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<span>Legend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoffrey_of_Monmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geoffrey of Monmouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_medieval_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_medieval_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Later medieval literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_medieval_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escavalon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escavalon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Escavalon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escavalon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_Glastonbury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_Glastonbury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Connection to Glastonbury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_Glastonbury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily_and_other_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily_and_other_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sicily and other locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily_and_other_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avalon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mitologie)" title="Avalon (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Avalon (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="أفالون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفالون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avallon_(ada)" title="Avallon (ada) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avallon (ada)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Авалон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авалон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Авалён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авалён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Авалон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авалон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_Avalon" title="Enez Avalon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez Avalon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80valon_(mitologia)" title="Àvalon (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àvalon (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(ostrov)" title="Avalon (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avalon (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Afallon" title="Ynys Afallon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys Afallon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Mythologie)" title="Avalon (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avalon (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Άβαλον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβαλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81valon" title="Ávalon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ávalon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mitologio)" title="Avalon (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Avalon (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="آوالون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوالون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0" title="아발론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아발론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mitologio)" title="Avalon (mitologio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Avalon (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אבלון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבלון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ავალონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავალონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avallonia" title="Avallonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Avallonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonas" title="Avalonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avalonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Art%C3%BAr-mondak%C3%B6r)" title="Avalon (Artúr-mondakör) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avalon (Artúr-mondakör)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mythologie)" title="Avalon (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avalon (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="アヴァロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヴァロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mitologia)" title="Avalon (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Avalon (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Авалон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авалон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(mythology)" title="Avalon (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Avalon (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="แอวาลอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอวาลอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avalon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Авалон (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авалон (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86" title="阿瓦隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216901#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary island featured in Arthurian legend</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legendary island. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Avalon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avalon (disambiguation)">Avalon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">Avalon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></i> location</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg/250px-Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg/330px-Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg/500px-Burne-Jones_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon" title="The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon">The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">Disputed origins</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a> island (typically)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan</a> (usually)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Varied or unspecified</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">the nine sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Avalon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an island featured in the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>. It first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s 1136 <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> as a place of magic where <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s sword <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> was made and later where Arthur was taken to recover from being gravely wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a>. Since then, the island has become a symbol of Arthurian mythology, similar to Arthur's castle of <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a>. </p><p>Avalon was associated from an early date with mystical practices and magical figures such as King Arthur's sorceress sister <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan</a>, cast as the island's ruler by Geoffrey and many later authors. Certain Briton traditions have maintained that Arthur is an eternal king who had never truly died but <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">would return</a> as the "once and future" king. The particular motif of his rest in Morgan's care in Avalon has become especially popular. It can be found in various versions in many French and other medieval Arthurian and other works written in the wake of Geoffrey, some of them also linking Avalon with the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>. </p><p>Avalon has often been identified as the former island of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a>. An early and long-standing belief involves the purported discovery of Arthur's remains and their later grand reburial, in accordance with the medieval English tradition in which Arthur did not survive the fatal injuries he suffered in his final battle. Besides Glastonbury, several other alternative locations of Avalon have also been claimed or proposed. Many medieval sources also localized the place in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and European folklore connected it with the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The meaning and origin of the name Avalon have been long debated by Arthurian scholars as well as Celtic and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> philologists.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> in his pseudo-chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> ("The History of the Kings of Britain", c. 1136) calls the place <i>Insula Avallonis</i>, meaning the "Isle of Avallon" in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. In his later <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i> ("The Life of Merlin", c. 1150), he calls it <i>Insula Pomorum</i>, the "Isle of Fruit Trees" (from Latin <i>pōmus</i> "fruit tree"). Today, the name is generally considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> origin (a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> origin is also possible), from <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornish">Old Cornish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Old_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Breton">Old Breton</a> <i>aball</i> or <i>avallen(n)</i>, "apple tree, fruit tree" (cf. Welsh <i>afal</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> *<i>abalnā</i>, literally "fruit-bearing (thing)").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of an "apple" island among the ancient Britons may also be related to <a href="/wiki/Irish_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish legends">Irish legends</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">otherworld</a> island home of <a href="/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir" title="Manannán mac Lir">Manannán mac Lir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emain_Ablach" title="Emain Ablach">Emain Ablach</a> (also the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> poetic name for <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <i>Ablach</i> means "Having Apple Trees"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>— from Old Irish <i>aball</i> ("apple") — and is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> name <i><a href="/wiki/Afallach" title="Afallach">Afallach</a></i>, which was used to replace the name Avalon in medieval Welsh translations of French and Latin Arthurian tales. All are related to the Gaulish root *<i>aballo</i> "fruit tree" (found in the place name <a href="/wiki/Avallon" title="Avallon">Aballo/Aballone</a>) and are derived from Proto-Celtic *<i>abal</i>- "apple", which is related at the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> level to English <i>apple</i>, Russian <i>яблоко</i> (<i>jabloko</i>), Latvian <i>ābele</i>, et al.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 12th century, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> claimed the name of Avalon came from a man called Avalloc, who once lived on this isle with his daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> similarly derived the name of Avalon from its purported former ruler, Avallo.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is also similar to "Avallus", described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his 1st-century <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i> as a mysterious island where amber could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geoffrey of Monmouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Maidens" title="Land of Maidens">Land of Maidens</a></div> <p>According to Geoffrey in the <i>Historia</i>, and much subsequent literature which he inspired, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> was taken to Avalon (<i>Avallon</i>) in hope that he could be saved and recover from his mortal wounds following the tragic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a>. Geoffrey first mentions Avalon as the place where Arthur's sword <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> (<i>Caliburn</i>) was forged. </p><p>Geoffrey dealt with the subject in more detail in the <i>Vita Merlini</i>, in which he describes for the first time in Arthurian legend the fairy or fae-like enchantress <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgen</a> (i.e. Morgan) as the chief of <a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">nine sisters</a> (including Moronoe, Mazoe, Gliten, Glitonea, Gliton, Tyronoe and Thiten)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who together rule Avalon. Geoffrey's telling, in the in-story narration by the bard <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a> to Merlin, indicates a sea voyage was needed to get there. The description of Avalon, which is heavily indebted to the early medieval Spanish scholar <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (having been mostly derived from the section on famous islands in Isidore's work <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i>, XIV.6.8 "<i><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunatae Insulae</a></i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the magical nature of the island: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The Isle of Fruit Trees which men call the Fortunate Isle (<i>Insula Pomorum quae Fortunata uocatur</i>) gets its name from the fact that it produces all things of itself; the fields there have no need of the ploughs of the farmers and all cultivation is lacking except what nature provides. Of its own accord it produces grain and grapes, and apple trees grow in its woods from the close-clipped grass. The ground of its own accord produces everything instead of merely grass, and people live there a hundred years or more. There nine sisters rule by a pleasing set of laws those who come to them from our country.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Layamon" title="Layamon">Layamon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut"><i>Brut</i></a> version of the <i>Historia</i>, Arthur is taken to Avalon to be healed there through means of magic water by a distinctively <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> version of Morgen: an <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elf</a> queen of Avalon named Argante.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Didot-Perceval</i>, <a href="/wiki/Perceval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceval">Perceval</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grail_Quest" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail Quest">Grail Quest</a> adventures include him fighting a flock of ravens that turn out to be fairy maidens from Avalon, sisters of the wife of one Urbain of the Black Thorn, in a story likely representing Geoffrey's shapeshifting Morgen and her sisters as inspired by the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Modron" title="Modron">Modron</a> (Urbain thus being Modron's husband <a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a>) and possibly also influenced by the Irish <a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">Mórrigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey's <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> not only never visits Avalon but is not even aware of its existence, until told about it after Arthur's delivery there by Taliesin. This would change to various degrees in the later Arthurian prose romance tradition that expanded on Merlin's association with Arthur, as well on the subject of Avalon itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_medieval_literature">Later medieval literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later medieval literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg/250px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg/375px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg/500px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><i>La Mort d'Arthur</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Archer_(artist)" title="James Archer (artist)">James Archer</a> (1860)</figcaption></figure> <p>In many versions of Arthurian legend, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>'s compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan the Fairy</a> and several other magical queens (numbering either three, four, or "many"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) arrive after the battle to take the mortally wounded Arthur from the battlefield of Camlann (<a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> in the romances) to Avalon in a black boat. Besides Morgan, who by this time had already become Arthur's supernatural sibling in the popular romance tradition, they sometimes come with the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a> among them. The others may include the Queen of Northgales (North Wales) and the Queen of the <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_(mythology)" title="Wasteland (mythology)">Wasteland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Cycle">Vulgate</a> <i>Queste</i>, Morgan tells Arthur of her intention to relocate to Avalon, "where the ladies who know all the magic in the world are" (<i>ou les dames sont qui seiuent tous les enchantemens del monde</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]) not long before his final battle.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Welsh version also claims, within its text, to be a translation of old Latin books from Avalon, as does the French <i><a href="/wiki/Perlesvaus" title="Perlesvaus">Perlesvaus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lope Garcia de Salazar's Spanish summary of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Vulgate">Post-Vulgate</a> <i>Roman du Graal</i>, Avalon is conflated with (and explicitly named as) the mythological <a href="/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)" title="Brasil (mythical island)">Island of Brasil</a>, said to be located west of Ireland and afterwards forever hidden in mist by Morgan's enchantment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some texts, Arthur's fate in Avalon is left untold or uncertain. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></i> ("True story of the death of Arthur"), for instance, Arthur is taken by four of his men to Avalon in the land of <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (north-west Wales), where he is about to die but then mysteriously disappears in a mist amongst sudden great storm.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lanzelet" title="Lanzelet">Lanzelet</a></i> tells of <a href="/wiki/Loholt" class="mw-redirect" title="Loholt">Loholt</a> (<i>Loüt</i>) having left with Arthur to Avalon "whence the Bretons still expect both of them evermore."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other times, Arthur's eventual death is explicitly confirmed, as it happens in the <a href="/wiki/Stanzaic_Morte_Arthur" title="Stanzaic Morte Arthur">Stanzaic <i>Morte Arthur</i></a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> later receives the dead king's body from Morgan and buries it at <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the telling from <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Morte_Arthure" title="Alliterative Morte Arthure">Alliterative <i>Morte Arthure</i></a>, relatively devoid of supernatural elements, it is not Morgan but the renowned <a href="/wiki/Schola_Medica_Salernitana" title="Schola Medica Salernitana">physicians from Salerno</a> who try, and fail, to save Arthur's life in Avalon.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i>, an early rewrite of Geoffrey's <i>Historia</i>, states (in the present tense) that Morgan "keeps his healed body for her very own and they now live together."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar narrative, the chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Draco_Normannicus" title="Draco Normannicus">Draco Normannicus</a></i> contains a fictional letter from King Arthur to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, claiming Arthur having been healed of his wounds and made immortal by his "deathless (eternal) <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a>" sister Morgan in the holy island of Avalon (<i>Avallonis eas insula sacra</i>) through the island's miraculous herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-blr_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blr-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reminiscent of the British tradition mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury" title="Gervase of Tilbury">Gervase of Tilbury</a> as having Morgan still healing Arthur's wounds opening annually ever since on the Isle of Avalon (<i>Davalim</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Didot-Perceval</i>, Arthur's sister Morgan is left to tends his mortal wounds in Avalon while the Britons wait for him (as told by him to do) for 40 years before electing another king. The author then adds that some people still hope that Arthur did not die and would return as he had promised, and tells of a legend according to which he has been <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">seen since out hunting in the forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morgan features as an immortal ruler of a fantastic Avalon, sometimes alongside the still-alive Arthur, in some subsequent and otherwise non-Arthurian <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the tales of <a href="/wiki/Huon_of_Bordeaux" title="Huon of Bordeaux">Huon of Bordeaux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the faery king <a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a> is a son of either Morgan by name or "the Lady of the Secret Isle",<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the legend of <a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier the Dane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Avalon can be described as an enchanted fairy castle (<i>chasteu d'Auallon</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is also in <i>Floriant et Florete</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>La Faula</i>, <a href="/wiki/Guillem_de_Torroella" title="Guillem de Torroella">Guillem de Torroella</a> claims to have visited the Enchanted Island (<i>Illa Encantada</i>) and met Arthur who has been brought back to life by Morgan and they both of them are now forever young, sustained by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>La Bataille Loquifer</i>, Morgan and her sister Marsion bring the hero Renoart to Avalon, where Arthur now prepares his return alongside Morgan, <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a>, Perceval and <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such stories, which also include <i>Lion de Bourges</i>, <i>Mabrien</i>, <i>Tristan de Nanteuil</i>, and others, typically take place centuries after the times of King Arthur. According to William W. Kibler, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In the wake of <i>Huon de Bordeaux</i>, the hero's adventure in fairyland became practically <i>de rigueur</i> in the later <i><a href="/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" class="mw-redirect" title="Chansons de geste">chansons de geste</a></i>. These adventures are all cut from the same mould and serve a common purpose: as qualifying experiences for the hero. They allow the author to confirm in the Other World what is already manifest in this one, and often to relaunch the hero on his quest. The Arthurian world evoked is that of Avalon after Arthur's disappearance, whether or not it is explicitly named. Except in <i>Lion de Bourges</i> it is located vaguely in the east and sometimes upon an island. The characters are invariably Arthur and his sister Morgan, with accompanying fairies, but, except in <i>La Bataille Loquifer</i> and <i>Ogier</i>, no other Knights of the Round Table. Arthur himself assumes magical powers in these works, replacing in this sense Merlin, who is never explicitly evoked. Arthur is no longer the head of the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a>, but the master of an ethereal kingdom populated with fairies and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG/170px-First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG/255px-First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG/340px-First_panel_Frampton_Door.JPG 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>"Lady of the Isle of Avelyon", <a href="/wiki/George_Frampton" title="George Frampton">George Frampton</a>'s low relief panel at <a href="/wiki/2_Temple_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Temple Place">2 Temple Place</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Perlesvaus</i>, the bodies of Guinevere and her young son <a href="/wiki/Loholt" class="mw-redirect" title="Loholt">Loholt</a> are already buried in Avalon by Arthur himself during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a></i>, an early Arthurian romance by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, mentions at the wedding of Arthur and Guinevere a "friend" (i.e. lover<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of Morgan as the Lord of the Isle of Avalon, <a href="/wiki/Guiomar_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Guiomar (Arthurian legend)">Guingomar</a> (manuscript variants <i>Guinguemar</i>, <i>Guingamar</i>, <i>Guigomar</i>, <i>Guilemer</i>, <i>Gimoers</i>). In this appearance, he might have been derived from the fairy king <a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a>, who in the Welsh Arthurian tradition figures as the ruler of Avalon-like <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Celtic Otherworld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <i><a href="/wiki/Diu_Cr%C3%B4ne" title="Diu Crône">Diu Crône</a></i> says the Queen of Avalon is the goddess (<i>göttin</i>) Enfeidas, Arthur's aunt (sister of <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a>) and one of the guardians of the Grail.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a>'s <i>Tristan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Petitcrieu" title="Petitcrieu">Petitcrieu</a> is a magical dog created by a goddess in Avalon.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venician <i>Les Prophéties de Merlin</i> features the character of an enchantress known only as the Lady of Avalon (<i>Dame d'Avalon</i>), a Merlin's apprentice who is a fierce rival of Morgan as well as of <a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a>, another of Merlin's female students.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Tavola_Ritonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavola Ritonda">Tavola Ritonda</a></i>, the lady of the island of Avalon (<i>dama dell'isola di Vallone</i>, likely the same as the Lady of Avalon from the <i>Propheties</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a fairy mother of the evil sorceress <a href="/wiki/Annowre" title="Annowre">Elergia</a>. An unnamed Lady of the Isle of Avalon (named as Lady Lyle of Avalon by Malory) appears indirectly in the Vulgate Cycle story of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Sir Balin</a> in which her damsel brings a cursed magic sword to <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a>. The tales of the half-fairy <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a> have her grow up in the isle of Avalon. </p><p>Avalon has been also occasionally described as a valley. In <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>, for instance, Avalon is called an isle twice and a vale once (the latter in the scene of Arthur's final voyage, oddly despite Malory's adoption of the boat travel motif). Notably, the vale of Avalon (<i>vaus d'Avaron</i>) is mentioned twice in <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a>'s Arthurian prequel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph d'Arimathie (poem) (page does not exist)"><i>Joseph d'Arimathie</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(roman)" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph d'Arimathie (roman)">fr</a>]</span> as a place located in western <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, to where a fellowship of early Christians started by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> brought the Grail after its long journey from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, finally delivered there by Bron, the first <a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Escavalon">Escavalon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Escavalon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hb-chevalier-descalot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hb-chevalier-descalot.jpg/170px-Hb-chevalier-descalot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hb-chevalier-descalot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Ship-themed attributed arms of the Knight of Escalot</figcaption></figure> <p>In his final romance, <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>, Chrétien de Troyes featured the sea fortress of Escavalon, ruled by the unspecified King of Escavalon. The name Escavalon might be simply a corruption of the word Avalon that can be literally translated as "Water-Avalon",<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit some scholars proposed various other developments of the name Escavalon from that of Avalon (with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Roger Sherman Loomis</a> noting the similarity of the evolution of Geoffrey's Caliburn into the Chrétien's Escalibur in the case of Excalibur<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), perhaps in connection with the Old French words for either Slav or <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chretien's Escavalon was renamed as Askalon in <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>, who might have been either confused or inspired by the real-life Middle Eastern coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that the Chrétien-era Escavalon has turned or split into the Grail realm of <a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Escalot</a> in later prose romances.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the kingdoms of Escalot and Escavalon both appear concurrently in the Vulgate Cycle. There, Escavalon is ruled by King Alain, whose daughter Florée is rescued by Gawain and later gives birth to his son <a href="/wiki/Guinglain" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinglain">Guinglain</a> (and possibly two others). The character of Alain may have been derived from Afallach (Avallach) of Avalon.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_Glastonbury">Connection to Glastonbury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Connection to Glastonbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though no longer an island in the 12th century, the high conical bulk of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a> in today's South-West England had been surrounded by marsh before the draining of <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fenland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>. In ancient times, <a href="/wiki/Ponter%27s_Ball_Dyke" title="Ponter's Ball Dyke">Ponter's Ball Dyke</a> would have guarded the only entrance to the island. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">The Romans</a> eventually built another road to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-eoe-69_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoe-69-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glastonbury's earliest name in Welsh was the Isle of Glass, which suggests that the location was at one point seen as an island. At the end of the 12th century, Gerald of Wales wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/De_instructione_principis" class="mw-redirect" title="De instructione principis">De instructione principis</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>What is now known as Glastonbury was, in ancient times, called the Isle of Avalon. It is virtually an island, for it is completely surrounded by marshlands. In Welsh it is called <i>Ynys Afallach</i>, which means the Island of Apples and this fruit once grew in great abundance. After the Battle of Camlann, a noblewoman called Morgan, later the ruler and patroness of these parts as well as being a close blood-relation of King Arthur, carried him off to the island, now known as Glastonbury, so that his wounds could be cared for. Years ago the district had also been called <i>Ynys Gutrin</i> in Welsh, that is the Island of Glass, and from these words the invading Saxons later coined the place-name "Glastingebury".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_cross-camden-1607edition-p166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Glastonbury_cross-camden-1607edition-p166.jpg/170px-Glastonbury_cross-camden-1607edition-p166.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Glastonbury_cross-camden-1607edition-p166.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Lead cross inscribed with Arthur's epitaph, published in <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>'s <i>Britannia</i> (1607)</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1190, monks at <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> claimed to have discovered the bones of Arthur and his wife Guinevere. The discovery of the burial is described by chroniclers, notably Gerald, as being just after King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s reign when the new abbot of Glastonbury, <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Sully_(died_1195)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Sully (died 1195)">Henry de Sully</a>, commissioned a search of the abbey grounds. At a depth of 5 m (16 feet), the monks were said to have discovered an unmarked tomb with a massive <a href="/wiki/Treetrunk_coffin" title="Treetrunk coffin">treetrunk coffin</a> and, also buried, a lead cross bearing the inscription: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">HIC</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hic#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hic">hic</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">IACET</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iacet#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:iacet">iacet</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">SEPVLTVS</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sepultus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sepultus">sepultus</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">INCLITVS</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inclitus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:inclitus">inclitus</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">REX</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rex#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rex">rēx</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">ARTVRIVS</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Arturius</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">IN</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:in">in</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">INSVLA</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insula#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:insula">īnsula</a></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="la" style="margin: 0px;">AVALONIA</p><p lang="la-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Avalonia.</p></div><p style="display: none;">HIC IACET SEPVLTVS INCLITVS REX ARTVRIVS IN INSVLA AVALONIA</p><p style="display: none;"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hic#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hic">hic</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iacet#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:iacet">iacet</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sepultus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sepultus">sepultus</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inclitus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:inclitus">inclitus</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rex#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rex">rēx</a></i> Arturius <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:in">in</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insula#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:insula">īnsula</a></i> Avalonia.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Here lies entombed the renowned king Arthur in the island of Avalon."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Accounts of the exact inscription vary, with five different versions existing. One popular today, made famous by Malory, claims "Here lies Arthur, the king that was and the king that shall be" (<i>Hic iacet Arthurus, rex quondam rexque futurus</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known in the now-popular variant "the once and future king" (<i>rex quondam et futurus</i>). The earliest is by Gerald in <i>Liber de Principis instructione</i> c. 1193, who wrote that he viewed the cross in person and traced the lettering. His transcript reads: "Here lies buried the famous <i>Arthurus</i> with <i>Wenneveria</i> his second wife in the isle of Avalon" (<i>Hic jacet sepultus inclitus rex Arthurus cum Wenneveria uxore sua secunda in insula Avallonia</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). He wrote that in the coffin were two bodies, whom Giraldus refers to as Arthur and "his queen"; the male body's bones were described as gigantic. The account of the burial by the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Margam_Abbey" title="Margam Abbey">Margam Abbey</a> says three bodies were found, the other being that of <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Richard Barber</a> argues that Mordred's name was airbrushed out of the story once his reputation as a traitor was appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story is today seen as an example of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a>. Historians generally dismiss the find's authenticity, attributing it to a publicity stunt performed to raise funds to rebuild the Abbey after it had been destroyed by a 1184 fire.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Alcock" title="Leslie Alcock">Leslie Alcock</a> in his <i>Arthur's Britain</i> postulated a theory according to which the grave site had been originally discovered in an ancient mausoleum sometime after 945 by <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>, the Abbot of Glastonbury, who reburied it along with the 10th-century stone cross; it would then become forgotten again until its rediscovery in 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1278, the remains were reburied with great ceremony, attended by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a>, before the High Altar at Glastonbury Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were moved again in 1368 when the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> was extended.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site became the focus of pilgrimages until <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">the dissolution</a> of the abbey in 1539. The fact that the search for the body is connected to Henry II and Edward I, both kings who fought major <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh wars</a>, has had scholars suggest that propaganda may have played a part as well.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerald was a constant supporter of royal authority; in his account of the discovery aims to quash the idea of the possibility of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">King Arthur's messianic return</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Many tales are told and many legends have been invented about King Arthur and his mysterious ending. In their stupidity the British [i.e. Welsh, Cornish and Breton] people maintain that he is still alive. Now that the truth is known, I have taken the trouble to add a few more details in this present chapter. The fairy-tales have been snuffed out, and the true and indubitable facts are made known, so that what really happened must be made crystal clear to all and separated from the myths which have accumulated on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg/260px-Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg/390px-Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg/520px-Gloomy_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6815" data-file-height="3269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The burial discovery ensured that in later romances, histories based on them and in the popular imagination, Glastonbury became increasingly identified with Avalon, an identification that continues strongly today. The later development of the legends of the Holy Grail and Joseph of Arimathea interconnected these legends with Glastonbury and with Avalon, an identification which also seems to be made in <i>Perlesvaus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of Arthurian romances has meant this area of the Somerset Levels has today become popularly described as the Vale of Avalon.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern writers such as <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Michell_(writer)" title="John Michell (writer)">John Michell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mann_(occult_writer)" title="Nicholas Mann (occult writer)">Nicholas Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ashe" title="Geoffrey Ashe">Geoffrey Ashe</a> have formed theories based on perceived links between Glastonbury and Celtic legends of the Otherworld in attempts to link the location firmly with Avalon, drawing on the various legends based on Glastonbury Tor as well as drawing on ideas like <a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ley_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley lines">ley lines</a> and even the myth of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>. Arthurian literature also continues to use Glastonbury as an important location as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon" title="The Mists of Avalon">The Mists of Avalon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Glastonbury_Romance" title="A Glastonbury Romance">A Glastonbury Romance</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bones_of_Avalon" title="The Bones of Avalon">The Bones of Avalon</a></i>. Even the fact that <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> has many apple orchards has been drawn in to support the connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glastonbury's reputation as the real Avalon has made it a popular site of tourism. Having become one of the major <a href="/wiki/New_Age_communities" title="New Age communities">New Age communities</a> in Europe, the area has great religious significance for <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">neo-Pagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">modern Druids</a>, as well as some Christians. Identification of Glastonbury with Avalon within <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> subculture, as seen in the work of Michell and in the <a href="/wiki/Gandalf%27s_Garden" title="Gandalf's Garden">Gandalf's Garden</a> community, also helped inspire the annual <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily_and_other_locations">Sicily and other locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sicily and other locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna_acima_das_nuvens_(2327861081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg/220px-Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg/330px-Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg/440px-Etna_acima_das_nuvens_%282327861081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a> peak above clouds in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval settings for the location of Avalon ranged far beyond Glastonbury. Besides the mentioned examples of Gwynedd and Brasil, they included <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradisal</a> <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> realms equated with the other side of the Earth at the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian romances and folklore explicitly link Morgan's and sometimes Arthur's eternal domain with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> (Mongibel) in Sicily,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, located to the north of Etna and associated with the optical mirage phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a> ("Morgan the Fairy").<sup id="cite_ref-Lacy_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>'s ancient Roman description of the island of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Sein" title="Île de Sein">Île de Sein</a>, off the coast of Brittany, was also notably one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's original inspirations for his Avalon.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg/220px-Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg/330px-Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg/440px-Bardsey_from_Braich_y_Pwll_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1103080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bardsey_Island" title="Bardsey Island">Bardsey Island</a> (Ynys Enlli) seen from <a href="/wiki/Aberdaron" title="Aberdaron">Aberdaron</a> (Braich y Pwll) in 2009</figcaption></figure><p> In modern times, similar to the search for Arthur's mythical capital Camelot, a variety of sites across Britain, France and elsewhere have been put forward as being the "real Avalon". Such proposed locations include <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> or other places in or across the Atlantic,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former Roman fort of <a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a> (known as Avalana by the sixth century) in Cumbria,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bardsey_Island" title="Bardsey Island">Bardsey Island</a> off the coast of Gwynedd,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the isle of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Aval" title="Île Aval">Île Aval</a> on the coast of Brittany,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_Island_Lake" title="Lady's Island Lake">Lady's Island</a> in Ireland's Leinster.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Fairfield_Warren" title="William Fairfield Warren">William F. Warren</a>, Avalon was compared to <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> and theorized to be located in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey Ashe championed an association of Avalon with the town of <a href="/wiki/Avallon" title="Avallon">Avallon</a> in Burgundy, as part of a theory connecting King Arthur to the <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a> who was last seen in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> identified Avalon with the Spanish island of Majorca (<a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Gardner" title="Laurence Gardner">Laurence Gardner</a> suggested the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Isle of Arran</a> off the coast of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Phillips_(writer)" title="Graham Phillips (writer)">Graham Phillips</a> claimed to have located the grave of the "historical Arthur" (<a href="/wiki/Owain_Ddantgwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Owain Ddantgwyn">Owain Ddantgwyn</a>) in the "true site of Avalon" on a former island at <a href="/wiki/Baschurch" title="Baschurch">Baschurch</a> in Shropshire.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalon,_California" title="Avalon, California">Avalon</a> – city in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)" title="Santa Catalina Island (California)">Santa Catalina Island (California)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittia" title="Brittia">Brittia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Insula Avallonis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Afallon, Ynys Afallach</i> ("the isle of apple [or fruit] trees"). Sometimes also written <i>Avallon</i> or <i>Avilion</i> among various other spellings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By comparison, Isidore's description of the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a> reads: "The Fortunate Isles <i>(Fortunatarum insulae)</i> signify by their name that they produce all kinds of good things, as if they were happy and blessed with an abundance of fruit. Indeed, well-suited by their nature, they produce fruit from very precious trees [<i>Sua enim aptae natura pretiosarum poma silvarum parturiunt</i>]; the ridges of their hills are spontaneously covered with grapevines; instead of weeds, harvest crops, and garden herbs are common there. Hence the mistake of pagans and the poems by worldly poets, who believed that these isles were Paradise because of the fertility of their soil. They are situated in the Ocean, against the left side of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, closest to where the sun sets, and they are separated from each other by the intervening sea."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient and medieval geographies and maps, the Fortunate Isles were typically identified with the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern scholarship views the Glastonbury cross as the result of a late 12th-century fraud. See <a href="#CITEREFRahtz1993">Rahtz 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCarey1999">Carey 1999</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2018">Harris 2018</a>. It is known for certain the monks later added forged passages discussing Arthurian connections to the comprehensive history of Glastonbury <i>De antiquitae Glatoniensis ecclesie</i> (<i>On Antiquity of Glastonbury Church</i>), written around 1130.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long before this <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, a 12th-century historian interested in Arthur, wrote in his history of England: "But Arthur's grave is nowhere seen, whence antiquity of fables still claims that he will return."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Ashe, "In Welsh it is <i>Ynys Avallach</i>. Geoffrey's Latin equivalent is <i>Insula Avallonis</i>. It has been influenced by the spelling of a real place called Avallon. Avallon is a Gaulish name with the same meaning, and the real Avalon is in Burgundy—where Arthur's Gallic career ends. Again, we glimpse an earlier and different passing of Arthur, on the Continent and not in Britain. Riothamus too led an army of Britons into Gaul, and was the only British King who did. He too advanced to the neighbourhood of Burgundy. He too was betrayed by a deputy ruler who treated with barbarian enemies. He, too, is last located in Gaul among the pro-Roman Burgundians. He, too, disappears after a fatal battle, without any recorded death. The line of his retreat, prolonged on a map, shows that he was going in the direction of the real Avalon."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlover1931" class="citation journal cs1">Slover, C. H. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/433529">"Avalon"</a>. <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F387919">10.1086/387919</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/433529">433529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Avalon&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F387919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F433529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Slover&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F433529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matasović, Ranko, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i>, Brill, 2008, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch,_John_2006,_p._146_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, John. <i>Celtic Culture: A historical encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO 2006, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage, John J. H. "Insula Avallonia", <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, Vol. 73, (1942), pp. 405–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitze, William Albert, Jenkins, Thomas Atkinson. <i>Le Haut Livre du Graal</i>, Phaeton Press, 1972, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmer, Heinrich. "Bretonische Elemente in der Artursage des Gottfried von Monmouth", <i>Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur</i>, Volume 12, 1890, pp. 246–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marstrander, Carl Johan Sverdrup (ed.), <i>Dictionary of the Irish Language</i>, Royal Irish Academy, 1976, letter A, column 11, line 026.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamp, Eric P. The north European word for 'apple', <i>Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie</i>, 37, 1979, pp. 158–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Douglas Q. The Indo-European Word for 'Apple'. <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>, 90, 1985, pp. 79–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArdrey2014" class="citation book cs1">Ardrey, Adam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58"><i>Finding Arthur: The True Origins of the Once and Future King</i></a>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468308433" title="Special:BookSources/9781468308433"><bdi>9781468308433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Arthur%3A+The+True+Origins+of+the+Once+and+Future+King&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781468308433&rft.aulast=Ardrey&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvSGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarleyCarley2001" class="citation book cs1">Carley, James P.; Carley, James Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UI93dKBwWdMC&pg=PA16"><i>Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian Tradition</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915724" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915724"><bdi>9780859915724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glastonbury+Abbey+and+the+Arthurian+Tradition&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780859915724&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Carley%2C+James+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUI93dKBwWdMC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BxMAQAAIAAJ"><i>Histoire de l'art: Bulletin d'information de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art publié en collaboration avec l'Association des professeurs d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art des universités</i></a>. Editions C.D.U.-S.E.D.E.S. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782757202104" title="Special:BookSources/9782757202104"><bdi>9782757202104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27art%3A+Bulletin+d%27information+de+l%27Institut+national+d%27histoire+de+l%27art+publi%C3%A9+en+collaboration+avec+l%27Association+des+professeurs+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+d%27histoire+de+l%27art+des+universit%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Editions+C.D.U.-S.E.D.E.S&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782757202104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BxMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonmouth2007" class="citation book cs1">Monmouth, Geoffrey of (11 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biQ6iC_ua9AC&pg=PA263"><i>The History of the Kings of Britain</i></a>. Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770481428" title="Special:BookSources/9781770481428"><bdi>9781770481428</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Kings+of+Britain&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft.isbn=9781770481428&rft.aulast=Monmouth&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbiQ6iC_ua9AC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalterBerthetStalmans1999" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Philippe; Berthet, Jean-Charles; Stalmans, Nathalie, eds. 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"Avallo". <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F387918">10.1086/387918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224836843">224836843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Avallo&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F387918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224836843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cons&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/vm/index.htm">"Vita Merlini Index"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn/page/n307">294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521837491" title="Special:BookSources/9780521837491"><bdi>9780521837491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologies+of+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521837491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologiesisido00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTilley2010" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, Arthur Augustus (2010). <i>Medieval France: A Companion to French Studies</i>. 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Brewer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seamedievalengli00sobe/page/n93">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-591-8"><bdi>978-1-84615-591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Medieval+English+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84615-591-8&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseamedievalengli00sobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKagayVann1998" class="citation book cs1">Kagay, Donald J.; Vann, Theresa M., eds. 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Leiden: Brill. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110968" title="Special:BookSources/9004110968"><bdi>9004110968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Social+Origins+of+Medieval+Institutions%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Joseph+F.+O%27Callaghan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004110968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2016" class="citation book cs1">McClure, Julia (2016). <i>The Franciscan Invention of the New World</i>. 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Ohio State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1307121254/inline">the original</a> on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argante+of+Areley+Kings%3A+Regional+Definitions+of+National+Identity+in+Layamon%27s+Brut&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Frws_etd%2Fdocument%2Fget%2Fohiou1307121254%2Finline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Sherman Loomis, "More Celtic Elements in Gawain and the Green Knight." <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i> 42 (1943), pp. 173-174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Sherman Loomis, "The Combat at the Ford in the Didot Perceval." <i>Modern Philology</i> 43 (1945), pp. 65-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTannerFulwiler1993" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, William Edward; Fulwiler, Lavon B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpcOAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Arthurian Myth of Quest and Magic: A Festschrift in Honor of Lavon B. Fulwiler</i></a>. Caxton's Modern Arts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9635769-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9635769-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9635769-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Myth+of+Quest+and+Magic%3A+A+Festschrift+in+Honor+of+Lavon+B.+Fulwiler&rft.pub=Caxton%27s+Modern+Arts+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9635769-0-3&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Fulwiler%2C+Lavon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpcOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBane2013" class="citation book cs1">Bane, Theresa (4 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUqpAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786471119" title="Special:BookSources/9780786471119"><bdi>9780786471119</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fairies+in+World+Folklore+and+Mythology&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.isbn=9780786471119&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUqpAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSommer1969" class="citation web cs1">Sommer, Heinrich Oskar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ri0yAQAAMAAJ">"The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances: Les aventures ou la queste del Saint Graal. La mort de roi Artus"</a>. p. 238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurian06sommuoft">The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances Volume 6</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vulgate+Version+of+the+Arthurian+Romances%3A+Les+aventures+ou+la+queste+del+Saint+Graal.+La+mort+de+roi+Artus&rft.pages=238&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dri0yAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarleyCarley2001" class="citation book cs1">Carley, James P.; Carley, James Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UI93dKBwWdMC&pg=PA165"><i>Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian Tradition</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915724" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915724"><bdi>9780859915724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glastonbury+Abbey+and+the+Arthurian+Tradition&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780859915724&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Carley%2C+James+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUI93dKBwWdMC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusbyDalrymple2005" class="citation book cs1">Busby, Keith; Dalrymple, Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NenKwH-6zg8C&pg=PA13"><i>Arthurian Literature XXII</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843840626" title="Special:BookSources/9781843840626"><bdi>9781843840626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+XXII&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843840626&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Dalrymple%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNenKwH-6zg8C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharrer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Sharrer, Harvey (25 May 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1971_num_92_365_2265">"The Passing of King Arthur to the Island of Brasil in a Fifteenth-Century Spanish Version of the Post-Vulgate Roman du Grall"</a>. <i>Romania</i>. <b>92</b> (365): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1971.2265">10.3406/roma.1971.2265</a> – via www.persee.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+King+Arthur+to+the+Island+of+Brasil+in+a+Fifteenth-Century+Spanish+Version+of+the+Post-Vulgate+Roman+du+Grall&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=365&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1971-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1971.2265&rft.aulast=Sharrer&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Froma_0035-8029_1971_num_92_365_2265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley2013" class="citation book cs1">Walmsley, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CL_Z3Uchk8C&pg=PA239"><i>King Arthur's Battle for Britain</i></a>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78088-400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78088-400-4"><bdi>978-1-78088-400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+Battle+for+Britain&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78088-400-4&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CL_Z3Uchk8C%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTichelaar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tichelaar, Tyler R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27869421">"Creating King Arthur's Children: A Trend in Modern Fiction"</a>. <i>Arthuriana</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fart.1999.0056">10.1353/art.1999.0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27869421">27869421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Creating+King+Arthur%27s+Children%3A+A+Trend+in+Modern+Fiction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fart.1999.0056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27869421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tichelaar&rft.aufirst=Tyler+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27869421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/benson-and-foster-king-arthurs-death-stanzaic-morte-arthur-part-iii">"Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Part 3"</a>. Robbins Library Digital Projects.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanzaic+Morte+Arthur%2C+Part+3&rft.pub=Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fteams%2Ftext%2Fbenson-and-foster-king-arthurs-death-stanzaic-morte-arthur-part-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/alliterative-morte-arthur-part-iv">"Alliterative Morte Arthure, Part IV | Robbins Library Digital Projects"</a>. <i>d.lib.rochester.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=d.lib.rochester.edu&rft.atitle=Alliterative+Morte+Arthure%2C+Part+IV+%7C+Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fteams%2Ftext%2Falliterative-morte-arthur-part-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsMatthews2017" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, John; Matthews, Caitlín (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGEoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219"><i>The Complete King Arthur: Many Faces, One Hero</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620556009" title="Special:BookSources/9781620556009"><bdi>9781620556009</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+King+Arthur%3A+Many+Faces%2C+One+Hero&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781620556009&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Caitl%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGEoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blr-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blr_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Twomey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Twomey (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11688947">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Morgan le Fay, Empress of the Wilderness': A Newly Recovered Arthurian Text in London, BL Royal 12.C.ix | Michael Twomey"</a>. <i>Arthurian Literature</i>. <b>25</b>. Academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthurian+Literature&rft.atitle=%27Morgan+le+Fay%2C+Empress+of+the+Wilderness%27%3A+A+Newly+Recovered+Arthurian+Text+in+London%2C+BL+Royal+12.C.ix+%26%23124%3B+Michael+Twomey&rft.volume=25&rft.date=2008-01&rft.au=Michael+Twomey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11688947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHebert2013" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, Jill M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IY-zIn5VHUC&pg=PT40"><i>Morgan le Fay, Shapeshifter</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137022653" title="Special:BookSources/9781137022653"><bdi>9781137022653</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgan+le+Fay%2C+Shapeshifter&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137022653&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Jill+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IY-zIn5VHUC%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoomis2005" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Roger Sherman (30 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyWvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT239"><i>Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance</i></a>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613732106" title="Special:BookSources/9781613732106"><bdi>9781613732106</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Myth+and+Arthurian+Romance&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft.isbn=9781613732106&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyWvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roach, William (11 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVErEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>The Didot "Perceval": According to the Manuscripts of Modena and Paris</i></a> (in French). University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0572-7"><bdi>978-1-5128-0572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didot+%22Perceval%22%3A+According+to+the+Manuscripts+of+Modena+and+Paris&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-0572-7&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVErEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Boron)2001" class="citation book cs1">de Boron), Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Mz3sEURhiQC&pg=PA171"><i>Merlin and the Grail: Joseph of Arimathea, Merlin, Perceval : the Trilogy of Prose Romances Attributed to Robert de Boron</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-779-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merlin+and+the+Grail%3A+Joseph+of+Arimathea%2C+Merlin%2C+Perceval+%3A+the+Trilogy+of+Prose+Romances+Attributed+to+Robert+de+Boron&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-779-7&rft.aulast=de+Boron%29&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Mz3sEURhiQC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.udl.cat/handle/10459.1/59590">"La desaparición de Morgana: de Tirant lo Blanch (1490) y Amadís de Gaula (1508) a Tyrant le Blanch (1737)"</a>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+desaparici%C3%B3n+de+Morgana%3A+de+Tirant+lo+Blanch+%281490%29+y+Amad%C3%ADs+de+Gaula+%281508%29+a+Tyrant+le+Blanch+%281737%29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.udl.cat%2Fhandle%2F10459.1%2F59590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, A. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134934812" title="Special:BookSources/9781134934812"><bdi>9781134934812</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spenser+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134934812&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8T0hy0wg0KEC%26pg%3DPT836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/25th-january-1896/6/huon-of-bordeaux">"HUON OF BORDEAUX.* » 25 Jan 1896 » The Spectator Archive"</a>. <i>The Spectator Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=HUON+OF+BORDEAUX.%2A+%C2%BB+25+Jan+1896+%C2%BB+The+Spectator+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F25th-january-1896%2F6%2Fhuon-of-bordeaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705022636/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_15_E_VI">"Digitised Manuscripts: BL Royal MS 15 E vi"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812293166" title="Special:BookSources/9780812293166"><bdi>9780812293166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elf+Queens+and+Holy+Friars%3A+Fairy+Beliefs+and+the+Medieval+Church&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft.isbn=9780812293166&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Richard+Firth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoOIjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ogier the Dane"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ogier_the_Dane">"Ogier the Dane" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ogier+the+Dane&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/06/07/floriant-and-florete-arthurian-romance-mediterranean">"Floriant et Florete: An Arthurian Romance of the Mediterranean"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floriant+et+Florete%3A+An+Arthurian+Romance+of+the+Mediterranean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F06%2F07%2Ffloriant-and-florete-arthurian-romance-mediterranean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/pl/record/2022701/oai_es_red_aracne_oai_sendebar_clarisel_es_7288.html">"De l'illa de Mallorca a l'Illa Encantada: arrels artúriques de La Faula de Guillem de Torroella"</a>. <i>Europeana Collections</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeana+Collections&rft.atitle=De+l%27illa+de+Mallorca+a+l%27Illa+Encantada%3A+arrels+art%C3%BAriques+de+La+Faula+de+Guillem+de+Torroella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fportal%2Fpl%2Frecord%2F2022701%2Foai_es_red_aracne_oai_sendebar_clarisel_es_7288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/return.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'But Arthur's Grave is Nowhere Seen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.arthuriana.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arthuriana.co.uk&rft.atitle=%27But+Arthur%27s+Grave+is+Nowhere+Seen%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthuriana.co.uk%2Fn%26q%2Freturn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420163143/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA10/carreto1005.html">"MEDIEVALISTA"</a>. <i>www2.fcsh.unl.pt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA10/carreto1005.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.fcsh.unl.pt&rft.atitle=MEDIEVALISTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fcsh.unl.pt%2Fiem%2Fmedievalista%2FMEDIEVALISTA10%2Fcarreto1005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Kibler, "Arthurian Ornament: Arthurian Material in Later Epic". Glyn S. Burgess and Karen Pratt (ed.), <i>The Arthur of the French</i> (Cardiff University of Wales Press, 2006), p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLacyAsheMancoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Norris J.; Ashe, Geoffrey; Mancoff, Debra N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9isAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>The Arthurian Handbook: Second Edition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77744-1"><bdi>978-1-317-77744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Handbook%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-77744-1&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.&rft.au=Ashe%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Mancoff%2C+Debra+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv9isAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2008" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Joseph J. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSmto0TQZBgC&pg=PA207"><i>The Romances of Chretien de Troyes</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13370-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13370-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13370-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romances+of+Chretien+de+Troyes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13370-7&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSmto0TQZBgC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2011" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT436"><i>The Mammoth Book of King Arthur</i></a>. Little, Brown Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-355-7"><bdi>978-1-78033-355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+King+Arthur&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book&rft.date=2011-09&rft.isbn=978-1-78033-355-7&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0yeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1999" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA167"><i>The Arthurian Name Dictionary</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2865-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-2865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Name+Dictionary&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2865-0&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZFbczeMtYcC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum1918" class="citation web cs1">Blum, Kate Augusta (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRAxAQAAMAAJ">"The Fairies and the Water World of German Arthurian Romances"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fairies+and+the+Water+World+of+German+Arthurian+Romances&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Kate+Augusta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRAxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Aaron E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23980871">"Petitcreiu: A Text-Critical Note to the Tristan of Gottfried von Strassburg"</a>. <i>Colloquia Germanica</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">112–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1338">0010-1338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23980871">23980871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquia+Germanica&rft.atitle=Petitcreiu%3A+A+Text-Critical+Note+to+the+Tristan+of+Gottfried+von+Strassburg&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23980871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0010-1338&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Aaron+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23980871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarrington2006" class="citation book cs1">Larrington, Carolyne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0ABAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>King Arthur's Enchantresses: Morgan and Her Sisters in Arthurian Tradition</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857714060" title="Special:BookSources/9780857714060"><bdi>9780857714060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+Enchantresses%3A+Morgan+and+Her+Sisters+in+Arthurian+Tradition&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780857714060&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0ABAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1930" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Edmund G. (3 January 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaoqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164">"The Arthurian Legend in Italian Literature"</a>. J.M. Dent & Sons Limited – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Legend+in+Italian+Literature&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Limited&rft.date=1930-01-03&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Edmund+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaoqAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Richard W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLbiZCNhlAC&pg=PA132"><i>The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674013902" title="Special:BookSources/9780674013902"><bdi>9780674013902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Grail%3A+Imagination+and+Belief&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780674013902&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lLbiZCNhlAC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarino2004" class="citation book cs1">Marino, John Barry (17 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bpvg6LuXCycC&pg=PA18"><i>The Grail Legend in Modern Literature</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843840220" title="Special:BookSources/9781843840220"><bdi>9781843840220</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grail+Legend+in+Modern+Literature&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft.isbn=9781843840220&rft.aulast=Marino&rft.aufirst=John+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpvg6LuXCycC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2003" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, John (25 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x14oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105"><i>Sir Gawain: Knight of the Goddess</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620550588" title="Special:BookSources/9781620550588"><bdi>9781620550588</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Gawain%3A+Knight+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-03-25&rft.isbn=9781620550588&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx14oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2008" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Joseph J. 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Parsons, "The second exhumation of King Arthur's remains at Glastonbury, 19 April 1278", in <a href="#CITEREFCarley2001">Carley 2001</a>, pp. 179–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuxford2012" class="citation journal cs1">Luxford, Julian (2012). 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J. Padel">O. J. Padel</a>. (1994). "The Nature of Arthur" in <i>Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies</i>, <i>27</i>, pp. 1–31, at p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Richard W. (3 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLbiZCNhlAC&pg=PA132"><i>The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Treadmill+in+the+Vale+of+Avalon&rft.date=1990-06-25&rft.au=John+Ezard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F1990%2Fjun%2F25%2Fglastonbury2003.glastonbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Glastonbury: Alternative Histories", in Ronald Hutton, <i>Witches, Druids and King Arthur</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngram2019" class="citation web cs1">Ingram, Simon (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2019/06/what-makes-glastonbury-so-mystical">"What makes Glastonbury so mystical?"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=What+makes+Glastonbury+so+mystical%3F&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fhistory-and-civilisation%2F2019%2F06%2Fwhat-makes-glastonbury-so-mystical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchard1998" class="citation book cs1">Echard, Siân (10 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0o1NX1VoO4cC&pg=PA86"><i>Arthurian Narrative in the Latin Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62126-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Narrative+in+the+Latin+Tradition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62126-7&rft.aulast=Echard&rft.aufirst=Si%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0o1NX1VoO4cC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis, Roger Sherman <i>Wales and the Arthurian Legend</i>, pub. University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1956 and reprinted by Folcroft Press 1973, Chapter 5 <i>King Arthur and the Antipodes</i>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacy-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacy_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avalon in Norris J. Lacy, Editor, <i>The Arthurian Encyclopedia</i> (1986 Peter Bedrick Books, New York).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley2013" class="citation book cs1">Walmsley, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0bdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT189"><i>King Arthur's Battle for Britain</i></a>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780887173" title="Special:BookSources/9781780887173"><bdi>9781780887173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+Battle+for+Britain&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780887173&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0bdCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteigerSteiger2003" class="citation book cs1">Steiger, Brad; Steiger, Sherry Hansen (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galeencyclopedia0000stei"><i>The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained</i></a></span>. Thomson/Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787653842" title="Special:BookSources/9780787653842"><bdi>9780787653842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+the+Unusual+and+Unexplained&rft.pub=Thomson%2FGale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780787653842&rft.aulast=Steiger&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Steiger%2C+Sherry+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaleencyclopedia0000stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhalen2011" class="citation book cs1">Whalen, Logan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjTemgeEUs0C&pg=PA33"><i>A Companion to Marie de France</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004202177" title="Special:BookSources/9789004202177"><bdi>9789004202177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Marie+de+France&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004202177&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjTemgeEUs0C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108"><i>A Brief History of King Arthur</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472107657" title="Special:BookSources/9781472107657"><bdi>9781472107657</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+King+Arthur&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.isbn=9781472107657&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBWeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/avalon-a-place-between-mythology-and-the-utopia-of-a-lost-kingdom/">"Avalon, a place between mythology and the utopia of a lost kingdom"</a>. <i>Aleph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aleph&rft.atitle=Avalon%2C+a+place+between+mythology+and+the+utopia+of+a+lost+kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faena.com%2Faleph%2Farticles%2Favalon-a-place-between-mythology-and-the-utopia-of-a-lost-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarren1885" class="citation book cs1">Warren, William (1885). "VI, part 5". <i>Paradise Found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole, a Study of the Prehistoric World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI%2C+part+5&rft.btitle=Paradise+Found%3A+The+Cradle+of+the+Human+Race+at+the+North+Pole%2C+a+Study+of+the+Prehistoric+World&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Ashe1985" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Ashe (1985). <i>The Discovery of King Arthur</i>. London: Guild Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+King+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Geoffrey+Ashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grahamphillips.net/arthur_tomb/arthur_tomb6.html">"The Lost Tomb of King Arthur 6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Tomb+of+King+Arthur+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grahamphillips.net%2Farthur_tomb%2Farthur_tomb6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Barber, Richard</a> (1986). <i>King Arthur: Hero and Legend</i> (3rd ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%3A+Hero+and+Legend&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarey1999" class="citation book cs1">Carey, John (1999). "The finding of Arthur's grave: a story from Clonmacnoise?". In Carey, John; Koch, John T.; Lambert, Pierre-Yves (eds.). <i>Ildánach Ildírech: A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana</i>. Andover: Celtic Studies Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891271-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891271-01-4"><bdi>978-1-891271-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+finding+of+Arthur%27s+grave%3A+a+story+from+Clonmacnoise%3F&rft.btitle=Ild%C3%A1nach+Ild%C3%ADrech%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Proinsias+Mac+Cana&rft.place=Andover&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Celtic+Studies+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-891271-01-4&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carley" title="James Carley">Carley, James P.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YZYTTST1YkC&pg=PA316"><i>Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-572-4"><bdi>978-0-85991-572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glastonbury+Abbey+and+the+Arthurian+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-572-4&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YZYTTST1YkC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Oliver D. (2018). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Which I have beholden with most curiouse eyes': the lead cross from Glastonbury Abbey". <i>Arthurian Literature</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">88–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781787442535.006">10.1017/9781787442535.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-483-9"><bdi>978-1-84384-483-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200168947">200168947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthurian+Literature&rft.atitle=%27Which+I+have+beholden+with+most+curiouse+eyes%27%3A+the+lead+cross+from+Glastonbury+Abbey&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A200168947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781787442535.006&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-483-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Oliver+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahtz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Rahtz, Philip</a> (1993). <i>English Heritage Book of Glastonbury</i>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Glastonbury+Legends%3A+King+Arthur+and+St+Joseph+of+Arimathea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.+Armitage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatlock1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Strong_Perry_Tatlock" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strong Perry Tatlock">Tatlock, J. S. P.</a> (1950). <i>The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legendary+History+of+Britain%3A+Geoffrey+of+Monmouth%27s+Historia+Regum+Britanniae+and+its+early+vernacular+versions&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Tatlock&rft.aufirst=J.+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStout2016" class="citation journal cs1">Stout, Adam (2016). "Savaric, Glastonbury and the making of myths: a reappraisal". <i>Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>96</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581516000196">10.1017/S0003581516000196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163825822">163825822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Savaric%2C+Glastonbury+and+the+making+of+myths%3A+a+reappraisal&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581516000196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163825822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avalon_(legendary_island)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Avalon (legendary island)">Avalon (legendary island)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Avalon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Avalon">"Avalon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avalon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvalon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/theme/avalon">Avalon</a> at The Camelot Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ector" title="Sir Ector">Ector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Garlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingalain" title="Gingalain">Gingalain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Yvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the<br /> Round Table</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdemagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdemagus">Bagdemagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradoc" title="Caradoc">Caradoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagonet" title="Dagonet">Dagonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_von_dem_bl%C3%BChenden_Tal" title="Daniel von dem blühenden Tal">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinadan" title="Dinadan">Dinadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galehaut" title="Galehaut">Galehaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamorak" title="Lamorak">Lamorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanval" title="Lanval">Lanval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lionel" title="Sir Lionel">Lionel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriaen" title="Moriaen">Moriaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelleas" title="Pelleas">Pelleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellinore">Pellinore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagramore" title="Sagramore">Sagramore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_characters" title="List of Arthurian characters">Other characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolon" title="Accolon">Accolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrestes" title="Agrestes">Agrestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angharad_Golden-Hand" title="Angharad Golden-Hand">Angharad Golden-Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish_of_Ireland" title="Anguish of Ireland">Anguish of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annowre" title="Annowre">Annowre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Balin and Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ban" title="King Ban">Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bertilak" title="Lady Bertilak">Lady Bertilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Black Knight (Arthurian legend)">Black Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchefleur" title="Blanchefleur">Blanchefleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brangaine" title="Brangaine">Brangaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudas" title="Claudas">Claudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Astolat" title="Elaine of Astolat">Elaine of Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Benoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine of Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enide" title="Enide">Enide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feirefiz" title="Feirefiz">Feirefiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garel" title="Garel">Garel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiomar_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Guiomar (Arthurian legend)">Guiomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiron_le_Courtois" title="Guiron le Courtois">Guiron le Courtois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyfach" title="Gwenhwyfach">Gwenhwyfach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellawes_(sorceress)" title="Hellawes (sorceress)">Hellawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady/Ladies of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudine" title="Laudine">Laudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunete" title="Lunete">Lunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_and_Lyonesse" title="Lynette and Lyonesse">Lynette and Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleagant" title="Maleagant">Maleagant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliodas" title="Meliodas">Meliodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Nentres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival%27s_sister" title="Percival's sister">Percival's sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Knight" title="Red Knight">Red Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegau_Eurfron" title="Tegau Eurfron">Tegau Eurfron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yniol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yniol">Yniol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringolet" title="Gringolet">Gringolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitcrieu" title="Petitcrieu">Petitcrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questing_Beast" title="Questing Beast">Questing Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnwennan" title="Carnwennan">Carnwennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydwen" title="Prydwen">Prydwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhongomyniad" title="Rhongomyniad">Rhongomyniad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_Perilous" title="Siege Perilous">Siege Perilous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" title="List of locations associated with Arthurian legend">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Astolat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_sans_retour" title="Val sans retour">Val sans retour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_perilous" title="Chapel perilous">Chapel perilous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplumoir_Merlin" title="Esplumoir Merlin">Esplumoir Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyous_Gard" title="Joyous Gard">Joyous Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Maidens" title="Land of Maidens">Land/Castle of Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarras" title="Sarras">Sarras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel_Castle" title="Tintagel Castle">Tintagel Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_King_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of King Arthur">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_Arthurian_legends" title="List of works based on Arthurian legends">List of works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_in_comics" title="King Arthur in comics">comics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorous_Stroke" title="Dolorous Stroke">Dolorous Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">King Arthur's messianic return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendragon" title="Pendragon">Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Prophetiae Merlini</a></i> (c. 1135)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (c. 1136)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i> (c. 1150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations_of_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Translations of Geoffrey of Monmouth">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's <i>Brut</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breta_s%C3%B6gur" title="Breta sögur">Breta sögur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merl%C3%ADn%C3%BAssp%C3%A1" title="Merlínússpá">Merlínússpá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanactus" title="Albanactus">Albanactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith of Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibalus" title="Amphibalus">Amphibalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragius" title="Andragius">Andragius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archgallo" title="Archgallo">Archgallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archmail" title="Archmail">Archmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvirargus" title="Arvirargus">Arvirargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Conanus" title="Aurelius Conanus">Aurelius Conanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldgabred" title="Beldgabred">Beldgabred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladud" title="Bladud">Bladud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledric_ap_Custennin" title="Bledric ap Custennin">Bledric ap Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledudo" title="Bledudo">Bledudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Greenshield" title="Brutus Greenshield">Brutus Greenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_ap_Iago" title="Cadfan ap Iago">Cadfan ap Iago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camber (legendary king)">Camber (legendary king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Britain" title="Cap of Britain">Cap of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetus_Silvius" title="Capetus Silvius">Capetus Silvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoir" title="Capoir">Capoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catellus" title="Catellus">Catellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherin" title="Cherin">Cherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledaucus" title="Cledaucus">Cledaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotenus" title="Clotenus">Clotenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilus" title="Coilus">Coilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine (Briton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain" title="Cordelia of Britain">Cordelia of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedagius" title="Cunedagius">Cunedagius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunobeline" title="Cunobeline">Cunobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danius" title="Danius">Danius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digueillus" title="Digueillus">Digueillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunvallo_Molmutius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvallo Molmutius">Dunvallo Molmutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edadus" title="Edadus">Edadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol" title="Eldol">Eldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol, Consul of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elidurus" title="Elidurus">Elidurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliud" title="Eliud">Eliud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enniaunus" title="Enniaunus">Enniaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildis" title="Estrildis">Estrildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrex" title="Ferrex">Ferrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgenius" title="Fulgenius">Fulgenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerennus" title="Gerennus">Gerennus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffar_the_Pict" title="Goffar the Pict">Goffar the Pict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogmagog (folklore)">Gogmagog (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goneril" title="Goneril">Goneril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorboduc" title="Gorboduc">Gorboduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbonianus" title="Gorbonianus">Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiderius" title="Guiderius">Guiderius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guithelin" title="Guithelin">Guithelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgintius" title="Gurgintius">Gurgintius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurguit_Barbtruc" title="Gurguit Barbtruc">Gurguit Barbtruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgustius" title="Gurgustius">Gurgustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddydd" title="Gwenddydd">Gwenddydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gwendolen" title="Queen Gwendolen">Queen Gwendolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_the_Hun" title="Humber the Hun">Humber the Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iago_ap_Beli" title="Iago ap Beli">Iago ap Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idvallo" title="Idvallo">Idvallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenius_of_Britain" title="Ingenius of Britain">Ingenius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innogen" title="Innogen">Innogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jago_of_Britain" title="Jago of Britain">Jago of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Sir Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keredic" title="Keredic">Keredic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarcus" title="Kimarcus">Kimarcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarius" title="Kinarius">Kinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leil" title="Leil">Leil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrinus" title="Locrinus">Locrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lud_son_of_Heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud son of Heli">Lud son of Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddan" title="Maddan">Maddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubracius" title="Mandubracius">Mandubracius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Marcia" title="Queen Marcia">Queen Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus" title="Marganus">Marganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus_II" title="Marganus II">Marganus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_of_Britain" title="Marius of Britain">Marius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempricius" title="Mempricius">Mempricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merianus" title="Merianus">Merianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millus" title="Millus">Millus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvidus" title="Morvidus">Morvidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius_of_Britain" title="Nennius of Britain">Nennius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenus" title="Oenus">Oenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandrasus" title="Pandrasus">Pandrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredurus" title="Peredurus">Peredurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_the_Britons" title="Pir of the Britons">Pir of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_I" title="Porrex I">Porrex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_II" title="Porrex II">Porrex II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius 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href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_I" title="Sisillius I">Sisillius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_II" title="Sisillius II">Sisillius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_III" title="Sisillius III">Sisillius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Gorbonianus" title="Son of Gorbonianus">Son of Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trahern" title="Trahern">Trahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urianus" title="Urianus">Urianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venissa" title="Venissa">Venissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortiporius" title="Vortiporius">Vortiporius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald of Deira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arfderydd" title="Battle of Arfderydd">Battle of Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailoken" title="Lailoken">Lailoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">List of legendary kings of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">List of legendary rulers of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molmutine_Laws" title="Molmutine Laws">Molmutine Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Malvam" title="River Malvam">River Malvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter (c. 630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_genealogy_of_Nennius" title="Trojan genealogy of Nennius">Trojan genealogy of Nennius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Oxford" title="Walter of Oxford">Walter of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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