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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitable_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitable_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Habitable module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitable_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pallet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pallet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pallet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pallet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igloo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igloo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Igloo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igloo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_Pointing_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_Pointing_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Instrument Pointing System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_Pointing_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>List of parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Other missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancelled_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cancelled missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagram,_Spacelab_Module_and_Pallet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagram,_Spacelab_Module_and_Pallet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagram, Spacelab Module and Pallet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagram,_Spacelab_Module_and_Pallet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مختبر فضائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبر فضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Спейслаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спейслаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آزمایشگاه فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9E%A9" title="스페이스랩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페이스랩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91" title="ספייסלאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספייסלאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96" title="スペースラブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースラブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1" title="Спейслэб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спейслэб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1" title="Спейслэб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Спейслэб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spacelab" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Спейслеб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спейслеб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="太空實驗室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太空實驗室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temporary, reusable laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Space Shuttle laboratory. For the US space station of the 1970s, see <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>. For the commercial company which also made space shuttle laboratories and logistic modules, see <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a>. For the international competition, see <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">YouTube Space Lab</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/220px-Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/330px-Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg/440px-Spacelab_-_Artist%27s_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab art, with lab interior cutaway, 1981</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wubbo-sl1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wubbo-sl1.jpg/220px-Wubbo-sl1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wubbo-sl1.jpg/330px-Wubbo-sl1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wubbo-sl1.jpg/440px-Wubbo-sl1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a> in the lab, 1985</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg/220px-Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg/330px-Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg/440px-Crystal_in_VCGS_furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercuric_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric iodide">Mercuric iodide</a> crystals grown on <a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">Spacelab 3</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spacelab</b> was a reusable laboratory developed by <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and used on certain spaceflights flown by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. The laboratory comprised multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier, and other related hardware housed in the Shuttle's cargo bay. The components were arranged in various configurations to meet the needs of each spaceflight. </p><p>Spacelab components flew on a total of about 32 Shuttle missions, depending on how such hardware and missions are tabulated. Spacelab allowed scientists to perform experiments in <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">geocentric orbit</a>. There was a variety of Spacelab-associated hardware, so a distinction can be made between the major Spacelab program missions with European scientists running missions in the Spacelab habitable module, missions running other Spacelab hardware experiments, and other <a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a> (STS) missions that used some component of Spacelab hardware. There is some variation in counts of Spacelab missions, in part because there were different types of Spacelab missions with a large range in the amount of Spacelab hardware flown and the nature of each mission. There were at least 22 major Spacelab missions between 1983 and 1998, and Spacelab hardware was used on a number of other missions, with some of the Spacelab pallets being flown as late as 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_2_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/220px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/330px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/440px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of the Spacelab 2 mission, showing some of the various experiments in the payload bay</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1973, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (ESRO), now European Space Agency or ESA, signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> (MOU) to build a science laboratory for use on Space Shuttle flights.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of Spacelab was started in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Entwicklungsring_Nord" title="Entwicklungsring Nord">Entwicklungsring Nord</a> (ERNO), a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/VFW-Fokker" title="VFW-Fokker">VFW-Fokker GmbH</a>, after merger with <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm" title="Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm">Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm</a> (MBB) named MBB/ERNO, and merged into <a href="/wiki/Astrium" title="Astrium">EADS SPACE Transportation</a> in 2003. The first lab module, <i>LM1</i>, was donated to NASA in exchange for flight opportunities for European astronauts. A second module, <i>LM2</i>, was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction on the Spacelab modules began in 1974 by what was then the company ERNO-VFW-Fokker.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Spacelab is important to all of us for at least four good reasons. It expanded the Shuttle's ability to conduct science on-orbit manyfold. It provided a marvelous opportunity and example of a large international joint venture involving government, industry, and science with our European allies. The European effort provided the free world with a really versatile laboratory system several years before it would have been possible if the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had had to fund it on its own. And finally, it provided Europe with the systems development and management experience they needed to move into the exclusive manned space flight arena.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>NASA Administrator, <i>Spacelab: An International Success Story</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/220px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/330px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/440px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>European astronauts prepare for their Spacelab mission, 1984.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_pallet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spacelab_pallet.jpg/220px-Spacelab_pallet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spacelab_pallet.jpg/330px-Spacelab_pallet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Spacelab_pallet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Spacelab pallet module</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1970s NASA shifted its focus from the Lunar missions to the Space Shuttle, and also space research.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrator of NASA</a> at the time moved the focus from a new space station to a space laboratory for the planned Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would allow technologies for future space stations to be researched and harness the capabilities of the Space Shuttle for research.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacelab was produced by European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), a consortium of ten European countries including:<sup id="cite_ref-7" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>/<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg/220px-STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg/330px-STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg/440px-STS-42_view_of_payload_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5508" data-file-height="3690" /></a><figcaption>STS-42 with Spacelab hardware in the orbiter bay overlooking Earth</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the laboratory module, the complete set also included five external pallets for experiments in vacuum built by <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> (BAe) and a pressurized "Igloo" containing the subsystems needed for the pallet-only flight configuration operation. Eight flight configurations were qualified, though more could be assembled if needed. </p><p>The system had some unique features including an intended two-week turn-around time (for the original Space Shuttle launch turn-around time) and the roll-on-roll-off for loading in aircraft (Earth-transportation).<sup id="cite_ref-spacelab-users-guide_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacelab-users-guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacelab consisted of a variety of interchangeable components, with the major one being a crewed laboratory that could be flown in the Space Shuttle orbiter's bay and returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the habitable module did not have to be flown to conduct a Spacelab-type mission and there was a variety of pallets and other hardware supporting space research.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habitable module expanded the volume for astronauts to work in a <a href="/wiki/Shirt-sleeve_environment" title="Shirt-sleeve environment">shirt-sleeve environment</a> and had space for equipment racks and related support equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the habitable module was not used, some of the support equipment for the pallets could instead be housed in the smaller <a href="#Igloo">Igloo</a>, a pressurized cylinder connected to the Space Shuttle orbiter crew area.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacelab missions typically supported multiple experiments, and the <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">Spacelab 1</a> mission had experiments in the fields of space plasma physics, <a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">solar physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">atmospheric physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection of appropriate modules was part of mission planning for Spacelab Shuttle missions, and for example, a mission might need less habitable space and more pallets, or vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitable_module">Habitable module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitable module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg/220px-Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg/330px-Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg/440px-Spacelab_Module_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> during <a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a> with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay</figcaption></figure> <p>The habitable Spacelab laboratory module comprised a cylindrical environment in the rear of the Space Shuttle orbiter payload bay, connected to the orbiter crew compartment by a tunnel. The laboratory had an outer diameter of 4.12 m (13.5 ft), and each segment a length of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). The laboratory module consisted at minimum of a core segment, which could be used alone in a <i>short module</i> configuration. The <i>long module</i> configuration included an additional experiment segment.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also possible to operate Spacelab experiments from the orbiter's aft flight deck.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crewmembers_of_STS-71,_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/220px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/330px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/440px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>Ten people inside the Spacelab Module in June 1995, celebrating the docking of the Space Shuttle and <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pressurized tunnel had its connection point at the orbiter's mid-deck.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two different length tunnels depending on the location of the habitable module in the payload bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the laboratory module was not used, but additional space was needed for support equipment, another structure called the <i>Igloo</i> could be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two laboratory modules were built, identified as LM1 and LM2. LM1 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">Smithsonian Air and Space Museum</a> behind the Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i>. LM2 was on display in the <i>Bremenhalle</i> exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Airport" title="Bremen Airport">Bremen Airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen (city)">Bremen</a>, Germany from 2000 to 2010. It resides in building 4c at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> plant since 2010 and can only be viewed during guided tours. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_double_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Spacelab_double_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="533" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab long module configuration</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pallet">Pallet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pallet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-75_Tethered_Satellite_System_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_tether" title="Space tether">Tethered</a> Satellite System deployment, deployed from Spacelab pallet</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spacelab Pallet is a U-shaped platform for mounting instrumentation, large instruments, experiments requiring exposure to space, and instruments requiring a large field of view, such as telescopes. The pallet has several hard points for mounting heavy equipment. The pallet can be used in single configuration or stacked end to end in double or triple configurations. Up to five pallets can be configured in the Space Shuttle cargo bay by using a double pallet plus triple pallet configurations. </p><p>The Spacelab Pallet used to transport both <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a> to the International Space Station is currently at the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum" title="Canada Aviation and Space Museum">Canada Aviation and Space Museum</a>, on loan from NASA through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA).<sup id="cite_ref-SLP-D1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLP-D1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Spacelab Pallet was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport" title="Swiss Museum of Transport">Swiss Museum of Transport</a> for permanent display on 5 March 2010. The Pallet, nicknamed <i>Elvis</i>, was used during the eight-day STS-46 mission, 31 July – 8 August 1992, when ESA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicollier" title="Claude Nicollier">Claude Nicollier</a> was on board Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> to deploy ESA's <a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">European Retrievable Carrier</a> (Eureca) scientific mission and the joint NASA/ASI (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a>) <a href="/wiki/Space_tether" title="Space tether">Tethered Satellite System</a> (TSS-1). The Pallet carried TSS-1 in the Shuttle's cargo bay.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-STS46_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-STS46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Spacelab Pallet is on display at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a total of ten space-flown Spacelab pallets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igloo">Igloo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Igloo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On spaceflights where a habitable module was not flown, but pallets were flown, a pressurized cylinder known as the <i>Igloo</i> carried the subsystems needed to operate the Spacelab equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-HS-book_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-book-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Igloo was 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, had a diameter of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), and weighed 1,100 kg (2,400 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-NASM_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Igloo units were manufactured, both by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> company <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Anonyme_Belge_de_Constructions_A%C3%A9ronautiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques">SABCA</a>, and both were used on spaceflights.<sup id="cite_ref-NASM_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Igloo component was flown on <a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">Spacelab 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">ASTRO-1</a>, ATLAS-1, ATLAS-2, ATLAS-3, and ASTRO-2.<sup id="cite_ref-NASM_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Spacelab Igloo is on display at the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrument_Pointing_System">Instrument Pointing System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instrument Pointing System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPS was a gimbaled pointing device, capable of aiming telescopes, cameras, or other instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-airandspace.si.edu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airandspace.si.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPS was used on three different Space Shuttle missions between 1985 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-airandspace.si.edu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airandspace.si.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPS was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke" title="Dornier Flugzeugwerke">Dornier</a>, and two units were made.<sup id="cite_ref-airandspace.si.edu_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airandspace.si.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPS was primarily constructed out of aluminum, steel, and <a href="/wiki/Multi-layer_insulation" title="Multi-layer insulation">multi-layer insulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPS would be mounted inside the payload bay of the Space Shuttle Orbiter, and could provide gimbaled 3-axis pointing.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed for a pointing accuracy of less than 1 arcsecond (a unit of degree), and three pointing modes including Earth, Sun, and Stellar focused modes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IPS was mounted on a pallet exposed to outer space in the payload bay.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPS missions:<sup id="cite_ref-airandspace.si.edu_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airandspace.si.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Spacelab 2, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a> launched 1985</li> <li>Astro-1, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a> launched in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Astro-2, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a> launched in 1995</li></ul> <p>The Spacelab 2 mission flew the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared Telescope</a> (IRT), which was a 15.2 cm (6.0 in) aperture helium-cooled infrared telescope, observing light between wavelengths of 1.7 to 118 μm.<sup id="cite_ref-kent_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRT collected infrared data on 60% of the galactic plane.<sup id="cite_ref-ipac.caltech.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipac.caltech.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_IPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Instrument Pointing System (IPS)"><img alt="Instrument Pointing System (IPS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spacelab_IPS.jpg/120px-Spacelab_IPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spacelab_IPS.jpg/180px-Spacelab_IPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spacelab_IPS.jpg/240px-Spacelab_IPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Instrument Pointing System (IPS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astro2_sts67_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="IPS at work above the sky on Astro-2, 1995"><img alt="IPS at work above the sky on Astro-2, 1995" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/119px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/179px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/238px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="4166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">IPS at work above the sky on Astro-2, 1995</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center,_Dec_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dornier Instrument Pointing System at the Smithsonian Museum (Udvar Hazy Center)"><img alt="Dornier Instrument Pointing System at the Smithsonian Museum (Udvar Hazy Center)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg/80px-Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg/120px-Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg/160px-Spacelab_Instrument_Pointing_System_at_the_Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center%2C_Dec_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dornier Instrument Pointing System at the Smithsonian Museum (Udvar Hazy Center)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_parts">List of parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg/220px-Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg/330px-Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg/440px-Spacelab_engineering_model_components_unloaded_from_C-5_Galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab components are delivered, 1981.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg/220px-MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg/330px-MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg/440px-MSFC-9010026_-_STS-35_ASTRO-1_in_OV-102%27s_payload_bay_at_KSC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>ASTRO-1 payload prepared, 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of Spacelab components or hardware:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>EVA Airlock</li> <li>Tunnel<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tunnel adapter<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Igloo</li> <li>Spacelab module<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Forward end cone</li> <li>Aft end cone</li> <li>Core segment/module<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Experiment racks</li> <li>Experiment segment/module<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Electrical Ground Support Equipment</li> <li>Mechanical Ground Support Equipment</li> <li>Electrical Power Distribution Subsystem</li> <li>Command and Data Management Subsystem</li> <li>Environmental Control Subsystem</li> <li>Instrument Pointing System</li> <li>Pallet Structure</li> <li>Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a> (EDO) assembly was not Spacelab hardware, strictly speaking. However, it was used most often on Spacelab flights. Also, NASA later used it with the <a href="/wiki/SpaceHab" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceHab">SpaceHab</a> modules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-9_patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-9_patch.svg/220px-STS-9_patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-9_patch.svg/330px-STS-9_patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-9_patch.svg/440px-STS-9_patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab 1 mission patch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-90-patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sts-90-patch.svg/220px-Sts-90-patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sts-90-patch.svg/330px-Sts-90-patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sts-90-patch.svg/440px-Sts-90-patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4154" /></a><figcaption>STS-90 Neurolab mission patch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_(SRTM)_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg/220px-Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg/330px-Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg/440px-Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_%28SRTM%29_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>STS-99 radar Earth observation mission illustration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg/220px-Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg/330px-Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg/440px-Payload_bay_sts-99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>View of orbiter bay on STS-99 with radar boom deployed, 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-094_shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/STS-094_shuttle.jpg/220px-STS-094_shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/STS-094_shuttle.jpg/330px-STS-094_shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/STS-094_shuttle.jpg/440px-STS-094_shuttle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>STS-94 heads into orbit for the Microgravity research mission using Spacelab, 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spacelab components flew on 22 Space Shuttle missions from November 1983 to April 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-StoryShuttle_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoryShuttle-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spacelab components were decommissioned in 1998, except the Pallets. Science work was moved to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) and <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> module, a pressurized carrier similar to the Spacelab Module. A Spacelab Pallet was recommissioned in 2000 for flight on <a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a>. The "Spacelab Pallet – Deployable 1 (SLP-D1) with Canadian <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a> (Purpose Dexterous Manipulator)" was launched on <a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a>. The Spacelab components were used on 41 Shuttle missions in total. </p><p>The habitable modules were flown on 16 Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacelab Pallet missions were flown 6 times and Spacelab Pallets were flown on other missions 19 times. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a> </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th>Spacelab <br />mission name </th> <th>Pressurized <br />module </th> <th>Unpressurized <br />modules </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>November 12, 1981 </td> <td>OSTA-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (E002)<sup id="cite_ref-STS2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>March 22, 1982 </td> <td>OSS-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (E003)<sup id="cite_ref-STS3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>November 28, 1983 </td> <td>Spacelab 1 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>1 Pallet (F001) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a> </td> <td><i>Challenger</i> </td> <td>October 5, 1984 </td> <td>OSTA-3 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F006)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>November 8, 1984 </td> <td>Retrieval of 2 satellites </td> <td> </td> <td>2 Pallets (F007+F008) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a> </td> <td><i>Challenger</i> </td> <td>April 29, 1985 </td> <td>Spacelab 3 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-Purpose_Experiment_Support_Structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (page does not exist)">MPESS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a> </td> <td><i>Challenger</i> </td> <td>July 29, 1985 </td> <td>Spacelab 2 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>3 Pallets (F003+F004+F005) + IPS </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> </td> <td><i>Challenger</i> </td> <td>October 30, 1985 </td> <td>Spacelab D1 </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td>MPESS </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>December 2, 1990 </td> <td>ASTRO-1 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>2 Pallets (F002+F010) + IPS </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>June 5, 1991 </td> <td>SLS-1 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>January 22, 1992 </td> <td>IML-1 </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>March 24, 1992 </td> <td>ATLAS-1 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>2 Pallets (F004+F005) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>June 25, 1992 </td> <td>USML-1 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">EDO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>July 31, 1992 </td> <td>TSS-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F003)<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-STS46_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-STS46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47 (J)</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>September 12, 1992 </td> <td>Spacelab-J </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>April 8, 1993 </td> <td>ATLAS-2 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>1 Pallet (F008) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55 (D2)</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>April 26, 1993 </td> <td>Spacelab D2 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>Unique Support Structure (USS) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>October 18, 1993 </td> <td>SLS-2 </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>December 2, 1993 </td> <td>HST SM 01 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F009) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>April 9, 1994 </td> <td>SRL-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F006) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>July 8, 1994 </td> <td>IML-2 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>September 9, 1994 </td> <td>LITE </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F007)<sup id="cite_ref-PraxisLog_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PraxisLog-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>September 30, 1994 </td> <td>SRL-2 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F006) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>November 3, 1994 </td> <td>ATLAS-3 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>1 Pallet (F008) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>March 2, 1995 </td> <td>ASTRO-2 </td> <td>Igloo </td> <td>2 Pallets (F002+F010) + IPS + EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>June 27, 1995 </td> <td>Spacelab-Mir </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>October 20, 1995 </td> <td>USML-2 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>February 22, 1996 </td> <td>TSS-1R / USMP-3 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F003)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + 2 MPESS + EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>June 20, 1996 </td> <td>LMS </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>February 21, 1997 </td> <td>HST SM 02 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F009)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>April 4, 1997 </td> <td>MSL-1 </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>July 1, 1997 </td> <td>MSL-1R </td> <td>Module LM1 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>April 17, 1998 </td> <td>Neurolab </td> <td>Module LM2 </td> <td>EDO </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>December 20, 1999 </td> <td>HST SM 03A </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F009) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>February 11, 2000 </td> <td>SRTM </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F006) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a> </td> <td><i>Discovery</i> </td> <td>October 11, 2000 </td> <td>ISS assembly </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F005) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>April 19, 2001 </td> <td>ISS assembly </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F004) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>July 12, 2001 </td> <td>ISS assembly </td> <td> </td> <td>2 Pallets (F002+F010) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> </td> <td><i>Columbia</i> </td> <td>March 1, 2002 </td> <td>HST SM 03B </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F009) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a> </td> <td><i>Endeavour</i> </td> <td>March 11, 2008 </td> <td>ISS assembly </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F004) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a> </td> <td><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td>May 11, 2009 </td> <td>HST SM 04 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Pallet (F009) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mission name acronyms: </p> <ul><li>ATLAS: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science</li> <li>ASTRO: Not an acronym; abbreviation for "astronomy"</li> <li>IML: International Microgravity Laboratory</li> <li>LITE: Lidar In-space Technology Experiment</li> <li>LMS: Life and Microgravity Sciences</li> <li>MSL: Materials Science Laboratory</li> <li>SLS: Spacelab Life Sciences</li> <li>SRL: Space Radar Laboratory</li> <li>TSS: Tethered Satellite System</li> <li>USML: U.S. Microgravity Laboratory</li> <li>USMP: U.S. Microgravity Payload</li></ul> <p>Besides contributing to ESA missions, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> each funded their own Space Shuttle and Spacelab missions. Although superficially similar to other flights, they were actually the first and only non-U.S. and non-European human space missions with complete German and Japanese control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-a-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/220px-STS-61-a-patch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/330px-STS-61-a-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/440px-STS-61-a-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Deutschland-1</i> orbital space plane flight, funded by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, included over seven <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a> of German science research equipment.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first West German mission <i>Deutschland 1</i> (Spacelab-D1, DLR-1, NASA designation <a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a>) took place in 1985. A second similar mission, <i>Deutschland 2</i> (Spacelab-D2, DLR-2, NASA designation <a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a>), was first planned for 1988, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>, was delayed until 1993. It became the first German human space mission after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only Japan mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">Spacelab-J</a> (NASA designation <a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a>), took place in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_missions">Other missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a>, October 2000, <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_Mating_Adapter" title="Pressurized Mating Adapter">PMA</a>-3, ( <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a>, December 2001, Lightweight Mission Peculiar Support Structure Carrier (LMC) ( <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a>, March 2008, Pallet ( <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancelled_missions">Cancelled missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancelled missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spacelab-4, Spacelab-5, and other planned Spacelab missions were cancelled due to the late development of the Shuttle and the <i>Challenger</i> disaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacelab in payload bay during STS-90"><img alt="Spacelab in payload bay during STS-90" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg/120px-Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg/180px-Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg/240px-Sunrise_over_Spacelab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spacelab in payload bay during <a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shuttle Columbia during STS-9 with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay"><img alt="Shuttle Columbia during STS-9 with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/118px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/177px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/236px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> during <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrated cutaway of orbiter and lab"><img alt="Illustrated cutaway of orbiter and lab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg/120px-Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg/180px-Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg/240px-Spacelab-in-shuttle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrated cutaway of orbiter and lab</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Spacelab_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/German_Spacelab_03.JPG/220px-German_Spacelab_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/German_Spacelab_03.JPG/330px-German_Spacelab_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/German_Spacelab_03.JPG/440px-German_Spacelab_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab LM2 in Speyer, Germany (2008)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg/220px-D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg/330px-D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg/440px-D1_ex_ei_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A golden-colored egg floating weightless on the Spacelab D1 mission, due to the continuous free-fall of being in orbit creating a <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity environment</a> on the spacecraft, 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>The legacy of Spacelab lives on in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">MPLMs</a> and the systems derived from it. These systems include the <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">ATV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus spacecraft">Cygnus spacecraft</a> used to transfer payloads to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a> modules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spacelab 2 mission surveyed 60% of the galactic plane in infrared in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-ipac.caltech.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipac.caltech.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacelab was an extremely large program, and this was enhanced by different experiments and multiple payloads and configurations over two decades. For example, in a subset of just one part of the Spacelab 1 (STS-9) mission, no less than eight different imaging systems were flown into space. Including those experiments, there was a total of 73 separate experiments across different disciplines on the Spacelab 1 flight alone. Spacelab missions conducted experiments in materials, life, solar, astrophysics, atmospheric, and Earth science.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Spacelab represents a major investment on the order of one billion dollars from our European friends. But its completion marks something equally important: The commitment of a dogged, dedicated, and talented team drawn from ESA Governments, universities, and industries who stuck with it for a decade and saw the project through. We are proud of your perseverance and congratulate you on your success.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>NASA Administrator, 1982<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagram,_Spacelab_Module_and_Pallet"><span id="Diagram.2C_Spacelab_Module_and_Pallet"></span>Diagram, Spacelab Module and Pallet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagram, Spacelab Module and Pallet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG/650px-Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="650" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG/975px-Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG/1300px-Cel%C3%BD_spacelab_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3932" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Spacelab layout showing tunnel, pressurized Module and Pallet:<br /> 1-transitional and connecting tunnel between orbiter and Spacelab<br /> 2-payload space hinges<br /> 3-footstalks<br /> 4-experimental unit<br /> 5-hyperbaric (?) modules<br /> 6-external platform<br /> 7-infrared telescope<br /> 8-device for research Earth's magnetic field<br /> 9-payload space of orbiter<br /> 10-back side of front part of orbiter</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab module">Spacehab module</a> (various, not to be confused with Spacelab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine#Track_listing" title="The Man-Machine">Spacelab</a>, a 1978 song by <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Space_Shuttle/Spacelab">"Spacelab"</a>. ESA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab&rft.pub=ESA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FSpace_Shuttle%2FSpacelab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord 1987, pp. 24–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf">Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "... Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf">Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880009991.pdf"><i>Spacelab: An International Success Story</i> Foreword by NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portree-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortree2017" class="citation web cs1">Portree, David S.F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2017/03/nasa-seeks-to-pep-up-shuttlespacelab.html">"Spaceflight History: NASA Johnson's Plan to PEP Up Shuttle/Spacelab (1981)"</a>. <i>Spaceflight History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+History&rft.atitle=Spaceflight+History%3A+NASA+Johnson%27s+Plan+to+PEP+Up+Shuttle%2FSpacelab+%281981%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflighthistory.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fnasa-seeks-to-pep-up-shuttlespacelab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/23796-spacelab-space-shuttle-30-years-anniversary.html">"Spacelab: Space Shuttle Flew Europe's First Space Module 30 Years Ago"</a>. Space.com. 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab%3A+Space+Shuttle+Flew+Europe%27s+First+Space+Module+30+Years+Ago&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F23796-spacelab-space-shuttle-30-years-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spacelab-users-guide-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spacelab-users-guide_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770007242/downloads/19770007242.pdf#page=17">"Spacelab Users Guide: A Short Introduction to Spacelab and Its Use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> & <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 1977. p. 14. N77-14185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124152807/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770007242/downloads/19770007242.pdf#page=17">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab+Users+Guide%3A+A+Short+Introduction+to+Spacelab+and+Its+Use&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=ESA+%26+NASA&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19770007242%2Fdownloads%2F19770007242.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Angelo2013" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Angelo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSzfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA393"><i>Dictionary of Space Technology</i></a>. Routledge. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94402-5"><bdi>978-1-135-94402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Space+Technology&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94402-5&rft.au=Joseph+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSzfAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaylerBurgess2007" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TweEC3h633AC&pg=PA433"><i>NASA's Scientist-Astronauts</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006nasa.book.....S">2006nasa.book.....S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49387-9"><bdi>978-0-387-49387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Scientist-Astronauts&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006nasa.book.....S&rft.isbn=978-0-387-49387-9&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTweEC3h633AC%26pg%3DPA433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_Historical_Data_Book-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Historical_Data_Book_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c39sVNPngJoC&pg=PA225"><i>NASA Historical Data Book</i></a>. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0891-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0891-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0891-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Spaceflight&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0891-9&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGumSybNfFQC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLP-D1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLP-D1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation.technomuses.ca/media/press_releases/20sep12/">"Spacelab pallet completes its long journey arriving at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab+pallet+completes+its+long+journey+arriving+at+the+Canada+Aviation+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation.technomuses.ca%2Fmedia%2Fpress_releases%2F20sep12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-STS46-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA-STS46_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA-STS46_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_hands_over_a_piece_of_space_history">"ESA hands over a piece of space history"</a>. ESA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+hands+over+a+piece+of+space+history&rft.pub=ESA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FOperations%2FESA_hands_over_a_piece_of_space_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/exhibitions/spacelab-pallet-3462">"Spacelab Pallet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab+Pallet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fspacelab-pallet-3462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/23796-spacelab-space-shuttle-30-years-anniversary.html">"Spacelab: Space Shuttle Flew Europe's First Space Module 30 Years Ago"</a>. Space.com. 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab%3A+Space+Shuttle+Flew+Europe%27s+First+Space+Module+30+Years+Ago&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F23796-spacelab-space-shuttle-30-years-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS-book-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HS-book_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_A._Angelo2007" class="citation book cs1">Joseph A. Angelo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanspaceflight0000ange/page/272"><i>Human Spaceflight</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+European+science+laboratory+in+Earth+orbit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesamultimedia.esa.int%2Fdocs%2Fcolumbus%2Fnewspaper%2FESA_ColumbusLab_newspaper_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/03-Walz_Cygnus_Beyond_Low-Earth_Orbit.pdf">"Cygnus Beyond Low-Earth Orbit – Logistics and Habitation in Cis-Lunar Space"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cygnus+Beyond+Low-Earth+Orbit+%E2%80%93+Logistics+and+Habitation+in+Cis-Lunar+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2F03-Walz_Cygnus_Beyond_Low-Earth_Orbit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/spacelab">"Spacelab - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab+-+eoPortal+Directory+-+Satellite+Missions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.eoportal.org%2Fweb%2Feoportal%2Fsatellite-missions%2Fs%2Fspacelab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/EP-165/ch1.htm">"chapter 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FEP-165%2Fch1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacelab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918002441/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/spacelab.html">Archived</a> 18 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/EP-165/contents.htm">Spacelab: An International Short-Stay Orbiting Laboratory, NASA-EP-165 on NASA.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/contents.htm">Science in Orbit: The Shuttle & Spacelab Experience, 1981–1986, NASA-NP-119 on NASA.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/spacelab_shuttle.html">Spacelab Payloads on Shuttle Flights on NASA.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/97">James Downey Collection, UAH Archives and Special Collections</a> files of James A. Downey III, project manager for Spacelab payloads</li> <li>Lord, Douglas R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=385517&id=1&qs=Ntt%3DSapcelab%252Bstory%26Ntk%3DTitle%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchall%26N%3D0%26Ns%3DHarvestDate%257c1"><i>Spacelab An international success story</i>, NASA-SP-487</a> NASA, January 1, 1987</li> <li>SLP/2104-2: Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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orbiter">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacelab</a> <small>(ESA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> <small>(CSA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA <small>(engine test article)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li> <li>Ares <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_human_spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template talk:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_human_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Scientific_Research_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="ESA Scientific Research on the International Space Station">ISS research</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/88px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/132px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/176px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_(8182061318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/88px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/132px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/176px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/88px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/132px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/176px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/88px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/132px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/176px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-based research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Mars_Analog_Svalbard_Expedition" title="Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition">AMASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station#Winterovers" title="Concordia Station">Concordia winterovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Mars_Analog_Research_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="European Mars Analog Research Station">Euro-MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELiSSA" title="MELiSSA">MELiSSA</a></li> <li><i>Zero-G</i> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-MS">Soyuz-MS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DC4EU" class="mw-redirect" title="DC4EU">DC4EU</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">European Service Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired and cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-M" title="Soyuz TMA-M">Soyuz TMA-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mission highlights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromir" title="Euromir">Euromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a> programme</li> <li>Modules <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">European Retrievable Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Camera" title="Faint Object Camera">Faint Object Camera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacelab</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">Deutschland-2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethered_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethered Satellite System">Tethered Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_logo_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/20px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/30px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/40px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2007Orbital_launches_in_20082009_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2007Orbital_launches_in_20082009_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">← 2007</a></div><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2008</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight">2009 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuraya#Satellites" title="Thuraya">Thuraya 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TecSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TecSAR">TecSAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_AM-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress AM-33">Ekspress AM-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-63" title="Progress M-63">Progress M-63</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_5" title="Thor 5">Thor 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINDS" title="WINDS">Kizuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV"><i>Jules Verne</i> ATV</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō ELM-PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacelab MD002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-200" title="USA-200">USA-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-14" title="AMC-14">AMC-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-201" title="USA-201">USA-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T11_(satellite)" title="T11 (satellite)">DirecTV-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendrell_Corporation#G1_satellite" title="Pendrell Corporation">ICO G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/NOFS" title="C/NOFS">C/NOFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasat-1" title="Vinasat-1">Vinasat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_C2" title="Star One C2">Star One C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian I-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE" title="GIOVE">GIOVE-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">Cartosat-2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin-8" title="Rubin-8">Rubin-8</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AAUSat-2" title="AAUSat-2">AAUSat-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-6</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Compass-1" title="Compass-1">Compass-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD_II" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD II">CUTE-1.7 + APD II</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Delfi-C3" title="Delfi-C3">Delfi-C3</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SEEDS-2" title="SEEDS-2">SEEDS-2</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos-3">Amos-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-64" title="Progress M-64">Progress M-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_18" title="Galaxy 18">Galaxy 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2437 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2437</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2438 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2438</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2439 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2439</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yubileiny" title="Yubileiny">Yubileiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 3A</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)#Pressurized_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō PM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ChinaSat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5C" title="Skynet 5C">Skynet 5C</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_3A" title="Türksat 3A">Türksat 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM29 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM29</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM37 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM37</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM38 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM38</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM39 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM39</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM40 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM40</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM41 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2440" title="Kosmos 2440">Kosmos 2440</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization#Arabsat-4" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Badr-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 25">ProtoStar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_XI" title="EchoStar XI">EchoStar XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2441" title="Kosmos 2441">Kosmos 2441</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trailblazer_(satellite)" title="Trailblazer (satellite)">Trailblazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/NanoSail-D" title="NanoSail-D">NanoSail-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRESat" title="PRESat">PRESat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Explorers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-C2" title="Superbird-C2">Superbird-C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC-21" title="AMC-21">AMC-21</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_2008_Safir_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August 2008 Safir launch failure (page does not exist)">Omid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-4_F3" title="Inmarsat-4 F3">Inmarsat-4 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachys_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachys (satellite) (page does not exist)">Tachys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mati (satellite) (page does not exist)">Mati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choma_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choma (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choros_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choros (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochia_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochia (satellite) (page does not exist)">Trochia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1A (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1B (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-65" title="Progress M-65">Progress M-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq-4" title="Nimiq-4">Nimiq-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2442" title="Kosmos 2442">Kosmos 2442</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2243 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2243</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2444" title="Kosmos 2444">Kosmos 2444</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Banxing" title="Banxing">Banxing-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratsat">Ratsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEOS_(satellite)" title="THEOS (satellite)">THEOS</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">MIP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venesat-1" title="Venesat-1">Venesat-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuang_Xin_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuang Xin 1B (page does not exist)">Chuang Xin 1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Weixing_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Weixing 3 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Weixing 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1M" title="Astra 1M">Astra 1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2445" title="Kosmos 2445">Kosmos 2445</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Leonardo MPLM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSSC-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSSC-1 (page does not exist)">PSSC-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-01M" title="Progress M-01M">Progress M-01M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2446" title="Kosmos 2446">Kosmos 2446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird_13C" title="Hot Bird 13C">Hot Bird 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_48D" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat 48D">Eutelsat W2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2447" title="Kosmos 2447">Kosmos 2447</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2448" title="Kosmos 2448">Kosmos 2448</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2449" title="Kosmos 2449">Kosmos 2449</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&oldid=1247484183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&oldid=1247484183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crewed_space_observatories" title="Category:Crewed space observatories">Crewed space observatories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_hardware_returned_to_Earth_intact" title="Category:Space hardware returned to Earth intact">Space hardware returned to Earth intact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_science" title="Category:Space science">Space science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_program" title="Category:Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2022" title="Category:Use British English from February 2022">Use British English from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2022">Use dmy dates from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 13:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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