووەمی فەڕەنسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری دووەمی فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друга француска република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друга француска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_Francuska_Republika" title="Druga Francuska Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Druga Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_toinen_tasavalta" title="Ranskan toinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan toinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_franska_republiken" title="Andra franska republiken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra franska republiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Frans%C4%B1z_Cumhuriyeti" title="İkinci Fransız Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci Fransız Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друга французька республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга французька республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Rep%C3%B9blega_franseze" title="Seconda Repùblega franseze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Seconda Repùblega franseze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Nh%E1%BB%8B_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Đệ Nhị Cộng hòa Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ Nhị Cộng hòa Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭西第二共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二共和國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蘭西第二共和國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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.mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République française</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1848–1852</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of France"><img alt="Great Seal of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/85px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/170px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_France" title="Great Seal of France"> Great Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité</a></i></span><br /><small>"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Chant_des_Girondins" title="Le Chant des Girondins">Le Chant des Girondins</a></i></span><br /><small>"The Song of Girondists"</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Le_Chant_des_Girondins_(The_Song_of_the_Girondists)_recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Le_Chant_des_Girondins_%28The_Song_of_the_Girondists%29_recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Le_Chant_des_Girondins_%28The_Song_of_the_Girondists%29_recording.ogg/Le_Chant_des_Girondins_%28The_Song_of_the_Girondists%29_recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The French Republic in 1848"><img alt="The French Republic in 1848" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg/250px-French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg/375px-French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg/500px-French_Kingdom_within_Europe_1839.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The French Republic in 1848</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> (1848–1851)<br />Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> (1851–1852)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of France">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1852 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_France" title="Vice President of France">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1849–1852 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Georges_Boulay_de_la_Meurthe" title="Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe">Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont">Jacques-Charles Dupont</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1851 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Léon Faucher</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 February 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events" title="Abolitionism">Abolition of slavery</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_coup_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup of 1851">Coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1851</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1852</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Franc" class="mw-redirect" title="French Franc">French Franc</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French Second Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Deuxième République Française</i> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La II<sup>e</sup> République</i></span>), officially the <b>French Republic</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République française</i></span>), was the second <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> government of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It existed from 1848 until its dissolution in 1852. </p><p>Following the final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, France had been reconstituted into a monarchy known as the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. After a brief period of <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">revolutionary turmoil in 1830</a>, royal power was again secured in the "<a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>", governed under principles of moderate conservatism and improved relations with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> erupted into a <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">mass revolutionary wave</a> in which many citizens challenged their royal leaders. Much of it was led by France in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February Revolution</a>, overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis-Philippe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical and liberal factions of the population convened the French Second Republic in 1848. Attempting to restore the First French Republic's values on human rights and constitutional government, they adopted the motto of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First Republic</a>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité</a></i></span>. The republic was plagued with tribalist tendencies of its leading factions: royalists, <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">proto-socialists</a>, liberals, and conservatives. In this environment, Napoleon's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a>, established himself as a popular <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> figure and was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> in 1848. </p><p>Under the Second Republic's constitution, the president was restricted to a single term. Louis-Napoléon overthrew the republic in an <a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">1851 self-coup d'état</a>, proclaimed himself Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, and created the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_of_1848">Revolution of 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revolution of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_france_1848.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drapeau_france_1848.svg/130px-Drapeau_france_1848.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drapeau_france_1848.svg/195px-Drapeau_france_1848.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drapeau_france_1848.svg/260px-Drapeau_france_1848.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Variant of the <a href="/wiki/French_tricolor" class="mw-redirect" title="French tricolor">French tricolor</a> flag used by the Republic for a few days, between 24 February and 5 March 1848<sup id="cite_ref-secrep_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secrep-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>France's <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolution_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolution (France)">"February Revolution" of 1848</a>, was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. The events of the revolution led to the end of the 1830–1848 <a href="/wiki/Orleans_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans monarchy">Orleans Monarchy</a> and led to the creation of the Second Republic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_of_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Révolution of 1830">Revolution of 1830</a>, part of a wave of similar regime changes across Europe, had put an end to the monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> and installed a more <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">liberal constitutional monarchy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Orleans dynasty</a> governed predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot's</a> conservative-liberal center-right and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers'</a> progressive-liberal center-left. </p><p>But to the left of the dynastic parties, the monarchy was criticized by Republicans (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">socialists</a>) for being insufficiently democratic: its <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> was based on a narrow, privileged <a href="/wiki/Censitary_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Censitary suffrage">electorate of property owners</a> and therefore excluded workers. During the 1840s several petitions requesting electoral reform (<a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a>) had been issued by the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> but had been rejected by both of the main dynastic parties. Political meetings dedicated to this issue were banned by the government, and electoral reformers' therefore bypassed the ban by holding a <a href="/wiki/Campagne_des_banquets" title="Campagne des banquets">series of 'banquets'</a> (1847–1848), events where the political debate was disguised as dinner speeches. This movement began overseen by <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Odilon Barrot's</a> moderate center-left liberal critics of Guizot's conservative government but took on a life of its own after 1846 when the economic crisis encouraged ordinary workers to demand a say over the government. </p><p>On 14 February 1848, Guizot's government decided to put an end to the banquets, on the grounds of constituting illegal political assembly. On 22 February, striking workers and Republican students took to the streets, demanding an end to Guizot's government, and erected barricades. Odilon Barrot called a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> in Guizot, hoping that this might satisfy the rioters, but the Chamber of Deputies sided with the premier. The government called a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, thinking it could rely on the troops of the National Guard, but instead on the morning of 23 February, the Guardsmen sided with the revolutionaries, protecting them from the regular soldiers who by now had been called in. </p><p>The industrial population of the <a href="/wiki/Faubourgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Faubourgs">faubourgs</a> was welcomed by the National Guard on their way toward the center of Paris. Barricades were raised after the shooting of protestors outside the Guizot manor by soldiers. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 February 1848 <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>'s cabinet resigned, abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petite bourgeoisie</a>, on whose support they thought they could depend. The heads of the more left-leaning conservative-liberal monarchist parties, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Louis-Mathieu Molé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, declined to form a government. <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Odilon Barrot</a> accepted, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a>, commander-in-chief of the first military division, who had begun to attack the barricades, was recalled. In the face of the insurrection that had now taken possession of the whole capital, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis-Philippe</a> abdicated in favor of his nine-year-old grandson, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Prince Philippe, Count of Paris</a>, but under pressure from insurgents who invaded the chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, leaders leaned in favor of the insurrection and prepared a provisional government; a (second) republic was then proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a> as its president, consisted of <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a> for foreign affairs, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Crémieux</a> for justice, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Ledru-Rollin</a> for the interior, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Carnot" title="Hippolyte Carnot">Carnot</a> for public instruction, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> for finance, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a> for the navy, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Laurent_Burdeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Laurent Burdeau">Burdeau</a> for war. <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Joseph_Louis_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a> was mayor of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But, in 1830, the republican-socialist party set up a rival government at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a> (city hall), including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marrast" title="Armand Marrast">Armand Marrast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Flocon" title="Ferdinand Flocon">Ferdinand Flocon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Martin" title="Alexandre Martin">Alexandre Martin</a>, known as Albert L'Ouvrier ("Albert the Worker"), which bid fair to involve discord and civil war. But this time the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a> was not victorious over the Hôtel de Ville. It had to consent to a fusion of the two bodies, in which, however, the predominating elements were the moderate Republicans. It was uncertain what the policy of the new government would be. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One party seeing that despite the changes in the last sixty years of all political institutions, the position of the people had not been improved, demanded a reform of society itself, the abolition of the privileged position of property, which they viewed as the only obstacle to equality, and as an emblem hoisted the <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol not merely of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, but rather of martial law and of order<sup id="cite_ref-Ozouf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozouf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The other party wished to maintain society on the basis of its traditional institutions, and rallied around the <a href="/wiki/Drapeau_tricolore" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapeau tricolore">tricolore</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a concession made by <a href="/wiki/Lamartine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamartine">Lamartine</a> to popular aspirations, and in exchange for the maintaining of the tricolor flag, he conceded the Republican triptych of <i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité</a></i>, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added. <sup id="cite_ref-Ozouf_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozouf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first collision took place as to the form which the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848 in France">1848 Revolution</a> was to take. Lamartine wished for them to maintain their original principles, with the whole country as supreme, whereas the revolutionaries under Ledru-Rollin wished for the Republic of Paris to hold a monopoly on political power. On 5 March the government, under the pressure of the Parisian clubs, decided in favor of an immediate reference to the people, and direct <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and adjourned it until 26 April. This added the uneducated masses to the electorate and led to the <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1848 French Constituent Assembly election">election</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> on 4 May 1848. The provisional government having resigned, the republican and anti-socialist majority on 9 May entrusted the supreme power to an <a href="/wiki/French_Executive_Commission_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Executive Commission (1848)">Executive Commission</a> consisting of five members: Arago, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_de_Saint-Georges" title="Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges">Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Joseph_Louis_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamartine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamartine">Lamartine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ledru-Rollin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledru-Rollin">Ledru-Rollin</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result of the general election, the return of a predominantly moderate, if not monarchical, constituent assembly dashed the hopes of those who had looked for the establishment, by a peaceful revolution, of their ideal socialist state. but they were not prepared to yield without a struggle, and in Paris itself they commanded a formidable force. In spite of the preponderance of the "tricolor" party in the provisional government, so long as the voice of France had not spoken, the socialists, supported by the Parisian proletariat, had exercised an influence on policy disproportionate to their relative numbers. By the decree of 24 February, the provisional government had solemnly accepted the principle of the "right to work," and decided to establish "<a href="/wiki/National_Workshops" title="National Workshops">National Workshops</a>" for the unemployed; at the same time, a sort of industrial parliament was established at the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a>, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labor; and, lastly, by the decree of 8 March, the property qualification for enrolment in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> had been abolished and the workmen were supplied with arms. The socialists thus formed a sort of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">state-within-a-state</a>, complete with a government and an armed force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1848_uprisings">1848 uprisings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1848 uprisings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_France" title="Category:History of France">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of <span class="fn org label">France</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)"><img alt="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/250px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/375px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/500px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Ancient_history" title="History of France">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 BC – 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   until 50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 50 BC – 486 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 843–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1328</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_(direct)" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1328–1498</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1498–1515</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515–1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1589–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long 19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1791–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1814</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1830</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1852</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852–1870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1871–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a 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/></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 15 May, an armed mob, headed by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Vincent_Raspail" title="François-Vincent Raspail">Raspail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armand_Barb%C3%A8s" title="Armand Barbès">Barbès</a>, and assisted by the proletariat-aligned Guard, attempted to overwhelm the Assembly, but were defeated by the bourgeois-aligned battalions of the National Guard. Meanwhile, the national workshops were unable to provide remunerative work for the genuine unemployed, and of the thousands who applied, the greater number were employed in aimless digging and refilling of trenches; soon even this expedient failed, and those for whom work could not be invented were given a half wage of 1 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a> a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 June, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Alfred_Pierre,_comte_de_Falloux" title="Frédéric Alfred Pierre, comte de Falloux">Alfred de Falloux</a> decided in the name of the parliamentary commission on labour that the workmen should be discharged within three days and those who were able-bodied should be forced to enlist in the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this, the <a href="/wiki/June_Days_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="June Days Uprising">June Days Uprising</a> broke out, over the course of 24–26 June, when the eastern industrial quarter of Paris, led by Pujol, fought the western quarter, led by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène Cavaignac</a>, who had been appointed dictator. The socialist party was defeated and afterwards its members were deported. But the republic had been discredited and had already become unpopular with both the peasants, who were exasperated by the new land tax of 45 centimes imposed in order to fill the empty treasury, and with the bourgeoisie, who were intimidated by the power of the revolutionary clubs and disadvantaged by the economic stagnation. By the "massacres" of the June Days, the working classes were also alienated from it. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a> wrote at this time, "France needs a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>! I cannot yet see him..." The granting of universal suffrage to a society with Imperialist sympathies would benefit reactionaries, which culminated in the election of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> as president of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg/220px-Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg/330px-Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg/440px-Int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_salle_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>The chamber of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> of the Second Republic, in 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">new constitution</a>, proclaiming a democratic republic, direct universal suffrage, and the separation of powers, was promulgated on 4 November 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new constitution, there was to be a single permanent Assembly of 750 members elected for a term of three years by the <a href="/wiki/Scrutin_de_liste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrutin de liste">scrutin de liste</a>. The Assembly would elect members of a Council of State to serve for six years. Laws would be proposed by the Council of State, to be voted on by the Assembly. The executive power was delegated to the president, who was elected for four years by direct universal suffrage, i.e. on a broader basis than that of the Assembly, and was not eligible for re-election. He was to choose his ministers, who, like him, would be responsible to the Assembly. Finally, a revision of the constitution was made practically impossible; it involved obtaining three times in succession a majority of three-quarters of the deputies in a special assembly. It was in vain that <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" class="mw-redirect" title="François Paul Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a>, in the name of those who perceived the obvious and inevitable risk of creating, under the name of a president, a monarch and more than a king, proposed that the head of the state should be no more than a removable president of the ministerial council. Lamartine, thinking that he was sure to be the choice of the electors under universal suffrage, won over the support of the Chamber, which did not even take the precaution of rendering ineligible the members of families which had reigned over France. It made the presidency an office dependent upon popular acclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_election_of_1848">Presidential election of 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1848_French_presidential_election" title="1848 French presidential election">1848 French presidential election</a></div> <p>The election was keenly contested; the democratic republicans adopted as their candidate Ledru-Rollin, the "pure republicans" Cavaignac, and the recently reorganized Imperialist party Prince <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a>. Unknown in 1835, and forgotten or despised since 1840, Louis Napoleon had in the last eight years advanced sufficiently in the public estimation to be elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 by five departments. He owed this rapid increase of popularity partly to blunders of the government of July, which had unwisely aroused the memory of the country, filled as it was with recollections of the Empire, and partly to Louis Napoléon's campaign carried on from his prison at Ham by means of pamphlets of socialistic tendencies. Moreover, the monarchists, led by Thiers and the committee of the Rue de Poitiers, were no longer content even with the safe dictatorship of the upright Cavaignac, and joined forces with the Bonapartists. On 10 December the peasants gave over 5,000,000 votes to a name: Napoléon, which stood for order at all costs, against 1,400,000 for Cavaignac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Georges_Boulay_de_la_Meurthe" title="Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe">Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe</a> was elected vice president, a unique position in French history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Louis_Napoléon"><span id="Presidency_of_Louis_Napol.C3.A9on"></span>Presidency of Louis Napoléon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidency of Louis Napoléon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg/220px-Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg/330px-Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg/440px-Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_pr%C3%AAte_serment_%C3%A0_la_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="4448" /></a><figcaption>Louis Napoléon Bonaparte taking the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> upon being elected president</figcaption></figure> <p>For three years, there was an indecisive struggle between the heterogeneous Assembly and the president, who was silently awaiting his opportunity. He chose as his ministers men with little inclination towards republicanism, with a preference for <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a>, the chief of whom was <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Odilon Barrot</a>. In order to strengthen his position, he endeavoured to conciliate the reactionary parties, without committing himself to any of them. The chief instance of this was the expedition to Rome voted by the Catholics, to restore the temporal authority of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, who had fled Rome in fear of the nationalists and republicans. (<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a> had been elected to a Constitutional Assembly.) The pope called for international intervention to restore him in his temporal power. The French president moved to establish the power and prestige of France against that of Austria, as beginning the work of European renovation and reconstruction which he already looked upon as his mission. French troops under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oudinot" title="Charles Oudinot">Oudinot</a> marched into Rome. This provoked an insurrection in Paris in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a>, that of the Château d'Eau, which was crushed on 13 June 1849. On the other hand, when the pope, though only just restored, began to yield to the general movement of reaction, the president demanded that he should set up a Liberal government. The pope's dilatory reply having been accepted by the French ministry, the president replaced it on 1 November, by the <a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a>-Rocher cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This looked like a declaration of war against the Catholic and monarchist majority in the Legislative Assembly, which had been elected on 28 May in a moment of panic. But the president again pretended to be playing the game of the Orléanists, as he had done in the case of the Constituent Assembly. The complementary elections of March and April 1850 resulted in an unexpected victory for the republicans which alarmed the conservative leaders, Thiers, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pierre_Berryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Pierre Berryer">Berryer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Forbes_Ren%C3%A9_de_Montalembert" title="Charles Forbes René de Montalembert">Montalembert</a>. The president and the Assembly co-operated in the passage of the <i>Loi Falloux</i> of 15 March 1850, which again placed university instruction under the direction of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A conservative electoral law was passed on 31 May. It required each voter to prove three years' residence at his current address by way of entries in the record of direct taxes. This effectively repealed universal suffrage: factory workers, who moved fairly often, were thus disenfranchised. The law of 16 July aggravated the severity of the press restrictions by re-establishing the "caution money" (<i>cautionnement</i>) deposited by proprietors and editors of papers with the government as a guarantee of good behaviour. Finally, an interpretation of the law on clubs and political societies suppressed about this time all the republican societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_d'état_and_end_of_the_Second_Republic"><span id="Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_and_end_of_the_Second_Republic"></span>Coup d'état and end of the Second Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coup d'état and end of the Second Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup d'état of 1851">French coup d'état of 1851</a></div> <p>The president had only joined the cry of "Down with the Republicans!" in Montalembert in the hope of effecting a revision of the constitution without having recourse to a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>. His concessions only increased the boldness of the monarchists, who had only accepted Louis-Napoléon as president in opposition to the Republic and as a step in the direction of the monarchy. A conflict was now inevitable between his personal policy and the majority of the Chamber, who were divided into legitimists and Orléanists in spite of the death of Louis-Philippe in August 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis-Napoléon exploited their projects for a restoration of the monarchy, which he knew to be unpopular in the country, and which gave him the opportunity of furthering his own personal ambitions. From 8 August to 12 November 1850 he went about France stating the case for a revision of the constitution in speeches which he varied according to each place; he held reviews, at which cries of "Vive Napoléon!" showed that the army was with him; he superseded <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Anne_Th%C3%A9odule_Changarnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Anne Théodule Changarnier">General Changarnier</a>, on whose arms the parliament relied for the projected monarchical <i>coup d'état</i>; he replaced his Orléanist ministry with obscure men devoted to his own cause, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_Louis_Joseph,_duc_de_Morny" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, duc de Morny">Morny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleurey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fleurey (disambiguation)">Fleury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Persigny</a>, and gathered round him officers of the African army, broken men like <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud">General Saint-Arnaud</a>; in fact he practically declared open war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868–869_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868–869-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His reply to the votes of censure passed by the Assembly, and their refusal to increase his civil list was to hint at a vast communistic plot in order to scare the bourgeoisie, and to denounce the electoral law of 31 May 1850, in order to gain the support of the mass of the people. The Assembly retaliated by throwing out the proposal for a partial reform of that article of the constitution which prohibited the re-election of the president and the re-establishment of universal suffrage (July). All hope of a peaceful issue was at an end. When the questors called upon the Chamber to have posted in all barracks the decree of 6 May 1848 concerning the right of the Assembly to demand the support of the troops if attacked, the <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_(1849)" title="The Mountain (1849)">Mountain</a>, dreading a restoration of the monarchy, voted with the Bonapartists against the measure, thus disarming the legislative power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis-Napoléon saw his opportunity, and organised the <a href="/wiki/French_coup_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup of 1851">French coup of 1851</a>. On the night of 1/2 December 1851, the anniversary of his uncle Napoleon's coronation in 1804 and his victory at Austerlitz in 1805, he dissolved the Chamber, re-established universal suffrage, had all the party leaders arrested, and summoned a new assembly to prolong his term of office for ten years. The deputies who had met under Berryer at the Mairie of the 10th arrondissement to defend the constitution and proclaim the deposition of Louis Napoleon were scattered by the troops at Mazas and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Val%C3%A9rien" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Valérien">Mont Valérien</a>. The resistance organized by the republicans within Paris under <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> was soon subdued by the intoxicated soldiers. The more serious resistance in the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partements" class="mw-redirect" title="Départements">départements</a></i> was crushed by declaring a state of siege and by the "mixed commissions." The plebiscite of 20 December ratified by a huge majority the coup d'état in favour of the prince-president, who alone reaped the benefit of the excesses of the Republicans and the reactionary passions of the monarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">French Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Freemasonry_under_the_Second_Republic" title="French Freemasonry under the Second Republic">French Freemasonry under the Second Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Republic-French-history">"Second Republic | French history | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Second+Republic+%7C+French+history+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSecond-Republic-French-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secrep-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secrep_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/r1848_1155-8806_1931_num_28_139_1209_t1_0237_0000_2">"Les couleurs du drapeau de 1848"</a>. <i>Revue d'Histoire du Xixe Siècle – 1848</i> (in French). <b>28</b> (139): 237–238. 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+du+Xixe+Si%C3%A8cle+%E2%80%93+1848&rft.atitle=Les+couleurs+du+drapeau+de+1848&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=237-238&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fr1848_1155-8806_1931_num_28_139_1209_t1_0237_0000_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911867_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiriath1911">Wiriath 1911</a>, p. 867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozouf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ozouf_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ozouf_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Mona Ozouf</a>, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité", in <i>Lieux de Mémoire</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nora" title="Pierre Nora">Pierre Nora</a>), tome III, Quarto Gallimard, 1997, pp. 4353–4389 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (abridged translation, <i>Realms of Memory</i>, Columbia University Press, 1996–1998 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiriath1911">Wiriath 1911</a>, p. 868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaud Coutant, <i>1848, Quand la République combattait la Démocratie</i>, Mare et Martin, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Agulhon" title="Maurice Agulhon">Maurice Agulhon</a>, <i>The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852</i> (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlec_Vidler1990" class="citation book cs1">Alec Vidler (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leBIu0-9tPMC&pg=PT86"><i>The Penguin History of the Church: The Church in an Age of Revolution</i></a>. Penguin. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141941516" title="Special:BookSources/9780141941516"><bdi>9780141941516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+the+Church%3A+The+Church+in+an+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780141941516&rft.au=Alec+Vidler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleBIu0-9tPMC%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868–869-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911868–869_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiriath1911">Wiriath 1911</a>, pp. 868–869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiriath1911869_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiriath1911">Wiriath 1911</a>, p. 869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Price2002" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Price (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8ULqQw2stoC&pg=PA1834"><i>Napoleon III and the Second Empire</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 1834–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134734689" title="Special:BookSources/9781134734689"><bdi>9781134734689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+III+and+the+Second+Empire&rft.pages=1834-36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134734689&rft.au=Roger+D.+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8ULqQw2stoC%26pg%3DPA1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiriath1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wiriath, Paul (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/France/History" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/France/History">France: History</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 867–869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%3A+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=867-869&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wiriath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agulhon, Maurice. <i>The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852</i> (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521289882/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Amann, Peter H. "Writings on the Second French Republic." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 34.4 (1962): 409–429.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Clark, Christopher</a> (2023). <i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Spring:_Fighting_for_a_New_World_1848%E2%80%931849" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849">Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849</a></i>. Penguin Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Spring%3A+Fighting+for+a+New+World+1848%E2%80%931849&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Second+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Furet, François. <i>Revolutionary France 1770–1880</i> (1995), pp 385–437. survey of political history by leading scholar</li> <li>Guyver, Christopher, <i>The Second French Republic 1848–1852: A Political Reinterpretation</i>, New York: Palgrave, 2016</li> <li>Price, Roger, ed. <i>Revolution and reaction: 1848 and the Second French Republic</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1975).</li> <li>Price, Roger. <i>The French Second Republic: A Social History</i> (Cornell UP, 1972).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sylvie Aprile, <i>La Deuxième République et le Second Empire</i>, Pygmalion, 2000</li> <li>Choisel, Francis, <i>La Deuxième République et le Second Empire au jour le jour</i>, chronologie érudite détaillée, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2015.</li> <li>Inès Murat, <i>La Deuxième République</i>, Paris: Fayard, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vigier_(historian)" title="Philippe Vigier (historian)">Philippe Vigier</a>, <i>La Seconde République</i>, (series <i><a href="/wiki/Que_sais-je%3F" title="Que sais-je?">Que sais-je?</a></i>) Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>, 1967</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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