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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="محطة تلفزيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة تلفزيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27angambyry_mbohas%C3%A1va" title="Ta'angambyry mbohasáva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta'angambyry mbohasáva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizn%C3%AD_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Televizní společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Televizní společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv-station" title="Tv-station – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tv-station" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τηλεοπτικός σταθμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεοπτικός σταθμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ایستگاه تلویزیونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستگاه تلویزیونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" title="Station de télévision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Station de télévision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefyzjestjoerder" title="Telefyzjestjoerder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Telefyzjestjoerder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1%EA%B5%AD" title="텔레비전 방송국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레비전 방송국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հեռուստատեսային կենտրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռուստատեսային կենտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizijska_postaja" title="Televizijska postaja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Televizijska postaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_televisi" title="Stasiun televisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stasiun televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarpsst%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Sjónvarpsstöð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónvarpsstöð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emittente_televisiva" title="Emittente televisiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emittente televisiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_televisi" title="Stasiun televisi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stasiun televisi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stesen_televisyen" title="Stesen televisyen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stesen televisyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Телевизийн станц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Телевизийн станц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%B1%80" title="テレビジョン放送局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレビジョン放送局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizion_stansiya" title="Televizion stansiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Televizion stansiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacja_telewizyjna" title="Stacja telewizyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stacja telewizyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_televis%C3%A3o" title="Estação de televisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estação de televisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телевизионная станция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телевизионная станция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Television station" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Телевизијска станица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизијска станица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioasema" title="Televisioasema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Televisioasema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีโทรทัศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีโทรทัศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizyon_istasyonu" title="Televizyon istasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Televizyon istasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ٹیلی ویژن اسٹیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی ویژن اسٹیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasion_te%C5%82eviziva" title="Stasion tełeviziva – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stasion tełeviziva" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh" title="Đài truyền hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài truyền hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="电视台 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电视台" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8F%B0" title="電視台 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電視台" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="电视台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电视台" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization that transmits content over a television channel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a television transmitting location or company. For the technical concept related to broadcast frequencies, see <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">Television channel</a>. For the concept of a specific television service (known as a "channel" or "station" in some areas), see <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">Television network</a>.</div><p>A <b>television station</b> is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity such as an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">amateur television</a> (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> directly from a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> on the earth's surface to any number of tuned <a href="/wiki/Television_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Television sets">receivers</a> simultaneously. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Fernsehsender_Paul_Nipkow" title="Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow">Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow</a></i> (<i>TV Station Paul Nipkow</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany, was the first regular television service in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it was shut down in 1944. The station was named after <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottlieb_Nipkow" title="Paul Gottlieb Nipkow">Paul Gottlieb Nipkow</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a> transmission can occur via <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> signals or, more recently, via <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> signals. Television stations are differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> or other video providers as their content is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a <a href="/wiki/TV_network" class="mw-redirect" title="TV network">TV network</a> and an individual station within the network is referred to as <a href="/wiki/O%26O" class="mw-redirect" title="O&O">O&O</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliate</a>, respectively. </p><p>Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a> standards vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">television channel</a>, but digital television enables broadcasting via <a href="/wiki/Subchannel" class="mw-redirect" title="Subchannel">subchannels</a> as well. Television stations usually require a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcast license</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a> which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Television_licence#United_States" title="Television licence">television license</a> defines the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_range" title="Broadcast range">broadcast range</a>, or geographic area, that the station is limited to, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">allocates the broadcast frequency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">programmed</a> for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">public affairs messages</a>. </p><p>Another form of television station is <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> (NCE) and considered <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a>. To avoid <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a> of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> of nationwide <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">programs</a>. In those countries, the local television station has no <a href="/wiki/Station_identification" title="Station identification">station identification</a> and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">television news</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico_(DSC03460).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg/220px-Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg/330px-Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg/440px-Cerro_de_Punta_as_seen_from_Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28DSC03460%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Cerro de Punta</a>, Puerto Rico's highest peak, and its TV transmission towers</figcaption></figure> <p>To broadcast its programs, a television station requires <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operators</a> to operate equipment, a transmitter or <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">radio antenna</a>, which is often located at the highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a <a href="/wiki/Summit_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit (topography)">summit</a>, the top of a high <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>, or on a tall <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">radio tower</a>. To get a signal from the <a href="/wiki/Master_control" title="Master control">master control</a> room to the transmitter, a <a href="/wiki/Studio/transmitter_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio/transmitter link">studio/transmitter link</a> (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">T1</a>/<a href="/wiki/E-carrier#E1" title="E-carrier">E1</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Transmitter/studio_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmitter/studio link">transmitter/studio link</a> (TSL) may also send <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> back to the station, but this may be <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">embedded</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a> of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a>, or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> stations often have very tall antennas due to their long <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, but require much less <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> (ERP), and therefore use much less <a href="/wiki/Transmitter_power_output" title="Transmitter power output">transmitter power output</a>, also saving on the <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> <a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">bill</a> and emergency <a href="/wiki/Backup_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup generator">backup generators</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, full-power stations on <a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">band I</a> (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video (<a href="/wiki/Vestigial_sideband" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial sideband">VSB</a>) and 10 kW analog audio (<a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>), or 45 kW digital (<a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8VSB</a>) ERP. Stations on <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">band III</a> (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5<a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to <a href="/wiki/TV_and_FM_DX" title="TV and FM DX">long-distance reception</a> just as with FM. There are no stations on <a href="/wiki/Channel_1_(NTSC-M)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 1 (NTSC-M)">Channel 1</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a>, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a> and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> are harder to receive after the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">analog shutdown</a>. Since at least 1974, there are no stations on <a href="/wiki/Channel_37" title="Channel 37">channel 37</a> in North America for <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_production">Program production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Program production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most television stations are <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a> enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Television_commercials" class="mw-redirect" title="Television commercials">television commercials</a>. They may be an <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">independent station</a> or part of a <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting network">broadcasting network</a>, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a> programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. </p><p>Many stations have some sort of <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a>, which on major-network stations is often used for <a href="/wiki/Newscast" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscast">newscasts</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local programming</a>. There is usually a <a href="/wiki/Television_news#Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">news</a> <a href="/wiki/Departmentalization" title="Departmentalization">department</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a> gather information. There is also a section where <a href="/wiki/Electronic_news-gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic news-gathering">electronic news-gathering</a> (ENG) operations are based, receiving <a href="/wiki/Remote_broadcast" title="Remote broadcast">remote broadcasts</a> via <a href="/wiki/Remote_pickup_unit" title="Remote pickup unit">remote pickup unit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a> vans, <a href="/wiki/Production_truck" title="Production truck">production trucks</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUVs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_field_production" title="Electronic field production">electronic field production</a> (EFP) equipment are sent out with <a href="/wiki/Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporter">reporters</a>, who may also bring back news stories on <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tape</a> rather than sending them back <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a>. </p><p>To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operators</a> with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">broadcast automation</a> systems to increase profits in recent years. </p><p>Some stations (known as <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">translators</a>) only <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> another, usually the programmes seen on its owner's <a href="/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)" title="Flagship (broadcasting)">flagship</a> station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. </p><p>Most stations which are not <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> produce their own <a href="/wiki/Station_identification" title="Station identification">station identifications</a>. TV stations may also <a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">advertise</a> on or provide weather (or news) services to local <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>, particularly co-owned <a href="/wiki/Sister_station" title="Sister station">sister stations</a>. This may be a <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> in some cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A television service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernsehsender_Paul_Nipkow" title="Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow">Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow</a>: the world's first regular television service<sup id="cite_ref-dw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low-power broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Must_carry" class="mw-redirect" title="Must carry">Must carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significantly_viewed_out_of_market_TV_stations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Significantly viewed out of market TV stations in the United States">Significantly viewed out of market TV stations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_television_stations" title="List of European television stations">List of European television stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes" title="List of North American broadcast station classes">List of North American broadcast station classes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070242/http://www.kalenderblatt.de/index.php?what=thmanu&lang=de&manu_id=1737&sdt=20090322&maca=de-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss">"22.3.1935: Erstes Fernsehprogramm der Welt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalenderblatt.de/index.php?what=thmanu&lang=de&manu_id=1737&sdt=20090322&maca=de-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss">the original</a> on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=22.3.1935%3A+Erstes+Fernsehprogramm+der+Welt&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalenderblatt.de%2Findex.php%3Fwhat%3Dthmanu%26lang%3Dde%26manu_id%3D1737%26sdt%3D20090322%26maca%3Dde-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521200126/http://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html">"Es begann in der Fernsehstube: TV wird 80 Jahre alt"</a>. Computer Bild. 22 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerbild.de/artikel/avf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html">the original</a> on 2018-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Es+begann+in+der+Fernsehstube%3A+TV+wird+80+Jahre+alt&rft.pub=Computer+Bild&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerbild.de%2Fartikel%2Favf-News-Fernseher-Es-begann-in-der-Fernsehstube-TV-wird-80-Jahre-alt-11525963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc-magazin.de/ratgeber/paul-nipkow-fernseher-patent-deutschland-geschichte-3148479.html">"Das erste deutsche Fernsehpatent von Paul Nipkow"</a>. PC Magazin. 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+erste+deutsche+Fernsehpatent+von+Paul+Nipkow&rft.pub=PC+Magazin&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc-magazin.de%2Fratgeber%2Fpaul-nipkow-fernseher-patent-deutschland-geschichte-3148479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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