CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91361e64cf9d5f35',cH: 'Q14aNnU9G7NmkLcHPcIR.UD7Po3jgX1T_HYdlpG4vyE-1739798887-1.2.1.1-Z1pni8GccjYk3f1Fdg.cgwdMxsFJub._XJNr.7.6bOeCOMaLBeI0QPdUXati1uFE',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=mobile%20technological%20devices&__cf_chl_tk=oqhLGPEDSoTstupLTscZnwgPUo0vGcG.aOWilHqt.M4-1739798887-1.0.1.1-99lywzxTRofKl12F0e74J.cPxql6ckCm8gpDqUDPIXg",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739798887',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=mobile%20technological%20devices&__cf_chl_f_tk=oqhLGPEDSoTstupLTscZnwgPUo0vGcG.aOWilHqt.M4-1739798887-1.0.1.1-99lywzxTRofKl12F0e74J.cPxql6ckCm8gpDqUDPIXg",md: "kuW5uTOueald1EntZLRNPeVl0vDn4FrHfPetE65R8og-1739798887-1.2.1.1-UXdLtc5rnZ5f5ieOt4QADAtHZYTZP.vWLliTP2UHTn2O_qvUwz_8Lk9QK4j3JwRJUqVH6C81pM8jplzafWf139_pqlvT_oybHWJBgfFN3W.M6zv1HO5sWz38HjVfKl.UyMNgTpJGHqor0VjU.F9ghcDN0s7IDQVGhwxOIiNK2pIWoOsM_Vk2eC9nK1J0zZ1HBhRnG_sr2d9I_pMVkQemhWzxSCXVrBIT_mkwCoByMIMoND.EthGkvwxPtEpGaTCFcZ7GFvtsbwh0Pz8mQDtSzvvHcMgSF4uMLvyhs6aDic9Ha6WmypravdeJaY5Hj22Wev36iZ_xHuAGCk_jNYYSZvxh5kqSdn6yO6leCZh9dXg8RRYdzqyX6VSb2qcA7mjjisaIfXFsA5eVUhFilghu182cmpFigh_Xkgvo4b25e.vo45wL3fLpnOpCKceWZHGBdbPaYmUujxveamUUN1cGoFtlf4P8jVXUlVlHwAXnpCoKUUXPWDnhSxFdyQpg0vxuFyhgRGpOj6ksplIFZCaAUsjU1rCWJMYtBPeU1qpe2M3ZS_kE3FhgkGPV9WPko6TpGSB3sXk18XDtcCAX70xT.LGAjHHgUfTGEvmzPVwvi5sdFEYeOFrsPgj6gqdlAtB9l7XL7GmNk9K03s9eGoxNCTlPDm4g26zUjmprVfUTEsO4PUvOCoQhUxZ3.u_tRdxRvuiwI9drfttE6w3u04iTQYO3d1j_KG1szhgW.RjaBKHLixE0A1.k2Y62DPG36zfGiALWsp879Dn0HWNpB01UT0b7p_QBdQE51SbMuckqzENa1Y1OC1SU3nFls.GgE5LCZJYF4OmEidKudOghGhCWo9848zsIopaf.HFjI99XLPNMNN.sOwkNB_.ryN_go2qDDHSQbBidmGz1wxx1.Rdp.aBkod48ycOS39SnRygG1ayoHpE.H7HQJKpFMiJV9m2Pse9hvbrhXjcygrJRNn1veVgg40Y47FKdR3oIfPVsw9ZAg77X7xGZgjFQRn2_HhE19A3kRpLGbc_zI2FldLfiG76ou2yMd1ojb4X1ruim6jPqiPYddVRSojCEjMWDvSU.S_dVotoQZapDDMtxZi661PF1BHxrhqzTtvP2EramkP7I3LilWJaNwAWyUtx07YNPfkGZWrhfH9xH0TP2yNAmaVB9Wv.Qgr7jXggiz_oV0N_3EHGjWSATo_hSJq.oLAjwm7DkQdQEyUYUllghk6swxgYwOsCnVEVSn820oz6eYgyyHXEL2D.77L2YwdfioDlxxbe.d.GDPSQGFVWxWpFbpVBmSSccFwytY3tJDqX9sfSmP2qEi_Gtxtd_Ghm8NxC6xTGqIQjXBIwJOnS3Bl0em4MrdHYS7qbjl5vzUpF24mJiPiKKTK5.eKrHSTM23iGixWTBx.om1o2IIr.MkX96qa3luF.FaTSyjGPBhz7inyhuPJiK_D1BhmmPMsnNLQVtP4lWF98d67EGLNKZb1QsbQjIqaA67Va0D1Lw69OUQVhnw8xcQXmG62JJG426NRp3xuiGAwOfNT7XMZ2_Re90JBjN7hvEhx0PfaQidZvhLHqf_zkuNdHdYUa33X0OItGwUA3qgVb9_HlRfB_PGxYyMvpoTtXC5pK.ZP0axWaWXdxby_h4XgKxzhOSmSxCrAKoLm0R5n9Mu_YPlJZU.31u7u8DowQrHvKXgcH.JjxIoPS5lCe65LBuRNDYfLely.afwDOjC18ykBN8_8h1ZeQcf3t2WqZWWpvo9zEHS6hBwjXYFsusbKjSU.6rJkkliCV_RV2EBQsePTw38ZyrwOQxEol7B_ShyjFE1pyZjp6tMa8dWo53XIU6Fnd5YLZdXGdUznG7PwrMOw71dVa.KSkAmwAaSYDDPVsnjBFhxgdzZpHfv_CRc6iXpJ93MsFkOte0N6JyWVversrTA9j.gcdmD7FyyvdEky1JaDHkcjTUzmoUHu54niEiXFHJm1d1pOddb8KAOwIwWxhV8Hxenzg3Jw",mdrd: "75O56TDFn7oGCfA9FhSC0Mj58eUe0vbiQKJj2DBuM3c-1739798887-1.2.1.1-I3952CRxjMwgQcy6C1vA8pMnPWa5rimccU6Gc3bo7oGX6d8B0tjrtGcxtGrAyoOHu7wLXYv7wMB4lb7HeiMpOgCkDI6wxMDiUkkjZ9KuAKOFrDkato3NrxWXWi0IXFS3n9Vu8bsr1khWWaUdN_laGzqJVv8PvhYgMV6lA.8e5wp.fF9qQnlT0mCQLaEgyMgZJKhPjlVY1nXvat2204y4srI9Ue6BXMCpp4xQaHFJGSliWqAxZofz_TYD33yTpAdn6sYURc77UqYh0Peoio88rM6mrOG.d.U75R7DZuXonyfhBZrx5ClbzT78x7cMZRVrrWyQFT9sT6k24f9cUOgELuUtef69psU5RJxiLG97XWVpB0N2PaaK3NGKMJbkjUyHm7h7Toh8KrHG.3CaSa1qdbn0SE1kONT3Hnpt.VmdgYUbY8AbNwqaWSAgVWHeubOT_XffHzGG94Qn1tz2licU6AZghruDRbdj1Pfd.OORuf6KFqlYZCNt7VSmvvd73DlQvq7sYyt9XE3YapFdyw_gDwbNQlofByyxsWQIulQ7pIAuDKWIYDkwz2KNCuzkNn_0M5CU.4ZSahnj1f203w7M_L1.RjZLJNdwGA5cNNwA_baS0CevlQqMDUL54RcugviXQp7cDjkVR.JexfGFrBdjTlxVaU1gQr1r6seweAnYmnT3wy_dVOLQYHU.K5vyT4dk2Mg8iVZ02WrTZ5WN0JBNWaWgo0W799Sa7k.IISurYn5uP97_r8xbcgbeKK_hMH81MPnvLDadoR7ygOpgEaHZB5_Cbf_n1BDyUquxuS4zzZ6OYt6lX.W7w3pNugzvd2VwgRvIfyNoyimiN_a9kY3EgeiaXVGVNCOEoqVssiE4jxi9.F4u0VBFQBLIG5v3ldQwvOD46fFhOcSo0.ywP28m6f5UxvaEYECZBtXQAbq.l1CBvfQNxILr.WQFHazSx3_.MlpowZe5Q99DsZFOrjhYA47Nb1RRgdVfrnRgiJYaX.rztwY1AFrpg66bKR6QitfZiRA0cBeD5tffq.HmcgvAqF01GraPhPxoizG6rn3KdS8b2YLsprZZKOOoH9DzqInj_32oRU.ZuS7VeoRWC6BPFWFE1N.VRbm1pZthqBwlWt2ilYRP_rvyoVA17Anf_OrcGykCI4u4xygacqTDa_ESEX7a0qp0Mb3DpZP8hkOn1hl5ih4n0Gvqf9usdcuAykEn3LpkdoA4ayLQf0pPi3v51F3B7n_PdRUGoiYuUj2cq5bpUgpYt_fR9Gu3xZuxvD8NYGtBN9HIm2SexNnMQjCNmxXNt5gnjZAau28DlJCIuvZF4bhFPcwLIcT46qE3zM8xmq9Cf6IMdnmXdzHpj5SPRPvy05FRV5HJKewcugcAX32hpB3TNqeoAv7GrMEkPRYJfBykaD.fOaz_3b0U3q26rm91CvLGjx0lag6HPMD17nFeY67c71CcjbQkuKVZayH36oZp1RMgnR3Hy2Ocz1tnSf2RDkmmfapXn_TwDgOvVTTg.aXNkYJkxsOAHB4mGFGbWxdjDZqTmWvdMXYJpnPWiwKctgWyfDrSOhDLsD5b9KrAGFOWRbV9JERDpUA4g7zIROfiPG9uOFVVVqjZROPALEEQpOx8W83yX5Y2p0Iy1eqMuPo_netGFvcE7xQZ2p50Im6eBPqADXrjY35EWX9DIcVUY8gwn5HAXFnHWl7CJ2jWpHkkLl6M2NiIRqgtmOuAFZgXf.eCw2nXNh7Yc.n1LpSB2FOB97y9w.pDfnK7xXjpgi_a2XE9UMZm3WHC_ppgfWZ5.L.xeEj9CSIm4Sl9cUMf_ea2mjD9kv3o2ZpNJrP_R9UnFqx6MaoZ2ncU_OsA9oGyjFUkoY4GmwxS3JhmDueTOtdaIFXABG3HsOr6k8UFb4hiDo8ZXo1vxcDVm40DesnNgokoylQAU_y7dj6Hb30_fS_qRZSUrQwoyyC4nMGwkGYRstic09n1NyQw3kOv"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91361e64cf9d5f35';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=mobile%20technological%20devices&__cf_chl_rt_tk=oqhLGPEDSoTstupLTscZnwgPUo0vGcG.aOWilHqt.M4-1739798887-1.0.1.1-99lywzxTRofKl12F0e74J.cPxql6ckCm8gpDqUDPIXg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>