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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vernacular_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Vernacular literature">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22">"Vernacular literature"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vernacular+literature%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vernacular+literature%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22">"Vernacular literature"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vernacular+literature%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vernacular+literature%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vernacular+literature%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_literature&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vernacular literature</b> is <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>—the speech of the "common people". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> tradition, this effectively means literature not written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. In this context, vernacular literature appeared during the Middle Ages at different periods in the various countries; the earliest European vernacular literatures are <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Irish literature</a> (the earliest being <a href="/wiki/Tochmarc_Emire" title="Tochmarc Emire">Tochmarc Emire</a> (10th century), transcribed from a lost manuscript of the 8th century), <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (Welsh language)">Welsh literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">English literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic literature</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i>, was possibly the first European writer to argue cogently for the promotion of literature in the vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important early vernacular works include <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i> (both in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brus" title="The Brus">The Brus</a></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>), <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i> (in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Middle English</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Maerlant" title="Jacob van Maerlant">Jacob van Maerlant</a>'s <i>Spieghel Historiael</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a>). Indeed, Dante's work actually contributed towards the creation of the Italian language. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo Da Vinci</a> used vernacular in his work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term is also applied to works not written in the standard and/or prestige language of their time and place. For example, many authors in Scotland, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Kelman" title="James Kelman">James Kelman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)" title="Edwin Morgan (poet)">Edwin Morgan</a> have used <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, even though <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is now the more common language of publishing in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a> writes in his native <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu language</a> though he previously wrote in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Some authors have written in invented vernacular; examples of such novels include the futuristic literary novels <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Boxy_an_Star" title="Boxy an Star">Boxy an Star</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daren_King" title="Daren King">Daren King</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Europe">Outside Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Outside Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vernacular_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Vernacular literature">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By extension, the term is also used to describe, for example, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a> not written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">classical Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> literature after <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> from the 8th century on-wards, religious works began to be created in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, and from the 12th Century onward in many other Indian languages throughout the different regions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitamanasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramacharitamanasa">Ramacharitamanasa</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> version of the Ramayana by the 16th century poet <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. In China, the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> of the 1910s–20s promoted vernacular literature. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the term means any written literature in a language other than <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>. At present, it forms the second largest corpus of literature, following the literature in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Era_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonial Era (Philippines)">Spanish colonial era</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> did not yet exist as a national lingua franca, literature in this type flourished. Aside from religious literature, such as the <b><a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Passiong Mahal</a></b> (the Passion of Our Lord), <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuelas</a> were also produced using the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine vernacular languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, vernacular literature refers to works written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic dialects">dialects of Arabic</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">the Egyptian dialect</a> authors include <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm" title="Ahmed Fouad Negm">Ahmed Fouad Negm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jahin" title="Salah Jahin">Salah Jahin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is also a wave of modern writers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/dante.html">"Dante"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fdante.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126064649/http://www.southasia.sas.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html">"South Asia Language Resource Center - Tamilweb"</a>. <i>www.southasia.sas.upenn.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasia.sas.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.southasia.sas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=South+Asia+Language+Resource+Center+-+Tamilweb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasia.sas.upenn.edu%2Ftamil%2Flit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+literature" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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