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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تاریخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تاریخ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>تاریخ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-تاریخ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_شریف_یا_اعیان_امتیازات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۸۷ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۸۷ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аамсҭара – ابخازي" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аамсҭара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="ابخازي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84" title="نبل – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobleza" title="Nobleza – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nobleza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zad%C9%99ganl%C4%B1q" title="Zadəganlıq – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zadəganlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Дворянлыҡ – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дворянлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Знаць – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Знаць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дваранства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дваранства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аристокрация – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аристокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuma" title="Kasuma – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kasuma" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobla%C3%B1s" title="Noblañs – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Noblañs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemstvo" title="Plemstvo – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plemstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesa" title="Noblesa – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noblesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نەجیبزادەیی – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەجیبزادەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lechta" title="Šlechta – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šlechta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82" title="Ευγενείς – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγενείς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nobility" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelaro" title="Nobelaro – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobelaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobleza" title="Nobleza – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nobleza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadel" title="Aadel – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aadel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblezia" title="Noblezia – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noblezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نجیب‌زادگی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نجیب‌زادگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aateli" title="Aateli – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aateli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse" title="Noblesse – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noblesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadel" title="Aadel – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aadel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eallju" title="Eallju – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eallju" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaisleacht" title="Uaisleacht – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uaisleacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="貴族" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobreza" title="Nobreza – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nobreza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אצולה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="कुलीनवर्ग – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुलीनवर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemstvo" title="Plemstvo – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plemstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemess%C3%A9g" title="Nemesség – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազնվականություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազնվականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilitate" title="Nobilitate – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nobilitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onye_isi" title="Onye isi – اګبو" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Onye isi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="اګبو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeleso" title="Nobeleso – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nobeleso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0all" title="Aðall – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilt%C3%A0" title="Nobiltà – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nobiltà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貴族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningrat" title="Ningrat – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ningrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თავადაზნაურობა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავადაზნაურობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EC%A1%B1" title="귀족 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilitas" title="Nobilitas – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nobilitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilt%C3%A0" title="Nobiltà – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nobiltà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%BEcilt%C4%ABgie" title="Dižciltīgie – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dižciltīgie" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Благородништво – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Благородништво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="सामंतशाही – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सामंतशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_bangsawan" title="Golongan bangsawan – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Golongan bangsawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Мастачей – ارزيا" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мастачей" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ارزيا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारदार परिवार – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारदार परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesa" title="Noblesa – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Noblesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਕੁਲੀਨਵਰਗ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਲੀਨਵਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szlachta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobreza" title="Nobreza – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nobreza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilime" title="Nobilime – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nobilime" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дворянство – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дворянство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Немеш – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Немеш" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemstvo" title="Plemstvo – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plemstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nobility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%BEachta" title="Šľachta – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šľachta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemstvo" title="Plemstvo – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plemstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisnik%C3%ABria" title="Fisnikëria – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fisnikëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Племство – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Племство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel" title="Adel – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ชนชั้นขุนนาง – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนชั้นขุนนาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadlika" title="Hadlika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hadlika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asil" title="Asil – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дворяннар – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дворяннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шляхта – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шляхта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoryanlar" title="Dvoryanlar – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dvoryanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilt%C3%A0" title="Nobiltà – وینټیان" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nobiltà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="وینټیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_qu%C3%BD_t%E1%BB%99c" title="Giới quý tộc – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới quý tộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" title="贵族 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贵族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gveicuz" title="Gveicuz – ژوانګ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gveicuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ژوانګ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貴族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9i-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Kùi-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kùi-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貴族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم‌تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_/_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>اشراف یوه ټولنیزه ډله ده، چې په یو شمېر هغو ټولنو کې پیدا کېږي، چې رسمي اشراف یا اریستوکراسي لري. دا ډله خلک معمولاً په سمدلاسه توګه د امتیاز تر حق لاندې درجه بندي کېږی. اشرافي یا د لوړې طبقې خلک تر ډېره داسې په ډاګه کېږي، چې د ټولنې د نورو طبقو اړوندو خلکو په پرتله له ښو امتیازاتو او غوره ټولنیز موقعیت نه برخمن دي. د اشرافیت اړوند امتیازات ښایي د غیر اشرافي وګړو په پرتله د پام وړ ګټې او ځانګړنې ولري یا کېدای شي تر ډېره افتخاري وي (لکه د لومړیتوب ځانګړنه) او دغه راز ځانګړي هېواد او ځانګړې دورې پورې اړوند وي. د اشرافو په ډله کې غړیتوب د میراثي او پلرنیو حقوقو او مسئولیتونو له ډلې نه وي. </p><p>له تاریخي پلوه په اشرافو کې غړیتوب د یو پادشاه یا یو دولت په وسیله ورکړل شوی وي او ځینې وخت د مناسبه اندازې ځواک، شتمنۍ، نظامي ځواک یا هم د سلطنتي لطف او مهربانۍ ترلاسه کول د ټولنې عادي وګړو ته د دې وړتیا ورکوي، ترڅو د اشرافو ډلې ته ورسېږي. په لوړه کچه داسې د اشرافي او نجیبو ډلو ترمنځ بېلابېل پړاوونه او رتبې موجودې وي. په سلطنتونو او پادشاهیو کې په قانوني توګه د اشرافیت په رسمت پېژندل موجود و؛ خو په ځینې رژیمونو لکه د هالند جمهوریت (۱۵۸۱ – ۱۷۹۵ ز کال)، د جنوا جمهوریت (۱۰۰۵ – ۱۸۱۵)، د ونیز جمهوریت (۶۹۷ – ۱۷۹۷ ز)، د سوئیس لرغوني فدراسیون (۱۳۰۰ – ۱۷۹۸ ز) کې اشراف او د ځینو غیر ارثي کوچنیو رژیمونو لکه سن مارینو او په اروپا کې د ښار د ټولنیز قانوني جوړښت ځینې برخې پاتې دي. په لرغونې کلاسیکه دوره کې اشراف د رومي جمهوریت اړوند اشراف هغه کورنۍ وې، چې د پادشاهۍ یا کنسولۍ مقام ته رسېدلو وګړو له نسل او کورنۍ څخه وې. هغه خلک چې د پاتریسیون موروثي کورنیو پورې اړوند و، هغوی اشراف و؛ خو هغه پلبېان چې نیکونه او اجداد یې کنسول و، هغوی هم اشرافو په ډله کې راتلل. د روم په سترواکۍ کې موجوده اشراف د دې جمهوري غوښتونکو اشرافیانو د نسلونو او اولادونو له ډلې څخه و. حال دا چې د لرغوني روم له اشرافو څخه د معاصرو اشرافي او نجیب زاده کورنیو نسب ښایي له فني اړخه شونی وي، خو په اروپا کې داسې د هیڅ توکم او نسل، په هکله د نسل په نسل، او نسلي اوږدې شجرې اړوند توکم په هکله تاریخي اسناد او مستندات نشته.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>بېلابېل میراثي لقبونه او مختاړي یا وروستاړي موجود دي، چې له نومونو سره اضافه کېږي «لکه شهزاده، لرد، شهزادګۍ، پېغله» او دغه راز ځینې ویاړونه دي، چې معمولاً په خبرو اترو او لیکنو کې اعیان او اشراف له غیر نجیب او رعیت څخه جلا کوي. په زیاتره هېوادونو کې زیاتره اشراف او اعیان کوم اضافي نوم یا عنوان نه لري او دغه راز ځینې ارثي عنوانه لکه «ویدام» د اشرافیت او اعیان ښودونکي نه دي. همدارنګه ځینې هېوادونه لکه د برازیل سترواکي یا هم په بریتانیا کې د ژوند ملګري غیر ارثي اشراف لري. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاریخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE"></span>تاریخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_/_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تاریخ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د اشرافیت دا اصطلاح د لاتین له Nobilitas (چې د Nobilis صفت انتزاعی نوم دی، خو په دویمه درجه کې د معروف، مشهور او نامتو په معنا ده) کلمې څخه اخیستل شوې ده. د لرغوني روم په ټولنه کې اشراف یا اعیان د یو غیر رسمي نوم په توګه د حاکمې سیاسي ډلې لپاره کارول کېده چې مشترکې او ګډې ګټې یې لرلې، لکه د پاتریسیون کورنۍ اړوند خلک او د پلبي «پوستکو اړوند» کورنیو اړوند خلک د هغو نیکونو او پلرونو په اساس رامنځته شوي او پیل شوي دي، چې د خپلو وړتیاوو په اساس کنسولګرۍ ته رسېدلي و (د Nous Homo یا نوي نارینه وګورئ).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په معاصره او مډرنه کارونه کې «اشرافیت» د مخکنۍ یا له معاصرې ټولنې څخه د مخکې ټولنې تر ټولو لوړې طبقې ته ویل کېږي. په فیوډالي نظام کې (په اروپا او ځینې نورو ځایونو کې) په عمومي توګه اشراف او اعیان هغه کسان و، چې د بېلابېلو خدمتونو او ژمنتیا لکه تر ډېره نظامي برخه کې به مخکې و، یا یو پیاوړی شخص به و، کېدای شول یو قومندان به و، لویه ځمکه یا منصب به یې درلود، یا لوړ رتبه امیر یا پاچا به و او داسې نور... چې دا ټول په چټکۍ سره په میراث بدل شو، چې کله وخت به د میراثي لقب رسېدل حق پورې تړاو درلود، د بېلګې په توګه په فرانسه کې له انقلابه مخکې اشراف او اعیان به د میراثي لقب په اساس به له مالي امتیازاتو او ځینې نورو امتیازاتو برخمن و. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په داسې حال کې چې د اشرافو یا اعیانو موقعیت به مخکې په زیاتره قضايي برخو کې د پام وړ امتیازات رامنځته کول، په یوویشتمه پېړۍ کې په زیاتره ټولنو (لکه هالند، هسپانیا، بریتانیا) کې په یو افتخاري وقار او منزلت بدل شو، که څه هم یو کم شمېر پاتې شوي امتیازات ښایي بیا هم په قانوني توګه وساتل شي او ځینې آسیایان، د افریقا او آرام سمندر اړوند فرهنګونه بیا هم رسمي ارثي سرلیکونو یا رتبو ته د پام وړ ارزښت ورکوي (د تونګا د پادشاهۍ یا سلطنت اړوند اشرافو د مشرانو مقام او غوښتنې پرتله کړئ). د بریتانیا یو پر درېیم اندازې څخه زیاته خاوره د اشرافو یا اریستوکراتانو او د ځمکې د دودیزو مالکانو یا څښتنانو په لاس کې ده.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>اشرافیت یو تاریخي، ټولنیز او تر ډېره حقوقي مفهوم دی، چې لوړ ټولنیز ـ اقتصادي موقعیت سره په بشپړه توګه توپیر لري، ځکه دا مفهوم تر ډېره په عوایدو، شتمنۍ یا د ژوند طریقې باندې ولاړ دی. شتمن اوسېدل یا ډېر با نفوذه اوسېدل په مستقیمه توګه د دې لامل نشي کېدلای چې یو شخص د اشرافیانو یا اعیانو په ډله کې راولي او نه هم ټول اشرافیان شتمن یا نفوذ لرونکي خلک دي (اشرافي کورنیو خپله شتمنۍ له بېلابېلو لارو له لاسه ورکړې او د «بېوزله اشرافي» مفهوم هم تر ډېره د خپله اشرافو په څېر لرغونی مفهوم دی). </p><p>که څه هم زیاتره ټولنې داسې ځانګړې لوړې طبقې لري، چې د پام وړ شتمني او قدرت لری؛ خو دا وضعیت په الزامي توګه میراثي نه دی او دغه راز یو ځانګړي او جلا حقوقي وضعیت یا د خطاب کولو بېلابېلو ډولونو ته اړتیا هم نه لري. ګڼ شمېر جمهوریتونه لکه د یونان، ترکیې، اتریش په څېر اروپایي هېوادونو، د اوسپنیزې پردې پخوانيو هېوادونو او د آمریکا د قارې اړوند ځینو سیمو لکه مکسیکو او د امریکې متحده ایالتونو خپلو ښاریانو او اتباعو ته د اشرافیت اړوندو عنوانونو او القابو کارول او ورکول په ښکاره توګه لغوه کړي دي، چې دا مورد له هغو هېوادونو سره توپیر لري، چې د اشرافي عنوانونو او القابو د میراث اخیستو حق یې لغوه کړی نه ده؛ خو د هغوي په رسمیت پېژندلو یا قانوني ملاتړ لپاره یې کوم امتیازات منلي نه دي، لکه د آلمان او ایټالیا هېوادونه، که څه هم آلمان هېواد د کورني نوم د یوې برخې په توګه د دې عنوانونو او القابو یادونه او کارول مني. دغه راز نور هېوادونه او چارواکي لکه د ناروې، فلند او اروپایي ټولنې اړوند هېوادونه تر اوسه هم د دې عنوانونو او القابو کارول نه منع کوي؛ خو د دې القابو لپاره د هر ډول امتیازاتو اضافه او ضمیمه کول منع کوي، حال دا چې د فرانسې قوانین هم د غصب په وړاندې د قانوني عنوانونو او القابو ملاتړ کوي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_شریف_یا_اعیان_امتیازات"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.B4.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.81_.DB.8C.D8.A7_.D8.A7.D8.B9.DB.8C.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.85.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.B2.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>د شریف یا اعیان امتیازات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_/_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د شریف یا اعیان امتیازات"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د اشرافو یا اعیانو ټولې ګټې خپله د نجیب یا شریف اوسېدو له مقام څخه ترلاسه شوي نه دي. امتیازات او ګټې تر ډېره د یو پادشاه په وسیله د یو ځانګړي عنوان، لقب، مقام یا یوې ځانګړې شتمنۍ درلودلو په اساس ورکول کېدل یا په رسمیت پېژندل کېدل. د زیاتره اشرافو یا اعیانو زیاته برخه شتمني له یو یا څو کوچنیو یا غټو ملکیتونو څخه تر لاسه کېږي، چې کېدای شي دا ملکیتونه یې د کرنیزو ځمکو، باغونو، څړځایونو، مزرعو، ښکاري ځمکو، ویالو، سیندونو، درو او داسې نورو ډولونو په توګه وي. همدارنګه یو شمېر زیربناوې لکه لویه کلا، څاه او ژرندې یا آسیابونه هم په کې  شاملې وې، چې سیمه ییزو بزګرو به هغو ته د لاسرسي اجازه لرله، چې زیاتره وختونه به دا لاسرسي د قیمتونو په اساس وه. له اشرافو یا اعیانو څخه به تمه کېده چې د دې اموالو په عوایدو سره به په «شرافت او نجیبانه» توګه ژوند وکړي. هغه کارونه چې د لاسي کارونو اړوند و، یا د بېلابېلو وګړو اطاعت او پیروي وه هغه به بیا د ټیټې درجې اړوند خلکو (د ځینې ځانګړو استثنأتو، لکه د نظامي خدمت یا کلیسایي خدمت پرته) کار و، یا دا چې د اشرافو لپاره به منع و (ځکه د اشرافو د موقعیت څخه انحراف او سرغړونه بلل کېده)، یا هم په ټولنیز لحاظ به له پامه غورځول کېده. له بل پلو په اشرافو کې غړیتوب به تر ډېره د لوړو موقفونو او شغلي ودې او پرمختګ لپاره اړین و، په ځانګړې توګه په نظامي برخو، محاکمو، د دولت لوړو برخو اړوندو دندو، قضائیه قوې لوړو برخو او د کلیسا په برخو کې به د لوړ موقف ترلاسه کولو لپاره د اشرافو غړیتوب اړین و. </p><p>د فرانسې له انقلاب نه مخکې، ګڼ شمېر اروپايي اشرافو به په عمومي توګه د ټولنې د ټیټې طبقې له عادي وګړو یا رعیت څخه ډېره اندازه باج د نقدي اجارې، نقدي مالیاتو، قانوني استحقاق یا هم د کلني محصول یوې برخې په توګه ترلاسه کاوه، چې دې عادي وګړو یا د ټیټې طبقې خلکو به یا د اشرافو په کور کې ژوند او کار کاوه او یا هم د هغو په مزرعو او د مالکیت اړوند حوزو کې یې.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_/_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/royals-who-married-commoners-kate-middleton-prince-william">"Move Over, Kate Middleton: These Commoners All Married Royals, Too"</a>. <i>Vogue</i> (in انګليسي). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025031321/https://www.vogue.com/article/royals-who-married-commoners-kate-middleton-prince-william">خوندي شوی</a> له اصلي څخه په 2018-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2018-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Move+Over%2C+Kate+Middleton%3A+These+Commoners+All+Married+Royals%2C+Too&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Froyals-who-married-commoners-kate-middleton-prince-william&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revilo_P._Oliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revilo P. Oliver (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Oliver, Revilo P.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/11694/illinoisclassica31978OLIVER.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">"Tacitean "Nobilitas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Illinois Classical Studies</i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Illinois_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Illinois Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">University of Illinois Press</a>: 238–261. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2142%2F11694">2142/11694</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23062619">23062619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915005240/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/11694/illinoisclassica31978OLIVER.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">خوندي شوی</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> له اصلي څخه په 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=Tacitean+%22Nobilitas%22&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=238-261&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2142%2F11694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23062619%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Revilo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideals.illinois.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2142%2F11694%2Fillinoisclassica31978OLIVER.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_journal" title="کينډۍ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archivedate=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archiveurl=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBengtssonMissiaiaOlssonSvensson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/26235457/LUP_161.pdf">"The Wealth of the Richest: Inequality and the Nobility in Sweden, 1750–1900"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_%26_Francis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor & Francis (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Taylor & Francis</a>: 1–28. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468755.2018.1480538">10.1080/03468755.2018.1480538</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149906044">149906044</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042440/http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/26235457/LUP_161.pdf">خوندي شوی</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> له اصلي څخه په 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lund_University_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lund University Libraries (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Lund University Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Wealth+of+the+Richest%3A+Inequality+and+the+Nobility+in+Sweden%2C+1750%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03468755.2018.1480538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149906044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bengtsson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Missiaia%2C+Anna&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Mats&rft.au=Svensson%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fsearch%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F26235457%2FLUP_161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_journal" title="کينډۍ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLukowski2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Lukowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Lukowski (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Lukowski, Jerzy</a> (2003). Hall, Lesley; Lilley, Keith D.; MacMaster, Neil; Spellman, W. M.; Waite, Gary K.; Webb, Diana (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084639/https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/%5BJerzy_Lukowski%5D_The_European_Nobility_in_the_Eigh.pdf"><i>The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palgrave_Macmillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palgrave Macmillan (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 243. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-333-74440-3" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-333-74440-3"><bdi>0-333-74440-3</bdi></a>. خوندي شوی له <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/%5BJerzy_Lukowski%5D_The_European_Nobility_in_the_Eigh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2018-09-15</span></span> – via Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Nobility+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-333-74440-3&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzodml.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%255BJerzy_Lukowski%255D_The_European_Nobility_in_the_Eigh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_Life_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Country Life (magazine) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Country Life (magazine)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrylife.co.uk/articles/who-really-owns-britain-20219#Yd4CfOEkPZrOr2C0.99">Who really owns Britain?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104023512/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/articles/who-really-owns-britain-20219#Yd4CfOEkPZrOr2C0.99">Archived</a> 2021-11-04 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>., 16. October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/apr/17/who-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author">"Half of England is owned by less than 1% of the population"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 17 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030075218/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/apr/17/who-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author">خوندي شوی</a> له اصلي څخه په 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Half+of+England+is+owned+by+less+than+1%25+of+the+population&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmoney%2F2019%2Fapr%2F17%2Fwho-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_EB1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:Cite EB1911 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:Cite EB1911</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan1996" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan, Dewald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA117"><i>The European nobility, 1400-1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-521-42528-X" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-521-42528-X"><bdi>0-521-42528-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150531/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fct5tlRFwEC&pg=PA117">خوندي شوی</a> له اصلي څخه په 2022-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2015-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+nobility%2C+1400-1800&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-42528-X&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Dewald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fct5tlRFwEC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA+%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اشرافیت_/_اشرافي_خلک&oldid=300916">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اشرافیت_/_اشرافي_خلک&oldid=300916</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div 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