CINXE.COM
EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024 | Economic Growth Center
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1588800701",accountID:"3876684",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"Vw4AV1BbDBABUVZbAwUEVFUD",licenseKey:"NRJS-a588e19175fb60800e5",applicationID:"1579443212"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://egc.yale.edu/about/egc-newsletter" /> <meta name="robots" content="index" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=EyrNe3N_" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Economic Growth Center" /> <meta property="og:type" content="News Item" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://egc.yale.edu/about/egc-newsletter" /> <meta property="og:title" content="EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=EyrNe3N_" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=EyrNe3N_" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="photo" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="675" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="1200" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/site.webmanifest"/> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/> <meta name="favicon-generator" content="Drupal responsive_favicons + realfavicongenerator.net" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://egc.yale.edu/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "About", "item": "https://egc.yale.edu/about" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024" } ] }</script> <title>EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024 | Economic Growth Center</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/ajax-progress.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/autocomplete-loading.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tabledrag.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/base/base--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/layout/layout--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/drupal-messages/drupal-messages.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor--tobin.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/drupal-messages/drupal-messages.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/footer/footer--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/social/social.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/teaser-text/news-item-teaser-text.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/publication/teaser-text/publication-teaser-text.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/html-content/html-content.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/media/image/image.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/field/advanced-header-field/advanced-header-field.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/layout/one-column/one-column.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/teaser-callout-vertical/news-item-teaser-callout-vertical.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/event/teaser-callout-horizontal/event-teaser-callout-horizontal.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/teaser-callout-horizontal/teaser-callout-horizontal.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/layout/two-column/two-column.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/cta-link/cta-link.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/cta-link/cta-link--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/news-item.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/news-item--egc.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb--tobin.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main.css?sneopg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main--egc.css?sneopg" /> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/fontawesome.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/light.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/brands.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> </head> <body data-roles="anonymous" class="site-page site-page--node-news-item egc-domain"> <a href="#site-main" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <header class="site-header" data-js="site-header"> <div class="site-header__content"> <div class="site-header__background-stripe"></div> <div class="site-header__sticky-trigger"></div> <div class="site-header__branding-block"> <div class="branding-block"> <div class="branding-block__pre-site-name"> Yale </div> <div class="branding-block__site-name"> <a href="/" aria-label="Tobin Center homepage.">Economic Growth Center</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__menu"> <button class="menu-toggle" data-js="menu-toggle" aria-controls="block-main" aria-expanded="false"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-main-menu" id="block-main" class="block-main-menu" data-js="block-main-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-main-menu">Main Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu menu__item--active"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/about" aria-current="page" data-drupal-link-system-path="about">About</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--active"> <a href="/about/egc-newsletter" aria-current="page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302331" class="is-active">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/annual-report" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200908">Annual Report</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/our-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200030">EGC History</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://economics.yale.edu/international-and-development-economics">IDE Masters Program</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200091">For Current Students</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/support-our-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200453">Support EGC's Work</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/contact-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200049">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="people">People</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201125">Core Team</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201824">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/egc-visiting-faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201825">Visiting Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/kuznets-visitors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201826">Kuznets Visitors</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/postdoctoral-scholars" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201828">Postdoctoral Scholars</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/student-interns" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201829">Student Interns</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/egc-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201830">EGC Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="opportunities">Opportunities</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/jobs-research-fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200147">Jobs & Research Fellowships</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/internships-yale-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200148">Internships for Yale students</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities-egc/faculty-research-support" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302625">Faculty Research Support</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/egc-incubation-fund" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302506">EGC Incubation Fund</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities-egc/support-graduate-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302624">Support for Graduate Students</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="events">Events</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/weekly-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302476">Weekly Events</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/upcoming-conferences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200283">Upcoming Conferences</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/simon-kuznets-memorial-lecture-series" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/152830">Kuznets Memorial Lecture</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/past-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302498">Past Events</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200096">Data</a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="research">Research</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/publications-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201831">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/research-summaries" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200140">Research Summaries</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/egc-affiliate-spotlight-series" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200285">EGC Affiliate Spotlight Series</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/works-progress" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302507">Works in Progress</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/egcenter-discussion-paper-series/">Discussion Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301397">Projects</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/egc-voices-development-podcast" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200890">EGC Podcast Series</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="initiatives">Initiatives</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://ie.yale.edu">Inclusion Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/markets-and-development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301225">Markets & Development</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/climate-energy-growth-initiative" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302091">Climate, Energy & Growth</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/gender-and-growth-gaps-project" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201431">Gender & Growth Gaps</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/latin-america-and-caribbean-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201836">Latin America & the Caribbean</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/bridging-atlantic-migrations-and-their-legacies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301226">Bridging the Atlantic</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/data-science-development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301224">Data Science for Development</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/economic-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201763">Program In Economic History</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://cowles.yale.edu/international-trade">Program in International Trade</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header__search"> <a href="/search" aria-label=" Economic Growth Center search page"> <i class="fal fa-search"></i><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div class="site-header__breadcrumbs"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol id="menu-breadcrumb" class="menu menu--breadcrumb" data-js="breadcrumb"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--0"> <a href="/"><span>Home</span></a> <div class="menu__item-seperator"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-right"></i> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--1"> <a href="https://egc.yale.edu/about"><span>About</span></a> <div class="menu__item-seperator"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-right"></i> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--2"> EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024 </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header__book-return"> <a href="/" aria-label="Back to Economic Growth Center homepage"> <i class="fal fa-arrow-left"></i><span>EGC Home</span> </a> </div> </div> </header> <main class="site-main"> <div class="site-main__system"></div> <div class="region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-egc-content"> <article class="node node--news-item node--full color-scheme-egc-dark-gray node--has-page-image" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node__header" data-js="node-header"> <div class="node__header-content-wrapper"> <div class="node__header-content"> <div class="node__heading-prefix"> September 24, 2024 | News </div> <h1 class="node__heading"> EGC Quarterly Newsletter, Fall 2024 </h1> <div class="node__page-image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--page-image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.webp?h=3165317f&itok=YJnFNO4l 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.webp?h=3165317f&itok=YUHKY1UN 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.webp?h=3165317f&itok=gzpo5ohW 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.webp?h=3165317f&itok=YJnFNO4l 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.webp?h=3165317f&itok=gzpo5ohW 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=YJnFNO4l 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=YUHKY1UN 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=gzpo5ohW 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=YJnFNO4l 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=gzpo5ohW 1x"/> <img class="page_image lazyload" width="720" height="500" alt="Nurul Isla" loading="lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Islam%201970s_0.jpg?h=3165317f&itok=YJnFNO4l" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="media__figcaption"> <cite class="media__credit"> Photo courtesy Roumeen Islam</cite> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node__content"> <div class="node__sections"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--cta-link paragraph--default paragraph--cta-link-primary" id="paragraph-cta-link-259384" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="https://forms.gle/DCZNSJ94r1YqiqKr7">Subscribe to receive EGC's quarterly newsletter</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-258297" data-js="html-content"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h3"> <h3 id="heading-html_content-258297" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> A history of providing refuge for independent-minded economists </h3> </header> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>2024 has been described as the global year of elections – and by the time we began the 2024 academic year over 25 national elections had occurred. In some countries, new elections have already been called. <br /><br /> In Bangladesh this August, an interim government was sworn in, led by Nobel Peace laureate Muhammad Yunus. This followed student-led protests against the previous authoritarian regime over the summer, a violent crackdown, and the ousting of the government. In September, EGC affiliate Mushfiq Mobarak <a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/WErRqeKfpgQ">convened</a> students, civil society activists, researchers, and policy leaders at Yale to discuss the way forward, which will include a new election.<br /><br /> Mushfiq’s efforts follow a long tradition of Yale economists engaging in Bangladesh and supporting movements toward freedom and economic justice around the world. A mentor of Muhammad Yunus, Nurul Islam, was the architect of the economic rationale for Bangladesh’s independence movement from United Pakistan in the 1960s and 70s. When war broke out and his life was at risk, Islam found refuge at Yale and intellectual support for his ideas among the founding team of EGC. “My father immediately had a family there," said his daughter <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/r/roumeen-islam">Roumeen Islam</a>, in an interview for our <a href="/news/240924/how-nurul-islam-one-bangladeshs-founding-economists-found-intellectual-refuge-yale">profile</a>, which we publish today. Roumeen Islam is the Senior Economic Advisor to the Managing Director of the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group.</p> <p dir="ltr">Around the same time, EGC also served as a safe haven and intellectual home for <a href="/latin-american-economists-egc-1960s-and-70s">Latin American economists</a> – some having been forced out of their positions in their home countries by repressive regimes. These included <a href="/news/210325/1960s-political-exile-egc-visiting-scholar-development-theorist-celso-furtado">Celso Furtado</a> and <a href="/blending-economics-development-and-human-rights-profile-carlos-diaz-alejandro">Carlos Diaz-Alejandro</a>; and EGC now provides support for Latin American graduate and postdoctoral scholars at Yale in memory and celebration of the life and work of Diaz-Alejandro through the endowment fund established by a circle of friends and donors in his name.</p> <p>As we set out on Academic Year 2024-25, we look forward to serving as a forum for forward-thinking economic ideas through our teaching, <a href="/research">research</a>, <a href="/events">events</a>, and by hosting <a href="/kuznets-visitors-program">visitors</a> from around the world. We hope you will join us.</p> </div> </div> <section class="layout--30-70 layout layout--two-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-260332" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="328" height="69" alt="Rohini's signature. " loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-03/Rohini%20signature.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> </div> </div> </section> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-260333" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Rohini Pande <br /> Henry J. Heinz II Professor of Economics<br /> Director, Economic Growth Center</p> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-259605" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--event node-teaser--callout-horizontal color-scheme-yale-medium-blue" data-js="node-event"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> Firms, Trade, and Development Conference 2024 </div> <div class="node-teaser__type-label"> Conference </div> <div class="node-teaser__event-details"> <div class="node-teaser__event-date"> Oct 24 — Oct 25, 2024 </div> </div> <div class="node-teaser__cta-link"> <a href="/events/2024/firms-trade-and-development-conference-2024">Learn More</a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-callout-horizontal"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/Aaron%20Santos%2C%20ILO.webp?h=ac778ff2&itok=qFPi2Wqe 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2024-10/Aaron%20Santos%2C%20ILO.webp?h=ac778ff2&itok=jfLNdi1Z 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/Aaron%20Santos%2C%20ILO.jpg?h=ac778ff2&itok=qFPi2Wqe 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2024-10/Aaron%20Santos%2C%20ILO.jpg?h=ac778ff2&itok=jfLNdi1Z 2x"/> <img class="teaser_callout_horizontal lazyload" width="760" height="440" alt="A factory in India" loading="lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/Aaron%20Santos%2C%20ILO.jpg?h=ac778ff2&itok=qFPi2Wqe" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259627"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259627" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> EGC Voices in Development </h2> <div class="advanced-header-field__subtitle"> This podcast series explores issues related to sustainable development and economic justice in low- and middle-income countries. </div> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-259620" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--callout-vertical color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__type-label"> Podcast </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/240701/inequality-latin-america-marcela-eslava-santiago-levy-and-ana-de-la-o-shared-vision-research-and"><span>Inequality in Latin America: Marcela Eslava, Santiago Levy, and Ana de la O on a shared vision for research and action</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.webp?h=def3cf70&itok=zUqtFpbx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.webp?h=def3cf70&itok=PUWR7ajV 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.webp?h=def3cf70&itok=kxfd0T82 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.webp?h=def3cf70&itok=zUqtFpbx 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.png?h=def3cf70&itok=zUqtFpbx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.png?h=def3cf70&itok=PUWR7ajV 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.png?h=def3cf70&itok=kxfd0T82 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.png?h=def3cf70&itok=zUqtFpbx 2x" type="image/png"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-09/Voices%20in%20Development%20-%20LACIR.png?h=def3cf70&itok=zUqtFpbx" width="720" height="500" alt="Image showing Marcela Eslava, Santiago Levy, and Ana de la O who featured together in an episode of the EGC Voices in Development podcast" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-259625" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--callout-vertical color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__type-label"> Podcast </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/240722/climate-change-water-scarcity-islamul-haque-and-mushfiq-mobarak-crafting-research-based-community"><span>Climate Change & Water Scarcity: Islamul Haque and Mushfiq Mobarak on crafting research based on community needs in Bangladesh</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.webp?h=e7bbd409&itok=1A25OGmC 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.webp?h=e7bbd409&itok=e7y1UwZo 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.webp?h=e7bbd409&itok=5IEuyXB0 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.webp?h=e7bbd409&itok=1A25OGmC 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.jpg?h=e7bbd409&itok=1A25OGmC 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.jpg?h=e7bbd409&itok=e7y1UwZo 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.jpg?h=e7bbd409&itok=5IEuyXB0 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.jpg?h=e7bbd409&itok=1A25OGmC 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Haque-Mobarak%202.jpg?h=e7bbd409&itok=1A25OGmC" width="720" height="500" alt="Mushfiq Mobarak takes part in the discussion at the 32nd Kuznets Memorial Lecture." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259628"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259628" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Events </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--header paragraph--default" id="paragraph-header-259632" data-js="header"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h3"> <h3 id="heading-header-259632" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Insights for policy and practice to reduce gender gaps </h3> </header> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-259631" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="1000" height="403" alt="A group photo of staff from EGC, IEIC, Yale Inclusion Economics, and IEG." loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-10/GGG%20Group%20Photo.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259630" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Why do gender gaps in employment opportunities and outcomes persist in countries around the world, how can policy close them, and what do women and economies stand to gain? This summer, EGC researchers convened policy-research dialogues in Accra, Ghana and Delhi, India to help answer these questions. The events were organized by the EGC's Gender and Growth Gaps project and Inclusion Economics, in collaboration with in-country partner organizations.</p> <p><a href="/news/240703/insights-policy-and-practice-reduce-gender-gaps-african-labor-markets-highlighted-egc-event-accra">ACCRA EVENT RECAP</a></p> <p><a href="/news/240815/looking-back-gender-and-growth-gaps-india-research-and-policy-dialogue">DELHI EVENT RECAP</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--header paragraph--default" id="paragraph-header-259634" data-js="header"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h3"> <h3 id="heading-header-259634" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Celebrating the multidisciplinary contributions of Professor Naomi Lamoreaux </h3> </header> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-259635" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="1200" height="900" alt="Naomi Lamoreaux at the Charting the Future event" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-10/Lamoreaux.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259636" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>In May EGC brought together esteemed economists, historians, law experts, and policy experts to celebrate the career of Naomi Lamoreaux. Charting the Future of Economics, Governance, and Economic Development in the United States and Beyond was a mini-conference examining the future direction of multidisciplinary research in history, economics, and public policy.</p> <p><a href="/events/2024/charting-future-economics-governance-and-economic-development-united-states-and-beyond-0">WATCH THE OPENING SESSION</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259637"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259637" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> EGC Affiliate Spotlight </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--header paragraph--default" id="paragraph-header-259639" data-js="header"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h3"> <h3 id="heading-header-259639" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Mayara Felix </h3> </header> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-260334" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="720" height="496" alt="Mayara" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-08/Mayara.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259641" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Growing up in a working-class family in Brazil, Mayara Felix benefitted from a policy that enabled her father to get work as a security guard. Now, as an incoming Yale Department of Economics faculty member, she is conducting innovative research to quantify the economic benefits of that policy – domestic outsourcing – on workers and the labor market.</p> <p><a href="/research/mayara-felix-explains-labor-market-effects-domestic-outsourcing">READ THE SPOTLIGHT</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259642"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259642" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Meet the EGC Postdoctoral Associates for 2024-25 </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-259644" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="740" height="416" alt="New associates at EGC for the 2024 academic year" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-10/2024%20New%20Associates%20Email.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259645" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Read about the exciting research being conducted by incoming <a href="/people/postdoctoral-scholars">EGC postdoctoral scholars</a> across a wide range of fields.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259646"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259646" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> IDE Master's Program </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-259648" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="4000" height="3000" alt="IDE '25 outside 27 Hillhouse (EGC)" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-08/IDE%20orientation%20group.3%208-23%281%29.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="media__figcaption"> <cite class="media__credit"> Credit: Anna Groesser</cite> <div class="media__caption"> <p>IDE '25</p></cite> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259649" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Applications are now open for the 2025-2026 academic year. Learn more about the program and apply <a href="https://economics.yale.edu/ide-ma-program">here</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259650"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259650" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Recent Publications </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout--border layout--border-color-scheme-light layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--header paragraph--default" id="paragraph-header-259652" data-js="header"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h3"> <h3 id="heading-header-259652" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> EGC Research </h3> </header> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-image-259653" data-js="image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--default"> <img width="1000" height="667" alt="A mother and child in India" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/2024-10/Odisha%20-%20Ishan%20Tankha%203.png" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-259654" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Attanasio & Meghir on the impact of targeting high school scholarships to the poor in Mexico; Attanasio et al. on preschool quality and child development in Colombia; Attanasio et al.’s presidential address to the Econometric Society; Caliendo et al. present a model of a small open economy with product differentiation; Goldberg & Khandelwal on the US-China trade war; Mobarak et al. on how refugees in Bangladesh are hosted in highly vulnerable communities; Neilson et al. on the effect of colleges’ participation in Chile’s centralized higher-education platform; Neilson et al. on the effect of providing parents with information on school quality in Haiti; Pande et al. on the long-run impacts of a liquidity shock in India; Pande et al. on how public information incentivizes politicians to increase pro-poor spending; Pande et al. present experimental evidence of Saudi women’s take-up of unemployment assistance.</p> <p><a href="/research-egc">EGC RESEARCH</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <aside class="node__aside"> <div class="node__related-publications"> <h3>Related publications</h3> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--text color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/mayara-felix-explains-labor-market-effects-domestic-outsourcing"><span>Mayara Felix explains the labor market effects of domestic outsourcing</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> <div class="node__related-news-items"> <h3>Related News Items</h3> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--text color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/240924/how-nurul-islam-one-bangladeshs-founding-economists-found-intellectual-refuge-yale"><span>How Nurul Islam, one of Bangladesh’s founding economists, found intellectual refuge at Yale</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--text color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/240701/inequality-latin-america-marcela-eslava-santiago-levy-and-ana-de-la-o-shared-vision-research-and"><span>Inequality in Latin America: Marcela Eslava, Santiago Levy, and Ana de la O on a shared vision for research and action</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--text color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/240722/climate-change-water-scarcity-islamul-haque-and-mushfiq-mobarak-crafting-research-based-community"><span>Climate Change & Water Scarcity: Islamul Haque and Mushfiq Mobarak on crafting research based on community needs in Bangladesh</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> </aside> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__newsletter"> <div class="newsletter newsletter--egc"> <h2 class="newsletter__title">Stay informed and sign up for the EGC Quarterly Newsletter.</h2> <p class="newsletter__text">Interested in more? EGC offers several newsletters and mailing lists. See all your options and subscribe.</p> <div class="newsletter__cta"> <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScaUuEmikFOlY7T80RjgmTIE4qEuSFxWIYIPU2jIWSe-JM3Lg/viewform" target="_blank" aria-label="Join our mailing list"> Stay Informed</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__content"> <div class="site-footer__logo"> <a href="https://yale.edu" aria-label="Yale University's homepage">Yale</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__site-name"> <a href="/" aria-label=" Economic Growth Center homepage">Economic Growth Center</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__social-menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-social-menu" id="block-social" class="block-social-menu" data-js="block-social-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-social-menu">Social Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--social-egc menu--social menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleEGC" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's Facebook page" title="Facebook"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/yaleegc/" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's Instagram page" title="Instagram"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/42088547" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's LinkedIn page" title="LinkedIn"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://x.com/YaleEGC" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's X page" title="X"><i class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSh-dNnqe1agUSzPM01LgBA" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's YouTube page" title="YouTube"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i></a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footer-menu" id="block-footer" class="block-footer-menu" data-js="block-footer-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer-menu">Footer Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--footer-egc menu--footer menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://economics.yale.edu/">Department of Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://privacy.yale.edu/resources/privacy-statement">Privacy Policy</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__address"> <i class="fal fa-location-dot"></i><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/?q=place_id%3AChIJ8_D6y7fZ54kRhRDoWyzW-rg">P.O. Box 208268, New Haven CT 06520-8268</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__contact-info"> <span class="site-footer__contact-info-phone"> <i class="fal fa-phone"></i><a href="tel:2034323610">203-432-3610</a> </span> <span class="site-footer__contact-info-email"> <i class="fal fa-envelope"></i><a href="mailto:egc@yale.edu">egc@yale.edu</a> </span> </div> <div class="site-footer__copyright"> Copyright © 2024 Yale University. <span>All Rights Reserved.</span> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/302331","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":true,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"7adbd887018c04c323cfb6957e775c76a4b4c1dbbd7a3fbd9e3fc1ae947ade59"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.6.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/element.matches.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/object.assign.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery-once/jquery.once.min.js?v=2.2.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/picturefill/picturefill.min.js?v=3.0.3"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/lazy/js/lazy.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.once.bc.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.js?sneopg"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/layout/layout--egc.js?sneopg"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb.js?sneopg"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main.js?sneopg"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main--egc.js?sneopg"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a588e19175fb60800e5","applicationID":"1579443212","transactionName":"ZVNXN0VXD0UAV0MPClwZdABDXw5YTkRWAQBtVVQAX1M=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":18,"atts":"SRRUQQ1NHEs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>