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searchaux" style="display:none">Executive government of the Commonwealth of England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Council of State</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/130px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/195px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/260px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Commonwealth</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1649 (first time)<br />25 May 1659 (second time)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (as King)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> (as Lord Protector)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1653 (first time)<br />28 May 1660 (second time)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> (as Lord Protector)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> (as King)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Advisory body</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Executive government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Annesley,_1st_Earl_of_Anglesey" title="Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey">Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey</a> (last), Lord President</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English <b>Council of State</b>, later also known as the <b>Protector's Privy Council</b>, was first appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> on 14 February 1649 after the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_charles_i" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of charles i">execution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>. </p><p>Charles's execution on 30 January was delayed for several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power and to make it an offence to proclaim a new King. This in effect abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council of State was appointed by Parliament on 14 and 15 February 1649, with further annual elections. The Council's duties were to act as the executive of the country's government in place of the King and the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a>. It was to direct domestic and foreign policy and to ensure the security of the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a>. Due to the disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> and the weakened Parliament, it was dominated by the Army. </p><p>The Council held its first meeting on 17 February 1649 "with [Oliver] <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a> in the chair". This meeting was quite rudimentary, "some 14 members" attending, barely more than the legal quorum of nine out of forty-one councillors elected by Parliament. The first elected president of the council, appointed on 12 March, was <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">John Bradshaw</a> who had been the President of the Court at <a href="/wiki/Regicide#Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England" title="Regicide">the trial of Charles I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">first to sign the King's death warrant</a>. </p><p>The members of the first council were the Earls of <a href="/wiki/Basil_Feilding,_2nd_Earl_of_Denbigh" title="Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh">Denbigh</a>, Mulgrave, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke">Pembroke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a>; Lords <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_Lord_Grey_of_Groby" title="Thomas Grey, Lord Grey of Groby">Grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Fairfax</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">Lisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rolle" title="Henry Rolle">Rolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilde_(jurist)" title="John Wilde (jurist)">Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">Bradshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Skippon" title="Philip Skippon">Skippon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Pickering,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet">Pickering</a>, Masham, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Haselrig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Harington,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet">Harington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Danvers" title="John Danvers">Danvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Armine,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Armine, 1st Baronet">Armine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mildmay" title="Henry Mildmay">Mildmay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Constable,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet">Constable</a>, Pennington, Wilson, <a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Whitelocke</a>, Martin, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ludlow" title="Edmund Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, Stapleton, <a href="/wiki/William_Heveningham" title="William Heveningham">Heveningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wallop" title="Robert Wallop">Wallop</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(Roundhead)" title="John Hutchinson (Roundhead)">Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Bond_(President_of_the_Council)" title="Denis Bond (President of the Council)">Bond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Popham" title="Alexander Popham">Popham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Walton" title="Valentine Walton">Valentine Walton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Scot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Purefoy" title="William Purefoy">Purefoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Maesygarnedd" title="John Jones Maesygarnedd">Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1983Chapter:_LX:_The_Commonwealth:_Endnote_[a]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1983Chapter:_LX:_The_Commonwealth:_Endnote_[a]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Rump Parliament was dissolved by Cromwell with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Council_(1647)" title="Army Council (1647)">Army Council</a> on 20 April 1653, the Council went into abeyance. It was reconstituted on 29 April with thirteen members seven of whom were Army officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner1928168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner1928168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerichActon1934437_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerichActon1934437-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the failure of <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">Barebone's Parliament</a>, the Council was re-modelled with the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a> to become something much closer to the old Privy Council advising the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> Oliver Cromwell. Constitutionally between thirteen and twenty-one councillors were elected by Parliament to advise the Protector, who was also elected by the Council. In reality Cromwell relied on the Army for support and chose his own councillors. </p><p>The replacement constitution of 1657, the pseudo-monarchical <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">Humble Petition and Advice</a>, authorised 'His Highness the Lord Protector'; to choose twenty-one Councillors and the power to nominate his successor. Cromwell recommended his eldest surviving son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a>, who was proclaimed the successor on his father's death on 3 September 1658 and legally confirmed in the position by the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Third Protectorate Parliament">Third Protectorate Parliament</a> on 27 January 1659. </p><p>After the reinstatement of the Rump Parliament (7 May 1659) and the subsequent abolition of the position of Lord Protector, the role of the Council of State along with other <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">interregnum</a> institutions becomes confused as the instruments of state started to implode. The Council of State was not dissolved until 28 May 1660, when King Charles II personally assumed the government in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_President_of_the_Council_of_State">Lord President of the Council of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lord President of the Council of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the President of the Council of State (usually addressed as "Lord President") was intended to simply preside over the Council of State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">John Bradshaw</a>, the first president, served in the office longer than any other person to do so (serving for two years and ten months total). The reason no other individual served in the position longer than Bradshaw was due to a resolution passed by the Parliament on 26 November 1651 stating that "That no Person of any Committee of Parliament, or of the Council of State, shall be in the Chair of that Committee, or Council, for any longer Time, at once, than one Month" (Commons Journal, 7:43–44).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during the Protectorate of Oliver and Richard Cromwell, the position of Lord President of the Council of State, known during this period as the Protector's Privy Council, remained in existence until the re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>17 February 1649</td> <td>12 March 1649</td> <td>vacancy</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_tempore" title="Pro tempore">Pro tempore</a></i> Oliver Cromwell </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 March 1649</td> <td>29 December 1651</td> <td>John Bradshaw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 December 1651</td> <td>26 January 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 January 1652</td> <td>23 February 1652</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Arthur Haselrig</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 February 1652</td> <td>22 March 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester">Philip Sidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Lisle" title="Viscount Lisle">Lord Lisle</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 March 1652</td> <td>19 April 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 April 1652</td> <td>17 May 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rolle" title="Henry Rolle">Henry Rolle</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 May 1652</td> <td>14 June 1652</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 June 1652</td> <td>12 July 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 July 1652</td> <td>9 August 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denis_Bond_(President_of_the_Council)" title="Denis Bond (President of the Council)">Denis Bond</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 August 1652</td> <td>7 September 1652</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Purefoy" title="William Purefoy">William Purefoy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 September 1652</td> <td>5 October 1652</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Harington,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet">James Harrington</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 October 1652</td> <td>25 October 1652</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Constable,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet">William Constable</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 October 1652</td> <td>22 November 1652</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Masham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Masham">William Masham</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 November 1652</td> <td>1 December 1652</td> <td>Sir William Constable</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December 1652</td> <td>29 December 1652</td> <td></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 December 1652</td> <td>26 January 1653</td> <td>Henry Rolle</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 January 1653</td> <td>23 February 1653</td> <td>John Bradshaw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 February 1653</td> <td>23 March 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chaloner_(regicide)" title="Thomas Chaloner (regicide)">Thomas Chaloner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 March 1653</td> <td>20 April 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denis_Bond_(President_of_the_Council)" title="Denis Bond (President of the Council)">Denis Bond</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <td>20 April 1653</td> <td>29 April 1653</td> <td></td> <td>Dissolved along with the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> by Cromwell with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Council_(1647)" title="Army Council (1647)">Army Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 April 1653</td> <td>6 May 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)" title="John Lambert (general)">John Lambert</a></td> <td>Reconstituted with thirteen members of whom nine were Army officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirteen-members_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirteen-members-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 May 1653</td> <td>13 May 1653</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Pickering,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet">Gilbert Pickering</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 May 1653</td> <td>27 May 1653</td> <td></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 1653</td> <td>10 June 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Desborough" title="John Desborough">John Desborough</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 June 1653</td> <td>24 June 1653</td> <td>unknown</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 June 1653</td> <td>5 July 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jones_of_Fonmon" title="Philip Jones of Fonmon">Philip Jones of Fonmon</a></td> <td>Welsh </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 July 1653</td> <td>21 July 1653</td> <td>Sir Gilbert Pickering</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 July 1653</td> <td>4 August 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich">Edward Montagu</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 August 1653</td> <td>17 August 1653</td> <td></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 August 1653</td> <td>31 August 1653</td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 August 1653</td> <td>14 September 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tichborne" title="Robert Tichborne">Robert Tichborne</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 September 1653</td> <td>28 September 1653</td> <td></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 September 1653</td> <td>14 October 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle">Charles Howard</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 October 1653</td> <td>3 November 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moyer" title="Samuel Moyer">Samuel Moyer</a></td> <td>acting </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 October 1653</td> <td>3 November 1653</td> <td>Samuel Moyer</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 November 1653</td> <td>6 December 1653</td> <td>Edward Montagu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 December 1653</td> <td>12 December 1653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Strickland" title="Walter Strickland">Walter Strickland</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1653</td> <td>6 May 1659</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(President_of_the_Council)" title="Henry Lawrence (President of the Council)">Henry Lawrence</a></td> <td>During <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <td>7 May 1659</td> <td>18 May 1659</td> <td></td> <td>Replaced by a <a href="/wiki/English_Committee_of_Safety#1659" class="mw-redirect" title="English Committee of Safety">Committee of Safety</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">19 May 1659</td> <td rowspan="8">25 October 1659</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Berners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Berners (page does not exist)">Josiah Berners</a> (or Barnes)</td> <td rowspan="8">Members of the Council known to serve as president during most of 1659 the first year of the second period of the Commonwealth, which started in May when the Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-Order_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Order-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir James Harrington, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Arthur Haselrig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Johnston,_Lord_Warriston" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston">Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston</a> (Scot) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Salwey" title="Richard Salwey">Richard Salwey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Thomas Scot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir Henry Vane the Younger </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdead;"> <td>26 October</td> <td>Late December</td> <td></td> <td>Replaced by another Committee of Safety </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 December 1659</td> <td>23 February 1660</td> <td></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 February 1660</td> <td>28 May 1660</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Annesley,_1st_Earl_of_Anglesey" title="Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey">Arthur Annesley</a></td> <td>Anglo-Irish </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thirteen-members-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thirteen-members_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The thirteen members were Captain-General Oliver Cromwell; Major-Generals John Lambert, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Thomas Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Desborough" title="John Desborough">John Desborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thomlinson" title="Matthew Thomlinson">Matthew Thomlinson</a>; Colonels <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stapley" title="Anthony Stapley">Anthony Stapley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennet_(Roundhead)" title="Robert Bennet (Roundhead)">Robert Bennet</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sydenham" title="William Sydenham">William Sydenham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jones_of_Fonmon" title="Philip Jones of Fonmon">Philip Jones</a>; and four civilians, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Strickland" title="Walter Strickland">Walter Strickland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Pickering,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet">Sir Gilbert Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_(regicide)" title="John Carew (regicide)">John Carew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moyer" title="Samuel Moyer">Samuel Moyer</a>. (<a href="#CITEREFJenkins1890">Jenkins 1890</a>, p. 67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Order-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Order_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The presidents of the council during this period are listed in alphabetic order—as is done by the source (<a href="#CITEREFSchultz2010">Schultz 2010</a>)—not in the chronological order of the rest of the list.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1983Chapter:_LX:_The_Commonwealth:_Endnote_[a]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1983Chapter:_LX:_The_Commonwealth:_Endnote_[a]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1983">Hume 1983</a>, Chapter: LX: The Commonwealth: Endnote [a].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner1928168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner1928168_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner1928">Tanner 1928</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerichActon1934437-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerichActon1934437_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmerichActon1934">Emerich & Acton 1934</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultz2010">Schultz 2010</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmerichActon1934" class="citation cs2">Emerich, John; Acton, Lord Edward Dalberg, eds. (1934), <i>The Cambridge Modern History</i>, vol. 5, CUP Archive, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ba08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA437">437</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1983" class="citation cs2">Hume, David (1983) [1778], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/793/67350/1651785">"Chapter: LX: The Commonwealth: Endnote [a]"</a>, <i>The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688, Foreword by William B. Todd, 6 vols.</i>, vol. 6, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter%3A+LX%3A+The+Commonwealth%3A+Endnote+%26%2391%3Ba%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Invasion+of+Julius+Caesar+to+the+Revolution+in+1688%2C+Foreword+by+William+B.+Todd%2C+6+vols.&rft.pub=Indianapolis%3A+Liberty+Fund&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2F793%2F67350%2F1651785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1890" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, Edward (1890), <i>The Constitutional Experiments of the Commonwealth: A study of the Years 1649–1660</i>, Cambridge Historical Essays, vol. III, CUP Archive, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67">67</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Experiments+of+the+Commonwealth%3A+A+study+of+the+Years+1649%E2%80%931660&rft.series=Cambridge+Historical+Essays&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2010" class="citation cs2">Schultz, Oleg, ed. (13 March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716193908/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/commonwealth/01_coun_state.php">"Commonwealth of England: Council of State: 1649–1660"</a>, <i>Archontology</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/01_coun_state.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archontology&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+England%3A+Council+of+State%3A+1649%E2%80%931660&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fengland%2Fcommonwealth%2F01_coun_state.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1928" class="citation cs2">Tanner, Joseph Robson (1928), <i>English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689</i> (reprint ed.), CUP Archive, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-s3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168">168</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521065986" title="Special:BookSources/9780521065986"><bdi>9780521065986</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Constitutional+Conflicts+of+the+Seventeenth+Century%2C+1603%E2%80%931689&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9780521065986&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Robson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Council_of_State&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirthRait1911" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Firth_(historian)" title="Charles Firth (historian)">Firth, C. H.</a>; Rait, R. S., eds. (1911), "13 February 1649: An Act of this Present Parliament for Constituting a Counsell of State for the Comonwealth [sic] of England", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56310"><i>Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660</i></a>, pp. 2–4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+February+1649%3A+An+Act+of+this+Present+Parliament+for+Constituting+a+Counsell+of+State+for+the+Comonwealth+%5Bsic%5D+of+England&rft.btitle=Acts+and+Ordinances+of+the+Interregnum%2C+1642%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=2-4&rft.date=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D56310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802" class="citation cs2">House of Commons (1802), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25595#s9">"House of Commons Journal: 14 February 1649"</a>, <i>Journal of the House of Commons (1648–1651)</i>, vol. 6, pp. 140–141<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Journal%3A+14+February+1649&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Commons+%281648%E2%80%931651%29&rft.pages=140-141&rft.date=1802&rft.au=House+of+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D25595%23s9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant" class="citation cs2">Plant, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926000618/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/council-state.htm"><i>Council of State</i></a>, British Civil Wars website, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/council-state.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2005</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+of+State&rft.pub=British+Civil+Wars+website&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-civil-wars.co.uk%2Fglossary%2Fcouncil-state.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/council_of_state/">"Presidents of the Council of State: 1649–1660."</a>, <i>Archontology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archontology.org&rft.atitle=Presidents+of+the+Council+of+State%3A+1649%E2%80%931660.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fuk%2Fengland%2Fcouncil_of_state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Council+of+State" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a 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