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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ferry_pier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry_pier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ferry pier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry_pier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_bathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_bathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sea bathing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_bathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Chain_Pier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Chain_Pier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Old Chain Pier 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_Chain_Pier&params=55.980192_N_3.204438_W_type:landmark_region:GB">55°58′49″N 3°12′16″W / 55.980192°N 3.204438°W / 55.980192; -3.204438</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pier in Edinburgh, Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Trinity Chain Pier</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldchainpierbefore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old black-and-white photograph of a suspension pier. On the furthest platform of the pier are two buildings. There are two steamships in the background. In the foreground a rectangular object floats in the sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Oldchainpierbefore.jpg/220px-Oldchainpierbefore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Oldchainpierbefore.jpg/330px-Oldchainpierbefore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Oldchainpierbefore.jpg/440px-Oldchainpierbefore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1172" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The pier</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data note">Ferry pier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data">Passengers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spans</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Trinity Pier Company</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data note">700 feet (210 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data note">4 feet (1.2 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer)">Samuel Brown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data note">14 August 1821</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closure date</th><td class="infobox-data note">18 October 1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_Chain_Pier&params=55.980192_N_3.204438_W_type:landmark_region:GB">55°58′49″N 3°12′16″W / 55.980192°N 3.204438°W / 55.980192; -3.204438</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png/220px-FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png/330px-FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png/440px-FirthofForthmapTrinityChainPier.png 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="888" /></a><div>Map of the Firth of Forth showing (in red) some of the destinations served from the pier in its heyday</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Trinity Chain Pier, originally called Trinity Pier of Suspension,<a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 1]</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Edinburgh" title="Trinity, Edinburgh">Trinity, Edinburgh</a>, Scotland in 1821. The <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer)">Samuel Brown</a>, a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">chains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a>. It was intended to serve <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> traffic on the routes between Edinburgh and the smaller ports around the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, and was built during a time of rapid technological advance. It was well used for its original purpose for less than twenty years before traffic was attracted to newly developed nearby ports, and it was mainly used for most of its life for <a href="/wiki/Sea_bathing" title="Sea bathing">sea bathing</a>. It was destroyed by a storm in 1898; a building at the shore end survives, much reconstructed, as a <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> and restaurant called the Old Chain Pier. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastrailwaysout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An excerpt from an old railway map of northern Edinburgh, showing the Trinity Chain Pier near the top. It is highlighted in yellow, with Newhaven and Leith on the right, and Granton on the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coastrailwaysout.jpg/220px-Coastrailwaysout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coastrailwaysout.jpg/330px-Coastrailwaysout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coastrailwaysout.jpg/440px-Coastrailwaysout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt of old railway map, with Trinity Chain Pier highlighted in yellow</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 2]</a> which separates <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland's capital, from the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>. Traffic across the firth has been important for centuries;<a href="#cite_note-8">[nb 3]</a> as well as having industry and agriculture, Fife lies on the shortest route from Edinburgh to the north of the country. The closest bridge to Edinburgh for many years was at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, 36 miles (58 km) to the west.<a href="#cite_note-eb-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Queensferry" title="South Queensferry">Queensferry</a>, 10 miles (16 km) west, was named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Queen Margaret</a> who crossed by <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> from there in 1070.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeighan2014-10">[7]</a> Traffic across the firth was regulated and taxed as early as 1467, and was historically centred on the route from <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kinghorn" title="Kinghorn">Kinghorn</a>. A ferry from <a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a> to <a href="/wiki/Burntisland" title="Burntisland">Burntisland</a> started in 1792.<a href="#cite_note-eb-9">[6]</a> Travel by <a href="/wiki/Sailing_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing boat">sailing boat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a> was slow and unreliable; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Antiquary" title="The Antiquary">The Antiquary</a> (1816) described the journey from Edinburgh to cross at Queensferry as being "like a fly through a glue-pot".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithAnderson199520-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott181919-12">[9]</a> The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw a series of revolutions in transport during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">Turnpike trusts</a> built over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of roads in Scotland between 1790 and 1810.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoysterWhatley2010261-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Canal" title="Forth and Clyde Canal">Forth and Clyde</a> (1790) and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Canal_(Scotland)" title="Union Canal (Scotland)">Union</a> Canals (1822) carried cargo between the west and east coasts, but horse-drawn canal boats were too slow to provide much advance for passengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsMorton2010149-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[nb 4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> was pioneered in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> to the west,<a href="#cite_note-20">[nb 5]</a> and made sea travel faster and more predictable for coastal and island communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsMorton2010148-149-21">[16]</a> Trinity Chain Pier was built because the popularity of the new steam-powered vessels had caused congestion at Leith and Newhaven,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183242-22">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a> had built up at both harbours, restricting access at low tide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurious183324-23">[18]</a> It was deemed easier to build a new facility than to negotiate more space at Newhaven harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182223-24">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitychainpierplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three views of a suspension pier made up of one large platform at the right, and two smaller ones, connected by a narrow deck suspended from curves of chain standing on the platforms. The large platform is rectangular in plan, and the other two are diamond-shaped." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Trinitychainpierplan.jpg/220px-Trinitychainpierplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Trinitychainpierplan.jpg/330px-Trinitychainpierplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Trinitychainpierplan.jpg/440px-Trinitychainpierplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the pier, from Brown's book</figcaption></figure> The pier was proposed by Lieutenant George Crichton of the London, Leith, Edinburgh and Glasgow Steam Navigation Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183242-22">[17]</a> In 1820 the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Provost" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Provost">Lord Provost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> of Edinburgh granted the company permission for the pier's construction.<a href="#cite_note-lawint-25">[20]</a> The company then transferred the permission to the Trinity Pier Company who were to administer construction and operate the pier,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182223-24">[19]</a> and they in turn commissioned <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer)">Captain Samuel Brown</a> to design the pier as his first independent project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawada201030-26">[21]</a> Alexander Scott <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Writers_to_Her_Majesty%27s_Signet" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet">WS</a>, one of the trustees of the company, granted permission to build the pier on his land.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> Scott and Alexander Stevenson were directors of the Trinity Pier Company, and Crichton was treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErredge1862314-28">[23]</a> It cost <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>4000 to build.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[nb 6]</a> Brown (1776–1852) was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and had taken part in the capture of a superior French ship in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201020-32">[26]</a> He patented his method of building suspension bridges in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200286-33">[27]</a> He designed the extant 1820 <a href="/wiki/Union_Bridge_(Tweed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Bridge (Tweed)">Union Bridge</a> near Berwick-upon-Tweed, which was the biggest suspension bridge in the world when built,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawada201030-26">[21]</a> and the first in Britain to carry vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183237-34">[28]</a> While serving in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, Brown had experimented with using <a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">chain</a> instead of rope in rigging sailing ships, and in 1808 he patented a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought-iron</a> chain. He sold the design to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>, which used it as anchor cable on ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200286-33">[27]</a> Brown considered that using <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">piles</a> to support a pier was superior to the traditional method of building in stone, because it was more economical to build and easier for ships to dock with. He cited pile-supported piers at <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> which had been successful for long periods based on this design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182226-35">[29]</a> Brown had used chains in his designs for some of Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a>; he realised that chains made out of <a href="/wiki/Eye_bolt" title="Eye bolt">eye bolts</a> joined were stronger than traditional designs based on shorter links.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawada201030-26">[21]</a> He was regarded as a "leading promoter" of suspension bridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200286-33">[27]</a> He proposed that suspension piers could support <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">rescue</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182227-36">[30]</a> On 14 August 1822 Brown married Mary Horne from Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201027-37">[31]</a> After the pier at Trinity he went on to build the similar but much larger <a href="/wiki/Royal_Suspension_Chain_Pier" title="Royal Suspension Chain Pier">Royal Suspension Chain Pier</a> in Brighton in 1823. It was destroyed by a storm in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183269-38">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colour photo of a brass plaque attached to greyish-pink stone masonry inside a building. The text on the plaque says: "Original Stone Anchorage/ of /Trinity Chain Pier/ Built 1821/Destroyed 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg/220px-Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg/330px-Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg/440px-Plaqueoldchainpierpub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on the stone anchorage inside the Old Chain Pier pub</figcaption></figure> The pier was 700 feet (210 m) long<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> with a 4-foot-wide (1.2 m) passenger deck. This comprised three 209-foot-long (64 m) <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wooden</a> spans suspended 10 feet (3.0 m) above high water from lengths of wrought-iron chain connecting <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast-iron</a> standards to the shore. Each standard was in the shape of an arch which the passengers walked through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-satmag-40">[34]</a> By 1838 the passenger deck had rails fitted to assist in moving large items of luggage.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> The chain was made of eye bolts about 10 feet (3.0 m) long, which, uniquely among Brown's designs, varied in thickness according to the load they were expected to carry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183243–44-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200287-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[nb 7]</a> The long eye bolts were joined by shorter linking plates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawada201029-45">[38]</a> and hung in a <a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">catenary</a> 14 feet (4.3 m) from the tops of the standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182225-46">[39]</a> The chains crossed the standards on cast-iron saddles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183245-47">[40]</a> The three seaward standards were built on platforms<a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 8]</a> anchored to wooden piles driven into the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">foreshore</a>. The largest platform, which formed the head of the pier, was 60 feet (18 m) by 50 feet (15 m), and covered in 2-inch (51 mm) thick planks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> The length of the pier head was extended to 70 feet (21 m) prior to November 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErredge1862314-28">[23]</a> It was supported on 46 piles driven 8 feet (2.4 m) into the clay seabed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183243-49">[41]</a> At the landward end the chain passed over a solid masonry construction, 6 feet (1.8 m) square and 20 feet (6.1 m) high,<a href="#cite_note-50">[nb 9]</a> and was then anchored at a 45° angle 10 feet (3.0 m) into the hard clay soil. The seaward end of the chain went over the outer piles at the same angle, and the piles were braced with diagonal supports to take the sideways load.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> There was a 4-foot-high (1.2 m) wrought-iron railing along the length of the deck,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182225-46">[39]</a> straight diagonal members connecting the deck to the standards, and iron bracing under the deck. The pier was designed for passenger use only, and moved noticeably when walked on.<a href="#cite_note-roughnotes-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-satmag-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry183245-47">[40]</a> Brown tested the pier on 21 September 1821 by having 21 tons of <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig-iron</a> ballast placed on the spans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark1834315-51">[42]</a> while it was in use by passengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErredge1862314-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182226-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> The French engineer <a href="/wiki/Claude-Louis_Navier" title="Claude-Louis Navier">Claude-Louis Navier</a> inspected the pier in 1821, and reported that the structure was strengthened against wind loads in 1822, following its behaviour during storms in its first winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranakis1997151-53">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferry_pier">Ferry pier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ferry pier">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier,_Newhaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A watercolour depiction of a pier. A steam boat is tied up to the end. There are various steam and sail-powered vessels visible. In the foreground, three human figures are standing by a small fishing boat which has been drawn up onto the beach. There is a narrow track along the shore and there are trees and grass. There are clouds in the sky and shafts of light are being cast from the sun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg/220px-NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg/330px-NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg/440px-NasmythThe_Old_Chain_Pier%2C_Newhaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>"The Old Chain Pier, Newhaven", a watercolour painting by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nasmyth" title="Alexander Nasmyth">Alexander Nasmyth</a></figcaption></figure> Poor weather delayed the driving of the piles, which took from March to July 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> The pier was decorated with flags for its opening ceremony on 14 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1997103-54">[45]</a> Steamboats fired <a href="/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">salutes</a> from alongside the pier. Three hundred people walked from the Trinity Hotel to the pier, and boarded a steamboat for a brief excursion, while a band played from a second vessel. The opening was attended by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the local magistrates, as well as Crichton, Ramsay, Scott, Stevenson, and the other proprietors of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Scotsman1821-55">[46]</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Otway" title="Robert Otway">Robert Otway</a> (commander-in-chief of naval forces at Leith), General Duff, Sir George Mackenzie, <a href="/wiki/George_Baird_(minister)" title="George Baird (minister)">George Baird</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Principals_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh">Principal of Edinburgh University</a>), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)" title="John Leslie (physicist)">John Leslie</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_(mathematician)" title="William Wallace (mathematician)">William Wallace</a>, and Brown the designer were also present. When they returned they took refreshment in a tent at the head of the pier.<a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a> The pier served <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> traffic between <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and ports on the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and beyond, and was usable at all states of the tide.<a href="#cite_note-Scotsman1821-55">[46]</a> Leith and Newhaven were having problems with <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a> leading to vessels being trapped and damaged at low water, but the Chain Pier had 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m) of water at the very lowest tides,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurious183324-23">[18]</a> and could serve vessels when Leith and Newhaven were unable to.<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a> In its first year the pier made a profit of £200,<a href="#cite_note-worms-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[nb 10]</a> and there was a proposal to improve the facilities for passengers and other visitors, including having telescopes to view the ferries. Traffic from as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> and London was mentioned, and the pier was referred to as "ingenious and beautiful".<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> By late 1823 there was a small shop at the pier head.<a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> In 1822 the organisers of <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">King George IV's visit to Edinburgh</a> considered using the pier for his landing, but following protests they chose Leith harbour instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199553-63">[53]</a> The "New Cut" was built for the proposed royal parade from the Chain Pier to the city centre; it later became Craighall Road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace198427-64">[54]</a> In the same year, the Brilliant became the first <a href="/wiki/Steam_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam packet">steam packet</a> to call at <a href="/wiki/Anstruther" title="Anstruther">Anstruther</a>, en route from the Chain Pier to Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a> The existing ferry operators tried to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over the shortest crossings to Fife for several years. Ferries from the Chain Pier were prevented from landing at <a href="/wiki/Dysart,_Fife" title="Dysart, Fife">Dysart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdour" title="Aberdour">Aberdour</a> and all ports in between. This was confirmed in a court hearing in December 1821, in which the existing <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">interdict</a> on ferries from the pier to Kirkcaldy was maintained and extended.<a href="#cite_note-Session1822-66">[56]</a> This was seen as being detrimental to the quality of service.<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> By August 1829 ferries to Dysart were permitted, and a flag was raised at the Chain Pier in celebration.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> Ferries to <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth" title="Grangemouth">Grangemouth</a> connected with the Forth and Clyde Canal.<a href="#cite_note-roughnotes-15">[12]</a> In 1823 the piles were discovered to be under attack from the marine crustacean <a href="/wiki/Limnoria_lignorum" title="Limnoria lignorum">Limnoria terebrans</a>, informally referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Gribble" title="Gribble">gribble</a> worm'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland2008188-69">[59]</a> It was about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄6 inch (4.2 mm) long, and bored holes in the piles, reducing their strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster1828157–158-70">[60]</a> After many attempts to secure and repair them, in 1830 the piles had to be replaced and sheathed in iron.<a href="#cite_note-worms-58">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(civil_engineer)" title="James Anderson (civil engineer)">James Anderson</a> accomplished the difficult and dangerous task of replacing the timbers while maintaining the tension in the chains to keep the bridge standing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200215-71">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopping199052-72">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[nb 11]</a> The costs involved put the company into debt and prevented the payment of a dividend.<a href="#cite_note-worms-58">[49]</a> In mid-1830 the Royal George carried 8,168 passengers to Dysart, <a href="/wiki/Leven,_Fife" title="Leven, Fife">Leven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Largo" title="Lower Largo">Largo</a> in a two-month period, as well as 1,181 pleasure trippers who did not land in Fife.<a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a> In 1831 the Victory and Lady of the Lake made daily sailings from the Chain Pier to the same destinations. The lowest fare to Largo was 2 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[nb 12]</a> Stagecoach connections were available from there to Anstruther and <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a> On 18 September 1832 the exiled and bankrupt French King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> used the pier to leave Scotland for <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace198427-64">[54]</a> On 4 June 1833 the ferry Benlomond caught fire just after leaving the pier for Stirling. The Lion and the Stirling Castle rescued all 220 passengers from the ferry before it sank in shallow water west of the pier, 40 minutes after departure.<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a> In 1834 a clock and a large bell were placed at the entrance to the pier. The bell was rung just before each steamer's departure time in order to prevent delays.<a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a> That year there were ferries from Trinity to <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alloa" title="Alloa">Alloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Fife" title="Charlestown, Fife">Charlestown</a>, Aberdour, Dysart, Leven, and Largo.<a href="#cite_note-79">[67]</a> In 1835 a journey to <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> cost 5 shillings, or 3/- for <a href="/wiki/Steerage" title="Steerage">steerage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[nb 13]</a> The Rothesay left the Chain Pier at 6:30 am and returned from Dundee at 2 pm each day during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a> Other destinations by 1842 included Crombie Point, <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limekilns" title="Limekilns">Limekilns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eb-9">[6]</a> The Stirling Castle made a pleasure trip to the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Rock" title="Bass Rock">Bass Rock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_May" title="Isle of May">Isle of May</a> from the pier in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a> In 1836 the steam packet from the Chain Pier to Dundee was advertised as carrying <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>, including parcels and light goods.<a href="#cite_note-83">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A slightly indistinct black-and-white image of a suspension pier. There is a paddle-steamer docked to the pier at the right. Another one is barely visible through the pier on the left. There is a small building on the platform at the end of the pier, and what may be a crane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg/220px-Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg/330px-Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg/440px-Chainpiercalotypeedit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> of the pier in 1840</figcaption></figure> Early in its life, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nasmyth" title="Alexander Nasmyth">Alexander Nasmyth</a>, who was a keen amateur engineer, depicted the pier in a <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolour painting</a>; the work, "The Old Chain Pier, Newhaven", belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[nb 14]</a> In 2002 it featured in an exhibition along with the contemporary Edinburgh paintings of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-art-85">[71]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> of the pier taken in 1840 was among a collection of 206 early photographs of Edinburgh discovered in an auction in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> in 2002. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> bought them for over £200,000<a href="#cite_note-86">[nb 15]</a> and placed the images online.<a href="#cite_note-87">[72]</a> In 1835 the total number of passengers using Newhaven harbour and the Chain Pier was estimated at 400,000 per year,<a href="#cite_note-Scotsmanrailway-88">[73]</a> but the number of ferries using the pier began to decline as Leith and Newhaven improved their harbour facilities. In 1834 there had been rival plans to build a large new harbour, either at Trinity or <a href="/wiki/Granton,_Edinburgh" title="Granton, Edinburgh">Granton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[74]</a> The latter was chosen and in 1838 the first phase of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_5th_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch">the Duke of Buccleuch</a>'s new harbour opened at Granton,<a href="#cite_note-90">[75]</a> causing Chain Pier traffic to fall even further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1997104-91">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_bathing">Sea bathing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sea bathing">edit</a>]</div> In the early 19th century, a fashion for <a href="/wiki/Sea_bathing" title="Sea bathing">sea bathing</a> had gripped Britain. The activity was pursued for pleasure and the health benefits it was thought to confer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeltham1813iii-92">[77]</a> The Alloa Steam Packet Company bought the pier in 1840,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1880303-93">[78]</a> and they leased it to John Greig, who installed changing cubicles. Male bathers paid one penny to use the pier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1997104-91">[76]</a> By 1842 the pier was mainly used by bathers.<a href="#cite_note-heroic-94">[79]</a> In the 1840s the development of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> network made travel vastly quicker and more accessible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsMorton2010151-95">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[nb 16]</a> From 1842 the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_Leith_and_Newhaven_Railway" title="Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway">Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway</a> provided access to the pier for ferry passengers and bathers,<a href="#cite_note-Scotsmanrailway-88">[73]</a> initially with horse-drawn trains running from Scotland Street in <a href="/wiki/Canonmills" title="Canonmills">Canonmills</a> to Trinity railway station, the original northern terminus of the line. In 1845 a reduced fare crossing on the Royal Tar was advertised; steerage from Trinity to Leven or Largo was now 1/2,<a href="#cite_note-98">[nb 17]</a> and connecting trains from Scotland Street were available.<a href="#cite_note-99">[82]</a> The line was well-used<a href="#cite_note-100">[83]</a> and the rail company replaced Trinity station with a new one in 1846 when they extended the line to the new harbour at Granton.<a href="#cite_note-102">[nb 18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Northern_Railway" title="Edinburgh and Northern Railway">Edinburgh and Northern Railway</a> opened a railway across Fife in 1847, absorbed the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway in 1848,<a href="#cite_note-103">[85]</a> and started the world's first <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferry</a> from Granton to Burntisland in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeighan2014-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[nb 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[nb 20]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[nb 21]</a> In June 1847 Captain John Bush, of the Kirkcaldy and London Shipping Company, married Margaret Greig, daughter of a shipmaster, at the pier.<a href="#cite_note-109">[88]</a> In 1849 a <a href="/wiki/Lifebuoy" title="Lifebuoy">lifebuoy</a> and rope were provided at the pier head for swimmers who got into difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-lifebuoy-110">[89]</a> A ladder leading into the sea was provided for swimmers, in addition to the stairs which were for use by steamboat passengers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[90]</a> By the 1850s the pier was falling into disrepair,<a href="#cite_note-112">[91]</a> but it was still popular with bathers, and early-morning trains were advertised allowing for a swim before work.<a href="#cite_note-lifebuoy-110">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1997104-105-113">[92]</a> There was a <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gymnasium</a> at the head of the pier,<a href="#cite_note-History-114">[93]</a> and the Forth Swimming Club was based there from its inception in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-115">[94]</a> They organised <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming competitions</a>, including "fast swimming" and "long diving" which were, respectively, a 300-yard (270 m) race and an underwater endurance contest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198562-116">[95]</a> "Deep diving" involved retrieving objects from the bottom in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water<a href="#cite_note-117">[96]</a> then surfacing through a floating lifebuoy.<a href="#cite_note-118">[97]</a> A longer race was from Newhaven harbour to the Chain Pier, a distance of 550 yards (500 m). In 1864 the winning time was 11 minutes and 35 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-119">[98]</a> Two floating platforms were moored east of the pier;<a href="#cite_note-120">[99]</a> the closer one was about 20–25 yards (18–23 m) out.<a href="#cite_note-121">[100]</a> In July 1858 an attempt was made to restart ferry services from the pier; this caused annoyance to swimmers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[101]</a> In 1859 the Colonial Life Assurance Company acquired the pier,<a href="#cite_note-lawint-25">[20]</a> and from about 1860 the Eckford family leased the pier from them. The owners employed a caretaker, but the pier became dilapidated, and required expensive repairs to keep open.<a href="#cite_note-123">[102]</a> In June 1860 when the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Channel_Fleet" title="Channel Fleet">Channel Fleet</a> was visiting Queensferry, there were three trips a day from the pier to see the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-124">[103]</a> In November 1861 the Commissioners of Leith Docks challenged the operation of the pier in a case at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, as they argued that the right to build and operate the pier was not transferable from the London, Leith, Edinburgh and Glasgow Steam Navigation Company to the subsequent owners and operators.<a href="#cite_note-lawint-25">[20]</a> In February 1862 it was offered for sale, with the suggestion that it could be re-installed elsewhere as either a pier or a bridge.<a href="#cite_note-125">[104]</a> Some locals were concerned that the pier's opening on <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sundays</a> for swimming would distract people from going to church; the availability of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> was also noted.<a href="#cite_note-126">[105]</a> By 1869, as well as the train service, there were regular <a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">omnibuses</a> from the Mound to the Chain Pier and also to the Trinity Baths, a nearby sea bath<a href="#cite_note-127">[106]</a> which had opened prior to 1829.<a href="#cite_note-128">[107]</a> Hot and cold sea water were available by the pitcher there.<a href="#cite_note-129">[108]</a> On 26 July 1879, 3,000 spectators lined the shore to see the Scottish Swimming Championship, which took place between the Chain Pier and Granton breakwater. It was won by Wilson of Glasgow with a time of 17 minutes. All the competitors used an <a href="/wiki/Front_crawl" title="Front crawl">overhand stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[109]</a> The popularity of sea bathing declined as the water became increasingly polluted with <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> and industrial waste, and the focus of bathing moved to indoor pools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1997105-131">[110]</a> Sea bathing continued at <a href="/wiki/Portobello,_Edinburgh" title="Portobello, Edinburgh">Portobello</a> beach, 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east of the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198562-116">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace198426-132">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[nb 22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldchainpierafter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white image of the pier after being destroyed by a storm. The deck and the chains are missing, and the nearest platform has been removed apart from a few broken piles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Oldchainpierafter.jpg/220px-Oldchainpierafter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Oldchainpierafter.jpg/330px-Oldchainpierafter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Oldchainpierafter.jpg/440px-Oldchainpierafter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>The pier after the storm in 1898</figcaption></figure> From 1 March 1864 until 31 August 1865, Captain Thomas measured sea temperatures from the Chain Pier. The data supported the acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> as a mechanism to explain the warmer seas around Scotland, especially in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetermannvon_FreedenMühry1871244–246-135">[113]</a> In 1869, as an experiment into using <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse#Lighting_improvements" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stevenson" title="Thomas Stevenson">Thomas Stevenson</a> had an underwater cable installed from the eastern breakwater of Granton harbour. An operator on the harbour wall, with a switch and a <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_cell" title="Bunsen cell">Bunsen cell</a> (an early form of battery), controlled a light on the end of the Chain Pier from half a mile (800 m) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2009165–166-136">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montreal_Witness-138">[116]</a> There were many drownings<a href="#cite_note-146">[nb 23]</a> and rescues<a href="#cite_note-151">[nb 24]</a> from the pier over the years, and from early on a focus of the swimming clubs was <a href="/wiki/Lifesaving" title="Lifesaving">life-saving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[128]</a> In 1871 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Humane_Society" title="Royal Humane Society">Royal Humane Society</a> awarded James Crichton a badge and sash for saving two lives in a week, the second from the Chain Pier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFevyerBarclay201377-153">[129]</a> In 1880 the Lorne Swimming Club awarded a silver medal to T Shepherd for saving the life of a trumpeter from Leith Fort,<a href="#cite_note-154">[130]</a> and in 1882 the Forth Swimming Club and Humane Society awarded a certificate to James H Walls for saving two swimmers from the pier that July.<a href="#cite_note-155">[131]</a> In 1889 ladies' swimming lessons were advertised, as well as gymnastics, massage and "<a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy" title="Electrotherapy">medical electricity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-156">[132]</a> In 1890 the <a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a> at Queensferry enabled direct rail travel from Edinburgh to Fife; 20,000 trains had crossed it by 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings2004289-157">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[nb 25]</a> The pier was badly damaged on 18 October 1898 by a storm which lasted four days and caused great destruction all over Scotland. Several steam and sailing vessels were sunk or driven ashore and wrecked in the vicinity of the pier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199584-85-161">[136]</a> The storm completely removed the deck and chains, destroyed the platform closest to shore, and damaged the remaining two platforms (the pier head and the second support platform).<a href="#cite_note-scotdestr-162">[137]</a> The pier was never repaired and its ruin was eroded away by the sea. Some remnants of the wooden piles that supported the pier can still be seen at low tide.<a href="#cite_note-History-114">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Chain_Pier">Old Chain Pier</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Chain Pier">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldchainpier2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colour picture of a pub. It has an orange pantile roof and the walls are white. There are flowers and a tree in front of it. A conservatory is on the right of the pub and the sea is visible behind it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Oldchainpier2015.jpg/220px-Oldchainpier2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Oldchainpier2015.jpg/330px-Oldchainpier2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Oldchainpier2015.jpg/440px-Oldchainpier2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The Old Chain Pier in 2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">public house</a> at the shore end was known as the Pier Bar in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-163">[138]</a> It was badly damaged in a fire in March 1898, which caused over £600<a href="#cite_note-164">[nb 26]</a> worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-165">[139]</a> It survived the pier's destruction later that year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199584-166">[140]</a> and became known as the Old Chain Pier. It was run by Arthur Moss, whose name appeared on the building into the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-bar-167">[141]</a> In June 1956 the ladies' toilet was added.<a href="#cite_note-planning-168">[142]</a> In the 1960s the landlady, Betty Moss, was known for encouraging customers to leave at closing time by waving a <a href="/wiki/Cutlass" title="Cutlass">cutlass</a> or a gun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Vay200470-169">[143]</a> In 1979 permission was granted for an extension of the pub.<a href="#cite_note-170">[144]</a> The pub was fitted with a 60-centimetre (24 in) higher roof in 1983; it was owned by <a href="/wiki/Drybrough_%26_Co" title="Drybrough & Co">Drybrough's brewery</a> by then.<a href="#cite_note-planning-168">[142]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">conservatory</a> was added in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-bar-167">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">CAMRA</a> selected it (jointly with the Guildford Arms) as Edinburgh's pub of the year in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-CAMRA-171">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[146]</a> The Old Chain Pier was rebuilt after a major fire in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-173">[147]</a> It is the only building on the north side of Trinity Crescent, and part of the pub juts out over the sea. In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh Council</a> forced it to take down large awnings it had installed without <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Smoking,_Health_and_Social_Care_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005">smoking ban</a> the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-174">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[149]</a> The pub was described during the process as "a twentieth century reconstruction of the original building". It is within the Trinity Conservation Area.<a href="#cite_note-176">[150]</a> It was refurbished in 2011, and now operates as a pub and restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-bar-167">[141]</a> Its beers are <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_Brewery" title="Timothy Taylor Brewery">Timothy Taylor Brewery</a>'s Landlord bitter, and a selection from <a href="/wiki/Alechemy" title="Alechemy">Alechemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[151]</a> The restaurant specialises in <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[152]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free</a> menu and children are welcome in the conservatory and <a href="/wiki/Mezzanine" title="Mezzanine">mezzanine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In Brown's 1822 account he refers to it as Trinity Pier of Suspension,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182222-1">[1]</a> The common name Chain Pier appears in sources as early as 1827.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Modern sources tend to call it Trinity Chain Pier. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Geologically a glacial valley or <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>; firth is cognate with fjord. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> In the 20th century, following the ascendancy of motorised road transport, the <a href="/wiki/M90_motorway" title="M90 motorway">M90 motorway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridge" title="Forth Road Bridge">Forth Road Bridge</a> (1964) were built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth1984177-5">[3]</a> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Queensferry_Crossing" title="Queensferry Crossing">Queensferry Crossing</a> (expected to open in 2016<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a>) underlines the continuing importance of this transport axis.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> An 1828 account describes the journey from Edinburgh to Glasgow via the Chain Pier and Grangemouth, then by the Forth and Clyde, as taking more than thirteen hours, when a stagecoach could do it in four and a half, for half the cost.<a href="#cite_note-roughnotes-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bell_(engineer)" title="Henry Bell (engineer)">Henry Bell's</a> <a href="/wiki/PS_Comet" title="PS Comet">Comet</a> of 1812,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerryWilliams1960328-17">[13]</a> triggered a rapid expansion of steam services on the Clyde,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2007162-18">[14]</a> and by 1840 there were fifty-seven <a href="/wiki/Clyde_steamer" title="Clyde steamer">Clyde steamers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1991265-266-19">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Equivalent to £349,000 in 2015 values, when adjusted for historic opportunity cost.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The bolts were 2 inches (50.8 mm) in diameter at the suspension points, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+7⁄8 inches (47.6 mm) further out and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+3⁄4 inches (44.5 mm) at the centres of the spans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Brown called them "piers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182224-39">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Part of this survives inside the modern pub, and is marked with a plaque. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> £23,021 in modern purchasing power.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Anderson (1763–1861) had earlier made an unsuccessful proposal to build a suspension bridge across the firth at Queensferry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton200215-71">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Equivalent to £11.47.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Equivalent to £31.1 and £18.66 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> In the National Gallery, the date for the painting is given as 1819. This may be a cataloguing error; many of the dates were supplied by the artist's son after his death. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> £480,802 at 2015 prices.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of track were laid down in Scotland in the space of a few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarwick196487-96">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Equivalent to £7.29.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> In 1847 they opened a new city-centre terminus at Canal Street, on the site of the modern <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley station</a>. It involved a steep gradient through a tunnel, which was operated by rope-hauled trains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithAnderson199520-11">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> wrote about "The tunnel to the Scotland Street Station, the sight of the two guards upon the brake..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2015194-101">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The pioneering slipway was designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bouch" title="Thomas Bouch">Thomas Bouch</a> (1822–1880) whose first <a href="/wiki/Tay_Rail_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay Rail Bridge">Tay Bridge</a> (1878) <a href="/wiki/Tay_Bridge_disaster" title="Tay Bridge disaster">collapsed in a storm</a> in December 1879 killing everyone on board a train that was crossing it.<a href="#cite_note-104">[86]</a> He was personally blamed for the disaster and died soon after.<a href="#cite_note-105">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> A second train ferry from <a href="/wiki/Tayport" title="Tayport">Tayport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Broughty_Ferry" title="Broughty Ferry">Broughty Ferry</a> allowed through services from Edinburgh to Dundee and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Passenger services to Trinity ceased in 1925, and the line is now a footpath. The former station survives as a private house. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Seafield Baths opened in 1813 as Leith's first indoor bathing facility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198562-116">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portobello_Pier" title="Portobello Pier">Portobello Pier</a> opened in 1871. It was designed by Thomas Bouch, was 1,250 feet (380 m) long, and was demolished in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-133">[112]</a> Leith's first indoor swimming pool was the Victoria Baths in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198562-116">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Some examples:<a href="#cite_note-lifebuoy-110">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Some examples:<a href="#cite_note-heroic-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> About 60,000 trains cross the bridge every year in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-158">[134]</a> The Granton-Burntisland ferry service survived until the Second World War, and an attempt was made to revive it using a <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> in 1991–93.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeighan2014-10">[7]</a> In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach</a> trialled a <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> service from <a href="/wiki/Portobello,_Edinburgh" title="Portobello, Edinburgh">Portobello</a> to Kirkcaldy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeitch2009290-159">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> £84,000 in modern purchasing power.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-59">[50]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown182222-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown182222_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1822">Brown (1822)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kinghorn Ferry". <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>. 22 August 1827. p. 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Kinghorn+Ferry&rft.pages=535&rft.date=1827-08-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth1984177-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth1984177_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth1984">Charlesworth (1984)</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a 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The Scotsman. 26 April 1837. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Harbours+in+the+Firth+of+Forth&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1837-04-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worms-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worms_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worms_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worms_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Summary". The Scotsman. 14 February 1835. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Summary&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1835-02-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_59-5">f</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. 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Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4862-7472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4862-7472-0"><bdi>978-0-4862-7472-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Technology+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+A.D.+1900%2C+Part+1900&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-4862-7472-0&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kingston&rft.au=Williams%2C+Trevor+Illtyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf88HKKYEbQC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewry1832" class="citation book cs1">Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80Q1AAAAMAAJ">A Memoir on Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of Their Origin and Progress, and of Their Application to Civil and Military Purposes</a>. 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Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Brighthelmston%2C+or+Brighton+as+I+view+it+and+others+knew+it&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Erredge&rft.aufirst=John+Ackerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuK8HAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltham1813" class="citation book cs1">Feltham, John (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAkHAAAAQAAJ">A guide to all the watering and sea-bathing places; with a description of the lakes; a sketch of a tour in Wales; and itineraries, by the editor of The picture of London</a>. 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Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7815-0317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7815-0317-1"><bdi>978-1-7815-0317-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Gallantry&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-7815-0317-1&rft.aulast=Fevyer&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Barclay%2C+Craig+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWS-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoysterWhatley2010" class="citation book cs1">Foyster, Elizabeth A.; Whatley, Christopher A., eds. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1965-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-1965-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Everyday+Life+in+Scotland%2C+1600+to+1800&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1965-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVRZ6JiQEyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1991" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Michael J (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265">Transport in Victorian Britain</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2333-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2333-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-2333-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2333-0&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjq8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_(1822%E2%80%931887)" title="James Grant (1822–1887)">Grant, James</a> (1880). Old and New Edinburgh. Vol. 6. Cassell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+and+New+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsMorton2010" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Trevor; Morton, Graeme, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nP-kBgAAQBAJ">History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2169-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2169-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Everyday+Life+in+Scotland%2C+1800+to+1900&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2169-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnP-kBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1995" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Guthrie (1995). Old Leith. Ochiltree, Ayrshire: Stenlake. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8720-7465-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8720-7465-8"><bdi>978-1-8720-7465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Leith&rft.place=Ochiltree%2C+Ayrshire&rft.pub=Stenlake&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-8720-7465-8&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Guthrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2004" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Alan (2004). Structures: From Theory to Practice. 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American Society of Civil Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1018-9"><bdi>978-0-7844-1018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Modern+Suspension+Bridge%3A+Solving+the+Dilemma+between+Economy+and+Stiffness&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-1018-9&rft.aulast=Kawada&rft.aufirst=Tadaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranakis1997" class="citation book cs1">Kranakis, Eda (10 January 1997). Constructing a Bridge: Exploration of Engineering Culture, Design and Research in Nineteenth-century France and America. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2621-1217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2621-1217-8"><bdi>978-0-2621-1217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+Bridge%3A+Exploration+of+Engineering+Culture%2C+Design+and+Research+in+Nineteenth-century+France+and+America&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-2621-1217-8&rft.aulast=Kranakis&rft.aufirst=Eda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Vay2004" class="citation book cs1">Le Vay, Benedict (2004). Eccentric Edinburgh. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-2098-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-2098-5"><bdi>978-1-8416-2098-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eccentric+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8416-2098-5&rft.aulast=Le+Vay&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1985" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, James Scott (25 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofleith00mars">The Life and Times of Leith</a>. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6128-4"><bdi>978-0-8597-6128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Leith&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1985-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8597-6128-4&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=James+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesofleith00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2010" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (2010) [First published between 1823 and 1830]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4yE2ElZxDcC&pg=PA20">Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders</a>. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1080-2271-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1080-2271-2"><bdi>978-1-1080-2271-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Naval+Biography%3A+Or%2C+Memoirs+of+the+Services+of+All+the+Flag-Officers%2C+Superannuated+Rear-Admirals%2C+Retired-Captains%2C+Post-Captains%2C+and+Commanders&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-1080-2271-2&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4yE2ElZxDcC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwick1964" class="citation book cs1">Marwick, W. H. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_Yty5JG4uIC&pg=PA87">Scotland in Modern Times: An Outline of Economic and Social Development</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1342-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1342-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-1342-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+in+Modern+Times%3A+An+Outline+of+Economic+and+Social+Development&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1342-0&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_Yty5JG4uIC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeighan2014" class="citation book cs1">Meighan, Michael (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSxmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5">The Forth Bridges Through Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4010-5"><bdi>978-1-4456-4010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forth+Bridges+Through+Time&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4010-5&rft.aulast=Meighan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSxmBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetermannvon_FreedenMühry1871" class="citation book cs1">Petermann, August; von Freeden, Wilhelm; Mühry, Adolf (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyNSAAAAcAAJ">Papers on the Eastern and Northern Extensions of the Gulf Stream</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+the+Eastern+and+Northern+Extensions+of+the+Gulf+Stream&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Petermann&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=von+Freeden%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=M%C3%BChry%2C+Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjyNSAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott, Walter</a> (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE4AAAAYAAJ">The Antiquary</a>. Archibald Constable and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquary&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAE4AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkempton2002" class="citation book cs1">Skempton, A. W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC&pg=PA87">A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500–1830</a>. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2939-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2939-2"><bdi>978-0-7277-2939-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Civil+Engineers+in+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+1500%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2&rft.aulast=Skempton&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeOMfpYMOtYC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith, W. A. C.; Anderson, Paul (1995). An Illustrated History of Edinburgh's Railways. Caernarfon: Irwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8716-0859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8716-0859-5"><bdi>978-1-8716-0859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+Edinburgh%27s+Railways&rft.place=Caernarfon&rft.pub=Irwell+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-8716-0859-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+A.+C.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark1834" class="citation book cs1">Stark, John (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pictureedinburg00stargoog">Picture of Edinburgh: Containing a Description of the City and Its Environs</a>. Edinburgh: J. Anderson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picture+of+Edinburgh%3A+Containing+a+Description+of+the+City+and+Its+Environs&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=J.+Anderson&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpictureedinburg00stargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Stevenson, Robert Louis</a> (10 April 2015) [First published 1879]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2AoCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT194">Collected Memoirs, Travel Sketches and Island Literature of Robert Louis Stevenson</a>. e-artnow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-0268-3395-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-0268-3395-6"><bdi>978-8-0268-3395-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Memoirs%2C+Travel+Sketches+and+Island+Literature+of+Robert+Louis+Stevenson&rft.pub=e-artnow&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.isbn=978-8-0268-3395-6&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2AoCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stevenson" title="Thomas Stevenson">Stevenson, Thomas</a> (9 April 2009) [First published 1881]. Lighthouse Construction and Illumination. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1039-0095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1039-0095-4"><bdi>978-1-1039-0095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lighthouse+Construction+and+Illumination&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.isbn=978-1-1039-0095-4&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopping1990" class="citation book cs1">Topping, B.H.V., ed. (31 December 1990). Developments in Structural Engineering: Proceedings of the Forth Rail Bridge Centenary Conference. Vol. 1. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4191-5240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4191-5240-8"><bdi>978-0-4191-5240-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developments+in+Structural+Engineering%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Forth+Rail+Bridge+Centenary+Conference&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-4191-5240-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeitch2009" class="citation book cs1">Veitch, Kenneth, ed. (2009). Transport and Communications. John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9046-0788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9046-0788-5"><bdi>978-1-9046-0788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+and+Communications&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-9046-0788-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1984" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Joyce M. (26 October 1984). Traditions of Trinity and Leith. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6447-6"><bdi>978-0-8597-6447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Trinity+and+Leith&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1984-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8597-6447-6&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Joyce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1997" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Joyce M. (26 September 1997). Further Traditions of Trinity and Leith. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6282-3"><bdi>978-0-8597-6282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Traditions+of+Trinity+and+Leith&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1997-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8597-6282-3&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Joyce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+Chain+Pier" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0zOzucbQ_Q">Flypast video on YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldchainpier.com/">The modern pub's official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=ZoomItem&key=QnsiTiI6MSwiUCI6eyJpdGVtX2lkIjoiNTY5MyJ9fQ==&pg=1&WINID=1440507742818#EOeUlHy5UwcAAAFPZDz0zg/5693">"Pier of Suspension, erected at Trinity", lithograph, Charles Joseph, 1825</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Piers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Piers in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piers_in_the_United_Kingdom283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_piers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of piers in the United Kingdom">Piers in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Piers_Society" title="National Piers Society">National Piers Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Blackpool <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pier,_Blackpool" title="Central Pier, Blackpool">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pier,_Blackpool" title="North Pier, Blackpool">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pier,_Blackpool" title="South Pier, Blackpool">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bognor_Regis_Pier" title="Bognor Regis Pier">Bognor Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscombe_Pier" class="mw-redirect" title="Boscombe Pier">Boscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Pier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bournemouth Pier">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier" title="Brighton Palace Pier">Brighton Palace Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clacton_Pier" title="Clacton Pier">Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleethorpes_Pier" title="Cleethorpes Pier">Cleethorpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevedon_Pier" title="Clevedon Pier">Clevedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromer_Pier" title="Cromer Pier">Cromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_Pier" title="Deal Pier">Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_Pier" title="Eastbourne Pier">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Pier" title="Felixstowe Pier">Felixstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Pier,_Gravesend" title="Town Pier, Gravesend">Gravesend</a></li> <li>Great Yarmouth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Pier" title="Britannia Pier">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Pier" title="Wellington Pier">Wellington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Pier" title="Hastings Pier">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne_Bay_Pier" title="Herne Bay Pier">Herne Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hythe_Pier,_Railway_and_Ferry" title="Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry">Hythe</a></li> <li>Lowestoft <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Pier" title="Claremont Pier">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pier,_Lowestoft" title="South Pier, Lowestoft">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paignton_Pier" title="Paignton Pier">Paignton</a></li> <li>Portsmouth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Pier" title="Clarence Pier">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Parade_Pier" title="South Parade Pier">South Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryde_Pier" title="Ryde Pier">Ryde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltburn_Pier" title="Saltburn Pier">Saltburn-by-the-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Pier" title="Sandown Pier">Sandown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skegness_Pier" title="Skegness Pier">Skegness</a></li> <li>Southampton <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Pier,_Southampton" title="Royal Pier, Southampton">Royal Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Quay" title="Town Quay">Town Quay</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southend <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier_Railway" title="Southend Pier Railway">Railway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southport_Pier" title="Southport Pier">Southport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwold_Pier" title="Southwold Pier">Southwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Pier" class="mw-redirect" title="St Anne's Pier">St Anne's-on-the-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage_Pier" title="Swanage Pier">Swanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Pier,_Teignmouth" title="Grand Pier, Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a></li> <li>Weston-super-Mare <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birnbeck_Pier" title="Birnbeck Pier">Birnbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Pier,_Weston-super-Mare" title="Grand Pier, Weston-super-Mare">Grand Pier</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weymouth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Bandstand,_Weymouth" title="Pier Bandstand, Weymouth">Bandstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Pier" title="Weymouth Pier">Pleasure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worthing_Pier" title="Worthing Pier">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth_Pier" title="Yarmouth Pier">Yarmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunoon_Pier" title="Dunoon Pier">Dunoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Pier,_Aberystwyth" title="Royal Pier, Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Pier" title="Garth Pier">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Pier" title="Beaumaris Pier">Beaumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandudno_Pier" title="Llandudno Pier">Llandudno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penarth_Pier" title="Penarth Pier">Penarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbles_Pier" title="Mumbles Pier">Swansea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channel Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Julian%27s_Pier" title="St Julian's Pier">St Julian's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isle of Man</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pier,_Ramsey" title="Queen's Pier, Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former piers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brighton <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Suspension_Chain_Pier" title="Royal Suspension Chain Pier">Royal Suspension Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pier" title="West Pier">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatham_Pier" title="Coatham Pier">Coatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Pier" title="Fleetwood Pier">Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytham_Pier" title="Lytham Pier">Lytham</a></li> <li>Morecambe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pier,_Morecambe" title="Central Pier, Morecambe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_Pier,_Morecambe" title="West End Pier, Morecambe">West End</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brighton_Pier,_Wallasey" title="New Brighton Pier, Wallasey">New Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_Pier" title="Redcar Pier">Redcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaview_Chain_Pier" title="Seaview Chain Pier">Ryde (Seaview Chain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_North_Pier" title="Scarborough North Pier">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanklin_Pier" title="Shanklin Pier">Shanklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_Pier" title="St Leonards Pier">St Leonards Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withernsea_Pier" title="Withernsea Pier">Withernsea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Pier" title="Portobello Pier">Portobello</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Pier,_Colwyn_Bay" title="Victoria Pier, Colwyn Bay">Colwyn Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyl_Pier" title="Rhyl Pier">Rhyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Piers in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&oldid=1258625330">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Chain_Pier&oldid=1258625330</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piers_in_Scotland" title="Category:Piers in Scotland">Piers in Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_establishments_in_Scotland" title="Category:1821 establishments in Scotland">1821 establishments in Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_demolished_in_1898" title="Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1898">Buildings and structures demolished in 1898</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chain_piers" title="Category:Chain piers">Chain piers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Restaurants_in_Edinburgh" title="Category:Restaurants in Edinburgh">Restaurants in Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Edinburgh" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Edinburgh">Buildings and structures in Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firth_of_Forth" title="Category:Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-spb4b","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.405","walltime":"1.559","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26154,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":229975,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":463174,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1394.026 1 -total"," 29.16% 406.456 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.68% 330.083 26 Template:Refn"," 18.63% 259.670 74 Template:Cite_news"," 17.15% 239.038 84 Template:Sfnp"," 12.82% 178.771 40 Template:Cite_book"," 9.33% 130.080 18 Template:Cite_web"," 7.61% 106.110 6 Template:Inflation-fn"," 7.07% 98.567 7 Template:Inflation"," 6.69% 93.194 1 Template:Infobox_pier"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.871","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10355179,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBrewster1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1822\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurious1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerryWilliams1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevelopment_Quality_Sub-committee_of_the_Planning_Committee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewry1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErredge1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeltham1813\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFevyerBarclay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoysterWhatley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsMorton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKawada2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKranakis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Vay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisReynolds2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwick1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeighan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetermannvon_FreedenMühry1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScotland._Court_of_Session1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSession1822\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkempton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithAnderson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark1834\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopping1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeitch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Convert\"] = 33,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 7,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox pier\"] = 1,\n [\"Piers in the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 26,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 84,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58bb4f8ccf-mqs9p","timestamp":"20250214053058","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Trinity Chain Pier","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_Chain_Pier","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q20877314","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q20877314","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-08-22T12:33:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T19:01:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/f\/f2\/Oldchainpierbefore.jpg","headline":"pier in City of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}</script> </body> </html>