CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135f31c0a5da042',cH: 'SxpZLwuxGGrdMxFu7yPWLHuxVY3mpGEOF3_yFbj2qrI-1739797114-1.2.1.1-ISX_7G2mhASWTKtX9yTg.zy7787lfBMkuXstE6K.ofUNmt6dotl9m3y76PjHa96d',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=value%20co-creation&__cf_chl_tk=rSsSg8sceUOGwhkpyrKIUbqiHyoV5f2CAljIGl_zIvQ-1739797114-1.0.1.1-BLNJC_Ji4jHeHXyuz.10KpC2fRtVtFSLYQ6JPj1V5tw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739797114',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=value%20co-creation&__cf_chl_f_tk=rSsSg8sceUOGwhkpyrKIUbqiHyoV5f2CAljIGl_zIvQ-1739797114-1.0.1.1-BLNJC_Ji4jHeHXyuz.10KpC2fRtVtFSLYQ6JPj1V5tw",md: "3itAL06ZsU.kcZRddt2EuyOu9C2eL5FA2sbUpm2IeGE-1739797114-1.2.1.1-5h.1IV5dgJ.3GW67PtYRykl877uiNhiN7b5m38.KAy0CPVz8Z4Uh1zNykEcWnae9i5SOYm_Yy1ALUPpR7eM8E2uNAAPfiGedSUNk2LXzFXaTuEqf4zN4NaVo8PGIvBTr5I5PewnljtEX8nYp.ezt1drtQKUUseKKLnQHSCFDUNQMWVE2.pL7bvM8_dFhOqGyqKRrE0k6kzoDT4XNG0_1O92m24ggu_Ph2ujmv..WMj5af_Vr048qjlIOrJNEwYJ8uYONttbaot6ToQWk0Yu8.VcNiKhLI2yaXaifqpPytdNqX8cW830V2ETPHBmi.CsiCtjv6iMc89V3yYl_prqSn8o8FIJK4CrISL1ooYfYDque0GjkOsm7KCEZ6QvUj.uxYJ7.S6aeqEWoit2NrmrWhIWHcxRcMTjU5LRNPEIhRic.UP8HYBCpuxrr6BdV62o.ArZEVJ7rk7rarLhweoM7V5c6L9dCnOKps6NAbKanWXmmbkXSpwhKggUCtj8OBe8thcgPTuDMtEZ8OmCwD2AunZaDajqytztLJ3yrLHo0zSP6YKQ0HuuPuv8j6Odk1PwW1ljK1C8ufGTElC5mhrsuS3okB4rtyFGNIQS1k7gRo1CXH1DdlVBkXqW8LWFVVxeitdw00prGeTm.D5dqfBJo77M46FV5YDw_HPd1qOEWYtWpJsEGB23oL9TFul247_IHoG38dwHwQbmKmTqdeKfNjX6_EABilKOuAI7QATHGoImVCzwcF04qxG.YgrDPvqOYJ.8gagn7B5jKWLJWtKIQP32MpGPhd03N8d5SJpDnq13k6ZQ86tRmPpNOFgCijASlptPMRcOo.TlnyVI7KQR2V28sr3rU4fd.P.oXafoFp.YmoiLyCCkygSOwJLBSn.bbPNs.adxqZ2TgglORIxLG0SPpev2RO6JLaqx5JLy2kz.nR5hD_kbZCY2465p8f6WTXfTOJ6cJb8Vvpa_ZRGhjHkRWO8cSA_f8nnx.skeAAmGkuWe9Av0eGgPYWHzf2cuNtH21SjQrWN_xYLKddEDN8cFFeltBIz5DlDAw_KyVYdO0tU7e2a5q5WOxjS.lJqfrhHiFfEoG1pEkOr_0t0WyOM_E.XMnwiP1DJGb5qeEU.0Elr5gHUMos1j_ccudhJHQADZFbsxZnKyT7SGTn_caq2sdHRSO0Ho9GGQdHsdLpkPDMqK_N4JDxdEHybpuNqJ6thlA47F2aVOqqfURd0pIcfp4ZtH1SNNeFRofPtK7BZ6zRnXiPnhglQm53jFrgMIQ_NLoBIa1tl7bgbUNkn.GrXhSVzWJphvIkfWJdZo2EUx962NwgbOCepGYGbbeOLNksiOC5qZHeDZXjOSdlVegkDskNygba.MlYXeG3997ajz8w7Kr4pGXsnnMOpV58vVkJIcSKKmQmkPwQLDbtBz_4UWwFvSE8arCscSBbXDrpOL.ueYxIOlZVZBMrZBC3ER6n.UIi4QLiB73Sa7taCGry4vamcA0kvhglubVMdsld4jNEeZ1GT7JGzqoGH2_1PCroEuxjHqp_7dN5U280KUA5dobxDxAwVIEHF6nG4t8aZD8kZ0Z9MegFJ08Or23Ca.t1a6lq3X2l1Tk54BGgIjGs5WjvDBx0mJO4JeQEjaRHP5ifXt5bIrFB_.gTmqjuf71u9RXAyguRXOg.8D44PifYSIGty9O5UWq3hu7C05hKPrFYYMAOYAegsZFT5kygRvMx37APDelOfuRh5wVb_hn_uyK..l7bsWjEIvp7_ySmC_KiM02d4h0eOFbXT7Wq529dYiEy7INA7QSK9W9aMjif61E_NpydgSQBcnEJtA4gQ94qYk0HXhIM3ncAHb6siKB_mCFwiE4wB40s0ECuEeYF8xyBM2EvlWxIrM6gzc241XLyDPXmnggUAFMt04c9HOgF94Q0TJwDh1mNIEjs65VUJjDq3Lc6XbF.cm.ycIunKM",mdrd: "8JhFvXxXbA5AuIaXvSG9P._vnGz4C16wp1lWy_ZTE.4-1739797114-1.2.1.1-NoYzjCCLXbrHELL_CCnM6qS7pDp1neZwWvFFjP4gMBnOAYrO2yCxRwC94vW5Hc2mYgr0hmtdc_0o9Y6BUyxzs_7kkJRhbdd59POcHOUyaF64Hip5uSOpMSFaZLc1ycH5oupFIPVmwGnqcrRx9pKlW73qoS3eeua6Md0q4VW.xDBFODSxPbRuaVyW.kTNg1Su0mcqU4M4mpbI7en9I15KOg4TPzvSFDtLA4jMblZa1CgFLvCOZycTqHDY3MzRoewNmRNKa_obethtk8TMj0zijYi12Alav6PdgO7JC_enOuXeG7XxXWlPuGwK3ayaIqHgw.Du7sBvAjOVBy1wBB3OgRADdwFWSutUrOfi3egSQk9RxB.v.yBFHoqFwUptKRiwE0C_j8HR9ekkv69v5y7E8NEqEPAVzVimyPKeURR5eVUcZYky.OyfnbLTDpTbVHxFQdTYrucfl2vKjnEtwWyuVboBf3zn934Ui0UECiJrUTZ0fHV2sVaEsPTas7uZPQSupxIGmTjM8nRSdTGF99vQTqf6Li4IkiVv2dXTGUsbH2QmCuA9ZcjWQNzy1dea8jQQnu73WqeIaHASOlcU.WUqeQy0W.3HKcdlLuSFolxnmGBydl1VXzlQYQjJs0xGW0Be5HZPmpctWRGPvJuvQqEfavhFebCgvnDbCggOsQJyi7QpEPqli7KzsiTAUlfvFXU6GvX3v5cTJZkhdIx.ftm1GVuhJ2Iz9zNXmCVNSpthnT6WEtEAj6EElJeZGuAPxoaZj8.7.Ei1b67QQCfPx.A9Kg8.9l3zw4Pdm2QL5_kSuHY0K6hmLGcqbNTDkId2W4Bp4QGacrcsdRvSl3AcWy2tCy1.YgBesHos9YgkR57zGDa0CVkY5Jhdf_a79IS_ZTFrmS2eg.zPVaIppFynMiPMqLdO1TlUU8X_2bC9sqHn.QAPmclpxNoKfuqt0VoFDvWRgV.QwyfDae6wkxPSI37nA85QfzJlC5iKhljb9czHiFM.RebCiivxP6sVvejf607QkgCyAASJg8DKgm8dBYLW1DuPOQB15p6.oLqpyZw6O_vTKtCPPbiGKHGMb6wfO6CmRiGxz_hvIg929587K04I2GTIlTAmGTsmE_fj_iFsyFI9WXG64_IgokZFhhBliNe5kgOw9Ul59GLVduXCJpUHa4AXRN5qis6ua6r7b4dRqyobPCu55jbnP4phjxNORnUbDN87reRsSWsW.ofpA3PXA9fPL_BCbociEHC9N83LhmhyLSa4087uMeIp4_jvJlp2mlRKURLQYxRkSF.lZoGp6aZP9Xd7ZMcK2WunEfhV7ww6ouq.GiQhBmscF5uHOtky1tDwEuLAZ4R1HHbyAsVc77.scUiOT6IXnUYFD3hq_4RIgcAr6nESljo7Hc1bF1J0OHyLdahX33yj4706AQ4HHxL3X.Xm105KbW_8X4R4PZCygPXyduWo4kbzXstrsjuZb9he7.zBtjpXBQwRzqRWex5aMg.RvuC6OfwfCzuzL.0GU4vCk.hW4TdgzpJoyEh1T3DZBJ.8W1XCFyBBV61Qv.pwfLcByD3T.awUnOw4W6gRTG3Iz5OcHzYMNgK2iXez_cgHQMnlUNHZqp3v4dfHTPhm9E.ZQDo_xqypf3xpXo0HSTcV9iuQc.DvmAJoSMCX7XqHCdIQwX.Pn0HvZJ.elc8aGfL8zCuWpTylT6zWML6yLOssx8xf65mGGMV20p76cN.WpvBjsL9JtvEBO00CFCjV60bP5N1hEuBmNRayrZv3yn3ItQ2SfmXGFnE.4Zkmd1vr_OqQuOuSuMQNJzWbl_KfS0Fu8wFrZ0vkrEcYSiEyx.gjM44a2zo7mV1_3Yx413d6U54IE_izEXkwEj6zlo9IjJj7NC7NOQ7_piBkpI7RaBYAMjecUazcER6WFbUlgDD35GCHai6W1MTw2lFx1mTPHK7.PWr6hVrozdAVZ.9gB8..MaqBrURMxSGV_wfTRfw7Y2GW.uz6l4Gsvpv.eA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135f31c0a5da042';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=value%20co-creation&__cf_chl_rt_tk=rSsSg8sceUOGwhkpyrKIUbqiHyoV5f2CAljIGl_zIvQ-1739797114-1.0.1.1-BLNJC_Ji4jHeHXyuz.10KpC2fRtVtFSLYQ6JPj1V5tw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>