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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fez, Morocco</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Fez,_Morocco" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fes" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FES_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="FES (disambiguation)">FES</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Fez or Fes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fɛz/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فاس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: fās) is a city in northern inland <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Fez-Meknes" title="Fez-Meknes">Fez-Meknes administrative region</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">largest cities in Morocco</a>, with a population of 1.256 million, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_census" title="Moroccan census">census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census-2">[2]</a> Located to the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>, it is surrounded by hills and the old city is centered around the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Fez River</a> (Oued Fes) flowing from west to east. Fez has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> of the West" and the "<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> of Africa". It is also considered the spiritual and cultural capital of Morocco. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Fez</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">فاس</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The facade of the University of al-Qarawiyyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg/275px-University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg/413px-University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg/550px-University_karaouiyine_of_fes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_el-Makhzen_(King%27s_Palace),_Fes_(8958091984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The gates of the Royal Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg/275px-Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg/413px-Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg/550px-Dar_el-Makhzen_%28King%27s_Palace%29%2C_Fes_%288958091984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1674"></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_of_Fes,_Marocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking out across the Medina of Fez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg/275px-Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg/413px-Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg/550px-Medina_of_Fes%2C_Marocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2694"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From the top down: <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque/University</a>, gates of the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)">Royal Palace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el Bali</a> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> the Medina of Fez.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fez is located in Morocco"><img alt="Fez is located in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="995"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.656%;left:65.997%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Fez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Fez</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Fez within Morocco</div>Show map of Morocco</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fez is located in Africa"><img alt="Fez is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.48%;left:27.482%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Fez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Fez</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Fez (Africa)</div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fez,_Morocco&params=34_02_36_N_05_00_12_W_region:MA-Fes_type:city">(1,100,000) 34°02′36″N 05°00′12″W / 34.04333°N 5.00333°W / 34.04333; -5.00333</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fez-Meknes" title="Fez-Meknes">Fez-Meknes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">789</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Abdeslam Bekkali</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mouaad Jamai</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">320 km2 (120 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-L34-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">414 m (1,358 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-census-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,256,172</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">3rd in Morocco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,570/km2 (9,250/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Fessi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+212 (53)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Medina of Fez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Founded under <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid rule</a> during the 8th–9th centuries <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, Fez initially consisted of two autonomous and competing settlements. Successive waves of mainly Arab immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>) in the early 9th century gave the nascent city its Arab character. After the downfall of the Idrisid dynasty, other empires came and went until the 11th century when the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> united the two settlements into what is today's <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el-Bali</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Old Fes') quarter, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Medina of Fez. Under Almoravid rule, the city gained a reputation for religious scholarship and mercantile activity. Fez reached its zenith in the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> era (13th–15th centuries), regaining its status as political capital. Numerous new <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> were constructed, many of which survive today, while other structures were restored. These buildings are counted among the hallmarks of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architectural styles</a>. In 1276 the Marinid sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub</a> also founded the royal administrative district of <a href="/wiki/Fes_Jdid" title="Fes Jdid">Fes Jdid</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'New Fez'), where the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)">Royal Palace (Dar al-Makhzen)</a> is still located today, to which <a href="/wiki/Mosara_Garden" title="Mosara Garden">extensive gardens</a> were later added. During this period the Jewish population of the city grew and the <a href="/wiki/Mellah_of_Fez" title="Mellah of Fez">Mellah</a> (Jewish quarter) was formed on the south side of this new district. After the overthrow of the Marinid dynasty, the growth of Fez stalled and the city subsequently competed with Marrakesh for political and cultural influence. It became the capital again under the <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawi</a> dynasty up until 1912. The city consists of two old <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina quarters</a>, Fes el-Bali and Fes Jdid, and the much larger modern urban Ville Nouvelle area founded during the <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">French colonial</a> era. The Medina of Fez is listed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and is one of the world's largest and oldest urban <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> (car-free areas). It contains the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a> which was founded in 857 and is the oldest continuously functioning institute of higher education in the world. It also contains the <a href="/wiki/Chouara_Tannery" title="Chouara Tannery">Chouara Tannery</a> from the 11th century, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanneries</a> in the world. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Foundation_and_the_Idrisids">2.1 Foundation and the Idrisids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Almoravids,_Almohads_and_Marinids">2.2 Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Saadis_and_'Alawis">2.3 Saadis and 'Alawis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Colonial_period">2.4 Colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-independence_era">2.5 Post-independence era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Location">3.1 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Language">4.1 Language</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Government">6 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Landmarks">7 Landmarks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Medina_of_Fez">7.1 Medina of Fez</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Places_of_worship">7.2 Places of worship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Madrasas">7.3 Madrasas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tombs_and_mausoleums">7.4 Tombs and mausoleums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Fortifications">7.5 Fortifications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tanneries">7.6 Tanneries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Historic_palaces_and_residences">7.7 Historic palaces and residences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Gardens">7.8 Gardens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Funduqs_(historic_merchant_buildings)">7.9 Funduqs (historic merchant buildings)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Hammams_(bathhouses)">7.10 Hammams (bathhouses)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Ville_Nouvelle">7.11 Ville Nouvelle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Literature">8.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Arts">8.2 Arts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Music">8.2.1 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Cultural_venues_and_institutions">8.3 Cultural venues and institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Festivals">8.4 Festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sport">8.5 Sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Infrastructure">9 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Parks">9.1 Parks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Transport">9.2 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Utilities">9.3 Utilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Education">10 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#International_relations">11 International relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Notable_people">12 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">14 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Citations">14.1 Citations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name of the city in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is فاس Fās (or ڢاس in traditional <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi script</a>), from which the English names Fez, Fès, and Fas are derived. According to some traditions, the city's name comes from the Arabic word فأس Faʾs, meaning <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxe</a>. Various legends have been reported to explain this etymology. One tells the story of a gold pickaxe found on site during the city's construction, while another claims that <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a> used a silver and gold pickaxe to dig alongside his workers.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Another account reported by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a> claims that an ancient city named "Sef" had previously existed on the site and that Idris I reversed the letters of this name to create the name "Fes".<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 26–27 <a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-2016-5">[5]</a> During the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> (788 to 974), Fez consisted of two cities: Fās, founded by Idris I,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and al-ʿĀliyá, founded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris II</a>. During this period the capital city was known as al-ʿĀliyá, with the name Fās being reserved for the separate site on the other side of the river. No Idrisid coins have been found with the name Fez, only al-ʿĀliyá and al-ʿĀliyá Madinat Idris. It is not known whether the name al-ʿĀliyá ever referred to both urban areas. The two cities were united in 1070 and the name Fās was used for the combined site.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Fez" title="History of Fez">History of Fez</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Fez" title="Timeline of Fez">Timeline of Fez</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_the_Idrisids">Foundation and the Idrisids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation and the Idrisids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fes.JPG/220px-Fes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fes.JPG/220px-Fes.JPG" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fes.JPG/330px-Fes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fes.JPG/440px-Fes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of Fes el-Bali and the <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Moulay_Idris_II" title="Zawiya of Moulay Idris II">Zawiya of Moulay Idris II</a>, which commemorates Idris II, one of the founders of Fez</figcaption></figure> The city was first founded in 789 as Madinat Fas on the southeast bank of the Jawhar River (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Fez River</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a>. Idris I was an <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> who was forced to flee the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fakhkh" title="Battle of Fakhkh">failed revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, eventually moving to northern Morocco and conquereing much of the area.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> His son, <a href="/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a> built a settlement called al-ʿĀliyá on the opposing river bank in 809 and moved his capital here from <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Walili (Volubilis)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 83 The early population was composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, along with hundreds of Arab warriors from <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> who made up Idris II's entourage.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 35, 41 <a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 82 Arab immigration to Fez increased afterwards. <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> families of mixed <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> who were expelled from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> after a rebellion in 817–818 against <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_I" title="Al-Hakam I">al-Hakam I</a>, were one major component of the immigrant population. These families mainly settled in Madinat Fas.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 46–47 The immigrants from Kairouan and al-Andalus gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Adwat_Al-Andalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Adwat Al-Andalus (page does not exist)">'Adwat Al-Andalus</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:عدوة الأندلسيين">ar</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Adwat_al-Qarawiyyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin (page does not exist)">'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:عدوة القرويين">ar</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 51 The city also had a prominent <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Jewish community</a>, probably consisting of <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berbers who had previously converted to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, as well as a small remaining <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of al-ʿĀliyá, known as Funduq el-Yihoudi (near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Bab_Guissa" title="Bab Guissa">Bab Guissa</a> gate).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 42–44 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg/220px-2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="2623"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg/220px-2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg/330px-2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg/440px-2008-03-25_Universit%C3%A4t_al-Qaraw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin Mosque">Qarawiyin Mosque</a>, founded in 859</figcaption></figure> Following the death of Idris II in 828 the region was divided among his sons. The eldest, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris" title="Muhammad ibn Idris">Muhammad</a>, received Fez, but some of his brothers attempted to break away from his leadership, resulting in an internecine conflict. Although the Idrisid realm was eventually reunified and enjoyed a period of peace under <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ali ibn Muhammad">Ali ibn Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Muhammad" title="Yahya ibn Muhammad">Yahya ibn Muhammad</a>, it fell into decline again in the late 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Eustache-2012-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_(page_10_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="2833"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A page from a 16th-century manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawḍ al-Qirṭās</a>, a book about the history of Fes under the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Banu Zanata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 10th century, the city was contested by the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Umayyad Caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (Tunisia), who ruled the city through a host of <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> clients.<a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 88–91 <a href="#cite_note-Eustache-2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987c-20">[20]</a>: 63–64, 74–75 The Fatimids took the city in 927 and expelled the Idrisids definitively, after which their <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> (one of the Zenata tribes) were installed there. The city, along with much of northern Morocco, continued to change hands between the proxies of Córdoba and the proxies of the Fatimids for many decades. Following another successful invasion by <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a> in 979 and a brief period of Fatimid control, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Almanzor" title="Almanzor">Al-Mansur</a> of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a> managed to retake the region again, expelling the Fatimids permanently.<a href="#cite_note-Eustache-2012-17">[17]</a> From 980 (or from 986<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>), Fez was ruled by a Zenata dynasty from the Maghrawa tribe, who were allies of the Caliphate of Córdoba. They maintained this control even after the Caliphate's collapse in the early 11th century and until the arrival of the Almoravids.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 91 Fez continued to grow under Zenata control, even though conflicts between its two settlements, Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá, flared up during periods of political rivalry. <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Atiyya" title="Ziri ibn Atiyya">Ziri ibn Atiyya</a>, the first ruler of the new dynasty, had a troubled reign.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 50 However, Ibn Atiyya's descendant Dunas ibn Hamama, ruling between 1037 and 1049, was responsible for improving the city's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Madani-1999-22">[22]</a> He developed much of Fez's <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes#The_historic_water_network_of_Fes_el-Bali" title="Oued Fes">water supply system</a>, which has largely survived up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-Madani-1999-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcos_Cobaleda-2018-23">[23]</a> Other structures built in his time included <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a> (bathhouses), mosques, and the first bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Oued Bou Khrareb</a> (mostly rebuilt in later eras).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 51 <a href="#cite_note-Madani-1999-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaillard-1905a-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tourisme_F%C3%A8s-2021-25">[25]</a> The two cities became increasingly integrated: the open space between the two was filled up by new houses and up to six bridges across the river allowed for easier passage between them.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 36 A decade after Dunas, between 1059 and 1061, the two cities were ruled separately by two brothers who were rival Zenata <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> that fought with each other: al-ʿĀliyá was controlled by an emir named Al-Gisa and Madinat Fas was controlled by Al-Fetouh. Both brothers fortified their respective shores, and their names have been preserved in two of the city's gates to this day: Bab Guissa (or Bab Gisa) in the north and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Ftouh" title="Bab Ftouh">Bab Ftouh</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Gaillard-1905b-26">[26]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 50, 53, 110 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almoravids,_Almohads_and_Marinids">Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1069–1070 (or possibly a few years later<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a>), Fez was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>. In the same year of this conquest, Yusuf ibn Tashfin unified Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá into one city. The walls dividing them were destroyed, bridges connecting them were built or renovated, and a new circuit of <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Fez" title="Fortifications of Fez">walls</a> was constructed that encompassed both cities. A <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> (Arabic term for "<a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>") was built at the western edge of the city (just west of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Bou_Jeloud" title="Bab Bou Jeloud">Bab Bou Jeloud</a> today) to house the city's governor and garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 53 <a href="#cite_note-Marcos_Cobaleda-2018-23">[23]</a> Although the capital was moved to Marrakesh under the Almoravids, Fez acquired a reputation for <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> legal scholarship and remained an important centre of trade and industry.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 52–54 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 17–18 Almoravid impact on the city's structure was such that Yusuf ibn Tashfin is sometimes considered to be the second founder of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg/220px-Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg/220px-Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg/330px-Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg/440px-Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Fez" title="Fortifications of Fez">city walls</a> on the north side of Fes el-Bali, which were rebuilt during the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> period (12th-13th century)</figcaption></figure> In 1145 the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> besieged and conquered the city during the Almohad overthrow of the Almoravids. Due to the ferocious resistance they encountered from the local population, the Almohads demolished the city's fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-Marcos_Cobaleda-2018-23">[23]</a> However, due to Fez's continuing economic and military importance, the Almohad <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> ordered the reconstruction of the ramparts.<a href="#cite_note-Gaillard-1905b-26">[26]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Marcos_Cobaleda-2018-23">[23]</a>: 606 The walls were completed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> in 1204,<a href="#cite_note-Gaillard-1905b-26">[26]</a>: 36 giving them their definitive shape and establishing the perimeter of Fes el-Bali to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-Marcos_Cobaleda-2018-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 19 The Almohads built the Kasbah Bou Jeloud on the site of the former Almoravid kasbah<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 56 and also built the first kasbah occupying the site of the current <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_An-Nouar" title="Kasbah An-Nouar">Kasbah an-Nouar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 72 <a href="#cite_note-Gaillard-1905b-26">[26]</a>: 109 Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 19 During the 12th century, the city was one of the largest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> with an estimated population of 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> By 1200, Fez and Cairo had probably become the largest Muslim cities.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medersa_Bouinania_(588782572).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interior facade of Bou Inania Madrasa in daylight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg/220px-Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg/220px-Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg" data-alt="Interior facade of Bou Inania Madrasa in daylight" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg/330px-Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg/440px-Medersa_Bouinania_%28588782572%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a>, the most important madrasa built by the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a> in Fes (14th century)</figcaption></figure> In 1250, Fez regained its status as the capital under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a>. The city reached its golden age in the Marinid period.<a href="#cite_note-O'Meara-2004-32">[32]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 61–78 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 20 In 1276, an anti-Marinid revolt resulted in a massacre of the Jewish community that was stopped by the intervention of the ruler <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rguig-2014-34">[34]</a> Following the revolt, Abu Yusuf Yaqub founded <a href="/wiki/Fes_Jdid" title="Fes Jdid">Fes Jdid</a> as the new administrative and military centre. Under the Marinids, many of the principal monuments in the medina were built and the city established its reputation as an important intellectual centre.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 61–78 <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Between 1271 and 1357 seven <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> were built, which are among the best examples of Moroccan architecture and some of the most richly decorated monuments in Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Mar%C3%A7ais-1954-36">[36]</a>: 285–289, 291–293 <a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kubisch-2011-38">[38]</a>: 312–314 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black-and-white group photograph of Moroccan Jews in Fez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jews_of_Fez.jpg/220px-Jews_of_Fez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jews_of_Fez.jpg/220px-Jews_of_Fez.jpg" data-alt="Black-and-white group photograph of Moroccan Jews in Fez" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jews_of_Fez.jpg/330px-Jews_of_Fez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jews_of_Fez.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Jews of Fez</a> photographed in the 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Mellah_of_Fez" title="Mellah of Fez">Mellah</a> was the traditional Jewish quarter of the city since the 15th century.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> of Fez, the <a href="/wiki/Mellah_of_Fez" title="Mellah of Fez">Mellah</a>, was created in Fes Jdid at some point during the Marinid period. The exact date and circumstances of its formation are not firmly established,<a href="#cite_note-Garc%C3%ADa-Arenal-1987-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rguig-2014-34">[34]</a> but many scholars date the transfer of the Jewish population from Fes el-Bali to the new Mellah to the 15th century, a period of political tension and instability. In particular, Jewish sources describe the transfer as a consequence of the rediscovery of Idris II's body in the heart of the city in 1437, which caused the surrounding area—if not the entire city—to acquire a holy (haram) status, requiring that non-Muslims be removed from the area.<a href="#cite_note-Garc%C3%ADa-Arenal-1987-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zafrani-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilson_Miller-2001a-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Layashi-2018-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jewish community</a> had initially consisted of indigenous local Jews (known as the <a href="/wiki/Toshavim" title="Toshavim">Toshavim</a>) but these were joined by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardic Jews</a> fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a>) in subsequent generations, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Muslims_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal">1496 expulsion of Jews from Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chetrit-2014-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1465 Moroccan revolt">1465 Moroccan revolt</a> overthrew the last Marinid <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>. In 1472 the <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a>, another Zenata dynasty which had previously served as <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a> under the Marinid sultans, succeeded as rulers of Morocco from Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987c-20">[20]</a>: 114–115 <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> They perpetuated the structure of the Marinid state and continued its policies, but were unable to control all of Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-O'Meara-2004-32">[32]</a>: 15 <a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987c-20">[20]</a>: 207–209 They did not contribute significantly to the physical fabric of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-O'Meara-2013-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saadis_and_'Alawis">Saadis and 'Alawis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saadis and 'Alawis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg/220px-Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg/220px-Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg/330px-Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg/440px-Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borj_Nord" title="Borj Nord">Borj Nord</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a> fortress built in the 16th century overlooking Fez from the north</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century the <a href="/wiki/Saadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadis">Saadis</a>, a dynasty claiming <a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">prophetic heritage</a>, rose to power in southern Morocco and challenged the Wattasids. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> came close to Fez after its conquest of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. In January 1549, the Saadi sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed ash-Sheikh">Mohammed ash-Sheikh</a> took Fez and ousted the last Wattasid sultan <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abu_Hassun" title="Ali Abu Hassun">Ali Abu Hassun</a>. The Wattasids later <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1554)" title="Capture of Fez (1554)">retook the city</a> in 1554 with Ottoman support, but this reconquest was short-lived and later that same year the Wattasids were decisively defeated by the Saadis.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 157 The Ottomans attempted to invade Morocco after the assassination of Mohammed ash-Sheikh in 1558, but were stopped by his son <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> north of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 158 After the death of Abdallah al-Ghalib a new power struggle emerged. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik</a>, Abdallah's brother, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1576)" title="Capture of Fez (1576)">captured Fez with Ottoman support</a> and ousted his nephew <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Abu Abdullah</a> from the throne. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcacer_Quibir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alcacer Quibir">Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin</a> (also known as Battle of the Three Kings) in which Abd al-Malik's army defeated an invading Portuguese army, ensuring Moroccan independence. Abd al-Malik was killed during the battle and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a> (r. 1578–1603).<a href="#cite_note-V%C3%A9ronne-2012-46">[46]</a> The Saadis, who used Marrakesh again as their capital, did not lavish much attention on Fez, with the exception of the ornate ablutions pavilions added to the Qarawiyyin Mosque's courtyard during their time.<a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1968-47">[47]</a>: 70 Perhaps as a result of persistent tensions with the city's inhabitants, the Saadis built a number of new forts and <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> around the city which appear to have been aimed at keeping control over the local population.<a href="#cite_note-49">[a]</a> After the long reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, the Saadi state fell into civil war between his sons and potential successors. Fez became a rival seat of power for a number of brothers vying against other family members ruling from Marrakesh. Both cities changed hands multiple times until the internecine conflict finally ended in 1627.<a href="#cite_note-V%C3%A9ronne-2012-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Despite the reunification of the realm after 1627, the Saadis were in full decline and Fez had already suffered considerably from the repeated conquests and reconquests during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a> In 1641, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Hajj_ibn_Abu_Bakr_al-Dila%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i">Muhammad al-Haj</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaouia_of_Dila" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia of Dila">Dilā' Sufi order</a> occupied Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Gottreich-2020-51">[50]</a>: 88 The time was particularly difficult for Fessi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Gottreich-2020-51">[50]</a>: 88 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_Castle_Court.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fes_Castle_Court.png/220px-Fes_Castle_Court.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fes_Castle_Court.png/220px-Fes_Castle_Court.png" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fes_Castle_Court.png/330px-Fes_Castle_Court.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fes_Castle_Court.png/440px-Fes_Castle_Court.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Patio of <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Moulay Rashid</a> (17th century) inside the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)">Royal Palace of Fez</a> (photo from 1922)</figcaption></figure> It was only when the founder of the <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Moulay Rashid</a>, took Fez in 1666 that the city saw a revival and became the capital again, albeit briefly.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 25 Moulay Rashid set about restoring the city after a long period of neglect. He built the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Cherarda" title="Kasbah Cherarda">Kasbah Cherarda</a> (also known as the Kasbah al-Khemis) to the north of Fes Jdid in order to house a large part of his tribal troops.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 84 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 25 He also restored or rebuilt what became known as the Kasbah an-Nouar, which became the living quarters of his followers from the <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a> region (the 'Alawi dynasty's ancestral home).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 84 <a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 72–73 Moulay Rashid also built a large new madrasa, the <a href="/wiki/Cherratine_Madrasa" title="Cherratine Madrasa">Cherratine Madrasa</a>, in 1670.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-37">[37]</a> After Rashid's death, Fez underwent another dark period. <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Isma'il</a>, his successor, apparently disliked the city—possibly due to a rebellion there in his early reign—and chose nearby <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknès</a> as his capital instead.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 84 Although he did restore or rebuild some major monuments in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Moulay_Idris_II" title="Zawiya of Moulay Idris II">Zawiya of Moulay Idris II</a>, he also frequently imposed heavy taxes on the city's inhabitants and sometimes even forcibly transferred parts of its population to repopulate other cities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 84–85 After his death, Morocco was plunged into anarchy and decades of conflict between his sons who vied to succeed him. Fez suffered particularly from repeated conflicts with the Udayas (or Oudayas), a <a href="/wiki/Guich" title="Guich">guich</a> tribe (vassal tribe serving as a garrison and military force) previously installed in the Kasbah Cherarda by Moulay Isma'il. Sultan Moulay Abdallah, who reigned intermittently during this period and used Fez as a capital, was initially welcomed in 1728–29 as an enemy of the Udayas, but relations between him and the city's population quickly soured due to his choice of governor. He immediately built a separate fortified palace in the countryside, <a href="/wiki/Dar_Dbibegh" title="Dar Dbibegh">Dar Dbibegh</a>, where he resided instead. For nearly three more decades the city remained in more or less perpetual conflict with both the Udayas and the 'Alawi sultans.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 85–86 Starting with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah</a>, between 1757 and 1790, the country stabilized and Fez finally regained its fortunes. Although its status was partly shared with Marrakesh, it remained the capital of Morocco for the rest of the 'Alawi period up to the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 88 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 25–26 The 'Alawis continued to rebuild or restore various monuments and undertook a series of extensions to the Royal Palace.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-52">[51]</a> The sultans and their entourages also became more and more closely associated with the elites of Fez and other urban centers, with the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> (religious scholars) of Fez being particularly influential. After Moulay Slimane's death, powerful families from Fez became the main players of the country's political and intellectual scene.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 242–247 The <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a> Sufi order, started by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> (d. 1815), has had its spiritual center in Fez since al-Tijani moved here from Algeria in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 244 The order spread quickly among the literary elite of North West Africa and its ulama had significant religious, intellectual, and political influence in Fez and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Until the 19th century the city was the only source of <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fezzes</a> (also known as the tarboosh).<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_mechouar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_mechouar.jpg/220px-New_mechouar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_mechouar.jpg/220px-New_mechouar.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_mechouar.jpg/330px-New_mechouar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_mechouar.jpg/440px-New_mechouar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The New <a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco" title="Hassan I of Morocco">Moulay Hassan I</a> in the late 19th century at the northern entrance to Fes Jdid and the Royal Palace; on the left is the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makina" title="Dar al-Makina">Dar al-Makina</a>, dating from the same time</figcaption></figure> The last major change to Fez's topography before the 20th century was made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco" title="Hassan I of Morocco">Moulay Hassan I</a> (1873–1894), who finally connected Fes Jdid and Fes el-Bali by building a walled corridor between them.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 89 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 25–26 New gardens and summer palaces, used by the royals and the capital's high society, were built within the corridor, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jnan_Sbil_Gardens" title="Jnan Sbil Gardens">Jnan Sbil Gardens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Batha" title="Dar Batha">Dar Batha</a> palace.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 89–90 <a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-52">[51]</a> Moulay Hassan also expanded the old Royal Palace itself, extending its entrance up to the current location of the Old Mechouar while adding the New Mechouar, along with the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makina" title="Dar al-Makina">Dar al-Makina</a>, to the north. The expansion separated the Moulay Abdallah neighbourhood to the northwest from the rest of Fes Jdid.<a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-52">[51]</a> Fez played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Hafidiya" title="Hafidiya">Hafidhiya</a>, the brief civil war that erupted when <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abdelhafid</a> challenged his brother <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abdelaziz</a> for the throne. The ulama of Fez, led by the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> modernist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bin_Abdul-Kabir_Al-Kattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani">Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani</a>, offered their <a href="/wiki/Conditioned_Bay%27ah" title="Conditioned Bay'ah">conditioned support</a> to Abd al-Hafid, which turned the tide of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Abdelaziz was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marrakesh" title="Battle of Marrakesh">Battle of Marrakesh</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">[53]</a>: 76–78 Abdelhafid's reign soon deteriorated and in early 1911 the sultan was besieged in Fez by the tribes of the Middle Atlas. Abdelhafid appealed for French help and a French force under Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89mile_Moinier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Émile Moinier (page does not exist)">Charles Émile Moinier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%89mile_Moinier" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Émile Moinier">fr</a>] arrived in Fez on May 21 and established a command centre at Dar Dbibegh.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987b-16">[16]</a>: 313 <a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">[53]</a>: 78 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_(1912,_Le_Petit_Journal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An illustration of the abdication of Abd al-Hafid published in Le Petit Journal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg/170px-Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg/170px-Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg" data-alt="An illustration of the abdication of Abd al-Hafid published in Le Petit Journal" data-width="170" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg/255px-Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg/340px-Abdication_of_Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The abdication of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abd al-Hafid</a>, Sultan of Morocco in 1912</figcaption></figure> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">French colonial rule</a> was instituted over Morocco following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a>. One immediate consequence was the <a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">1912 riots</a> in Fez, a popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the <a href="/wiki/Mellah_of_Fez" title="Mellah of Fez">Mellah</a>, followed by an even deadlier repression.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirschberg1981-57">[56]</a> The first French resident general, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a>, decided to move the administrative capital of the Protectorate to <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> in 1912–1913, which has remained the capital ever since.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>: 149 <a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> A number of social and physical changes took place during this period and across the 20th century. Starting under Lyautey, one important policy with long-term consequences was the decision to largely forego redevelopment of existing historic walled cities in Morocco and to intentionally preserve them as sites of historic heritage, still known today as "<a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medinas</a>". Instead, the French administration built new modern cities (the <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Villes Nouvelles</a>) just outside the old cities, where European settlers largely resided with modern Western-style amenities. This was part of a larger "policy of association" adopted by Lyautey which favoured various forms of indirect colonial rule by preserving local institutions and elites, in contrast with other French colonial policies that had favoured "assimilation".<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2014-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holden-2008-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-63">[62]</a> The Ville Nouvelle also became known as <a href="/wiki/Dar_Dbibegh" title="Dar Dbibegh">Dar Dbibegh</a> by Moroccans, as the former palace of <a href="/wiki/Moulay_Abdallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulay Abdallah">Moulay Abdallah</a> was located in the same area.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-2012-21">[21]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_City_Modern_(lightened).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg/220px-Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg/220px-Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg/330px-Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg/440px-Fes_City_Modern_%28lightened%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A street in the modern Ville Nouvelle ("New City") of Fez</figcaption></figure>The creation of the separate French Ville Nouvelle to the west had a wider impact on the entire city's development.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-63">[62]</a> While new colonial policies preserved historic monuments, they stalled urban development in heritage areas.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2014-61">[60]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a> has argued that these policies created a kind of urban "apartheid" between the indigenous Moroccan urban areas, who were forced to remain stagnant in terms of urban development and architectural innovation, and the new, mainly European-inhabited planned cities, which expanded to occupy lands formerly used by Moroccans outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a>: 165–166 <a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2014-61">[60]</a> This separation was partly softened, however, by wealthy Moroccans who started moving into the Ville Nouvelles during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005b-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 26 By contrast, the old city (medina) of Fez was increasingly settled by poorer rural migrants from the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 26 Fez also played a role in the Moroccan nationalist movement and in protests against the French colonial regime. Many Moroccan nationalists received their education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Al-Qarawiyyin University</a> and some of their informal political networks were established thanks to this shared educational background.<a href="#cite_note-Wyrtzen-2016-67">[66]</a>: 140, 146 In July 1930, the students and other inhabitants protested against the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Dahir" title="Berber Dahir">Berber Dahir</a>, decreed by the French authorities in May of that year.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyrtzen-2016-67">[66]</a>: 143–144 In 1937, the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and <a href="/wiki/R%27cif_Mosque" title="R'cif Mosque">R'cif Mosque</a> were rallying points for demonstrations against a violent crackdown on Moroccan protesters in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, which ended with French troops being deployed across Fes el-Bali, including at the mosques themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987c-20">[20]</a>: 387–389 <a href="#cite_note-Wyrtzen-2016-67">[66]</a>: 168 Towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Moroccan nationalists gathered in Fez to draft a demand for independence which they submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> on January 11, 1944. This resulted in the arrest of nationalist leaders followed by the violent suppression of protests across many cities, including Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005c-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyrtzen-2016-67">[66]</a>: 255 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_era">Post-independence era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-independence era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After Morocco regained its independence in 1956, many of the trends begun under colonial rule continued and accelerated. Much of Fez's <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> classes moved to the growing metropolises of <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and the capital, Rabat.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a>: 40 The Jewish population was particularly depleted, either moving to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> or emigrating to countries like France, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Although the population of the city grew, it did so only slowly up until the late 1960s, when the pace of growth finally accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005c-69">[68]</a>: 216 Throughout this period Fez nonetheless remained the country's third largest urban center.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005c-69">[68]</a>: 216 Between 1971 and 2000, the population of the city roughly tripled from 325,000 to 940,000, making it the second largest city in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 376 The Ville Nouvelle became the locus of further development, with new peripheral neighbourhoods–with inconsistent housing quality–spreading outwards around it.<a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005c-69">[68]</a> In 1963 the University of Al-Qarawiyyin was reorganized as a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">state university</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lulat_2005,_154%E2%80%931572-71">[70]</a> while a new public university, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohamed_Ben_Abdellah_University" title="Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University">Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University</a>, was founded in 1975 in the Ville Nouvelle.<a href="#cite_note-Times_HE-2020-72">[71]</a> In 1981, the old city, consisting of Fes el-Bali and Fes Jdid, was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2021-73">[72]</a> Social inequalities and economic precarity were accentuated during the repressive reign of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">King Hassan II</a> and the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of Lead</a> (roughly 1975–1990).<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">[53]</a>: 170 Fez was strongly affected by unemployment and lack of housing. Austerity measures led to several riots and uprisings across other cities during the 1980s. On December 14, 1990, a general strike was called and led to protests and rioting by university students and youths in Fez. Buildings were burned and looted, including the Hôtel des Mérinides, a luxury hotel overlooking Fes el-Bali and dating to the time of Lyautey. Thousands were arrested and at least five were killed. The government promised to investigate and raise wages, though some of these measures were dismissed by the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Rivet-2012-14">[14]</a>: 377 <a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Today Fez remains a regional capital and one of Morocco's most important cities. Many of the former notable families of Fez still make up a large part of the country's political elite.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> It is also a major tourism destination due to its historical heritage. In recent years efforts have been underway to restore and rehabilitate the old medina, ranging from the restoration of individual monuments to attempts to rehabilitate the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Fez River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalGrid-2020-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_(16955000775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg/300px-Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="1808"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg/300px-Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="300" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg/450px-Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg/600px-Fez-Sunset_on_the_old_city_%2816955000775%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The walled district of <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el-Bali</a>.</figcaption></figure> The city is divided between its historic <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a> (the two walled districts of <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el-Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fes_Jdid" title="Fes Jdid">Fes Jdid</a>) and the now much larger <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Ville Nouvelle</a> (New City) along with several outlying modern neighbourhoods. The old city is located in a valley along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Oued Fes</a> (Fez River) just above its confluence with the larger <a href="/wiki/Sebou_River" title="Sebou River">Sebou River</a> to the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a> The Fez River takes its sources from the south and west and is split into various small canals which provide the historic city with water. These in turn empty into the Oued Bou Khrareb, the stretch of the river which passes through the middle of Fes el-Bali and separates the Qarawiyyin quarter from the Andalusian quarter.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 232–235 The new city occupies a plateau on the edge of the Saïs <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>. The latter stretches out to the west and south and is occupied largely by farmland. Roughly 15 km south of Fes el-Bali is the region's main airport, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s%E2%80%93Sa%C3%AFs_Airport" title="Fès–Saïs Airport">Fes-Saïs</a>. Further south is the town of <a href="/wiki/Sefrou" title="Sefrou">Sefrou</a>, while the city of <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, the next largest city in the region, is located to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aouchar-2005a-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a> mountains, Fez has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Csa) with a strong continental influence, shifting from relatively cool and wet in the winter to dry and hot days in the summer months between June and September. Rainfall can reach up to 800 mm (31 in) in good years. The winter highs typically reach around 15 °C (59 °F) and winter lows average about 4.5 °C (40 °F) in December–January. Frost is not uncommon during the winter period. The summer highs peak in July and August at approximately 34.5 °C (94 °F) with average lows of 18 °C (64 °F). The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city are 46.7 °C (116 °F) and −8.2 °C (17 °F), respectively. Snowfall on average occurs once every 3 to 5 years. Fez recorded snowfall in three straight years in 2005, 2006 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-voodooskies.com-85">[84]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Fez (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s%E2%80%93Sa%C3%AFs_Airport" title="Fès–Saïs Airport">Fès–Saïs Airport</a>), altitude: 579 m (1,900 ft) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.3 (106.3) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #B80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.6 (115.9) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7 (114.3) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #B80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.6 (115.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.2 (17.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (2.37) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (2.14) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.2 (2.33) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7 (2.15) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.2 (1.50) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (0.44) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (0.87) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9 (2.12) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1 (2.60) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (2.44) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">487.7 (19.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">278.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315.0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F720; color:#000000;" class="notheme">338.0 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">320.4 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.8 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,086.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (sun 1981–2010)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINOOld-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Voodoo skies for extremes,<a href="#cite_note-voodooskies.com-85">[84]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-88">[87]</a>January record high<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Fez </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">Ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;">6 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">8 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">9 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">10 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">10 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">8 </td> <td style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;">6 </td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas <a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-88">[87]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_(New_City)_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg/220px-Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg/220px-Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg/330px-Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg/440px-Cafe_Life_-_Ville_Nouvelle_%28New_City%29_-_Fez_-_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Men at a Café, Fez</figcaption></figure> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_census" title="Moroccan census">national census</a>, the population of the city of Fez was 1,256,172, which includes the municipalities of Fez proper and Méchouar Fès Jdid (New Fès).<a href="#cite_note-census-2">[2]</a> Most of the population was Moroccan, but it also included 3,832 resident foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-census-2">[2]</a> In the 2014 census, the foreigner population of Fez made up 4.2 percent of the total foreigner population of Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The predominant religion in Fez is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In the past the city had a large <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population, but as of 2001, less than 200 Jewish people remain.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The main spoken language in Fez is Arabic <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Darija</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الدارجة المغربية, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Moroccan vernacular'), a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> variety of Arabic. Like the inhabitants of other historical urban centers in Morocco, Ahl Fes (أهل فاس "the people of Fes," referring especially to old elite families) speak their own distinct dialect of Darija.<a href="#cite_note-Hachimi-2012-93">[92]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi dialect</a> has traditionally been regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> over other forms of Moroccan Darija—particularly those seen as rural or 'arūbi (عروبي "of the rural Arabs")—due to its "association with the socio-economic power and dominance that its speakers enjoy at the national level," in the words of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Errihani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Errihani (page does not exist)">Mohammed Errihani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hachimi-2012-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The Fessi dialect has traditionally had distinctive linguistic features. On the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> level, these include the stereotypical use of a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a> (like the American pronunciation of /ɹ/ in the word "red") in the place of a <a href="/wiki/Trilled_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilled r">trilled [r]</a> for /<a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a>/, or a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> in the place of a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> ([<a href="/wiki/G_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="G (IPA)">g</a>]) for /<a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">ق</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-Hachimi-2012-93">[92]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactic">morphosyntactic</a> level, gender distinction in pronouns and verb <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> is neutralized in the second <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> singular.<a href="#cite_note-Hachimi-2012-93">[92]</a> Many of these features were shared with the other "pre-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Hilalian</a>" dialects in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-2002-95">[94]</a>: 5, 24 <a href="#cite_note-96">[b]</a> However, due to social and demographic changes that started in the 20th century such as mass rural migration into the city and the departure of most of the city's old urban elites to Casablanca, these old linguistic features are no longer dominant in the speech of Arabic speakers in Fez today.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath-2002-95">[94]</a>: 5, 24 Prior to the departure of most Jewish residents in the second half of the 20th century, the Jewish community in Fez also spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">an Arabic dialect</a> similar to the rest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-2002-95">[94]</a>: 24 <a href="#cite_note-98">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> (Tamazight) are Morocco's two official state languages, although <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is also widespread as a language of government and law.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The primary language of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">literary traditions</a> of Fes is Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a> While the daily spoken language is Darija (the Moroccan Arabic dialect), many people also speak French fluently. English is increasingly being learned by younger generations. Berber dialects are commonly spoken in the countryside around the city.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fez_Peddler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man selling produce from a cart on the side of a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fez_Peddler.jpg/220px-Fez_Peddler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="2207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fez_Peddler.jpg/220px-Fez_Peddler.jpg" data-alt="A man selling produce from a cart on the side of a street" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fez_Peddler.jpg/330px-Fez_Peddler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fez_Peddler.jpg/440px-Fez_Peddler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Produce peddler in the Old Medina of Fes</figcaption></figure> Historically, the city was one of Morocco's main centers of trade and craftsmanship. The <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> industry, for example, still embodied by <a href="/wiki/Chouara_Tannery" title="Chouara Tannery">tanneries</a> of Fes el-Bali today, was a major source of <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> and economic sustenance since the city's early history.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1935-103">[100]</a> Up until the late 19th century, the city was the only place in the world which fabricated the <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez hat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a> The city's commerce was concentrated along its major streets, like <a href="/wiki/Tala%27a_Kebira" title="Tala'a Kebira">Tala'a Kebira</a>, and around the central <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Kissariat_al-Kifah" title="Kissariat al-Kifah">Kissariat al-Kifah</a> from which many other souqs (markets) branched off.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 112, 122–129 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 52–56 The crafts industry continues to this day and is still focused in the old city, though largely reliant on tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a> Today, the city's surrounding countryside, the fertile Saïss plains, is an important source of agricultural activity producing primarily <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, as well as raising <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Tourism is also a major industry due to the city's UNESCO-listed historic <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a> Religious tourism is also present due to the old city's many major <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiyas</a> (Islamic shrines), such as the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II and the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Sidi_Ahmed_al-Tijani" title="Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani">Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani</a>, which attract both Moroccan and international (especially <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a>) pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> The city and the region still struggle with unemployment and economic precarity.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Two <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">municipalities</a> (Arabic: جماعتين حضريتين, French: communes) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fez_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fez Prefecture (page does not exist)">Fez Prefecture</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:عمالة فاس">ar</a>] (Arabic: عمالة فاس) make up the city of Fez. Most of Fez is administered as the municipality of Fez, while the neighborhood of Fes Jdid is administered separately as the municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid. Outside of the city, there are also three rural municipalities in the prefecture, Aïn Bida, Oulad Tayeb, and Sidi Harazem.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The municipality of Fez has an area of 94 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and recorded a population of 1,091,512 in the 2014 Moroccan census.<a href="#cite_note-census2014-108">[105]</a> It is divided into six arrondissements (مقاطعات): <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Arrondissements of the municipality of Fez </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Arrondissement </th> <th>Area<a href="#cite_note-signoles-109">[106]</a> </th> <th>Population (2014)<a href="#cite_note-census2014-108">[105]</a> </th> <th>Population (2004)<a href="#cite_note-signoles-109">[106]</a> </th> <th>Change </th> <th>Population density (2014) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agdal </td> <td>21.0 km2 (8.1 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,407 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">144,064 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1.2% </td> <td>6,781/km2 (17,560/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Mariniyine </td> <td>13.5 km2 (5.2 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">209,494 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,093 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+9.6% </td> <td>15,520/km2 (40,190/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fès-Médina</a> </td> <td>2.2 km2 (0.85 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,592 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,473 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−22.8% </td> <td>32,100/km2 (83,100/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jnan El Ouard </td> <td>16.3 km2 (6.3 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,011 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">174,226 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+15.4% </td> <td>12,330/km2 (31,940/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saiss </td> <td>20.5 km2 (7.9 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,345 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+32.4% </td> <td>10,114/km2 (26,200/sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zouagha </td> <td>20.5 km2 (7.9 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,663 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,291 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+59.6% </td> <td>12,413/km2 (32,150/sq mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> The municipality of Fez is governed by a 91-member council, elected by direct universal suffrage every six years.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The arrondissements of Zouagha and Marininyine elect 17 councillors each; Jnane El Ward and Saiss elect 16 councillors each; Agdal elects 13, and Fès-Médina elects 12.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Executive power is wielded by a president and ten vice-presidents, which are elected by the council.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> In 2021, Abdeslam Bekkali, a member of the National Rally of Independents (RNI), succeeded Driss Azami El Idrissi as the new president of the municipality of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid consists of the neighborhood of Fes Jdid in the old city and forms an enclave within the municipality of Fez. Established in 1992, it is only 1.6 square kilometres (0.62 sq mi) in extent,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> and recorded a population of 20,560 in the 2014 census.<a href="#cite_note-census2014-108">[105]</a> The municipality possesses a special administrative status as the location of a royal palace (the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Makhzen_(Fez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)">Dar al-Makhzen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">méchouar</a>), one of four such municipalities (French: communes des méchouars) in Morocco. The other three are located in Casablanca, Marrakesh, and Rabat. These four municipalities are governed by special provisions that do not apply to ordinary municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-signoles-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The subdivisions of Fez Prefecture are grouped into two <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral districts</a>, North Fez and South Fez, each of which elects four members to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives</a>. North Fez consists of the arrondissements of El Mariniyine, Fès-Médina, and Zouagha and the municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid. South Fez consists of the other three arrondissements of Agdal, Jnan El Ouard, and Saiss, and the three rural municipalities outside the city of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Landmarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Fez" title="Architecture of Fez">Architecture of Fez</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medina_of_Fez">Medina of Fez</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medina of Fez" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fes_Jdid" title="Fes Jdid">Fes Jdid</a></div> The historic city of Fez consists of Fes el-Bali, the original city on both shores of the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Fes" title="Oued Fes">Oued Fes</a> (River of Fez), and the smaller Fez Jdid, founded on higher ground to the west in the 13th century. It is distinct from Fez's now much larger Ville Nouvelle (new city). Fes el-Bali is the oldest continuously inhabited <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">walled city</a> in the Arab world,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> and one of the largest and oldest urban <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> (car-free areas) in the whole world.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> It is the site of the famous Qarawiyyin University and the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II, the most important religious and cultural sites, while Fez el-Jdid is the site of the 195 acre Royal Palace,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> still used by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a> today. These two historic cities are linked together and are usually referred to together as the "medina" of Fez, though this term is sometimes applied more restrictively to Fes el-Bali only.<a href="#cite_note-125">[d]</a> Fez is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination and many non-Moroccans are now restoring traditional houses (<a href="/wiki/Moroccan_riad" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan riad">riads</a> and dars) as second homes in the medina. In 1981, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>) designated Medina of Fez a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage site</a>, describing it as "one of the most extensive and best conserved historic towns of the Arab-Muslim world."<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2021-73">[72]</a> It was the first site in Morocco to be granted this status.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Fes_(5364676502).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Fes el-Bali"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6267" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="1200" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg/1800px-Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg/2400px-Panorama_of_Fes_%285364676502%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Fes_(5364676502).jpg" title="File:Panorama of Fes (5364676502).jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of Fes el-Bali</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Places of worship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_(5364764412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interior of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II showing elaborate decorative architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/220px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/220px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg" data-alt="Interior of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II showing elaborate decorative architecture" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/330px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/440px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II in Fes el-Bali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interior of the Al Fassiyin Synagogue showing pillars and a chandelier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg/220px-Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg/220px-Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg" data-alt="Interior of the Al Fassiyin Synagogue showing pillars and a chandelier" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg/330px-Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg/440px-Slat_El_Fassiyine_Synagogue_18022021_007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Fassiyin_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fassiyin Synagogue">Al-Fassiyin Synagogue</a> in the Mellah</figcaption></figure> There are numerous historic <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in the medina, some of which are part of a madrasa or <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiya</a>. Among the oldest still standing today are the Mosque of al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 857 and subsequently expanded,<a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1968-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Andalusians" title="Mosque of the Andalusians">Mosque of the Andalusians</a> founded in 859–860,<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1942a-129">[125]</a>: 7 the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Jeloud_Mosque" title="Bou Jeloud Mosque">Bou Jeloud Mosque</a> from the late 12th century,<a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1964-130">[126]</a> and possibly the Mosque of the Kasbah en-Nouar (which may have existed in the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> period but was likely rebuilt much later<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>). The very oldest mosques of the city, dating back to its first years, were the Mosque of the Sharifs (or Shurafa Mosque) and the Mosque of the Sheikhs (or <a href="/wiki/Al-Anouar_Mosque" title="Al-Anouar Mosque">al-Anouar Mosque</a>); however, they no longer exist in their original form. The Mosque of the Sharifs was the burial site of <a href="/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris II</a> and evolved into the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II that exists today, while the al-Anouar Mosque has left only minor remnants.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 33 A number of mosques from the important Marinid era, when Fes Jdid was created to be the capital of Morocco, include the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Fes_el-Jdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid">Great Mosque of Fez el-Jdid</a> from 1276, the <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Mosque" title="Abu al-Hasan Mosque">Abu al-Hasan Mosque</a> from 1341,<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chrabliyine_Mosque" title="Chrabliyine Mosque">Chrabliyine Mosque</a> from 1342,<a href="#cite_note-Ar2-132">[128]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamra_Mosque" title="Al-Hamra Mosque">al-Hamra Mosque</a> from around the same period.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bab_Guissa_Mosque" title="Bab Guissa Mosque">Bab Guissa Mosque</a> was also founded in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan</a> (1331–1351), but modified in later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-37">[37]</a> Other major mosques from the more recent 'Alawi period are the <a href="/wiki/Moulay_Abdallah_Mosque" title="Moulay Abdallah Mosque">Moulay Abdallah Mosque</a>, built in the early to mid-18th century with the tomb of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_of_Morocco" title="Abdallah of Morocco">Moulay Abdallah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mar%C3%A7ais-1954-36">[36]</a>: 391 and the <a href="/wiki/R%27cif_Mosque" title="R'cif Mosque">R'cif Mosque</a>, built in the reign of Moulay Slimane (1793–1822).<a href="#cite_note-El_Mghari-2017-134">[130]</a> The Zawiya of Moulay Idris II and the Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani include mosque areas as well, as do several other prominent zawiyas in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 118–131 <a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 132–133 The Ville Nouvelle also includes many modern mosques, the largest of which is the Imam Malik Mosque which opened in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Elsewhere, the Jewish quarter (Mellah) is the site of the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Al_Fassiyine_Synagogue" title="Al Fassiyine Synagogue">Al-Fassiyin Synagogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Danan_Synagogue_(Fes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Danan Synagogue (Fes)">Ibn Danan Synagogue</a>, as well multiple other lesser-known synagogues, though none of them are functioning today.<a href="#cite_note-Gilson_Miller-2001a-41">[41]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a> there are only 150 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a> remaining in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, the only Catholic church in Fez, was established in 1919 or 1920, during the French colonial period. The current building was constructed in 1928 and expanded in 1933. Today it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rabat" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rabat">Archdiocese of Rabat</a>, and it was most recently restored in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrasas">Madrasas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Madrasas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interior facade of Al-Attarine Madrasa, showing ornate decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg/220px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5350" data-file-height="3567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg/220px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg" data-alt="Interior facade of Al-Attarine Madrasa, showing ornate decoration" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg/330px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg/440px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_YAC_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Al-Attarine Madrasa</a> built in 1323–1325 in Fes el-Bali</figcaption></figure> The al-Qarawiyyin was established in 857 by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a>, originally as a mosque, now a university.<a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1942b-143">[139]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-144">[140]</a>: 40 It is the oldest existing and continually operating degree-awarding educational institution in the world according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2021-73">[72]</a> The Marinid dynasty devoted great attention to the construction of madrasas following the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a>, resulting in the unprecedented prosperity of the city's religious institutions. The first madrasa built during the Marinid era was the <a href="/wiki/Saffarin_Madrasa" title="Saffarin Madrasa">Saffarin Madrasa</a> in Fes el-Bali by Sultan Abu Yusuf in 1271.<a href="#cite_note-Kubisch-2011-38">[38]</a>: 312 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan</a> was the most prolific patron of madrasa construction, completing the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Al-Attarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesbahiyya_Madrasa" title="Mesbahiyya Madrasa">Mesbahiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahrij_Madrasa" title="Sahrij Madrasa">Sahrij</a> Madrasas. His son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Abu Inan Faris</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a>, and by the time of his death, every major city in the Marinid Empire had at least one madrasa.<a href="#cite_note-Pe-146">[142]</a> The library of al-Qarawiyyin, which holds a large collection of manuscripts from the medieval era, was also established under Marinid rule around 1350.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 148 It is widely believed to be the oldest library in the world that is still open.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The largest madrasa in the medina is <a href="/wiki/Cherratine_Madrasa" title="Cherratine Madrasa">Cherratine Madrasa</a>, which was commissioned by the 'Alawi sultan Al-Rashid in 1670 and is the only major non-Marinid foundation besides the Madrasa of al-Qarawiyyin.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombs_and_mausoleums">Tombs and mausoleums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tombs and mausoleums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Interior of the mausoleum of Ahmad al-Tijani showing chandeliers, a decorated gate, and archways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg/170px-Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg/170px-Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg" data-alt="Interior of the mausoleum of Ahmad al-Tijani showing chandeliers, a decorated gate, and archways" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg/255px-Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg/340px-Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_F%C3%A8s_-_grille.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> (d. 1815) in the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Sidi_Ahmed_al-Tijani" title="Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani">Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani</a> in Fes el-Bali</figcaption></figure> Located in the heart of Fes el-Bali, the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II is a zawiya (a shrine and religious complex; also spelled zaouia), dedicated to and containing the tomb of Idris II (or Moulay Idris II when including his <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">sharifian</a> title) who is considered the main founder of the city of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Fes-2007b-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987a-149">[145]</a>: 51 Another well-known and important zawiya is the Zawiyia of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani, which commemorates Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani, the founder of Tijaniyyah <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a> from the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> A number of zawiyas are scattered elsewhere across the city, many containing the tombs of important <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> saints or scholars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Sidi_Abdelkader_al-Fassi" title="Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi">Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiya_of_Sidi_Ahmed_esh-Shawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi (page does not exist)">Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Sidi_Taoudi_Ben_Souda" title="Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda">Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vimercati_Sanseverino-2014-151">[147]</a>: 579 <a href="#cite_note-Skali-2007-152">[148]</a>: 62, 149 The old city contains several major historic cemeteries which stand outside the walls of Fes el-Bali, namely the cemeteries of Bab Ftouh (the most significant), Bab Mahrouk, and Bab Guissa. Some include marabouts or domed structures, containing the tombs of local Muslim saints (often considered Sufis), for example the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Sidi_Harazem" title="Mausoleum of Sidi Harazem">Marabout of Sidi Harazem</a> in the Bab Ftouh Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 114, 468, 604 The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Tombs" title="Marinid Tombs">Marinid Tombs</a>, built during the 14th century as a necropolis for the Marinid sultans, are close to the Bab Guissa Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 8 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fortifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Fez" title="Fortifications of Fez">Fortifications of Fez</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes-Morocco_59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fes-Morocco_59.jpg/220px-Fes-Morocco_59.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fes-Morocco_59.jpg/220px-Fes-Morocco_59.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fes-Morocco_59.jpg/330px-Fes-Morocco_59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fes-Morocco_59.jpg/440px-Fes-Morocco_59.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>City walls of Fez (northern section).</figcaption></figure> The entire medina of Fez was heavily fortified with <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">crenelated</a> walls with watchtowers and gates, a pattern of urban planning which can be seen in Salé and <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Pe-146">[142]</a> The oldest sections of the walls today, on the north side of Fes el-Bali, date back to the Almohad period.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 36 The gates of Fez, scattered along the circuit of walls, were guarded by the military detachments and shut at night.<a href="#cite_note-Pe-146">[142]</a> Some of the main gates have existed, in different forms, since the earliest years of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 40–58 The oldest gates today, and historically the most important ones of Fes el-Bali, are <a href="/wiki/Bab_Mahrouk" title="Bab Mahrouk">Bab Mahrouk</a> (in the west), Bab Guissa (in the northeast), and Bab Ftouh (in the southeast).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 56, 109, 123, 126, 138, 142 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 36–41 The main gates of Fes Jdid include <a href="/wiki/Bab_Dekkakin" title="Bab Dekkakin">Bab Dekkakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_Semmarine" title="Bab Semmarine">Bab Semmarine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Amer" title="Bab al-Amer">Bab al-Amer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-52">[51]</a> In modern times, the function of gates became more ceremonial rather than defensive, as reflected by the 1913 construction of the decorative Bab Bou Jeloud gate at the western entrance of Fes el-Bali by the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French colonial administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 42 Several forts were constructed along the defensive perimeters of the medina during different time periods. A "kasbah" in the context of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebi">Maghrebi</a> region is the traditional military structure for fortification, military preparation, command and control. Some of them were occupied as well by citizens, certain tribal groups, and merchants. Throughout the city's history, 13 kasbahs were constructed.<a href="#cite_note-As-153">[149]</a> Among them is the Kasbah an-Nouar, the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Tamdert" title="Kasbah Tamdert">Kasbah Tamdert</a>, and the Kasbah Cherarda.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 36–37 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 105–108 The Saadis also built a number of bastions and forts in the late 16th century including <a href="/wiki/Borj_Nord" title="Borj Nord">Borj Nord</a> and its sister fort, <a href="/wiki/Borj_Sud" title="Borj Sud">Borj Sud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 84, 105 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanneries">Tanneries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tanneries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_(41497450044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large open-air vats of color dyes with tannery workers amongst them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg/220px-Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg/220px-Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg" data-alt="Large open-air vats of color dyes with tannery workers amongst them" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg/330px-Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg/440px-Chouara_Tannery_-_156_-_Marokko_Handybilder_2018_-_Fes_%2841497450044%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Leather tanning in <a href="/wiki/Chouara_Tannery" title="Chouara Tannery">Chouara Tannery</a></figcaption></figure> Since the city's foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> industry has been continually operating in Fez and is considered one of the main tourist attractions. There are three tanneries in the city, largest among them is <a href="/wiki/Chouara_Tannery" title="Chouara Tannery">Chouara Tannery</a> near the Saffarin Madrasa along the river. The tanneries are packed with the round stone wells filled with dye or white liquids for softening the <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a>. The leather goods produced in the tanneries are exported around the world.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> The two other major tanneries are the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Moussa_Tannery" title="Sidi Moussa Tannery">Sidi Moussa Tannery</a> to the west of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Azliten_Tannery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain Azliten Tannery (page does not exist)">Ain Azliten Tannery</a> in the neighbourhood of the same name on the northern edge of Fes el-Bali.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 220 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_palace_in_Fes_(5364773212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg/220px-Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg/220px-Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg/330px-Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg/440px-Kings_palace_in_Fes_%285364773212%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gates of the 'Alawi Royal Palace (Dar al-Makhzen)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_palaces_and_residences">Historic palaces and residences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historic palaces and residences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many old private residences have also survived to this day, in various states of conservation. The typical traditional house (dar) is centered around an internal courtyard. Some of these houses also had internal gardens known as a <a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">riad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-158">[154]</a>: 55–75 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 495–496 Such private houses include the Dar al-Alami,<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> the Dar Saada (now a restaurant), <a href="/wiki/Dar_Adiyel" title="Dar Adiyel">Dar 'Adiyil</a>, Dar Belghazi, and others. Larger and richer mansions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mnebhi_Palace" title="Mnebhi Palace">Dar Mnebhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_Moqri" title="Dar Moqri">Dar Moqri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamai_Palace" title="Jamai Palace">Jamai Palace</a>, have also been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 103–156 Numerous traditional houses, popularly known as "riads", are now utilized as hotels for the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The Jamai Palace was converted into a luxury hotel, known as Palais Jamaï, in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Histoire_du_Maroc-2021-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 116 The lavish former mansion of the <a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Glaoui</a> clan, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Glaoui" title="Dar Glaoui">Dar Glaoui</a>, is partly open to visitors but still privately owned.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> As a former capital, the city contains several royal palaces as well. Dar Batha is a former palace completed by the 'Alawi Sultan Abdelaziz. In 1915 it was turned into a museum of historical art and artifacts, containing around 6,000 pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Mezzine-2021-163">[159]</a> A large area of Fes Jdid is also taken up by the 80-hectare Royal Palace, or Dar al-Makhzen. Its ornate gates built in 1969–71 are the main feature visible to the public. Its grounds are not open to the public, as they are still used by the King of Morocco when visiting the city.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-164">[160]</a>: 148 <a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_El-Beida,_Fez,_Marocco_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1,_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg/220px-Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="3497"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg/220px-Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg/330px-Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg/440px-Dar_El-Beida%2C_Fez%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%2C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dar_el-Beida,_Fez" title="Dar el-Beida, Fez">Dar el-Beida</a> gate</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jnan_Sbil_Gardens" title="Jnan Sbil Gardens">Jnane Sbile Garden</a>, between Fes Jdid and Fes el-Bali, is the oldest surviving garden in Fez and was created as a royal park and garden in the 19th century by Sultan Moulay Hassan I.<a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 296 <a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 100 <a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Many bourgeois and aristocratic mansions also had private gardens, especially in the southwestern part of Fes el-Bali.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 124, 482 Other gardens also exist within the grounds of the historic royal palaces of the city, such as the Agdal and Lalla Mina Gardens in the Royal Palace or the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Dar_el-Beida,_Fez" title="Dar el-Beida, Fez">Dar el-Beida</a> (originally attached to Dar Batha).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 90, 97 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003a-13">[13]</a>: 154, 294–296 <a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-164">[160]</a>: 150 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funduqs_(historic_merchant_buildings)">Funduqs (historic merchant buildings)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Funduqs (historic merchant buildings)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The old city of Fez includes more than a hundred funduqs or foundouks (traditional inns, or urban <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>). These commercial buildings housed the workshops of artisans or provided lodging for merchants and travelers.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 318 They also frequently served as venues for other commercial activities such as markets and auctions.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 190–191, 280, 307–308 The <a href="/wiki/Funduq_al-Najjarin" title="Funduq al-Najjarin">Funduq al-Najjarin</a> was built in the 18th century by Amin Adiyil to provide accommodation and storage for merchants and now houses the Nejjarine Museum of Wooden Arts & Crafts.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 134 Other major important examples include the <a href="/wiki/Funduq_Shamma%27in" title="Funduq Shamma'in">Funduq Shamma'in</a> (also spelled Foundouk Chemmaïne) and the <a href="/wiki/Funduq_Staouniyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Funduq Staouniyyin">Funduq Staouniyyin</a> (or Funduq of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tetouanis</a>), both dating from the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> era or earlier, and the <a href="/wiki/Funduq_Sagha" title="Funduq Sagha">Funduq Sagha</a> which is contemporary with the Funduq al-Najjariyyin.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-L'%C3%89conomiste-2016-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qantara-2021-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Idrissi_El_Omari-2017-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammams_(bathhouses)">Hammams (bathhouses)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hammams (bathhouses)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marocco_Fez(26855722427).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/220px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/220px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/330px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/440px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rooftop view of the domes of the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Saffarin" title="Hammam Saffarin">Saffarin Hammam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:N1-170">[166]</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Place_Seffarine" title="Place Seffarine">Place Seffarine</a></figcaption></figure> Fez has preserved many of its historic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a> (public bathhouses in the Muslim world) which continue to be used by local people.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-2006-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raftani-2008-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Examples, all dating from around the 14th century, include the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Saffarin" title="Hammam Saffarin">Hammam as-Saffarin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Mokhfiya" title="Hammam al-Mokhfiya">Hammam al-Mokhfiya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Ben_Abbad" title="Hammam Ben Abbad">Hammam Ben Abbad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terrasse-1950-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-2006-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raftani-2008-172">[168]</a> They were generally built next to a well or natural spring which provided water, while the sloping topography of the city allowed for easy drainage.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-2006-171">[167]</a> The layout of the traditional hammam in the region was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman bathhouse</a> model, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">changing room</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">cold room</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">warm room</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">hot room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-2006-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raftani-2008-172">[168]</a> Though their architecture can be very functional, some of them, like the Hammam as-Saffarin and the Hammam al-Mokhfiya, feature more decoration. The hammams are identifiable from the exterior by the domes and vaults above their main chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-2006-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ville_Nouvelle">Ville Nouvelle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ville Nouvelle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A pedestrian area with benches surrounded by trees between two roadways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg/220px-Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg/220px-Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg" data-alt="A pedestrian area with benches surrounded by trees between two roadways" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg/330px-Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg/440px-Fes_Avenue_Hassan_II_DSCF6332.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Avenue Hassan II in the Ville Nouvelle (New City)</figcaption></figure> The Ville Nouvelle is centered around Avenue Hassan II, a wide street laid out by the French colonial administration after 1912 and known then as Avenue de France.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 139 A tree-lined park area runs along its middle between the lanes for car traffic. At the avenue's northeastern end is Place de la Résistance (originally called Place Gambetta), a large <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> with a fountain at its center.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassa-2016-177">[173]</a>: 82 Further south along the same avenue is Place Florence (originally Place Lyautey), a wide plaza planted with trees and originally designed as a public garden.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassa-2016-177">[173]</a>: 82 At the southwest end of the avenue is Place Ahmed El Mansour (originally Place Galliéni).<a href="#cite_note-Hassa-2016-177">[173]</a>: 82 During the colonial period the main public buildings of the city were erected along and around this main avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 139 Buildings from this period were constructed in a mix of mauresque (<a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">neo-Moorish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 172–192 On the south side of Place Florence is the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank al-Maghrib</a> building, built between 1928 and 1931 by architect René Canu.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 181 Nearby, on the east side of Avenue Hassan II, is the Central Post Office building. The first post office here was built in 1925 and 1927 by architect Edmond Pauty, but it was rebuilt and expanded in its current form by architect Emile Toulon in 1946–1947.<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 433 The <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Court of Appeals</a> building, located southwest of the post office, was constructed in 1934–1936 by architects Adrien Laforgue and Antoine Marchisio and it originally housed the Court of First Instance (<a href="/wiki/Tribunal_d%27instance" title="Tribunal d'instance">Tribunal de première instance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jelidi-2012-1-175">[171]</a>: 181 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Fez is considered the spiritual and cultural heart of Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2021-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 17–18 It is often called the "<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> of the West" and the "<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> of Africa."<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of a book, Dala'il al-Khayrat, opened to a middle page." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1945"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of a book, Dala'il al-Khayrat, opened to a middle page." data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A copy of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jazuli" title="Muhammad al-Jazuli">Muhammad al-Jazuli's</a> Sufi text <a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a>, a book of prayers first written in Fes in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> Up until the 19th century, the al-Qarawiyyin dominated the intellectual life of the city and of the country around it. Literature was focused on religious scholarship, philosophy, and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 475–476 The city's largest library was located at the Qarawiyyin Mosque, while others were attached to other major mosques. Under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Abd al-Rahman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1822–1859) a new library was created inside the Royal Palace and later in the 19th century the city's wealthy elites began creating their own privates libraries.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 472–473 The city is also one of the historical centers of Moroccan Sufism and a significant body of written works were devoted to its many Sufi <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a>s ("saints" or teachers). This type of literature established itself as one of the main literary genres of Morocco by the late 14th century and Sufi written works from Fez are especially abundant from the 17th to 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Sanseverino-2014-186">[182]</a>: 54, 108 A study by Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino describes the rise of the Zawiya al-Fasiyya, a Sufi order founded in 1581 by <a href="/wiki/Abu_l-Mahasin_Yusuf_al-Fasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu l-Mahasin Yusuf al-Fasi">Abu l-Mahasin Yusuf al-Fasi</a>, as the impetus for the development of a tradition of Sufi literature particular to Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Sanseverino-2014-186">[182]</a>: 109, 297 This literature was a diverse mix of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> (religious <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biographies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographies</a> whose conventions evolved over time. Writers sought to establish a continuity between the teachings of contemporary Sufi masters and those that came before them, with the city of Fez portrayed as the center of this spiritual heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Sanseverino-2014-186">[182]</a> Towards the beginning of the 20th century Moroccan literature began to diversify, with polemic or political works becoming more common at this time. For example, there were <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bin_Abdul-Kabir_Al-Kattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani">Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani's</a> anti-colonial periodical <a href="/w/index.php?title=At-T%C4%81%27%C5%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="At-Tā'ūn (page does not exist)">at-Tā'ūn</a> (الطاعون The Plague), and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ja%CA%BFfar_al-Katt%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar al-Kattānī">Muhammad ibn Jaqfar al-Kattani's</a> popular Nasihat ahl al-Islam ("Advice to the People of Islam"), published in Fez in 1908, both of which called on Moroccans to unite against European encroachment.<a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">[53]</a>: 68, 86 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_(1516_Fez).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg/170px-Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg/170px-Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="170" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg/255px-Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg/340px-Sefer_Abudarham_from_Library_of_Congress_%281516_Fez%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Table of calculations from a copy of the <a href="/wiki/David_Abudirham" class="mw-redirect" title="David Abudirham">Sefer Abudraham</a> printed in Fez in 1516, the first book printed in Africa<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> Fez, along with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>, was one of the centers of a Jewish intellectual and cultural renaissance that took place in the 10th and 11th centuries in Morocco and al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-Gilson_Miller-2001a-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chetrit-2014-43">[43]</a> Jewish literary figures associated with Fez include the poet <a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash Ben Labrat</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 990), the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_David_Hayyuj" title="Judah ben David Hayyuj">Judah ben David Hayyuj</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1012), the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudist</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac al-Fasi</a> (d. 1103), and the scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_ibn_Aknin" title="Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin">Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220), who were all born in Fez or spent time there.<a href="#cite_note-Chetrit-2014-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (d. 1204), one of the most important Jewish intellectuals of his era, also lived in Fez from 1159 to 1165 after fleeing al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-Gilson_Miller-2001a-41">[41]</a> The first book <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> on the African continent was printed in Fez. A copy of <a href="/wiki/David_Abudirham" class="mw-redirect" title="David Abudirham">Sefer Abudarham</a> (ספר אבודרהם) was printed in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> in 1516 by Samuel ben Isaac Nedivot and his son, who were Jewish refugees from Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The press was short-lived and printed 15 copies, one of which is now preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deshen-1989-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a>: 99 Printing in Arabic was introduced to Morocco in 1864–65, on the initiative of a man named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_at-Tayyib_ar-Rudani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad at-Tayyib ar-Rudani (page does not exist)">Muhammad at-Tayyib ar-Rudani</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:محمد ابن الطيب الروداني">ar</a>], an Islamic scholar and judge originally from the Sous region. In 1864 Ar-Rudani, while returning from his <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage, bought an Arabic printing press in Cairo and contracted an Egyptian operator, bringing both back with him to Morocco. The press appears to have been confiscated by the Moroccan authorities when it arrived at port and sent to Meknes, where Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Muhammad IV</a> was residing at the time. The first book in Arabic was thus printed in Meknes in June 1865, before the press was moved again to Fez in that same year, where it continued to operate until the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a>: 110–115 The press was installed in a central neighbourhood of Fes el-Bali and was managed by the government, which printed traditional scholarly books and made some of the productions available to the Qarawiyyin University free of charge. After 1871 the government transferred management of the press to private citizens and the applications of printing widened.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a>: 119–128, 140 After 1897 it became a regulated industry overseen by officials in Fez.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a>: 134–139 By 1908 there were at least four printing establishments in Fez, while two other Moroccan printers were in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulrazak-1990-101">[98]</a>: 139 Hebrew printing presses were reintroduced to Morocco in the 1890s in Tangier and were more firmly established across the country in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deshen-1989-192">[188]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg/220px-Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg/220px-Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg/330px-Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg/440px-Embarco_moriscos_en_el_Grao_de_valencia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expulsion of the Moriscos</a> from Valencia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Arabic calligraphy in black ink on white paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="3428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" data-alt="Arabic calligraphy in black ink on white paper" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/330px-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/440px-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> calligrapher and scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bin_Al-Qasim_al-Qundusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi">Muhammad Bin Al-Qāsim al-Qundūsi</a> (d. 1861) developed his unique calligraphic style in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-IslamKotob-2019-194">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi Arabic script</a> is an important part of the history of visual art in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> While some aspects of Maghrebi script are codified and prescribed, there have also been innovations, such as those by the 19th century calligrapher <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bin_Al-Qasim_al-Qandusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qandusi">Muhammad al-Qandusi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rahim1996-196">[192]</a> Fez remains the most important production center in Morocco for the art of <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> (traditional mosaic tilework) .<a href="#cite_note-:1-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-198">[194]</a> Zellij workshops in other cities, such as Meknes, Salé and Marrakesh, usually follow or emulate the craftsmanship style of Fez.<a href="#cite_note-:5-198">[194]</a> The modernist artist <a href="/wiki/Jilali_Gharbaoui" title="Jilali Gharbaoui">Jilali Gharbaoui</a> studied at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Arts_(F%C3%A8s)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie des Arts (Fès) (page does not exist)">Académie des Arts</a> in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-Barjeel-2017-199">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fes is associated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āla (page does not exist)">tarab al-āla</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:موسيقى الآلة">ar</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: طرب الآلة, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'joy of the instrument') musical style, a result of a large migration of Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> to Fes.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The Fessi āla style utilizes the Moroccan forms of the <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a> melodical arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> While this musical style is sometimes popularly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusi music">Andalusi music</a>, those who have studied it reject this naming: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_El_Fassi" title="Mohamed El Fassi">Mohamed El Fassi</a> intentionally chose the name āla (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: آلة, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'instrument') to differentiate it from the Sufi tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">samā</a>, which is purely vocal, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idr%C4%ABs_Bin_Jell%C5%ABn_at-Tw%C4%ABm%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idrīs Bin Jellūn at-Twīmī (page does not exist)">Idrīs Bin Jellūn at-Twīmī</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Driss_Touimi_Benjelloun" class="extiw" title="fr:Haj Driss Touimi Benjelloun">fr</a>], in his study of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Haik" title="Mohammed al-Haik">Mohammed al-Haik's</a> Kunash al-Haik (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كناش الحائك), described the appellation "Andalusi music" as an unprecedented colonial invention "meant to detract from [the musical form's] Arabness and [Moroccans'] intellectual and artistic abilities."<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_venues_and_institutions">Cultural venues and institutions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cultural venues and institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city's main museums are housed in historic monuments mentioned above, including the Nejjarine Museum, the Dar Batha Museum, and the Arms Museum in Borj Nord.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> The Al Houria Cultural Complex, opened in 2005, is a cultural center in the Ville Nouvelle that includes a theatre, a media library, and exhibition spaces.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Several language institutes in Fez also organize cultural activities in addition to offering courses. The <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">French Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Cervantes Institute</a> have branches in Fez which promote French and Spanish, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> The American Language Center and the Arabic Language Institute in Fez, sister organizations that share the same location in the Ville Nouvelle, offer courses in English and Arabic, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Concert stage with a band performing and the gate of Bab Dekkakin in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG/220px-FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG/220px-FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG" data-alt="Concert stage with a band performing and the gate of Bab Dekkakin in the background" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG/330px-FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG/440px-FESTIVAL_FES_2102_ARCHIE_SHEPP.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Performance at the <a href="/wiki/World_Sacred_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sacred Music Festival">World Sacred Music Festival</a> in 2012 (Bab Dekkakin in the background)</figcaption></figure> Fez hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Sacred_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sacred Music Festival">World Sacred Music Festival</a>, which started in 1994 and showcases <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a> from around the world. The festival occurs in May or June and concerts take place at multiple venues across the city, including at historic sites such as Bab Makina (the New Mechouar) in Fes Jdid.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> The annual Festival of Amazigh Culture, which started in 2005, normally takes place in July and hosts performances from Amazigh (Berber) musicians and artists from across Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The annual Festival of Sufi Culture hosts a conference with discussions and debates on Sufism as well as Sufi musical performances and rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">haḍra</a>s.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The Festival of Malhoun Art features performances of <a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">malhun</a> music and poetry from across the country.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Multiple <a href="/wiki/Mawsim" title="Mawsim">moussems</a> (Sufi religious festivals) have traditionally taken place every year in honour of local Muslim saints and are typically sponsored by one or more of the city's <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. The most important moussem in the city, and one of the most important in Morocco, is the Moussem of Moulay Idris II. This festival has taken place for hundreds of years<a href="#cite_note-221">[e]</a> and is sponsored by all the guilds in the city, who march through the city together in a procession that culminates at the mausoleum of Idris II. Each guild donates gifts to the zawiya, one of which is a keswa, a large textile decorated with Qur'anic verses that is draped over Idris II's <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">catafalque</a>. The week of the moussem is also marked by other cultural events and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019b-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">[4]</a>: 86, 130 <a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 301–302 The Fez Running Festival is race that has taken place annually since 2022 with two competitions, one for kids and one for adults. It is organized by <a href="/wiki/Abderrahime_Bouramdane" title="Abderrahime Bouramdane">Abderrahime Bouramdane</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> runner who was born and raised in Fez. The festival sees thousands of participants every year who run a course that goes throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fez has two <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams, <a href="/wiki/MAS_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS Fez">MAS Fez</a> (Fés Maghrebi)<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wydad_de_F%C3%A8s" title="Wydad de Fès">Wydad de Fès</a> (WAF).<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> They both play in the <a href="/wiki/Botola" title="Botola">Botola</a> the highest tier of the Moroccan football system and play their home matches at the 45,000 seat <a href="/wiki/Complexe_Sportif_de_F%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexe Sportif de Fès">Complexe Sportif de Fès</a> stadium.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Fez is one of the cities expected to host matches during the <a href="/wiki/2030_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2030 FIFA World Cup">2030 FIFA World Cup</a> and there are plans to upgrade its sports stadium before this date.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> It is also expected to host matches during the <a href="/wiki/2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2025 Africa Cup of Nations">2025 Africa Cup of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MAS_Fez_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS Fez basketball team">MAS Fez basketball team</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/Nationale_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationale 1">Nationale 1</a>, Morocco's top basketball division.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The availability of <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">green spaces</a> in Fez is limited and significantly deviates from the international standard, which calls for a minimum of ten square meters of green space per resident. As of 2022, the city provides only two square meters of green space per resident.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> Latin American Park is a park opened in the summer of 2015 that sits in the middle of Fez. It is around 3,700 square metres in area and employs about 40 workers. The park is dedicated to the relations of Fez and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>; its inauguration ceremony was attended by a delegation of ambassadors from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. Latin American Park includes a number of facilities, such as a pool, a children's pavilion, cafes, and several trails.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The Bird Park or Tropicana Park is another green area in Fez. Over seven acres in size, it features playgrounds, community event spaces, restaurants, and rest areas. The park was opened in June 2014 and is credited with significantly improving the recreational infrastructure of Fez. Inside the park is a "Bird Garden" which hosts more than thirty species of birds, local and imported, such as <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_African_ostrich" title="North African ostrich">North African ostrich</a>. There are also ponds with <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city is served by the region's main international airport, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s%E2%80%93Sa%C3%AFs_Airport" title="Fès–Saïs Airport">Fès–Saïs</a>, located roughly 15 km south of the city center.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a> A new terminal was added to the airport in 2017 which expanded the airport's capacity to 2.5 million visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Fes_railway_station" title="Fes railway station">main train station</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/ONCF" title="ONCF">ONCF</a>, is located a short distance from the downtown area of the Ville Nouvelle and is connected to the rail lines running east to <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a> The main intercity bus terminal (or gare routière) is located just north of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Mahrouk" title="Bab Mahrouk">Bab Mahrouk</a>, on the outskirts of the old medina, although <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_Transports_au_Maroc" title="Compagnie de Transports au Maroc">CTM</a> also operates a terminal off Boulevard Mohammed V in the Ville Nouvelle. <a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Intercity taxis</a> (also known as grands taxis) depart from and arrive at several spots including the Bab Mahrouk bus station (for western destinations like Meknes and <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bab_Ftouh" title="Bab Ftouh">Bab Ftouh</a> (for eastern destinations like <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Harazem_Bath_Complex" title="Sidi Harazem Bath Complex">Sidi Harazem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a>), and another lot in the Ville Nouvelle (for southern destinations like Sefrou).<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019a-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The city operates a <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a> system with various <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">bus routes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Utilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city's water supply, sewage, and electricity networks are managed by the Régie de distribution d'eau et d'électricité de Fès (<abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> Water and Electricity Distribution Authority of Fez). An <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> treatment plant has been treating Fez's wastewater since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Qarawiyyin_University,_Fes,_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Facade of university of al-Qarawiyyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/220px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/220px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg" data-alt="Facade of university of al-Qarawiyyin" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/330px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/440px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>University of al-Qarawiyyin</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> in Fez is administered by Morocco's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Morocco)" title="Ministry of National Education (Morocco)">Ministry of National Education</a>. It includes a <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a> level, six years of primary school, followed by three years of <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> and three years of secondary school. Primary education, beginning at age six, is both free and obligatory. <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a> is also offered.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Fez's <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a> is considered by some to be the oldest continually-operating university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2021-73">[72]</a> The university was first founded as a mosque by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a> in 859 which subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the historic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lulat_2005,_154%E2%80%931572-71">[70]</a> It became a state university in 1963, and remains an important institution of learning today.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohamed_Ben_Abdellah_University" title="Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University">Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University</a> is a public university founded in 1975 and is the largest in the city by attendance, counting over 86,000 students in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Times_HE-2020-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-USMBA-2020-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> It has 12 <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a> with sites across Fez; the two main campuses are known as Dhar El Mehraz and Sais.<a href="#cite_note-USMBA-2020-246">[241]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro-Mediterranean_University_of_Fez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez (page does not exist)">Euro-Med University of Fez</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:الجامعة الأورومتوسطية لفاس">ar</a>], another public university, was created in 2012 and is certified by the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> The École polytechnique de Technologie was started in 2006 and quickly established itself as one of the leading institutions in the private higher education sector in the city of Fez. In 2013, it became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_University_of_Fez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private University of Fez (page does not exist)">Private University of Fez</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:الجامعة الخاصة لفاس">ar</a>], the city's first private university.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> Its main focus is its engineering school,<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> though it also offers diplomas in architecture, business, and law.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco">List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco</a></div> Fez is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><noscript><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" data-alt="Burkina Faso" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Bobo-Dioulasso">Bobo-Dioulasso</a>, Burkina Faso (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China (2015)<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, Portugal<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain (1990)<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><noscript><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="State of Palestine" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, Palestine (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><noscript><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="State of Palestine" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, Palestine (2014)<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><noscript><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" data-alt="Tunisia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, Tunisia (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><noscript><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" data-alt="Senegal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a>, Senegal (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a>, South Korea (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, China (2011)<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China (2019)<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abd al-Hafid of Morocco</a> – Sultan of Morocco from 1909 to 1912, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-EB-260">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Laabi" title="Abdellatif Laabi">Abdellatif Laabi</a> – Poet born in 1942 in Fez<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahime_Bouramdane" title="Abderrahime Bouramdane">Abderrahime Bouramdane</a> – Professional marathoner from Fez<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun" title="Abdessalam Benjelloun">Abdessalam Benjelloun</a> – Former international footballer born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Taarabt" title="Adel Taarabt">Adel Taarabt</a> – Moroccan association football player from Fez<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnane_Remmal" title="Adnane Remmal">Adnane Remmal</a> – Professor at <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohamed_Ben_Abdellah_University" title="Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University">Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University</a> in Fez<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> – Prominent Islamic scholar<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_Roumani" title="Akram Roumani">Akram Roumani</a> – Former international footballer born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Qasim_al-Zaqqaq" title="Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq">Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq</a> – Author in the field of <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Zniti" title="Anas Zniti">Anas Zniti</a> – Professional footballer born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a> – Commentator and poet born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Chabat" title="Hamid Chabat">Hamid Chabat</a> – Moroccan politician and former mayor of Fez<a href="#cite_note-autobio-270">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Uziel" title="Isaac Uziel">Isaac Uziel</a> – Physician, poet, and grammarian, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilali_Gharbaoui" title="Jilali Gharbaoui">Jilali Gharbaoui</a> – Modernist artist, studied at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Arts_(F%C3%A8s)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie des Arts (Fès) (page does not exist)">Académie des Arts</a> in Fes<a href="#cite_note-Barjeel-2017-199">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_Bennani" title="Karim Bennani">Karim Bennani</a> – Moroccan painter born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bennani" title="Mehdi Bennani">Mehdi Bennani</a> – Moroccan professional racing driver, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Chafik" title="Mohamed Chafik">Mohamed Chafik</a> – Leading figure in the Amazigh (also known as <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a>) cultural movement, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-Maddy-Weitzman-2011-274">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lalla_Salma_of_Morocco" title="Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco">Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco</a> – Princess consort of Morocco, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachid_Yazami" title="Rachid Yazami">Rachid Yazami</a> – Scientist, engineer and inventor born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_L%C3%B3pez_Ufarte" title="Roberto López Ufarte">Roberto López Ufarte</a> – Professional footballer from Fez<a href="#cite_note-VAVEL-277">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a> – Merchant, diplomat, and pirate, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soufiane_El_Bakkali" title="Soufiane El Bakkali">Soufiane El Bakkali</a> – Steeplechase runner, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touria_Chaoui" title="Touria Chaoui">Touria Chaoui</a> – first female Moroccan aviator to get a pilot's license<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_En-Nesyri" title="Youssef En-Nesyri">Youssef En-Nesyri</a> – International footballer born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Lacoste" title="Yves Lacoste">Yves Lacoste</a> – French geographer and geopolitician, born in Fez<a href="#cite_note-Criekemans2007-282">[277]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> They were located on higher ground overlooking Fes el-Bali, from which they would have been easily able to bombard the city with canons. These include the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Tamdert" title="Kasbah Tamdert">Kasbah Tamdert</a>, just inside the city walls near <a href="/wiki/Bab_Ftouh" title="Bab Ftouh">Bab Ftouh</a>, the fortressess of <a href="/wiki/Borj_Nord" title="Borj Nord">Borj Nord</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Borj_Sud" title="Borj Sud">Borj Sud</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> of Borj Sheikh Ahmed, Borj Twil, and Borj Sidi Bou Nafa' to the west. These fortifications were mostly built by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in the late 16th century. Their design is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>) military architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">gunpowder age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 79–80 <a href="#cite_note-M%C3%A9talsi-2003b-28">[28]</a>: 37 <a href="#cite_note-Salmon_2016-48">[48]</a>: 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "Pre-Hilalian" in this context refers to dialects believed to descend from the Arabic spoken in the region prior to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ma%27qil" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Ma'qil">Banu Ma'qil</a> tribes that began in the 12th century. After this event, "Hilalian" dialects became dominant in the rural regions of central Morocco and are a major component of wider Moroccan Arabic today.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-2002-95">[94]</a>: 2–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> There are competing theories about the historical roots of Moroccan Jewish dialects of Arabic. Some scholars argue that they were strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi Arabic</a> dialects (which were similar to North African dialects) brought by Jewish refugees from Spain after 1492, while other scholars argue that these same refugees mostly spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> when they arrived and eventually adopted existing Arabic dialects in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-2002-95">[94]</a>: 10–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Medina is the Arabic word for "city", which in former French colonies in North Africa is also used to refer to the old part of a city, as the French largely generally built new cities (Ville Nouvelles) next to them and left the historic cities intact.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> The veneration of Idris II as a patron saint began in the 15th century and so the moussem developed some time after this.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-12">[12]</a>: 301–302, 599 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-L34-1"><a href="#cite_ref-L34_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=601411&cityname=Fez-Morocco">"Fez, Morocco"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807130235/https://weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=601411&cityname=Fez-Morocco">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Weatherbase. </li> <li id="cite_note-census-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html">"Population légale du Royaume du Maroc répartie par régions, provinces et préfectures et communes selon les résultats du Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2024"</a>. Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+institutionnel+du+Haut-Commissariat+au+Plan+du+Royaume+du+Maroc&rft.atitle=Population+l%C3%A9gale+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+r%C3%A9partie+par+r%C3%A9gions%2C+provinces+et+pr%C3%A9fectures+et+communes+selon+les+r%C3%A9sultats+du+Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+population+et+de+l%E2%80%99habitat+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcp.ma%2FPopulation-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170">"Medina of Fez – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919192617/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medina+of+Fez+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaudio-1982-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudio-1982_4-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudio1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaudio, Attilio (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yczpWGhXj2kC">Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique</a> (in French). Paris: Les Presses de l'Unesco: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7233-0159-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7233-0159-1"><bdi>2-7233-0159-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s%3A+Joyau+de+la+civilisation+islamique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Presses+de+l%27Unesco%3A+Nouvelles+%C3%89ditions+Latines&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=2-7233-0159-1&rft.aulast=Gaudio&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyczpWGhXj2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bressolette-2016-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bressolette-2016_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bressolette-2016_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBressolette2016" class="citation book cs1">Bressolette, Henri (2016). "Fondation de Fès El Bali par Idriss Ier et Idriss II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">A la découverte de Fès</a>. L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-09022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-343-09022-1"><bdi>978-2-343-09022-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fondation+de+F%C3%A8s+El+Bali+par+Idriss+Ier+et+Idriss+II&rft.btitle=A+la+d%C3%A9couverte+de+F%C3%A8s&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-343-09022-1&rft.aulast=Bressolette&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. 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Hespéris-Tamuda: 245–318. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929184201/https://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/Downloads/1980-1989/Hesp%C3%A9ris-Tamuda%201982-1983.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesp%C3%A9ris-Tamuda&rft.atitle=F%C3%A8s-Jdid+de+sa+fondation+en+1276+au+milieu+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=245-318&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bressolette&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Delaroziere%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesperis-tamuda.com%2FDownloads%2F1980-1989%2FHesp%25C3%25A9ris-Tamuda%25201982-1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigaglia2013–2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brigaglia, Andrea (2013–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9668574">"Sufi Revival and Islamic Literacy: Tijaniyya Writings in Twentieth-Century Nigeria"</a>. Annual Review of Islam in Africa. 12 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903085646/https://www.academia.edu/9668574">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2019-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Islam+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Sufi+Revival+and+Islamic+Literacy%3A+Tijaniyya+Writings+in+Twentieth-Century+Nigeria&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013%2F2014&rft.aulast=Brigaglia&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9668574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Susan_Gilson.-2013_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Susan_Gilson.2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5"><bdi>978-1-139-62469-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840">855022840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Morocco&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855022840&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62469-5&rft.au=Miller%2C+Susan+Gilson.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410054055/https://zamane.ma/ar/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%ab%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b7%d8%a9/">"الكتاني، ثمن البيعة المشروطة"</a>. زمان (in Arabic). 2017-06-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zamane.ma/ar/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%ab%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b7%d8%a9/">the original</a> on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%AB%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzamane.ma%2Far%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2583%25d8%25aa%25d8%25a7%25d9%2586%25d9%258a%25d8%258c-%25d8%25ab%25d9%2585%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25b4%25d8%25b1%25d9%2588%25d8%25b7%25d8%25a9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershovich2000" class="citation book cs1">Gershovich, Moshe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkcM5c48hBIC&pg=PA40">"Pre-Colonial Morocco: Demise of the Old Mazhkan"</a>. French Military Rule in Morocco: colonialism and its consequences. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4949-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4949-X"><bdi>0-7146-4949-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Colonial+Morocco%3A+Demise+of+the+Old+Mazhkan&rft.btitle=French+Military+Rule+in+Morocco%3A+colonialism+and+its+consequences&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-4949-X&rft.aulast=Gershovich&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKkcM5c48hBIC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschberg1981-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschberg1981_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Z._(J._W.)_Hirschberg1981" class="citation book cs1">H. Z. (J. W.) Hirschberg (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319">A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time, edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal</a>. BRILL. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06295-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06295-5"><bdi>90-04-06295-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Jews+in+North+Africa%3A+From+the+Ottoman+conquests+to+the+present+time%2C+edited+by+Eliezer+Bashan+and+Robert+Attal&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=90-04-06295-5&rft.au=H.+Z.+%28J.+W.%29+Hirschberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidEUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2003" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C.R. (2003). Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-634-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-634-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-634-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco%3A+From+Empire+to+Independence&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-634-6&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThéliol2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Théliol, Mylène (2014-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/emam/548?lang=en">"Aménagement et préservation de la médina de Rabat entre 1912 et 1956"</a>. Les Cahiers d'EMAM (Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée) (in French) (22): 47–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Femam.548">10.4000/emam.548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1969-248X">1969-248X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171218/https://journals.openedition.org/emam/548?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22757-3"><bdi>978-0-226-22757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Modern%3A+Norms+and+Forms+of+the+Social+Environment&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22757-3&rft.aulast=Rabinow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC2GDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drabat%2Bcapital%2B1913%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-2014-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-2014_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-2014_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-2014_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerMinca2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Lauren; Minca, Claudio (2014). 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Urban Studies. 51 (14): 3011–3025. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014UrbSt..51.3011W">2014UrbSt..51.3011W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0042098014524611">10.1177/0042098014524611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145686603">145686603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Rabat+retrospective%3A+Colonial+heritage+in+a+Moroccan+urban+laboratory&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3011-3025&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145686603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0042098014524611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014UrbSt..51.3011W&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Minca%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holden-2008-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Holden-2008_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Stacy E. 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Médias 24 (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017050623/https://www.medias24.com/2021/09/17/legislatives-2021-qui-a-ete-elu-dans-votre-circonscription-17-cartes-interactives/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-17. 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ENS Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-239-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-239-1"><bdi>978-2-84788-239-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021014804/https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/959?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. 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Hespress – هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية (in Arabic). 2021-10-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103001048/https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D9%81-889220.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hespress+%E2%80%93+%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hespress.com%2F%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2586%25D9%2581-889220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanseverino-2014-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanseverino-2014_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanseverino-2014_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanseverino-2014_186-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanseverino2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanseverino, Ruggero Vimercati (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/cjb/498">Fès et sainteté, de la fondation à l'avènement du Protectorat (808–1912): Hagiographie, tradition spirituelle et héritage prophétique dans la ville de Mawlāy Idrīs</a>. Rabat: Centre Jacques-Berque. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-92046-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-92046-17-5"><bdi>979-10-92046-17-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817151441/https://books.openedition.org/cjb/498">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-17. Retrieved 2020-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+et+saintet%C3%A9%2C+de+la+fondation+%C3%A0+l%27av%C3%A8nement+du+Protectorat+%28808%E2%80%931912%29%3A+Hagiographie%2C+tradition+spirituelle+et+h%C3%A9ritage+proph%C3%A9tique+dans+la+ville+de+Mawl%C4%81y+Idr%C4%ABs&rft.place=Rabat&rft.pub=Centre+Jacques-Berque&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=979-10-92046-17-5&rft.aulast=Sanseverino&rft.aufirst=Ruggero+Vimercati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcjb%2F498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoh2019" class="citation web cs1">Hoh, Anchi (2019-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/08/stargazing-yiddish-theater-and-hebrew-calendars-come-together-in-the-library-of-congress/">"Stargazing: Yiddish Theater and Hebrew Calendars Come Together in the Library of Congress | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress"</a>. blogs.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323100902/https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/08/stargazing-yiddish-theater-and-hebrew-calendars-come-together-in-the-library-of-congress/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Stargazing%3A+Yiddish+Theater+and+Hebrew+Calendars+Come+Together+in+the+Library+of+Congress+%7C+4+Corners+of+the+World%3A+International+Collections+and+Studies+at+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.aulast=Hoh&rft.aufirst=Anchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Finternational-collections%2F2019%2F08%2Fstargazing-yiddish-theater-and-hebrew-calendars-come-together-in-the-library-of-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirat1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colette_Sirat" title="Colette Sirat">Sirat, Colette</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKkSDZNVXX4C&q=fez">A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39727-8"><bdi>978-0-521-39727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39727-8&rft.aulast=Sirat&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKkSDZNVXX4C%26q%3Dfez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173049/http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=349">"Samuel ben Isaac Nedivot & his Son Isaac Issue the First Book Printed on the Continent of Africa: History of Information"</a>. 2019-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=349">the original</a> on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2021-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+ben+Isaac+Nedivot+%26+his+Son+Isaac+Issue+the+First+Book+Printed+on+the+Continent+of+Africa%3A+History+of+Information&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofinformation.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420015452/http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/hs-books.html">"Hebraic Collections: The Books of the People of the Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2019-04-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/hs-books.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-20. Retrieved 2021-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Hebraic+Collections%3A+The+Books+of+the+People+of+the+Book&rft.date=2019-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Famed%2Fguide%2Fhs-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Roux2019" class="citation book cs1">le Roux, Elizabeth (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVKoDwAAQBAJ&dq=fes+morocco+printing+press&pg=PA350">"Africa"</a>. In Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan (eds.). Companion to the History of the Book. Wiley Blackwell. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01821-6"><bdi>978-1-119-01821-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Africa&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Book&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-119-01821-6&rft.aulast=le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVKoDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfes%2Bmorocco%2Bprinting%2Bpress%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deshen-1989-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deshen-1989_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deshen-1989_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshen1989" class="citation book cs1">Deshen, Shlomo (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjmzTiiaDRMC&dq=hebrew+printing+morocco+1920s&pg=PA9">The Mellah Society: Jewish Community Life in Sherifian Morocco</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14340-8"><bdi>978-0-226-14340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mellah+Society%3A+Jewish+Community+Life+in+Sherifian+Morocco&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14340-8&rft.aulast=Deshen&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjmzTiiaDRMC%26dq%3Dhebrew%2Bprinting%2Bmorocco%2B1920s%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNizri2020" class="citation book cs1">Nizri, Yigal S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crXRDwAAQBAJ&dq=hebrew+printing+morocco+1920s&pg=PA167">""Fit to Sacrifice on the Altar of Print": Approbation Letters and the Printing of 19th-Century Moroccan Halakhic Books"</a>. In Bar-Levav, Avriel; Rebhun, Uzi (eds.). Textual Transmission in Contemporary Jewish Cultures. Oxford University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-751649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-751649-2"><bdi>978-0-19-751649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Fit+to+Sacrifice+on+the+Altar+of+Print%22%3A+Approbation+Letters+and+the+Printing+of+19th-Century+Moroccan+Halakhic+Books&rft.btitle=Textual+Transmission+in+Contemporary+Jewish+Cultures&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-751649-2&rft.aulast=Nizri&rft.aufirst=Yigal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrXRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhebrew%2Bprinting%2Bmorocco%2B1920s%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IslamKotob-2019-194"><a href="#cite_ref-IslamKotob-2019_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamkotob" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Islamkotob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBRKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7">الأعلام – ج 7 – محمد بن قاسم – نافع بن الحارثpublisher=IslamKotob</a> (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%E2%80%93+%D8%AC+7+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%E2%80%93+%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%ABpublisher%3DIslamKotob&rft.au=Islamkotob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiBRKCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2016" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Ousmane (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yia7CwAAQBAJ&q=maghrebi+script+beyond+suqi&pg=PA57">Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05082-2"><bdi>978-0-674-05082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Timbuktu%3A+An+Intellectual+History+of+Muslim+West+Africa&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05082-2&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Ousmane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYia7CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaghrebi%2Bscript%2Bbeyond%2Bsuqi%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahim1996-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Rahim1996_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabibeh_Rahim1996" class="citation book cs1">Habibeh Rahim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSzrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Qandusi%22">Inscription as Art in the World of Islam: Unity in Diversity: at the Emily Lowe Gallery, April 14–May 24, 1996</a>. Hofstra Museum, Hofstra University. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscription+as+Art+in+the+World+of+Islam%3A+Unity+in+Diversity%3A+at+the+Emily+Lowe+Gallery%2C+April+14%E2%80%93May+24%2C+1996&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Hofstra+Museum%2C+Hofstra+University&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Habibeh+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSzrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Qandusi%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Shafer, Ann (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2018.1483877">"No man is an island: globalisation and resilience in the Fez zillīj tradition"</a>. The Journal of North African Studies. 24 (5): 758–785. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2018.1483877">10.1080/13629387.2018.1483877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149949424">149949424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001024820/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2018.1483877">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2023-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=No+man+is+an+island%3A+globalisation+and+resilience+in+the+Fez+zill%C4%ABj+tradition&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=758-785&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2018.1483877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149949424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2018.1483877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErzini1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erzini, Nadia (1992). "L'École de Tétouan". Zillīǧ: L'Art de la Céramique Marocaine (in French). Garnet Publishing Limited. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873938-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-873938-49-7"><bdi>1-873938-49-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89cole+de+T%C3%A9touan&rft.btitle=Zill%C4%AB%C7%A7%3A+L%27Art+de+la+C%C3%A9ramique+Marocaine&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Garnet+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-873938-49-7&rft.aulast=Erzini&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barjeel-2017-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barjeel-2017_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barjeel-2017_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/collection/composition-jilali-gharbaoui/">"Composition"</a>. Barjeel Art Foundation. 2017-08-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722052729/https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/collection/composition-jilali-gharbaoui/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barjeel+Art+Foundation&rft.atitle=Composition&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barjeelartfoundation.org%2Fcollection%2Fcomposition-jilali-gharbaoui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008224203/https://www.minculture.gov.ma/?p=3602#.YWDJQUbP23I">"مالكة العاصمي: أنواع الأدب الشعبي بالمغرب – طرب الآلة – – وزارة الثقافة"</a>. 2021-10-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minculture.gov.ma/?p=3602#.YWDJQUbP23I">the original</a> on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%3A+%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%E2%80%93+%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%E2%80%93+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minculture.gov.ma%2F%3Fp%3D3602%23.YWDJQUbP23I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dossier I, Musiques d'Algérie Dossier II, Algérie: histoire, société, cultures, arts. Vol. 47. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85816-657-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-85816-657-9"><bdi>2-85816-657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496273089">496273089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dossier+I%2C+Musiques+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie+Dossier+II%2C+Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+histoire%2C+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%2C+cultures%2C+arts&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+du+Mirail&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496273089&rft.isbn=2-85816-657-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maghress.com/almassae/161846">"طرب الآلة.. ذلك الفن الباذخ"</a>. مغرس. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409222724/https://www.maghress.com/almassae/161846">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2021-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B3&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9..+%D8%B0%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maghress.com%2Falmassae%2F161846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/category/musees-et-galeries">"Museums and Galleries – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031731/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/category/musees-et-galeries">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+and+Galleries+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fcategory%2Fmusees-et-galeries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lematin.ma/journal/2005/Le-complexe-Al-Houria-ouvre-enfin-ses-portes/53143.html">"Le Matin – Le complexe Al Houria ouvre enfin ses portes"</a>. Le Matin (in French). 21 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031736/https://lematin.ma/journal/2005/Le-complexe-Al-Houria-ouvre-enfin-ses-portes/53143.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Matin&rft.atitle=Le+Matin+%E2%80%93+Le+complexe+Al+Houria+ouvre+enfin+ses+portes&rft.date=2005-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flematin.ma%2Fjournal%2F2005%2FLe-complexe-Al-Houria-ouvre-enfin-ses-portes%2F53143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3373">"Cultural Complex al Houria – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023045456/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3373">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Complex+al+Houria+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001223929/http://babelfan.ma/tous-les-lieux/details/0/281/complexe-culturel-al-houria.html">"Complexe culturel de Fès Al Houria, concert, spetacle,humour,fès, maroc"</a>. www.babelfan.ma (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelfan.ma/tous-les-lieux/details/0/281/complexe-culturel-al-houria.html">the original</a> on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.babelfan.ma&rft.atitle=Complexe+culturel+de+F%C3%A8s+Al+Houria%2C+concert%2C+spetacle%2Chumour%2Cf%C3%A8s%2C+maroc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelfan.ma%2Ftous-les-lieux%2Fdetails%2F0%2F281%2Fcomplexe-culturel-al-houria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3380">"French Institute of Fez – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031729/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3380">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Institute+of+Fez+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3376">"Cervantes Institute in Fez – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024063805/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3376">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cervantes+Institute+in+Fez+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3370">"American Language Center (ALC) and the Arabic Language Institute (ALIF) – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031729/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3370">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Language+Center+%28ALC%29+and+the+Arabic+Language+Institute+%28ALIF%29+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101190925/http://www.alif-fes.com/general-information.html">"General Information about the Arabic Language Institute in Fez"</a>. Arabic Language Institute in Fez. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alif-fes.com/general-information.html">the original</a> on 2021-11-01. 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Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=ALC-ALIF+in+Fez%3A+Learn+Language%2C+Understand+Culture%2C+Serve+the+Community&rft.aulast=Hemidach&rft.aufirst=Amjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2015%2F2%2F175883%2Falc-alif-in-fez-learn-language-understand-culture-serve-the-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/spotlight-on-fes-festival-of-world-sacred-music">"Spotlight on: Fes Festival of World Sacred Music"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031727/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/spotlight-on-fes-festival-of-world-sacred-music">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Spotlight+on%3A+Fes+Festival+of+World+Sacred+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Farticles%2Fspotlight-on-fes-festival-of-world-sacred-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fesfestival.com/2020/fes-et-son-festival/">"Fès et son Festival – Festival de Fès des Musiques Sacrées du Monde"</a> (in French) (26ème ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031729/https://fesfestival.com/2020/fes-et-son-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+et+son+Festival+%E2%80%93+Festival+de+F%C3%A8s+des+Musiques+Sacr%C3%A9es+du+Monde&rft.edition=26%C3%A8me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffesfestival.com%2F2020%2Ffes-et-son-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnaji" class="citation web cs1">Ennaji, Moha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/07/278597/fez-15th-international-festival-amazigh-culture">"Fez Celebrates its 15th International Festival of Amazigh Culture"</a>. Morocco World News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031727/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/07/278597/fez-15th-international-festival-amazigh-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Fez+Celebrates+its+15th+International+Festival+of+Amazigh+Culture&rft.aulast=Ennaji&rft.aufirst=Moha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2019%2F07%2F278597%2Ffez-15th-international-festival-amazigh-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivalamazighfes.com/edition-1">"Festival Amazigh Fès"</a>. www.festivalamazighfes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031729/http://www.festivalamazighfes.com/edition-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.festivalamazighfes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+Amazigh+F%C3%A8s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivalamazighfes.com%2Fedition-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3349">"Festival of Amazigh Culture – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031736/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3349">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+of+Amazigh+Culture+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/spotlight-festival-sufi-culture-fez-morocco">"Spotlight on: Festival of Sufi Culture in Fez, Morocco"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031729/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/spotlight-festival-sufi-culture-fez-morocco">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Spotlight+on%3A+Festival+of+Sufi+Culture+in+Fez%2C+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Farticles%2Fspotlight-festival-sufi-culture-fez-morocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3343">"Fez Festival of Sufi Culture – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927074846/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3343">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fez+Festival+of+Sufi+Culture+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/07/223749/fes-host-15th-annual-festival-malhoun-art-july-21-29">"Fes to Host 15th Annual Festival of Malhoun Art July 21–29"</a>. 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Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Fes+to+Host+15th+Annual+Festival+of+Malhoun+Art+July+21%E2%80%9329&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2017%2F07%2F223749%2Ffes-host-15th-annual-festival-malhoun-art-july-21-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3352">"Music Festival el Malhoun – Regional Council of Tourism Fez"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203054409/http://visitefes.com/en/archives/3352">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+Festival+el+Malhoun+%E2%80%93+Regional+Council+of+Tourism+Fez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2F3352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rough_Guides-2019b-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guides-2019b_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Rough Guide to Morocco (12th ed.). 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Benezit Dictionary of Artists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benezit+Dictionary+of+Artists&rft.atitle=Bennani%2C+Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fbenezit%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.001.0001%2Facref-9780199773787-e-00016432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2014/10/bennani-claims-first-wtcc-victory-second-shanghai-race/">"Bennani Claims First WTCC Victory in Second Shanghai Race – WTCC – The Checkered Flag"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Morocco%27s+Royal+Family+Celebrates+Birthday+of+Princess+Lalla+Salma&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2015%2F05%2F158114%2Fmoroccos-royal-family-celebrates-birthday-of-princess-lalla-salma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChechik2019" class="citation web cs1">Chechik, Sonya (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/06/275673/rachid-yazimi-morocco-science">"Moroccan Scientist Rachid Yazami: The Man Who Gave us Cell Phone Power"</a>. Morocco World News. 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Retrieved 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leyendas+de+la+Real%3A+L%C3%B3pez+Ufarte&rft.pub=Vavel&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez+de+Balmaseda&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vavel.com%2Fes%2Ffutbol%2Freal-sociedad%2F642933-leyendas-de-la-real-lopez-ufarte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-ArenalWiegers2003" class="citation book cs1">García-Arenal, Mercedes; Wiegers, Gerard (2003). A Man of Three Worlds. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7225-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-7225-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+of+Three+Worlds&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7225-9&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Arenal&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft.au=Wiegers%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://84.33.2.63/marrakech2014/pdf/LivreResultats.pdf">2014 African Championships in Athletics Results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234418/http://84.33.2.63/marrakech2014/pdf/LivreResultats.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Marrakech2014. Retrieved on 19 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabas2018" class="citation web cs1">Babas, Latifa (August 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/62569/touria-chaoui-morocco-s-first-female.html">"Touria Chaoui, Morocco's first female pilot and daring teenager"</a>. yabiladi.com. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yabiladi.com&rft.atitle=Touria+Chaoui%2C+Morocco%27s+first+female+pilot+and+daring+teenager&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Babas&rft.aufirst=Latifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabiladi.com%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F62569%2Ftouria-chaoui-morocco-s-first-female.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkeleji2019" class="citation news cs1">Okeleji, Oluwashina (10 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47186497">"Morocco's En-Nesyri makes La Liga history"</a>. BBC Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605193500/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47186497">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Morocco%27s+En-Nesyri+makes+La+Liga+history&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft.aulast=Okeleji&rft.aufirst=Oluwashina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F47186497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Criekemans2007-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Criekemans2007_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Criekemans2007" class="citation book cs1">David Criekemans (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YQpr0txrzwC&pg=PA544">Geopolitiek: "geografisch geweten" van de buitenlandse politiek?</a>. Garant. pp. 544–546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-441-1969-5"><bdi>978-90-441-1969-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitiek%3A+%22geografisch+geweten%22+van+de+buitenlandse+politiek%3F&rft.pages=544-546&rft.pub=Garant&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-441-1969-5&rft.au=David+Criekemans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YQpr0txrzwC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tourneau1974" class="citation book cs1">Le Tourneau, Roger (1974) [1961]. Fez in the Age of the Marinides. Translated by Besse Clement. Oklahoma University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1198-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1198-4"><bdi>0-8061-1198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fez+in+the+Age+of+the+Marinides&rft.pub=Oklahoma+University&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8061-1198-4&rft.aulast=Le+Tourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigo2006" class="citation book cs1">Vigo, Julian (2006). "The Renovation of Fes' medina qdima and the (re)-Creation of the Traditional". Writing the City, Transforming the City. New Delhi: Katha. pp. 44–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Renovation+of+Fes%27+medina+qdima+and+the+%28re%29-Creation+of+the+Traditional&rft.btitle=Writing+the+City%2C+Transforming+the+City&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=44-58&rft.pub=Katha&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Vigo&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFez%2C+Morocco" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fes">Fes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Fez#Q80985" class="extiw" title="voy:Fez">Fez</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fez" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Fez">Fez</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&oldid=1258653583">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&oldid=1258653583</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Fez,_Morocco&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas" title="Fas – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fas" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99s_(%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r)" title="Fəs (şəhər) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəs (şəhər)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C,_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="ফেজ, মরক্কো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেজ, মরক্কো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D1%81_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Фәс (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәс (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Фэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes_(grad)" title="Fes (grad) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fes (grad)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez_(by)" title="Fez (by) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fez (by)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%B6" title="Φεζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4" title="페스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas" title="Fas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%BD_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Ֆես (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆես (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezza" title="Fezza – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fezza" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%93sa" title="Fēsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fēsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesas" title="Fesas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fesas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Fez (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fez (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="फेस एल बाली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फेस एल बाली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Фес (град) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фес (град)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ഫെസ്, മൊറോക്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫെസ്, മൊറോക്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Фэс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фэс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez_(stad)" title="Fez (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fez (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="फेस एल बाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फेस एल बाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BA" title="フェズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez_(Marokko)" title="Fez (Marokko) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fez (Marokko)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byen_Fez" title="Byen Fez – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Byen Fez" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fos" title="Fos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes_(Marok)" title="Fes (Marok) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fes (Marok)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fez, Morocco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1s" title="Fás – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fás" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes,_Maroko" title="Fes, Maroko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fes, Maroko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez" title="Fez – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fez" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Фес (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фес (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes_(grad)" title="Fes (grad) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fes (grad)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8s" title="Fès – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fès" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas" title="Fas – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fas" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas" title="Fas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA" title="แฟ็ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟ็ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Fes (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fes (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fez, Morocco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF" title="非斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="非斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="פעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF" title="非斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="非斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF" title="非斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes" title="Fes – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fes" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴼⴰⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul 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