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id="toc-The_Black_Sea_coast_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kuban_River_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kuban_River_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The Kuban River dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kuban_River_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthography_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Orthography rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other writing systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adyghe_Arabic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adyghe_Arabic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Adyghe Arabic alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adyghe_Arabic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adyghe_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adyghe_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Adyghe Latin alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adyghe_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_Alphabet_Created_in_Turkey_(ABX_Alphabet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Alphabet_Created_in_Turkey_(ABX_Alphabet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Latin Alphabet Created in Turkey (ABX Alphabet) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Alphabet_Created_in_Turkey_(ABX_Alphabet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_literary_Adyghe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_literary_Adyghe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Examples of literary Adyghe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_literary_Adyghe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples of literary Adyghe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_literary_Adyghe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Native vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adyghe_outside_Circassia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adyghe_outside_Circassia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Adyghe outside Circassia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adyghe_outside_Circassia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sample texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sample texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_1:1-5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_1:1-5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 John 1:1-5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_1:1-5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Adyghe language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="КӀах Адыгэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="КӀах Адыгэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="КӀах Адыгабзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="КӀах Адыгабзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigies" title="Adigies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adigies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygeische_Sprache" title="Adygeische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Adygeische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аедыгь бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аедыгь бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأديغية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأديغية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_adigu%C3%A9" title="Idioma adigué – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma adigué" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Адигъ мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Адигъ мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1q_dili" title="Adıq dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adıq dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আদিগে ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদিগে ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Адыгей теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Адыгей теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Адыгейская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адыгейская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Адыгейская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адыгейская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Адигейски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адигейски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigeg" title="Adigeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adigeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Адыг хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Адыг хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigu%C3%A9" title="Adigué – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adigué" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygej%C5%A1tina" title="Adygejština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adygejština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygeische_Sprache" title="Adygeische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adygeische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%B5gee_keel" title="Adõgee keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adõgee keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_adigu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma adigués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma adigués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigea_lingvo" title="Adigea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adigea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigera" title="Adigera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adigera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="زبان آدیغی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آدیغی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_bhasa" title="Adyghe bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Adyghe bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygu%C3%A9en_(langue)" title="Adyguéen (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adyguéen (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Adyghe" title="An Adyghe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Adyghe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_adiguea" title="Lingua adiguea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua adiguea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="АьдагӀий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="АьдагӀий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%94%94%EA%B2%8C%EC%96%B4" title="아디게어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아디게어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ադըղեերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադըղեերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygej%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Adygejšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Adygejšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigejski_jezik" title="Adigejski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adigejski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Adigue" title="Pagsasao nga Adigue – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Adigue" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Adyghe" title="Bahasa Adyghe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Adyghe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Адыгъейаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адыгъейаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygeyska" title="Adygeyska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Adygeyska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_adigh%C3%A8" title="Lingua adighè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua adighè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדיגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדיגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ადიღეური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადიღეური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiadyghe" title="Kiadyghe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiadyghe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Адыгей кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Адыгей кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_adigey%C3%AE" title="Zimanê adigeyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê adigeyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Adygeica" title="Lingua Adygeica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Adygeica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigu_valoda" title="Adigu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Adigu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyg%C5%B3_kalba" title="Adygų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adygų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Адигејски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адигејски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_adigeana" title="Fiteny adigeana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny adigeana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ადიღეური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადიღეური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاديغيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاديغيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygees" title="Adygees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adygees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="アディゲ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アディゲ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Адыгейн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адыгейн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygeeisk" title="Adygeeisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Adygeeisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygisk" title="Adygisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adygisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygisk" title="Adygisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adygisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigue" title="Adigue – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adigue" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Адыгей йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Адыгей йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigey_tili" title="Adigey tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adigey tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%AB%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اديګي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اديګي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Adyghe" title="Lenga Adyghe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Adyghe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_adygejski" title="Język adygejski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język adygejski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_adigue" title="Língua adigue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua adigue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigey_tili" title="Adigey tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Adigey tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Адыгейский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адыгейский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Адыыг тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Адыыг тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱷᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱷᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adyghe language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygej%C4%8Dina" title="Adygejčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adygejčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygejsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Adygejskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Adygejskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئادیگی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئادیگی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Адигејски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адигејски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygen_kieli" title="Adygen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adygen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygeiska" title="Adygeiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adygeiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8D_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Адыгэ теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Адыгэ теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาอะดีเกยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอะดีเกยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adigece" title="Adigece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adigece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Адыг кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Адыг кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Адигейська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адигейська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Adygea" title="Tiếng 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Adyghe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">West Circassian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Адыгабзэ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">610,000 (2010–2020)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Adyghe</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Northwest_Caucasian_language" title="Proto-Northwest Caucasian language">Proto-Northwest Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Circassian_language" title="Proto-Circassian language">Proto-Circassian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakh_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Abzakh Adyghe dialect">Abdzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedug_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzhedug Adyghe dialect">Bzhedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatuqwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatuqwai">Hatuqwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamkhegh" title="Mamkhegh">Mamkhegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhaj</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsug Adyghe dialect">Shapsug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Temirgoy</a> (standard dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegeruqwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegeruqwai">Yegeruqwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuchi Adyghe dialect">Hakuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaney" title="Zhaney">Zhaney</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhosh" title="Makhosh">Makhosh</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ademey" title="Ademey">Ademey</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Kama" title="Kfar Kama">Kfar Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehaniya" title="Rehaniya">Rehaniya</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=6">ady</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ady" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ady">ady</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/adyg1241">adyg1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyghe_in_Adygea_(2002).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png/320px-Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png/480px-Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png/640px-Adyghe_in_Adygea_%282002%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1896" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Adyghe language in Adygea, Russia (2002)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">image reference needed</a>]</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Adyghe is classified as vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em; background:#053F0D; padding-top:0.6em; color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Circassians" title="Category:Circassians">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; background:#053F0D; padding:0.4em 0 0.4em 0; font-size:175%; line-height:0.9em; color:white; font-family:Palatino Linotype;""><big><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></big> Адыгэхэр</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em; padding:0.8em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Adyghe Xabze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li></ul> </div><a href="/wiki/File:Circassian_arrows.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrows in the Circassian flag"><img alt="Arrows in the Circassian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/60px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/90px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/120px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Circassians" title="List of Circassians">List of notable Circassians</a> <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassian diaspora</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey" title="Circassians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Jordan" title="Circassians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Germany" title="Circassians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Circassians in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Libya" title="Circassians in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Egypt" title="Circassians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Bulgaria" title="Circassians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Kosovo" title="Circassians in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Romania" title="Circassians in Romania">Romania</a> (historical)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Category:Circassian_tribes" title="Category:Circassian tribes">Circassian tribes</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <big>Surviving</big> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzhedug">Bzhedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatuqway" title="Hatuqway">Hatuqway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div> <big>Destroyed or barely existing</big> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademey" title="Ademey">Ademey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebsin" title="Chebsin">Chebsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchenay" title="Cherchenay">Cherchenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaye" title="Guaye">Guaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuchey" title="Hakuchey">Hakuchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuq" title="Khatuq">Khatuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khegayk" title="Khegayk">Khegayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhosh" title="Makhosh">Makhosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamkhegh" title="Mamkhegh">Mamkhegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegeruqway" title="Yegeruqway">Yegeruqway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaney" title="Zhaney">Zhaney</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Circassia" title="Religion in Circassia">Religion</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Circassia" title="Religion in Circassia">Religion in Circassia</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Languages and dialects</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Circassian</a> (Adyghe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">East Circassian</a> (Kabardian)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassia#History" title="Circassia">History</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div style="text-align: center;">Show</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="text-align: center;">Ancient</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeotians" title="Maeotians">Maeotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Medieval</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Mongol invasion of Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichia" title="Zichia">Zichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inal_the_Great_of_Circassia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inal the Great of Circassia">Inal the Great</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Modern</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Revolution" title="Circassian Revolution">Circassian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Majlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Majlis">Circassian Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/10px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/15px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/20px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1600" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Union_and_Mutual_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society">Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Contemporary</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kabardino-Balkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria">Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugsky_National_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsugsky National District">Shapsugsky National District</a> (until 1945)</li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Key battles</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanzhal" title="Battle of Kanzhal">Battle of Kanzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qbaada" title="Battle of Qbaada">Battle of Qbaada</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Adyghe Xabze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_flag" title="Circassian flag">Circassian flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauty" title="Circassian beauty">Circassian beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_music" title="Circassian music">Circassian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Circassian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Day_of_Mourning" title="Circassian Day of Mourning">Circassian Day of Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Circassians" title="Template:Circassians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circassians" title="Template talk:Circassians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circassians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circassians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Yinal speaking Adyghe.</figcaption></figure> Adyghe (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈædɪɡeɪ/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɑːdɪˈɡeɪ/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> also known as West Circassian) is a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Caucasian language">Northwest Caucasian language</a> spoken by the western subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> It is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassians</a> settled after the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1864–1870) by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian (East Circassian) language</a>, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of a unitary <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian language</a>. The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its <a href="/wiki/Temirgoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Temirgoy">Temirgoy</a> dialect. Adyghe and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> are the two official languages of the <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russian–Circassian War</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1763–1864). In addition, the Adyghe language is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>. Adyghe belongs to the family of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a> are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestCircassianFamilyTree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WestCircassianFamilyTree.png/300px-WestCircassianFamilyTree.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WestCircassianFamilyTree.png/450px-WestCircassianFamilyTree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/WestCircassianFamilyTree.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>The West Circassian (Adyghe) dialects family tree</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Black_Sea_coast_dialects">The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Black Sea coast dialects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsug Adyghe dialect">Shapsug dialect</a> (Шапсыгъабзэ) <ul><li>North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ шху) dialect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Kama_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect">Kfar Kama dialect</a> (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ)</li></ul></li> <li>Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ)</li> <li>South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs, Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuchi Adyghe dialect">Hakuchi dialect</a> (Хьакӏуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhai#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natukhai">Natukhai dialect</a> (Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaney" title="Zhaney">Zhaney</a> dialect</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kuban_River_dialects">The <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a> dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Kuban River dialects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedug_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzhedug Adyghe dialect">Bzhedug dialect</a> (Бжъэдыгъубзэ): spoken by Circassians in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biga,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Biga, Çanakkale">Biga</a> district of the city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temirgoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Temirgoy">Temirgoy</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adyghe</a>: Кӏэмыгуябзэ, Кӏэмгуибзэ): <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> standard of Adyghe. Also spoken by Circassians in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abzakh_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Abzakh Adyghe dialect">Abzakh dialect</a> (Aбдзэхабзэ): spoken by Circassians in the village of <a href="/wiki/Rehaniya" title="Rehaniya">Rehaniya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and Circassians in Syria from the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamkhegh" title="Mamkhegh">Mamkhegh</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegeruqwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegeruqwai">Yegeruqay</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatuqwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatuqwai">Hatuqwai</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhosh" title="Makhosh">Mequash</a> dialect</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe phonology</a></div> Adyghe exhibits between 50 and 60 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> depending on the dialect. All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a>. A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to the <a href="/wiki/Abzakh_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Abzakh Adyghe dialect">Abzakh dialect</a> of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, <a href="/wiki/Labialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized">labialized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a> (although a palatalized glottal stop is also found in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and a labialized one in <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsug Adyghe dialect">Shapsug (Black Sea) dialect</a> of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">voiceless bidental fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">h̪͆</a>], which corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] found in other varieties of Adyghe. This sound is only known to be used in the Black Sea dialect. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo- palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sib.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">mʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʷʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">t͡ʂʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡sʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡ɕʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">d͡zʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">d͡ʑʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʃʷʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ɕʼʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">h̪͆</a>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʃʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɕʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʒʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʑʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>These consonants exist only in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed words</a>.</li> <li>Note: Adyghe has many consonants that appear across its dialects, and thus has a complex system of consonant <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophony</a>. More information on those can be found at <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe phonology</a>.</li></ol> In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_vowel_system" title="Vertical vowel system">vertical vowel system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe grammar</a></div> Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> typology and is characterised by the <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative</a> construction of sentences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> The official alphabet for Adyghe is the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, which has been used since 1936. Before that, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was used. A new Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet is designed in Turkey with the motivation to make Adyghe and Kabardian education in Turkey easier.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Cyrillic </th> <th scope="col">Arabic </th> <th scope="col">Latin<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">Pronunciation </th> <th scope="col">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ا </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ā ā </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Adygheа.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Adyghe%D0%B0.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Adyghe%D0%B0.oga/Adyghe%D0%B0.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ачъэ, āčă, 'goat'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>апчъы, āpčə, 'they count' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ب </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheб.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Adyghe%D0%B1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Adyghe%D0%B1.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>баджэ, bāǯʼă, 'fox'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>бэ, bă, 'a lot' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">В в<a href="#cite_note-loan-9">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڤ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Adygheв.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Adyghe%D0%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Adyghe%D0%B2.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>жъвэ, ẑvă, 'oar', лавэ, lāvă, 'lava' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݝ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ɣ ɣ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheг.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Adyghe%D0%B3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Adyghe%D0%B3.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>гыны, ɣənə, 'powder'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>чъыгы, čəɣə, 'tree' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Гу гу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">گو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">G˚ g˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheгу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>гу, g˚, 'heart'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>гущыӏ, g˚šʼəʾ, 'word' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Гъ гъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">غ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ġ ġ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheгъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>гъатхэ, ġātxă, 'spring'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>гъэмаф, ġămāf, 'summer' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Гъу гъу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">غو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ġ˚ ġ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheгъу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>гъунэгъу, ġ˚năġ˚, 'neighbour'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>гъунджэ, ġ˚nǯʼă, 'mirror' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">د </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Adygheд.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Adyghe%D0%B4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Adyghe%D0%B4.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>дыджы, dəǯʼə, 'bitter'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>дахэ, dāxă, 'pretty' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Дж дж </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ج </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ǯʼ ǯʼ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheдж.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B6.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B6.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B6.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>джан, ǯʼān, 'shirt'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>лъэмыдж, łăməǯʼ, 'bridge' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Дз дз </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ذ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ʒ ʒ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheдз.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>дзыо, ʒəo, 'bag'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>дзын, ʒən, 'to throw' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Дзу дзу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ذو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ʒ˚ ʒ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">d͡zʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheдзу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>хьандзу, ḥānʒ˚, 'rick'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>хьандзуачӏ, ḥānʒ˚āč̣, 'lower rick' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئە / ەي </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">ɜj</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">jɜ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheе.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Adyghe%D0%B5.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Adyghe%D0%B5.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ешэн, ešăn, 'to catch'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>еплъын, epłən, 'to look at' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё<a href="#cite_note-loan-9">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Jo jo </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">jo</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheё.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Adyghe%D1%91.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Adyghe%D1%91.ogg/Adyghe%D1%91.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ёлк, jolk, 'Christmas tree' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڒ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ž ž </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheж.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Adyghe%D0%B6.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B6.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Adyghe%D0%B6.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>жэ, žă, 'mouth'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>жакӏэ, žāč̣ʼă, 'beard' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Жъ жъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ظ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ẑ ẑ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Adygheжъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>жъы, ẑə, 'old'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>жъажъэ, ẑāẑă, 'slow' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Жъу жъу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ظو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ẑ˚ ẑ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʒʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_16" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheжъу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>жъун, ẑ˚n, 'to melt'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>жъуагъо, ẑ˚āġo, 'star' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Жь жь </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ژ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Žʼ žʼ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_17" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheжь.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8C.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8C.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B6%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>жьыбгъэ, žʼəbġă, 'wind'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>жьао, žʼāo, 'shadow' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ز </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_18" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheз.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Adyghe%D0%B7.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Adyghe%D0%B7.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B7.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>занкӏэ, zānč̣ʼă, 'straight'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>зандэ, zāndă, 'steep' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئي / ي </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">ɘj</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">jɘ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_19" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheи.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Adyghe%D0%B8.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Adyghe%D0%B8.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ихьан, iḥān, 'to enter'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>икӏыпӏ, ič̣ʼəṗ, 'exit' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ي </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_20" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheй.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Adyghe%D0%B9.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Adyghe%D0%B9.ogg/Adyghe%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>йод, jod, 'iodine'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>бай, bāj, 'rich' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">К к<a href="#cite_note-loan-9">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ك </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_21" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheк.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Adyghe%D0%BA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Adyghe%D0%BA.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>кнопк, knopk, 'button'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>команд, komānd, 'team, command' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ку ку </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">کو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">K˚ k˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_22" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheку.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>кушъэ, k˚ŝă, 'cradle'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ку, k˚, 'cart' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Къ къ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ق </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Q q </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_23" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheкъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>къалэ, qālă, 'city'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>къэкӏон, qăč̣ʼon, 'to come' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Къу къу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">قو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Q˚ q˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_24" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheкъу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>къухьэ, q˚ḥă, 'ship'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>къушъхьэ, q˚ŝḥă, 'mountain' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Кӏ кӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڃ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_25" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Adygheкӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>кӏымаф, č̣ʼəmāf, 'winter'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>кӏыхьэ, č̣ʼəḥă, 'long'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>кӏэ, č̣ʼă, 'tail'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шкӏэ, šč̣ʼă, 'calf' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Кӏу кӏу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢰو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ḳ˚ ḳ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_26" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheкӏу.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F%D1%83.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F%D1%83.oga/Adyghe%D0%BA%D3%8F%D1%83.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>кӏон, č̣ʼon, 'to walk'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>кӏуакӏэ, ḳ˚āč̣ʼă, 'walking manner' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ل </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_27" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheл.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Adyghe%D0%BB.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Adyghe%D0%BB.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BB.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>лагъэ, lāġă, 'painted'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>лы, lə, 'meat' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Лъ лъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݪ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ł ł </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_28" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheлъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Adyghe%D0%BB%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Adyghe%D0%BB%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BB%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>лъэбэкъу, łăbăq˚, 'step'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>лъащэ, łāšʼă, 'lame' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Лӏ лӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢦ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ḷ ḷ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_29" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheлӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Adyghe%D0%BB%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D0%BB%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Adyghe%D0%BB%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>лӏы, ḷə, 'man'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>лӏыгъэ, ḷəġă, 'bravery' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">م </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_30" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheм.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Adyghe%D0%BC.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Adyghe%D0%BC.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BC.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>мазэ, māză, 'moon'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>мэлы, mălə, 'sheep' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ن </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_31" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheн.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Adyghe%D0%BD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Adyghe%D0%BD.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>нэ, nă, 'eye'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ны, nə, 'mother' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئۆ / ۆ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɜw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wɜ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_32" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Adygheо.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Adyghe%D0%BE.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Adyghe%D0%BE.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>мощ, mošʼ, 'that'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>коны, konə, 'bin'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>о, o, 'you'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>осы, osə, 'snow'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ощхы, ošʼxə, 'rain' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">پ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_33" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheп.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Adyghe%D0%BF.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Adyghe%D0%BF.ogg/Adyghe%D0%BF.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>пэ, pă, 'nose'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>сапэ, sāpă, 'dust' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Пӏ пӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢠ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṗ ṗ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_34" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheпӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>пӏэ, ṗă, 'bed'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>пӏэшъхьагъ, ṗăŝḥāġ, 'pillow' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Пӏу пӏу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢠو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṗ˚ ṗ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_35" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheпӏу.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F%D1%83.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F%D1%83.oga/Adyghe%D0%BF%D3%8F%D1%83.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>пӏун, ṗ˚n, 'to rise; to adopt'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>пӏур, ṗ˚r, 'pupil; apprentice' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ر </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_36" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheр.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Adyghe%D1%80.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Adyghe%D1%80.ogg/Adyghe%D1%80.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>рикӏэн, rič̣ʼăn, 'to pour'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>риӏон, riʾon, 'to tell' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">س </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_37" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheс.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Adyghe%D1%81.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Adyghe%D1%81.ogg/Adyghe%D1%81.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>сэ, să, 'I, me'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>сэшхо, săšxo, 'sabre' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ت </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_38" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheт.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Adyghe%D1%82.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Adyghe%D1%82.ogg/Adyghe%D1%82.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>тэтэжъ, tătăẑ, 'grandfather'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>тэ, tă, 'we, us' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Тӏ тӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ط </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṭ ṭ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_39" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheтӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>тӏы, ṭə, 'ram'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ятӏэ, jāṭă, 'dirt' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Тӏу тӏу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">طو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṭ˚ ṭ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʷʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_40" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheтӏу.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F%D1%83.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F%D1%83.oga/Adyghe%D1%82%D3%8F%D1%83.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>тӏурыс, ṭ˚rəs, 'old'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>тӏурытӏу, ṭ˚rəṭ˚, 'pair' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">و </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">U u / W w </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ɘw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wɘ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_41" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Adyghe%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Adyghe%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ушхун, ušx˚n, 'to straighten'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>убэн, ubăn, 'to tamp; to smoothen' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ف </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_42" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheф.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Adyghe%D1%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Adyghe%D1%84.ogg/Adyghe%D1%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>фыжьы, fəžʼə, 'white'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>фэен, făen, 'to want' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݗ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_43" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheх.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Adyghe%D1%85.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Adyghe%D1%85.ogg/Adyghe%D1%85.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>хы, xə, 'sea; six'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>хасэ, xāsă, 'council' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Хъ хъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">خ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ꭓ ꭓ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_44" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheхъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>хъыен, ꭓəen, 'to move'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>пхъэн, pꭓăn, 'to sow' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Хъу хъу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">خو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ꭓ˚ ꭓ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_45" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheхъу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>хъун, ꭓ˚n, 'to happen'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>хъурай, ꭓ˚rāj, 'circle' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Хь хь </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ح </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ḥ ḥ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_46" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheхь.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8C.ogg/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Adyghe%D1%85%D1%8C.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>хьэ, ḥă, 'dog'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>хьаку, ḥāk˚, 'oven' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ث </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_47" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheц.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Adyghe%D1%86.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Adyghe%D1%86.ogg/Adyghe%D1%86.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>цагэ, cāɣă, 'rib'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>цы, cə, 'body hair' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Цу цу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ثو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">C˚ c˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡sʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_48" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheцу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Adyghe%D1%86%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Adyghe%D1%86%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D1%86%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>цуакъэ, c˚āqă, 'shoe'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>цу, c˚, 'ox' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Цӏ цӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڗ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">C̣ c̣ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_49" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheцӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Adyghe%D1%86%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Adyghe%D1%86%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D1%86%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>цӏынэ, c̣ənă, 'wet'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>цӏыфы, c̣əfə, 'person' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">چ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Čʼ čʼ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_50" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheч.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Adyghe%D1%87.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Adyghe%D1%87.ogg/Adyghe%D1%87.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>чэфы, čʼăfə, 'cheerful'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>чэты, čʼătə, 'chicken' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Чъ чъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/13px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/21px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/27px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png 2x" data-file-width="76" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Č č </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_51" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheчъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Adyghe%D1%87%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Adyghe%D1%87%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D1%87%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>чъыгай, čəɣāj, 'oak'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>чъыӏэ, čəʾă, 'cold' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Чӏ чӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_small_v_below.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/13px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/19px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/25px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Č̣ č̣ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">t͡ʂʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_52" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheчӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Adyghe%D1%87%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D1%87%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Adyghe%D1%87%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>чӏыпӏэ, č̣əṗă, 'area'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>чӏыфэ, č̣əfă, 'debt' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seen_with_two_dots_above.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/18px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/28px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/37px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="92" /></a> </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Š š </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_53" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheш.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Adyghe%D1%88.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Adyghe%D1%88.ogg/Adyghe%D1%88.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>шы, šə, 'brother'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шыблэ, šəblă, 'thunder' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Шъ шъ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ص </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ŝ ŝ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_54" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Adygheшъ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A.ogg/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>шъэ, ŝă, 'hundred'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шъабэ, ŝābă, 'soft' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Шъу шъу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">صو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ŝ˚ ŝ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʃʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_55" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheшъу.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg/Adyghe%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>шъугъуалэ, ŝ˚ġ˚ālă, 'envious'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шъукъакӏу, ŝ˚qāḳ˚, 'to come' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Шӏ шӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ض </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṣ̂ ṣ̂ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">[ʃʼ]</a> </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_56" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheшӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>шӏын, ṣ̂ən, 'to do'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шӏэныгъ, ṣ̂ănəġ, 'knowledge' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Шӏу шӏу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ضو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ṣ̂˚ ṣ̂˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʃʷʼ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_57" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheшӏу.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F%D1%83.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F%D1%83.oga/Adyghe%D1%88%D3%8F%D1%83.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>шӏуцӏэ, ṣ̂˚c̣ă, 'black'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>шӏуфэс, ṣ̂˚făs, 'greetings' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ش </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Šʼ šʼ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_58" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheщ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Adyghe%D1%89.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Adyghe%D1%89.ogg/Adyghe%D1%89.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>щагу, šʼāg˚, 'yard'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>щатэ, šʼātă, 'sour cream' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">(Ъ ъ) </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئہـ‍ / ‍ہ‍ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_59" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Adygheы.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Adyghe%D1%8B.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Adyghe%D1%8B.ogg/Adyghe%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ыкӏи, əč̣ʼi, 'and also'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>зы, zə, 'one' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">(Ь ь) </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">– </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">[ʲ]</a>] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئە / ە </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ă ă </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_60" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Adygheэ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Adyghe%D1%8D.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Adyghe%D1%8D.ogg/Adyghe%D1%8D.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ӏэтаж, ʾătāž, 'floor'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>нэнэжъ, nănăẑ, 'grandmother' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">یو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ju ju </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ju</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_61" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheю.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Adyghe%D1%8E.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Adyghe%D1%8E.ogg/Adyghe%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>Юсыф, Jusəf, 'Joseph'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Юныс, Junəs, 'Jonah' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">یا </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ja ja </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">jaː</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_62" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Adygheя.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Adyghe%D1%8F.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Adyghe%D1%8F.ogg/Adyghe%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>яй, jāj, 'theirs'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ябгэ, jābɣă, 'evil' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ӏ ӏ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ʾ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_63" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Adygheӏ.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Adyghe%D3%8F.oga/Adyghe%D3%8F.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Adyghe%D3%8F.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ӏэ, ʾă, 'hand'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>кӏасэ, č̣ʼāsă, 'like' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ӏу ӏу </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ؤ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ʾ˚ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a>] </td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_64" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Adygheӏу.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Adyghe%D3%8F%D1%83.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Adyghe%D3%8F%D1%83.oga/Adyghe%D3%8F%D1%83.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ӏукӏэн, ʾ˚č̣ʼăn, 'to meet'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ӏусын, ʾ˚sən, 'to be near sitting'<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>ӏудан, ʾ˚dān, 'thread' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography_rules">Orthography rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography rules">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The letter ⟨ы⟩ [ə] is not written after a ⟨у⟩ [w], ⟨й⟩ [j] or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ [wənɐ] "house" instead of уынэ.</li> <li>In case the letter ⟨у⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wə] ⟨уы⟩. For example: унэ instead of уынэ. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əw~u] ⟨ыу⟩. For example: чэту [t͡ʃɐtəw] "cat" instead of чэтыу.</li> <li>In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨э⟩ [ɐ], instead of the letter ⟨у⟩ there is a ⟨о⟩. For example: гъогу [ʁʷɐɡʷ] "road" instead of гъуэгу.</li> <li>In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨а⟩ [aː] or ⟨и⟩ [əj~i], the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqɐ] "shoes".</li> <li>In case the letter ⟨о⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wɐ] ⟨уэ⟩. For example, о [wɐ] "you" instead of уэ.</li> <li>In case the letter ⟨е⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [jɐ] ⟨йэ⟩. For example: еӏо [jɐʔʷɐ] "he says" instead of йэӏо. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [ɐj~e] ⟨эй⟩. For example: делэ [dɐjlɐ] "fool" instead of дэйлэ.</li> <li>In case the letter ⟨и⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [jə] ⟨йы⟩. For example: илъэс [jəɬɐs] "year" instead of йылъэс. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əj~i] ⟨ый⟩. For example: сиӏ [səjʔ] "I have" instead of сыйӏ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> The vowels are written ⟨ы⟩ [ə], ⟨э⟩ [ɐ] and ⟨а⟩ [aː]. Other letters represent <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>: ⟨я⟩ represents [jaː], ⟨и⟩ [jə] or [əj], ⟨о⟩ [wɐ] or [ɐw], ⟨у⟩ represent [wə] or [əw], and ⟨е⟩ represents [jɐ] or [ɐj]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_writing_systems">Other writing systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other writing systems">edit</a>]</div> The language of Adyghe is officially written in the Cyrillic script, and is also unofficially written in the Latin script. Before 1927, Adyghe was written in a version of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>; after the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (USSR)">Soviet Latinisation campaign</a>, an older variant of the Latin alphabet had been in use in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> until 1938, when all Soviet languages transitioned into the Cyrillic alphabet. Prior to the mid-19th century, Adyghe had no writing system. Starting from 1853, the process of creating an orthography for Adyghe was started. In <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in 1853, a document titled "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/199244/1/Bukvar_Cherkesskago_Iazika.pdf">Primer of the Circassian Language</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504134145/https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/199244/1/Bukvar_Cherkesskago_Iazika.pdf">Archive</a>) was published, in which an Arabic-based orthography influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a> was developed. This document became the first ever publication in Adyghe. In this document, several new letters were introduced to represent the consonants that exist in Adyghe language. This proposed orthography, although with many shortcomings, received widespread approval and usage. And thus, Arabic script became the accepted orthography for Adyghe.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a> Over the following decades, several authors attempted to further improve the Adyghe Arabic orthography. The most successful attempt was the alphabet created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhmetov_Bekukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhmetov Bekukh (page does not exist)">Akhmetov Bekukh</a>. In this version, letters were designated for vowel sounds, and the orthography was transformed from an "<a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Impure abjads</a> to a <a href="/wiki/True_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="True alphabet">true alphabet</a>. In 1918, on the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Soviet_Republic" title="Kuban Soviet Republic">Kuban Revolutionary Committee</a>, a primer was published in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinodar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekaterinodar">Yekaterinodar</a>. This official endorsement resulted in a literary boom in Adyghe and the publication of various newspapers, textbooks and other literature, including the <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Maq" title="Adyghe Maq">Adyghe Maq</a>, the main Adyghe language newspaper established in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a> During the abovementioned decades, parallel with this process, the Arabic orthography had also been standardized for the sister Circassian language of <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>. Although very similar in many aspects, there were minor variations, in which letters were included based on each respective phonology, and there were minor differences in presentation of a few consonants as well.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-urys-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adyghe_Arabic_alphabet">Adyghe Arabic alphabet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adyghe Arabic alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Below table shows the Adyghe Arabic alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1918 and 1927.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Forms </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Adyghe Cyrillic equivalent </th> <th rowspan="2">Adyghe Latin equivalent (1927–1938) </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـا </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـا </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">آ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>А а </td> <td>ᴀ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:آ">U+0622</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ئ">ئ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـئ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـئـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td>Ӏ ӏ </td> <td>h </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئ">U+0626</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>This letter plays another role as well. It proceeds a vowel letter at the beginning of a word, with the exception of آ (equivalent to Cyrillic А а)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ؤ">ؤ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـؤ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a>] </td> <td>Ӏу ӏу </td> <td>hv </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ؤ">U+0624</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ە">ە</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـە </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئە </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td> <td>Э э Е е1 </td> <td>e </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">U+06D5</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>The sound equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Е е" is represented by a digraph ئەیـ / ئەی / ـەی / ەی.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ہ">‍ہ‍</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـہ‍ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـہـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئہـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>ə </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:‍">U+200D</a>1 </td> <td> <ol><li>The main character consists of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use of <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:‍">U+200D</a>) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios: <ul><li>صہص</li> <li>د‍ہص</li> <li>صہ‍</li> <li>د‍ہ‍</li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـب </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـبـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">بـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>ʙ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ب">U+0628</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـت </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـتـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">تـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>t </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ت">U+062A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـث </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـثـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ثـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>c </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ث">U+062B</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـپ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـپـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">پـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td>П п </td> <td>ᴘ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">U+067E</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A2%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ࢠ (page does not exist)">ࢠ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢠ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢠـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ࢠـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">Error using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_symbol" title="Template:IPA symbol">IPA symbol</a>}}: "p'" not found in list </td> <td>Пӏ пӏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/10px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/16px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/20px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢠ">U+08A0</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Equivalent to ٮ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٮ">U+066E</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> Arabic alphabet.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـن </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـنـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">نـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>n </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ن">U+0646</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـح </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـحـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">حـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td>Хь хь </td> <td>ɦ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـج </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـجـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">جـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td>Дж дж </td> <td>ǥ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062C</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـخ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـخـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">خـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td>Хъ хъ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/21px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/27px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خ">U+062E</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ݗ">ݗ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݗ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݗـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ݗـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>x </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%97" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݗ">U+0757</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ڃ">ڃ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڃ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڃـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ڃـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>][<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>Кӏ кӏ1 </td> <td>ⱪ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%83" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڃ">U+0683</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Кӏу кӏу), instead of the letter ڃ, the letter ࢰ is used.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـچ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـچـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">چـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>ꝁ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">U+0686</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_small_v_below.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/13px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/19px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hah_with_small_v_below.png/25px-Hah_with_small_v_below.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png/12px-Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png/19px-Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png/24px-Hah_with_small_v_below-fina.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="88" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png/11px-Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png/18px-Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png/23px-Hah_with_small_v_below-medi.png 2x" data-file-width="76" data-file-height="99" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png/11px-Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png/17px-Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png/22px-Hah_with_small_v_below-init.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="99" /></a> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a>] </td> <td>Чъ чъ </td> <td>đ </td> <td>- 1 </td> <td> <ol><li>Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter ح (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a>) and the symbol combining caron below ◌̬ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%97%8C%CC%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:◌̬">U+032C</a>), thus resulting in <ul><li>ح̬ـ / ـح̬ـ / ـح̬ / ح̬</li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/13px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/21px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png/27px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below.png 2x" data-file-width="76" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png/11px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png/17px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png/22px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-fina.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="95" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png/11px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png/17px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png/22px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-medi.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="98" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png/11px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png/16px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png/22px-Hah_with_inverted_damma_below-init.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="94" /></a> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>ЧI чI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/20px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="424" /></a> </td> <td>- 1 </td> <td> <ol><li>Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter ح (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a>) and the diacritic inverted damma below ◌ࣣ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%97%8C%E0%A3%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:◌ࣣ">U+08E3</a>), thus resulting in <ul><li>حࣣـ / ـحࣣـ / ـحࣣ / حࣣ</li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـد </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>d </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:د">U+062F</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـذ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td>Дз дз </td> <td>ᴣ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ذ">U+0630</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـر </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>r </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ر">U+0631</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـز </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td>З з </td> <td>z </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ز">U+0632</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـژ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td>Жь жь </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/20px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">U+0698</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ڗ">ڗ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڗ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td>Цӏ цӏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="301" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%97" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڗ">U+0697</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ڒ">ڒ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڒ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڒ">U+0692</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـس </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـسـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">سـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td>С с </td> <td>s </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seen_with_two_dots_above.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/18px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/28px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seen_with_two_dots_above.png/37px-Seen_with_two_dots_above.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="92" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png/19px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png/29px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png/39px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-fina.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png/12px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png/18px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png/24px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-medi.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="101" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png/12px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png/18px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png/24px-Seen_with_two_dots_above-init.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="93" /></a> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>ħ </td> <td>- 1 </td> <td> <ol><li>Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter س (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a>) and the diacritic combining diaeresis ◌̈ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%97%8C%CC%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:◌̈">U+0308</a>), thus resulting in <ul><li>س̈ـ / ـس̈ـ / ـس̈ / س̈</li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـش </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـشـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">شـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td>Щ щ </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ش">U+0634</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـص </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـصـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">صـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] </td> <td>Шъ шъ </td> <td>š </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ص">U+0635</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـض </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـضـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ضـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>Шӏ шӏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/17px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ض">U+0636</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـط </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـطـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">طـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td>Тӏ тӏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/17px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="354" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ط">U+0637</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـظ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـظـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ظـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>] </td> <td>Жъ жъ </td> <td>ⱬ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ظ">U+0638</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـغ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـغـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">غـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td>Гъ гъ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="169" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غ">U+063A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ݝ">ݝ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݝ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݝـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ݝـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td>Г г1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="253" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݝ">U+075D</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Гу гу), instead of the letter ݝ, the letter گ is used.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـف </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـفـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">فـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>f </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ف">U+0641</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـق </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـقـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">قـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td>Къ къ </td> <td>q </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ق">U+0642</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڤ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڤـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ڤـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td>В в </td> <td>w </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">U+06A4</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Equivalent to ۋ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">U+06CB</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> Arabic alphabet.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـک </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـکـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">کـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td>К к </td> <td>k </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">U+0643</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـگ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـگـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">گـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">gʷ</a>])1 </td> <td>Г г (Гу гу) </td> <td>g </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">U+06AF</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Гу гу), the letter گ is used. In all other cases, the letter ݝ is used for this specific <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a>.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A2%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ࢰ (page does not exist)">ࢰ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢰ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢰـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ࢰـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>])1 </td> <td>Кӏ кӏ (Кӏу кӏу) </td> <td>ⱪ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢰ">U+08B0</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Кӏу кӏу), the letter ࢰ is used. In all other cases, the letter ڃ is used for this specific <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a>.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـل </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـلـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">لـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>] </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>l </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ݪ">ݪ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݪ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݪـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ݪـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td>Лъ лъ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/9px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/18px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="379" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݪ">U+076A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ࢦ">ࢦ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢦ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢦـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ࢦـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] </td> <td>Лӏ лӏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/16px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="447" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢦ">U+08A6</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـم </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـمـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">مـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td>М м </td> <td>m </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:م">U+0645</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـو </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئو / و </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ɘw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wɘ</a>] </td> <td>У у </td> <td>v </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـی </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـیـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئیـ / یـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] / [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>И и Й й </td> <td>i / j </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ی">U+06CC</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ۆ">ۆ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـۆ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئۆ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɜw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wɜ</a>] </td> <td>О о </td> <td>o </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">U+06C6</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adyghe_Latin_alphabet">Adyghe Latin alphabet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adyghe Latin alphabet">edit</a>]</div> The Adyghe orthography was officially switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927. The Adyghe Latin alphabet was compiled and finalized a year prior, in 1926. This alphabet was the sole official script in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Adyghe Latin alphabet consisted of 50 letters, many of them newly created, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of the Adyghe Latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a> Below table shows Adyghe Latin alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1927 and 1938.<a href="#cite_note-isaev-10">[8]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, serif, Universalia; font-size:1.4em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Letter </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴀ">ᴀ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%CA%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ʙ">ʙ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/C_with_descender" title="C with descender"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="301" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴣ">ᴣ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">ə</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg/17px-Latin_small_letter_reflected_F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="346" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Letter </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǥ">ǥ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɦ">ɦ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꝁ">ꝁ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">ʀ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⱪ">ⱪ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">ʲ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Letter </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/9px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg/18px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_bottom_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="379" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg/16px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_deferred_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="447" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">ᴘ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/10px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/16px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg/20px-Latin_letter_small_capital_P_with_bottom_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Letter </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg/17px-Latin_small_letter_low_turned_C_with_ascender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʃ">ʃ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħ">ħ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg/17px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_bowl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="354" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/21px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg/27px-Latin_small_letter_script_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Letter </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⱬ">ⱬ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg/20px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_right_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_reversed_Ghe_with_low_left_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="169" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_caron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="253" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">đ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/20px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="424" /></a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_Alphabet_Created_in_Turkey_(ABX_Alphabet)">Latin Alphabet Created in Turkey (ABX Alphabet)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latin Alphabet Created in Turkey (ABX Alphabet)">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the Circassian Language Association (Adyghe: Адыге Бзэ Хасэ or Adıǵe Bze Xase, abbreviated as ABX; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Adıge Dil Derneği; danef.com) in Turkey has issued a call for the Circassian people for the creation of a standard Latin script to be used by all Circassian people on the globe.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[6]</a> Their main motivation for the creation of this alphabet was that the majority of Circassian people live in Turkey and use the Latin alphabet in their daily life because they know Turkish. However, when trying to teach the language to the younger generation, teaching them a new alphabet takes time and makes the process more laborsome. ABX has created a Latin script based on the Turkish alphabet and chose the Abzakh dialect as their base because it is the dialect with the most speakers in Turkey. However, the alphabet employed by the Circassian Language Association has been criticized by others. Some suggested that they created the alphabet without a good understanding of the Circassian phonology and have not even considered former Latin alphabets used to write Circassian<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> and that the use of the Latin script would sever the ties with the homeland.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Despite the criticism, the CLA has obtained a €40,000 funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> for the recording of the Circassian language with a Latin script and the preparation of multi-media learning materials for the language,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and the materials created by ABX were accepted by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in Secondary Schools.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> This decision was protested and legally objected by the Federation of Caucasian Associations (Turkish: Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu; KAFFED) who created the materials for Circassian and Abaza languages with the Cyrillic script;<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> however, the court ruled in favour of the Latin alphabet created by the CLA and continued the use of their alphabet in Circassian courses.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Some glyphs in the Temirgoy-based Cyrillic alphabet have no equivalent in the Abzakh-based Latin alphabet because of dialectal differences. The most notable of these differences is the lack of differentiation between post-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex sounds. Though there are some additional letters in the alphabet for Eastern Circassian, the materials in the CLA website are primarily in West Circassian.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, serif, Universalia; font-size:1.4em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Latin </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Aa </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Bb </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Cc </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ćć (1) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Çç (2) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Dd </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ee </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Éé (3) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ff </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>А а </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>Дж дж </td> <td>ЧI чI </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>Э э </td> <td>Е е </td> <td>Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Latin </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Gg </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ǵǵ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ğğ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Hh </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ḣḣ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Iı </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">İi (3) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Jj </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Kk </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>Г г </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Гъ гъ </td> <td>Хь хь </td> <td>Хъ хъ </td> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>И и </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Къ къ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Latin </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ḱḱ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ll </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ĺĺ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Mm </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Nn </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Oo (4) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Öö (4) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Pp </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ṕṕ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>К к </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>Лъ лъ </td> <td>М м </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>О о </td> <td> </td> <td>П п </td> <td>Пӏ пӏ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Latin </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Qq (1) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Rr </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ss </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Śś </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Šš </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Şş </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Tt </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ṫṫ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Uu (4) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>Кӏ кӏ </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>Цӏ цӏ </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Тӏ тӏ </td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">Latin </th> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Üü (4) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ww </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Xx </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Yy </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Zz </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Źź </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">` (5) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Áá* </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td> </td> <td>У у </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Й й </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Дз дз </td> <td>Ӏ ӏ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:sans-serif;">IPA </th> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> 1) Ć is the equivalent of both Кӏ and Чӏ and shows the ejective potalveolar affricate. Qq, on the other hand, only corresponds to Кӏ and shows an ejective velar plosive. 2) Ç normally stands for Ч but when it is followed by Ü and Ö, it is equivalent to Цу. 3) É and İ are not direct equivalents of Е and И. The Cyrillic letters denote the [jɜ] and [jə] sounds at the beginning of syllables and [e] and [i] sounds at the end. The Latin letters are only used for the sounds [e] and [i]. The diphthongs are written as "Ye" and "Yi" 4) Circassian languages do not have phonemic rounded vowels but the labialized consonants affect the vowels around them to create allophonic rounded vowels.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The letters O, Ö, U and Ü are used to show these allophonic rounded vowels. O/Ö and U/Ü works similar to the vowel use О and У in the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet with O/Ö showing labialized consonant+[ɜ] combinations and U/Ü the labialized consonant+[ə] combinations. However, Ö and Ü are used when these combinations occur next to postalveolar sounds (Ş, J, Ç). The diphthongal uses of О and У, i.e. [wɜ] and [wə], are written as "We" and "Wı". Another use of Ö and Ü is writing Turkish loanwords containing these letters. 5) Wıçüpe (уцупэ; the place of stopping) is written with a ` (accent grave) or ' (apostrophe) and has a complicatd use. It is equivalent to Ӏ (palochka) in its use an ejective marker but not as the glottal stop. The glottal stop is not written as a letter but is implied through the use of consecutive vowels like in "mıerıs" (мыӀэрыс; apple). As many ejective sounds have their own letters (Ć, Ṕ, Q, Š, Ṫ), only some ejective sounds are written with the wıçüpe (ş`, ĺ`). Another use of wıçüpe is to show that an U at the end of a word represents a labialized consonant and not a labialized consonant + [ə] combination. For example, джэгу in Cyrillic is written cegu` to make sure that it is pronounced [d͡ʒɜgʷ] as a single syllable but wıçüpe is removed when the word takes a suffix and the allophonic [u] is audible, as in cegum [d͡ʒɜgum]. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyghe Arabic alphabet used before 1927"><img alt="Adyghe Arabic alphabet used before 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG/59px-Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG/89px-Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG/118px-Adyghe_arabic_alphabet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1716" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adyghe <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabet</a> used before 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyge_alphabet_1927_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)"><img alt="Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG/72px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG/109px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG/145px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="2180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adyghe <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (USSR)">Latin alphabet</a> used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyge_alphabet_1927_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)"><img alt="Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG/77px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG/116px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG/154px-Adyge_alphabet_1927_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2131" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets"><img alt="Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG/120px-Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG/180px-Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG/240px-Adyghe_alphabet_cyrillic-latin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="491" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters"><img alt="Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG/120px-Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG/180px-Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG/240px-Adige_arab_alphabet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="252" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adyghe_latin_alphabet_(1927).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adyghe Latin alphabet letters"><img alt="Adyghe Latin alphabet letters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg/120px-Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg/180px-Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg/240px-Adyghe_latin_alphabet_%281927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9122" data-file-height="5476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adyghe Latin alphabet letters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_literary_Adyghe">Examples of literary Adyghe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples of literary Adyghe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_vocabulary">Native vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Native vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>сэ </td> <td>să </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[sɐ]</a> </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>пшъашъэ </td> <td>pŝāŝă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[p͡ʂaːʂɐ]</a> </td> <td>girl </td></tr> <tr> <td>тӏыс </td> <td>ṭəs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[tʼəs]</a> </td> <td>to sit </td></tr> <tr> <td>тэдж </td> <td>tăǯʼ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[tɐd͡ʒ]</a> </td> <td>to stand </td></tr> <tr> <td>Тэу ущыт? </td> <td>Tăw ušʼət? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[tɐw‿wəʃət]</a> </td> <td>How are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сышӏу. </td> <td>Səṣ̂˚. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[səʃʷʼ]</a> </td> <td>I'm fine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>шы </td> <td>šə </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ʃə]</a> </td> <td>horse </td></tr> <tr> <td>щы </td> <td>šʼə </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ɕə]</a> </td> <td>three </td></tr> <tr> <td>жъуагъо </td> <td>ẑ˚āġo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ʐʷaːʁʷɐ]</a> </td> <td>star </td></tr> <tr> <td>тыгъэ </td> <td>təġă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[təʁɐ]</a> </td> <td>sun </td></tr> <tr> <td>мазэ </td> <td>māză </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[maːzɐ]</a> </td> <td>moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>цуакъэ </td> <td>c˚āqă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[t͡sʷaːqɐ]</a> </td> <td>shoe </td></tr> <tr> <td>шъукъеблагъ </td> <td>ŝ˚qeblāġ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ʂʷəqɐjblaːʁ]</a> </td> <td>welcome </td></tr> <tr> <td>лъэхъуамбэ </td> <td>łăꭓ˚āmbă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ɬɐχʷaːmbɐ]</a> </td> <td>toe </td></tr> <tr> <td>хьамлыу </td> <td>ḥāmləw </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ħaːmləw]</a> </td> <td>worm </td></tr> <tr> <td>кӏэнкӏэ </td> <td>č̣ʼănč̣ʼă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[kʼɐŋkʼɐ]</a> </td> <td>egg </td></tr> <tr> <td>хьампӏырашъу </td> <td>ḥāmṗərāŝ˚ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[ħaːmpʼəraːʂʷ]</a> </td> <td>butterfly </td></tr> <tr> <td>мэшӏоку </td> <td>măṣ̂ok˚ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[mɐʃʼʷɐkʷ]</a> </td> <td>train </td></tr> <tr> <td>пхъэтӏэкӏу </td> <td>pꭓăṭăḳ˚ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[p͡χɐtʼɐkʼʷ]</a> </td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>тхьалъыкӏо </td> <td>tḥāłəč̣ʼo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[t͡ħaːɬəkʼʷɐ]</a> </td> <td>prophet </td></tr> <tr> <td>къамзэгу </td> <td>qāmzăg˚ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[qaːmzɐɡʷ]</a> </td> <td>ant </td></tr> <tr> <td>псычэт </td> <td>psəčʼăt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[p͡sət͡ʃɐt]</a> </td> <td>duck </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loanwords">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Etymology </th></tr> <tr> <td>республикэ </td> <td>respublikă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[rʲespublʲikɐ]</a> </td> <td>republic </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> rēs pūblica ("public concern") via Russian республика. </td></tr> <tr> <td>компутер </td> <td>komputer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[komputʲer]</a> </td> <td>computer </td> <td>From Latin computāre ("to settle together") via Russian компьютер. </td></tr> <tr> <td>математикэ </td> <td>mātemātikă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[maːtʲemaːtʲikɐ]</a> </td> <td>mathematics </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> μάθημα máthēma ("study, knowledge") via Russian математика. </td></tr> <tr> <td>спорт </td> <td>sport </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[sport]</a> </td> <td>sports </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> sport via Russian спорт. </td></tr> <tr> <td>быракъ </td> <td>byraq </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[bəraːq]</a> </td> <td>flag </td> <td>Ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> *badrak ("spear, stick"). </td></tr> <tr> <td>къартӏоф </td> <td>qārṭof </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[qaːrtʼʷɐf]</a> </td> <td>potato </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Kartoffel ("potato") via Russian картофель. </td></tr> <tr> <td>томат </td> <td>tomāt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[tomaːt]</a> </td> <td>tomato </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> tomate, which in turn derives from <a href="/wiki/Nahuan_languages" title="Nahuan languages">Nahuan</a> tomatl, via Russian томат. </td></tr> <tr> <td>орэндж </td> <td>orănǯʼ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[wɐrɐnd͡ʒ]</a> </td> <td>orange </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:نارنگ">نارنگ</a> nârang or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:نارنج">نارنج</a> nâranj. </td></tr> <tr> <td>нэмаз </td> <td>nămāz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[nɐmaːz]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a> (Islamic praying) </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:نماز">نماز</a> namâz. </td></tr> <tr> <td>къалэ </td> <td>qālă </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[qaːlɐ]</a> </td> <td>city </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> kalakku ("fort"). </td></tr> <tr> <td>дунай </td> <td>dunāj </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[dəwnaːj]</a> </td> <td>earth </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:دنيا">دنيا</a> dunyā ("world"). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>There are thirteen <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialised</a> consonants; however, in some dialects, there are three additional ones: Кхъу [q͡χʷ], Ху [xʷ] and Чъу [t͡ɕʷ].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adyghe_outside_Circassia">Adyghe outside Circassia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adyghe outside Circassia">edit</a>]</div> Adyghe is taught outside <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Adyghes in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>'s capital city of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>. This school, established by the Jordanian Adyghes with support from the late <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Jordan">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a>, is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Adyghe is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians in Iraq</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians in Israel</a>, where it is taught in schools in their villages. It is also spoken by many <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassians in Syria</a>, although the majority of Syrian Circassians speak <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. An Adyghe translation of the Quran by <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Mashbash" title="Iskhak Mashbash">Ishak Mashbash</a> is available.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Bible_Translation" title="Institute for Bible Translation">Institute for Bible Translation</a> in Moscow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vitality">Vitality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vitality">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerable language">vulnerable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sample texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Fatiha_(الفَاتِحَةِ)">Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a> in Adyghe</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English translation</th> <th>Arabic original </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"> <td><div class="poem"> 1. Алахьэу гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъым ыцӏэкӏэ! 2. Зэрэдунае и Тхьэу Алахьым щытхъур ыдэжь, 3. Гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъэу, 4. Пщынэжь мафэр зиӏэмырым! 5. Шъхьащэ тэ къыпфэтэшӏы, тыолъэӏу О ӏэпыӏэгъу укъытфэхъунэу! 6. Гъогу занкӏэм О тырыщ, 7. Шӏу О зыфэпшӏагъэхэм ягъогу нахь, губж лъэш зыфэпшӏыгъэхэр зытетхэр арэп, гъощагъэхэр зытетхэри арэп. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> [1. Ālāḥăw g°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъǝm ǝc̣ăč̣′ă! 2. Zărădwnāe i Tḥăw Ālāḥǝm šʹǝtx°r ǝdăž′, 3. G°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъăw, 4. Pšʹǝnăž′ māfăr ziʾămǝrǝm! 5. Ŝḥāšʹă tă qǝpfătăṣ̂ǝ, tǝolъăʾ° O ʾăpǝʾăġ° wqǝtfăx°năw! 6. Ġog° zānč̣′ăm O tǝrǝšʹ, 7. Ṣ̂° O zǝfăpṣ̂āġăxăm яġog° nāḥ, g°bž lъăš zǝfăpṣ̂ǝġăxăr zǝtetxăr ārăp, ġošʹāġăxăr zǝtetxări ārăp.] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> 1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds, 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense! 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help! 6. Guide us to the straight path, 7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> ١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٦-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ٧-صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_1:1-5">John 1:1-5</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: John 1:1-5">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>-<a href="/wiki/John_1:5" title="John 1:5">5</a> in Adyghe</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"> <td><div class="poem"> Ублапӏэм ыдэжь Гущыӏэр щыӏагъ. Ар Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ, а Гущыӏэри Тхьэу арыгъэ. Ублапӏэм щегъэжьагъэу а Гущыӏэр Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ. Тхьэм а Гущыӏэм зэкӏэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ. Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми ащыщэу а Гущыӏэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыӏэп. Мыкӏодыжьын щыӏэныгъэ а Гущыӏэм хэлъыгъ, а щыӏэныгъэри цӏыфхэм нэфынэ афэхъугъ. Нэфынэр шӏункӏыгъэм щэнэфы, шӏункӏыгъэри нэфынэм текӏуагъэп. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Ublāṗăm ədăžʼ G˚šʼəʾăr šʼəʾāġ. Ār Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ, ā G˚šʼəʾări Tḥăw ārəġă. Ublāṗăm šʼeġăžʼāġăw ā G˚šʼəʾăr Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ. Tḥăm ā G˚šʼəʾăm zăč̣ʼări qəriġăġăꭓ˚ġ. Tḥăm qəġăꭓ˚ġă pstăwmi āšʼəšʼăw ā G˚šʼəʾăm qəriməġġăꭓ˚ġă zi šʼəʾăp. Məč̣ʼodəžʼən šʼəʾănəġă ā G˚šʼəʾăm xăłəġ, ā šʼəʾănəġări c̣əfxăm năfənă āfăꭓ˚ġ. Năfənăr ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġăm šʼănăfə, ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġări năfənăm teḳ˚āġăp. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Universal Declaration of Human Rights">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">UDHR</a> in Adyghe<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"> <td>Цӏыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашӏэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае. </td> <td>C̣əf pstăwri ŝḥăfităw, jāłətănəġără jāfăŝ˚āšăxămrăč̣ʼă zăfădăw qāłfə. Āqəlră zăxăṣ̂əč̣ʼ ġ˚āzără jāʾăŝə, zər zəm zăqoš zăxāṣ̂ă āzfāg˚ dăłăw zăfəšʼətənxă fāe. </td> <td>[tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja] </td> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Maq" title="Adyghe Maq">Adyghe Maq</a>, the main Adyghe-language newspaper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem of the Republic of Adygea">Anthem of the Republic of Adygea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adyghe</a>: Адыгабзэ, romanized: Ādəɣābză, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[aːdɘɣaːbzɜ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-loan-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loan_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loan_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loan_9-2">c</a> Only in loanwords. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ady">Adyghe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/adyghe">"Adyghe in Russian Federation"</a>. UNESCO WAL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625213131/https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/adyghe">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+WAL&rft.atitle=Adyghe+in+Russian+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Fadyghe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Adyghe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Adyghe">"Adyghe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adyghe&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAdyghe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0">Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527174302/https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0">Archived</a> 27 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-65691-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-65691-1-1">978-605-65691-1-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaumGordon2013" class="citation web cs1">Applebaum, Ayla; Gordon, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/809/592">"A Comparative Phonetic Study of the Circassian Languages"</a>. Berkeley Linguistics Society. University of California, Santa Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628233340/https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/809/592">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ozgurcerkes.com&rft.atitle=ADIGE+D%C4%B0L+DERNE%C4%9E%C4%B0%27NDEN+%C3%87A%C4%9ERI%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozgurcerkes.com%2F%3FSyf%3D18%26Hbr%3D355814%26%2FD%25C3%259CNYA%25E2%2580%2599DA-YA%25C5%259EAYAN-B%25C3%259CT%25C3%259CN-ADIGE-HALKININ-ORTAK-KULLANAB%25C4%25B0LECE%25C4%259E%25C4%25B0-STANDART-B%25C4%25B0R-LAT%25C4%25B0N-ALFABES%25C4%25B0-OLU%25C5%259ETURULMASI-%25C4%25B0%25C3%2587%25C4%25B0N-ADIGE-D%25C4%25B0L-DERNE%25C4%259E%25C4%25B0N%25C4%25B0N-%28ADDER%29-ADIGE-HALKINA-%25C3%2587A%25C4%259ERISID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf">"ADYGHE (ADYGHIAN)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621214419/http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2022. 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Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adygebzem+and+tkhide+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D&rft.btitle=Elburs&rft.place=Nalshyk&rft.date=2000&rft.au=H.+Sh.+Urys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.kbsu.ru%2FElib%2F4%2F14%2F1%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYevlampievPentzlinJoomagueldinov2011" class="citation book cs1">Yevlampiev, Ilya; Pentzlin, Karl; Joomagueldinov, Nurlan (19 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11277-adyghe-chechen.pdf">Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Adyghe and Chechen languages</a> (PDF). pp. 4 and 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+encode+Arabic+characters+used+for+Adyghe+and+Chechen+languages&rft.pages=4+and+10&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Yevlampiev&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Joomagueldinov%2C+Nurlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11277-adyghe-chechen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cherkessia.net/author_article_detail.php?article_id=3743">"Hapi Cevdet Yıldız | Anadili Eğitimi ve Alfabe Sorunu"</a>. Cherkessia.net (in Turkish). 18 June 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cherkessia.net&rft.atitle=Hapi+Cevdet+Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z+%7C+Anadili+E%C4%9Fitimi+ve+Alfabe+Sorunu&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcherkessia.net%2Fauthor_article_detail.php%3Farticle_id%3D3743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/yorum/nh/264-adder-2.htm">"kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez"</a>. www.circassiancenter.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.circassiancenter.com&rft.atitle=kafkasya+kuzey+kafkasya+cerkes+cerkez+%C3%A7erkes+%C3%A7erkez+kafkasya+kuzey+kafkasya+cerkes+cerkez+%C3%A7erkes+%C3%A7erkez+kafkasya+kuzey+kafkasya+cerkes+cerkez+%C3%A7erkes+%C3%A7erkez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circassiancenter.com%2Fcc-turkiye%2Fyorum%2Fnh%2F264-adder-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pusulahaber.com.tr/adige-dili-cerkes-dili-latin-alfabesine-uyarlaniyor-82281h.htm">"Adıǵe Dili (Çerkes Dili) Latin alfabesine uyarlanıyor"</a>. Pusula Haber (in Turkish). 1 October 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pusula+Haber&rft.atitle=Ad%C4%B1%C7%B5e+Dili+%28%C3%87erkes+Dili%29+Latin+alfabesine+uyarlan%C4%B1yor&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pusulahaber.com.tr%2Fadige-dili-cerkes-dili-latin-alfabesine-uyarlaniyor-82281h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=1169">"T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı"</a>. mufredat.meb.gov.tr. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mufredat.meb.gov.tr&rft.atitle=T.C.+Mill%C3%AE+E%C4%9Fitim+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+Talim+Terbiye+Kurulu+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmufredat.meb.gov.tr%2FProgramDetay.aspx%3FPID%3D1169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajanskafkas.com/diaspora/kaffedden-kiril-eylemi/">"Kaffed'den Kiril eylemi"</a>. Ajans Kafkas (in Turkish). 16 April 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajans+Kafkas&rft.atitle=Kaffed%27den+Kiril+eylemi&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajanskafkas.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fkaffedden-kiril-eylemi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerkesfed.org/yazarlar/yilmaz-donmez/kaffedin-latin-alfabesi-ile-egitim-konusundaki-davasi-red-edildi/">"KAFFED'İN LATİN ALFABESİ İLE EĞİTİM KONUSUNDAKİ DAVASI RED EDİLDİ. – ÇERKES-FED"</a> (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KAFFED%27%C4%B0N+LAT%C4%B0N+ALFABES%C4%B0+%C4%B0LE+E%C4%9E%C4%B0T%C4%B0M+KONUSUNDAK%C4%B0+DAVASI+RED+ED%C4%B0LD%C4%B0.+%E2%80%93+%C3%87ERKES-FED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcerkesfed.org%2Fyazarlar%2Fyilmaz-donmez%2Fkaffedin-latin-alfabesi-ile-egitim-konusundaki-davasi-red-edildi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDANEF" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DANEF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danef.com/dosyalar.php?id=5">"DANEF"</a>. DANEF (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124222857/https://www.danef.com/dosyalar.php?id=5">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DANEF&rft.atitle=DANEF&rft.au=DANEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danef.com%2Fdosyalar.php%3Fid%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, John D. (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/an-acoustic-study-of-kabardian-vowels/F303B442CE201E97D4F29D1A9567033F">"An acoustic study of Kabardian vowels"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 21 (1): 4–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005958">10.1017/S0025100300005958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=An+acoustic+study+of+Kabardian+vowels&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005958&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fan-acoustic-study-of-kabardian-vowels%2FF303B442CE201E97D4F29D1A9567033F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bmh1Ehyq0o">Circassians bid to save ancient language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 14 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bmh1Ehyq0o">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circassians+bid+to+save+ancient+language&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2bmh1Ehyq0o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circassianquran.adigabze.net/index.php?go=kuran&t1=circassian_west&t2=english_ahmet_ali&sure=1&ayet=1#f">"Circassian Quran Website"</a>. Circassian Quran. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circassian+Quran&rft.atitle=Circassian+Quran+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcircassianquran.adigabze.net%2Findex.php%3Fgo%3Dkuran%26t1%3Dcircassian_west%26t2%3Denglish_ahmet_ali%26sure%3D1%26ayet%3D1%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303180031/http://cms01.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/CLT/pdf/UNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf">"UNESCO Map of World's language in Danger"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms01.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/CLT/pdf/UNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Map+of+World%27s+language+in+Danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms01.unesco.org%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FHQ%2FCLT%2FCLT%2Fpdf%2FUNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady">"OHCHR |"</a>. www.ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719090535/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ady:"> Adyghe edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adygheya.dovlet.net/en/the-circassian-language/grammar/">Grammar of the Circassian Language</a>. Useful site to learn the Adyghe grammar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Loewe1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loewe" title="Louis Loewe">Louis Loewe</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarycirc01loewgoog">A dictionary of the Circassian language, English-Circassian-Turkish</a>. George Bell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+the+Circassian+language%2C+English-Circassian-Turkish&rft.pub=George+Bell&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Louis+Loewe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarycirc01loewgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BB5XSDHWGX3U2I3RGPTAF3U6ESJY4LLJ">Sample Adyghe document in Arabic Script</a>, 1924, تەزغەو نەخوشتەر-گوبغویش: تەزغەو نەشتەر-گوبغواب / Тэзгъэу нэхъущтэр-губгъуищ: тэзгъэу нэщтэр-губгъуаб. Zubrilin, Aleksey Arsenevich. <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasny_Vostok" title="Krasny Vostok">Krasny Vostok</a>, USSR.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/adyghe.htm">Adyghe alphabet</a>, Omniglot.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf">"Adyghe transliteration schemes"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adyghe+transliteration+schemes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FAdyghe_3.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdyghe+language" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/adyghe.php">Adyghe sample</a>, Language Museum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zihia.narod.ru/ing/instead.htm">Learning Adyghe resource</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iccs.synthasite.com/learn-circassian.php">Learn Circassian</a>, International Centre for Circassian Studies (ICCS).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130065831/http://www.rferl.org/howtolisten/KBD/ondemand.html">Rferl North Caucasus Radio</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/adyghe/ala-lc/">Adyghe transliteration tool</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/">Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-adyghe/en/ady/">How to count in Adyghe language</a>.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Adyghe_language">Adyghe language dictionary</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ADY/ady.html">Recordings of Adyghe language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template talk:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (areal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a> (Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo- European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a>)2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_writing_systems">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> 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