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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frisians</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the modern Frisians. For the ancient Germanic tribe also called Frisians, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frisian (disambiguation)">Frisian (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Frisians (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfriːʒənz/</a>) are an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> indigenous to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Bight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Bight">coastal regions</a> of the Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Belgium. They inhabit an area known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> and are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friesland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groningen_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a> and, in Germany, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisia">North Frisia</a> (which was a part of Denmark until 1864).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[10]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> Frisians Friezen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian language">(West)</a>, Fresen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisian language">(North)</a>, Fräisen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland Frisian language">(Sater)</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 530,000</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friesland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">350,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands (excluding Friesland)</th> <td class="infobox-data">120,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologue.com-5">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[b]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th> <td class="infobox-data">60,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[c]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th> <td class="infobox-data">4,590 residents of Canada reported having Frisian ancestry in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2016_Canadian_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 Canadian Census</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th> <td class="infobox-data">2,145 (ancestry estimate)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[8]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Low_Saxon_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Saxon language">Low Saxon</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friso-Saxon_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friso-Saxon dialects">Friso-Saxon dialects</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadsfries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries">Stadsfries</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missingsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%B8nderjysk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sønderjysk">Sønderjysk</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> majority (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheranism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> minority</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> There are several theories about the origin of the name of the Frisians, which is derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> or Fresones, names used by the Romans to describe a Germanic tribe that inhabited the same region but disappeared during the 5th century before the appearance of the Frisians. Most probably the name is derived from the verb fresare in Vulgar Latin, meaning 'milling, cutting, grooving, crushing, removing shells'; this name may have been given to the Frisii because they 'cut the land': digging ditches and dykes to irrigate the wet marshlands where they lived.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[11]</a> Compare fresar el paisaje in the Romance language Spanish. Another theory is the name derives from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie%3Darticle%26wdb%3DWFT%26id%3D29984%26lemma%3Dfrisselje%26domein%3D0%26conc%3Dtrue">frisselje</a> (to braid, thus referring to braided hair). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> are spoken by more than 500,000 people; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> is officially recognised in the Netherlands (in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friesland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> are recognised as regional languages in Germany. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Migration_to_England_and_Scotland">2 Migration to England and Scotland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frisians_in_Denmark">3 Frisians in Denmark</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">4 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Identity">5 Identity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Works_cited">7.1 Works cited</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Prior to the appearance of the modern Frisians, their namesake, the ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, enter recorded history in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> account of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>'s 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chauci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[12]</a> They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolt of the Batavi">Revolt of the Batavi</a> around 70 AD. Frisian mercenaries were hired as cavalry to assist the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[13]</a> They are not mentioned again until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laeti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laeti">laeti</a> (i.e., Roman-era <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a>; see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binchester_Roman_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Binchester Roman Fort">Binchester Roman Fort</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuneus_Frisionum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuneus Frisionum">Cuneus Frisionum</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[14]</a> The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to fourth century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kent">Kent</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[15]</a> probably as laeti under Roman coercion. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/220px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1967"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/220px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/330px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/440px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> in the 5th century </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Frisians.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Frisians.png/220px-Frisians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="697"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Frisians.png/220px-Frisians.png" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Frisians.png/330px-Frisians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Frisians.png/440px-Frisians.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Historical settlement areas of the Frisians, and areas where a Frisian language is spoken </figcaption> </figure> From the third through the fifth centuries, Frisia suffered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_transgression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine transgression">marine transgressions</a> that made most of the land uninhabitable, aggravated by a change to a cooler and wetter climate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ejstrud-20">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Louwe-22">[19]</a> Whatever population may have remained dropped dramatically, and the coastal lands remained largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. When conditions improved, Frisia received an influx of new settlers, mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angles_(tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. These people would eventually be referred to as 'Frisians' (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frisian language">Old Frisian</a>: Frīsa, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: Frīsan), though they were not necessarily descended from the ancient Frisii. It is these 'new Frisians' who are largely the ancestors of the medieval and modern Frisians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[20]</a> By the end of the sixth century, Frisian territory had expanded westward to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast and, in the seventh century, southward down to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dorestad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>. This farthest extent of Frisian territory is sometimes referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisia Magna</a>. Early Frisia was ruled by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_King?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High King</a>, with the earliest reference to a 'Frisian King' being dated 678.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In the early eighth century, the Frisians mostly worshipped <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic gods</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thor">Thor</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odin">Odin</a> outside the vicinity of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-25">[22]</a> Slightly later, the Frisian nobles came into increasing conflict with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franks">Franks</a> to their south, resulting in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian%E2%80%93Frankish_wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian–Frankish wars">series of wars</a> in which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankish_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> eventually subjugated Frisia in 734. These wars benefited attempts by Anglo-Irish missionaries (which had begun with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Boniface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>) to convert the Frisian populace to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Willibrord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Willibrord">Saint Willibrord</a> largely succeeded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Some time after the death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, the Frisian territories were in theory under the control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Count_of_Holland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a>, but in practice the Hollandic counts, starting with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnulf,_Count_of_Holland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnulf, Count of Holland">Count Arnulf</a> in 993, were unable to assert themselves as the sovereign lords of Frisia. The resulting stalemate resulted in a period of time called the '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian freedom</a>', a period in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serfdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> (as well as central or judicial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administration_(government)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administration (government)">administration</a>) did not exist, and in which the Frisian lands only owed their allegiance to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. During the 13th century, however, the counts of Holland became increasingly powerful and, starting in 1272, sought to reassert themselves as rightful lords of the Frisian lands in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friso-Hollandic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friso-Hollandic Wars">a series of wars</a>, which (with a series of lengthy interruptions) ended in 1422 with the Hollandic conquest of Western Frisia and with the establishment of a more powerful noble class in Central and Eastern Frisia. In 1524, Frisia became part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> and in 1568 joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_revolt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch revolt">Dutch revolt</a> against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, king of Spain, heir of the Burgundian territories; Central Frisia has remained a part of the Netherlands ever since. The eastern periphery of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> would become part of various German states (later Germany) and Denmark. An old tradition existed in the region of exploitation of peatlands. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Migration_to_England_and_Scotland">Migration to England and Scotland</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Migration to England and Scotland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Though it is impossible to know exact numbers and migration patterns, research has indicated that many Frisians were part of the wave of ethnic groups to colonise areas of present-day England alongside the Angles, Saxons and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl-27">[24]</a> starting from around the fifth century when Frisians arrived along the coastline of Kent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Frisians principally settled in modern-day Kent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Anglia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[27]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Midlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East England</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[28]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. Across these areas, evidence of their settlement includes place names of Frisian origin, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frizinghall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frizinghall">Frizinghall</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bradford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frieston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frieston">Frieston</a> in Lincolnshire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl-27">[24]</a> Similarities in dialect between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Yarmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a> and Friesland have been noted, originating from trade between these areas during the Middle Ages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Frisians are also known to have founded the Freston area of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ipswich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[31]</a> In Scotland, historians have noted that colonies of Angles and Frisians settled as far north as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Forth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>. This corresponds to those areas of Scotland which historically constituted part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[33]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Frisians_in_Denmark">Frisians in Denmark</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Frisians in Denmark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The earliest traces of Frisians in modern-day Denmark date back from the 8th century, when Frisian traders and craftsmen settled down in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribe">Ribe</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[34]</a> In the Later Middle Ages Frisians farmers settled around Tøndermarsken west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%B8nder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tønder">Tønder</a>. The evidence for this are the dwelling mounds or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terp">terps</a> (værfter) in the area that are built after the same method as the ones alongside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wadden_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> further south.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denmark-38">[35]</a> Colonists from the south also settled down in <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misthusum" class="extiw" title="dk:Misthusum">Misthusum</a> in the Ballum marshes near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sk%C3%A6rb%C3%A6k,_T%C3%B8nder_Municipality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skærbæk, Tønder Municipality">Skærbæk</a> during the 12th of 13th century. According to documents around 1400 at least some of them were considered as "Hollanders".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-39">[36]</a> In modern times, Frisian culture in Denmark is described as assimilated and most people of Frisian descent do not consider themselves Frisian. In regards of the Frisian language, very few may speak it as first language but it was traditionally spoken in several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polder">polder</a> hamlets near the border with Germany. One estimate puts the Frisian population in Denmark somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denmark-38">[35]</a> This number, however, might be grossly exaggerated. Frisian identity in Denmark was promoted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eiderstedt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eiderstedt">Eiderstedt</a> farmer and political activist Cornelius Petersen, who built a traditional Frisian farmstead in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%B8gelt%C3%B8nder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Møgeltønder">Møgeltønder</a> in 1914 and founded the rural protest movement Bondens Selvstyre ("Farmers' self-government"). More recently, the retired journalist Benny Siewertsen wrote a partisan pamphlet on Frisian heritage in Denmark.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-39">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[37]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Language">Language</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/220px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/220px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/330px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/440px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Present-day distribution of the Frisian languages in Europe: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> </div> </figcaption> </figure> As both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> of England and the early Frisians were formed from similar tribal confederacies, their respective languages were very similar, together forming the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Frisian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian">Anglo-Frisian</a> family. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Frisian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> is the most closely related language to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and the modern Frisian dialects are in turn the closest related languages to contemporary English that themselves derive not from Old English (although modern Frisian and English are not mutually intelligible). The Frisian language group is divided into three mutually unintelligible languages: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, spoken in the Dutch province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friesland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>, spoken in the German municipality of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland">Saterland</a> just south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>, spoken in the German region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisia">North Frisia</a> (within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Districts of Germany">Kreis</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordfriesland_(district)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordfriesland (district)">Nordfriesland</a>) on the west coast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</li> </ul> Of these three languages both Saterland Frisian (2,000 speakers) and North Frisian (10,000 speakers)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[39]</a> are endangered. West Frisian is spoken by around 350,000 native speakers in Friesland,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[40]</a> and as many as 470,000 when including speakers in neighbouring Groningen province.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologue.com-5">[4]</a> West Frisian is not listed as threatened, although research published by Radboud University in 2016 has challenged that assumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian nationalism</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Friesentracht.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friesentracht.JPG/170px-Friesentracht.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friesentracht.JPG/170px-Friesentracht.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friesentracht.JPG/255px-Friesentracht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friesentracht.JPG/340px-Friesentracht.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> North Frisian woman in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%B6hr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Föhr">Föhr</a> </figcaption> </figure> Today, there exists a tripartite division of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisians">North</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisians">East</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisians">West Frisians</a>; this was caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>'s continual loss of territory in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The West Frisians, in general, do not see themselves as part of a larger group of Frisians, and, according to a 1970 poll, identify themselves more with the Dutch than with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisians">East</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisians">North Frisians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[42]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian church">Frisian church in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisian_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a></li> <li>Frisian languages <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Frisian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friso-Saxon_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friso-Saxon dialects">Friso-Saxon dialects</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gronings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gronings">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stellingwarfs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingwarfs">Stellingwarfs</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Frisians">List of Frisians</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Germanic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic tribes">List of Germanic tribes</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> Number is the number of native West Frisian speakers.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> Native West Frisian speakers excluding those in Friesland.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> Although only 12,000 are native speakers.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.groepfanauwerk.com/homeIflagge.html">"Groep fan Auwerk"</a>. www.groepfanauwerk.com. 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.groepfanauwerk.com&rft.atitle=Groep+fan+Auwerk&rft.date=2023-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groepfanauwerk.com%2FhomeIflagge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.interfriesischerrat.de/index.php/en/interfriesische-flagge">"Interfriesische Flagge"</a>. www.interfriesischerrat.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interfriesischerrat.de&rft.atitle=Interfriesische+Flagge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfriesischerrat.de%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Finterfriesische-flagge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooskensHeeringa" class="citation web cs1">Gooskens, Charlotte; Heeringa, Wilbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237534065">"The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area"</a>. Researchgate. University of Groningen. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Researchgate&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Frisian+in+the+Germanic+Language+Area&rft.aulast=Gooskens&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Heeringa%2C+Wilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237534065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue.com-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code%3Dfry">Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.minderheitensekretariat.de/wen-vertreten-wir/die-friesische-volksgruppe/">"Die friesische Volksgruppe"</a>. Minderheitensekretariat der vier autochthonen nationalen Minderheiten und Volksgruppen (in German). Retrieved 6 January 2020. <q>Geschätzt 60.000 Menschen sind ihrem Selbstverständnis nach Friesen. [an estimated 60,000 people self identify as Frisian]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minderheitensekretariat+der+vier+autochthonen+nationalen+Minderheiten+und+Volksgruppen&rft.atitle=Die+friesische+Volksgruppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minderheitensekretariat.de%2Fwen-vertreten-wir%2Fdie-friesische-volksgruppe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang%3DE%26T%3D31%26Geo%3D01">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca/. Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca%2F&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+Ethnocultural+Diversity+Highlight+Tables&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fimm%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D31%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls">"Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.+First%2C+Second%2C+and+Total+Responses+to+the+Ancestry+Question+by+Detailed+Ancestry+Code%3A+2000&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fsocdemo%2Fancestry%2Fancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber2021" class="citation web cs1">Faber, Hans (8 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frisiacoasttrail.blog/2021/08/08/the-frontier-collectively-known-as-watery-mess-the-coast-flanders/">"A Frontier known as Watery Mess: the Coast of Flanders"</a>. Frisia Coast Trail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frisia+Coast+Trail&rft.atitle=A+Frontier+known+as+Watery+Mess%3A+the+Coast+of+Flanders&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrisiacoasttrail.blog%2F2021%2F08%2F08%2Fthe-frontier-collectively-known-as-watery-mess-the-coast-flanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://interfriesischerrat.de/index.php/de/">"Herzlich Willkommen"</a>. interfriesischerrat.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interfriesischerrat.de&rft.atitle=Herzlich+Willkommen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterfriesischerrat.de%2Findex.php%2Fde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber2022" class="citation web cs1">Faber, Hans (14 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frisiacoasttrail.blog/2022/08/14/a-severe-case-of-inattentional-blindness-explanation-of-the-tribes-name-of-the-frisians/">"A severe case of inattentional blindness: the Frisian tribe's name"</a>. Frisia Coast Trail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frisia+Coast+Trail&rft.atitle=A+severe+case+of+inattentional+blindness%3A+the+Frisian+tribe%27s+name&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrisiacoasttrail.blog%2F2022%2F08%2F14%2Fa-severe-case-of-inattentional-blindness-explanation-of-the-tribes-name-of-the-frisians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Cassius_Dio_Cocceianus229" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassius_Dio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassius Dio">Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus</a> (229), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dwa5fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA365">"Book LIV, Ch 32"</a>, in Cary, Earnest (translator) (ed.), Dio's Roman History, vol. VI, London: William Heinemann (published 1917), p. 365</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+LIV%2C+Ch+32&rft.btitle=Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=229&rft.au=Lucius+Cassius+Dio+Cocceianus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwa5fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Citation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|editor-first=</code> has generic name (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterJohns1992" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Timothy W.; Johns, Catherine (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLY9rEvdEKkwC%26pg%3DPA190">Roman Britain</a>. Exploring the Roman world. Berkeley: University of California. p. 190. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520081680?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780520081680"><bdi>9780520081680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Exploring+the+Roman+world&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520081680&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rft.au=Johns%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLY9rEvdEKkwC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrane2007" class="citation cs2">Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus - Three decades of turmoil and recovery", The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Gallienus+to+Probus+-+Three+decades+of+turmoil+and+recovery&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Southern+Scandinavia%E2%80%93a+Northern+Connection%21+%28PhD+thesis%29&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Copenhagen&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Grane&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga1997" class="citation cs2">Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997), "History, Archaeology and Runes", in SSG Uitgeverij (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/thesis.pdf">Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700; Texts and Contexts (PhD dissertation)</a> (PDF), Groningen: Groningen University, p. 30, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6781-014-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6781-014-2"><bdi>978-90-6781-014-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502101056/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/thesis.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History%2C+Archaeology+and+Runes&rft.btitle=Runes+Around+the+North+Sea+and+on+the+Continent+AD+150%E2%80%93700%3B+Texts+and+Contexts+%28PhD+dissertation%29&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Groningen+University&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-6781-014-2&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Jantina+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdissertations.ub.rug.nl%2FFILES%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2F1997%2Fj.h.looijenga%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988">. Looijenga cites Gerrets' The Anglo-Frisian Relationship Seen from an Archaeological Point of View (1995) for this contention.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerglund2002" class="citation cs2">Berglund, Björn E. (2002), "Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link?", Quaternary International, vol. 105, Elsevier (published 2003), p. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+impact+and+climate+changes%E2%80%94synchronous+events+and+a+causal+link%3F&rft.btitle=Quaternary+International&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Berglund&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ejstrud-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ejstrud_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEjstrud2008" class="citation cs2">Ejstrud, Bo; et al. (2008), Ejstrud, Bo; Maarleveld, Thijs J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14806111/The-Migration-Period-southern-Denmark-and-the-North-Sea">The Migration Period, Southern Denmark and the North Sea</a>, Esbjerg: Maritime Archaeology Programme, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-992214-1-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-992214-1-7"><bdi>978-87-992214-1-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Migration+Period%2C+Southern+Denmark+and+the+North+Sea&rft.place=Esbjerg&rft.pub=Maritime+Archaeology+Programme&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-992214-1-7&rft.aulast=Ejstrud&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F14806111%2FThe-Migration-Period-southern-Denmark-and-the-North-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssar2003" class="citation cs2">Issar, Arie S. (2003), Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-06118-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-06118-9"><bdi>978-0-511-06118-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Changes+during+the+Holocene+and+their+Impact+on+Hydrological+Systems&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-511-06118-9&rft.aulast=Issar&rft.aufirst=Arie+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Louwe-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Louwe_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwe_Kooijmans1974" class="citation cs2">Louwe Kooijmans, L. 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Four studies on its prehistoric occupation and Holocene geology (PhD Dissertation), Leiden: Leiden University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/1887%252F2787">1887/2787</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhine%2FMeuse+Delta.+Four+studies+on+its+prehistoric+occupation+and+Holocene+geology+%28PhD+Dissertation%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F2787&rft.aulast=Louwe+Kooijmans&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelmans2009" class="citation cs2">Bazelmans, Jos (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfM_cmuhmSbIC%26pg%3DPA321">"The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians"</a>, in Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/27183">Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition</a>, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, pp. 321–337, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-078-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-078-9"><bdi>978-90-8964-078-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early-medieval+use+of+ethnic+names+from+classical+antiquity%3A+The+case+of+the+Frisians&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Constructs+in+Antiquity%3A+The+Role+of+Power+and+Tradition&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-078-9&rft.aulast=Bazelmans&rft.aufirst=Jos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfM_cmuhmSbIC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbertsma2000" class="citation book cs1">Halbertsma, H. 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Utrecht: Matrijs. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5345-167-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-5345-167-6"><bdi>90-5345-167-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905441031">905441031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frieslands+oudheid+%3A+het+rijk+van+de+Friese+koningen%2C+opkomst+en+ondergang&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=Matrijs&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905441031&rft.isbn=90-5345-167-6&rft.aulast=Halbertsma&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905441031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietbergen2000" class="citation book cs1">Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day</a> (4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2"><bdi>90-6109-440-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">52849131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Amersfoort&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Bekking&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52849131&rft.isbn=90-6109-440-2&rft.aulast=Rietbergen&rft.aufirst=P.+J.+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52849131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Willibrord">"St. Willibrord" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Willibrord&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20850/Bremmer%2520Frisians%2520in%2520Anglo-Saxon%2520England.pdf?sequence%3D7">Frisians in Anglo-Saxon England: A Historical and Toponymical Investigation</a> (PDF), Fryske Nammen, Fryske Akademy, 1981, pp. 45–94, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/1887%252F20850">1887/20850</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789061715979?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789061715979"><bdi>9789061715979</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frisians+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+A+Historical+and+Toponymical+Investigation&rft.series=Fryske+Nammen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Fryske+Akademy&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F20850&rft.isbn=9789061715979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F20850%2FBremmer%2520Frisians%2520in%2520Anglo-Saxon%2520England.pdf%3Fsequence%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2011" class="citation news cs1">Schulz, Matthias (16 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-anglo-saxon-invasion-britain-is-more-germanic-than-it-thinks-a-768706.html">"The Anglo-Saxon Invasion: Britain is More Germanic than It Thinks"</a>. 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History of Scotland to the Present Time. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Scotland+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLure1910" class="citation book cs1">McLure, Edmund (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/britishplacename00mcclrich/page/120">British place-names in their historical setting</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+place-names+in+their+historical+setting&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=McLure&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishplacename00mcclrich%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rasmussen, Alan Hjorth (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tidsskrift.dk/folkogkultur/article/view/65647">"Frisiske kulturelementer : en introduktion og foreløbig oversigt"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=P%C3%A5+jagt+efter+de+sidste+frisere+i+Danmark&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.aulast=Bech-Danielsen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitiken.dk%2Fkultur%2Fart8511170%2FDe-sidste-frisere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnottnerus2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knottnerus, Otto S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/30042538">"De vergeten Friezen: Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema"</a>. De Vrije Fries: Jaarboek uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap voor Geschiedenis en Cultuur (in Dutch). 88: 213–215. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6171-0165?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6171-0165"><bdi>978-90-6171-0165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Vrije+Fries%3A+Jaarboek+uitgegeven+door+het+Koninklijk+Fries+Genootschap+voor+Geschiedenis+en+Cultuur&rft.atitle=De+vergeten+Friezen%3A+Mislukt+pamflet+van+Benny+Siewertsen+over+een+boeiend+thema&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-6171-0165&rft.aulast=Knottnerus&rft.aufirst=Otto+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30042538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Benny Siewertsen, Friserne - vore glemte forfædre, Copenhagen 2004/</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt1999" class="citation web cs1">Kortlandt, Frederik (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/1937/1/344_121.pdf">"The origin of the Old English dialects revisited"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818203737/https://www.openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/1937/1/344_121.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+the+Old+English+dialects+revisited&rft.pub=University+of+Leiden&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2F1887%2F1937%2F1%2F344_121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004050947/http://www.landtag.ltsh.de/parlament/minderheitenpolitik/friesische-volksgruppe.html">"Die friesische Volksgruppe in Schleswig-Holstein"</a> (in German). Diet of Schleswig-Holstein. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.landtag.ltsh.de/parlament/minderheitenpolitik/friesische-volksgruppe.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2011. 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(Frisian language threatened with extinction?)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nieuwsuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nieuwsuur">Nieuwsuur</a> (in Dutch). NOS. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieuwsuur&rft.atitle=Friese+taal+met+uitsterven+bedreigd%3F+%28Frisian+language+threatened+with+extinction%3F%29&rft.date=2016-07-09&rft.au=Menno+de+Galan+%26+Willem+Lust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fnieuwsuur%2Fartikel%2F2116603-friese-taal-met-uitsterven-bedreigd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamminga1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tamminga, Douwe A. (1970). Friesland, feit en onfeit [Frisia, 'Facts and Fiction'] (in Dutch). Leeuwarden: Junior Kamer Friesland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friesland%2C+feit+en+onfeit+%5BFrisia%2C+%27Facts+and+Fiction%27%5D&rft.place=Leeuwarden&rft.pub=Junior+Kamer+Friesland&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Tamminga&rft.aufirst=Douwe+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus, Publius Cornelius</a> (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html">"Germania"</a>, Internet Medieval Sourcebook</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=Germania&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Publius+Cornelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Ftacitus1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verhart, Leo (2006), Op Zoek naar de Kelten, Nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen Noordzee en Rijn (Searching for the Celts, new archaeological Discoveries between North Sea and Rhine) (in Dutch), Matrijs, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5345-303-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5345-303-2"><bdi>978-90-5345-303-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op+Zoek+naar+de+Kelten%2C+Nieuwe+archeologische+ontdekkingen+tussen+Noordzee+en+Rijn+%28Searching+for+the+Celts%2C+new+archaeological+Discoveries+between+North+Sea+and+Rhine%29&rft.pub=Matrijs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5345-303-2&rft.aulast=Verhart&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greg_Woolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greg Woolf">Greg Woolf</a>, "Cruptorix and his kind. Talking ethnicity on the middle ground", Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 207–218.</li> <li>Jos Bazelmans, "The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity. The case of the Frisians", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 321–329.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Frisians">"Frisians" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frisians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrisians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fryske-akademy.nl/">Fryske Akademy</a>, the Frisian Academy (in West Frisian and Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.keesn.nl/lex/">Lex Frisionum in Latin, Dutch and English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.boudicca.de/frisian1.htm">History of the Frisian folk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102223356/http://www.boudicca.de/frisian1.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frisiacoasttrail.blog/blog/">Frisia Coast Trail</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFrisians%26oldid%3D1272267588">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frisians&oldid=1272267588</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frisians&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 January 2025, at 21:40 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friese" title="Friese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Friese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فريزيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريزيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisons" title="Frisons – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frisons" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisones" title="Frisones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frisones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B" title="Фрызы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрызы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Фризи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фризи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisis" title="Frisis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frisis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25ADsov%25C3%25A9" title="Frísové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frísové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrisiaid" title="Ffrisiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrisiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisere" title="Frisere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frisere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesen" title="Friesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friisid" title="Friisid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friisid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Φρίσιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρίσιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisones" title="Frisones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frisones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisoj" title="Frisoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frisoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisiar" title="Frisiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frisiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7" title="فریسی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریسی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisons" title="Frisons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frisons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezen" title="Friezen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Friezen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_fris%25C3%25B3n" title="Pobo frisón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo frisón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%258A%25AC%25EB%259E%2580%25ED%258A%25B8%25EC%259D%25B8" title="프리슬란트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리슬란트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2596%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A6%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Ֆրիզներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիզներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizijci" title="Frizijci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frizijci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Frisia" title="Orang Frisia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Frisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisoni" title="Frisoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frisoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2596%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="פריזים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריזים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ფრიზები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Фриздер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фриздер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafrisia" title="Wafrisia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wafrisia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C4%25ABzi" title="Frīzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryzai" title="Fryzai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fryzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25ADzek" title="Frízek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frízek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Фризи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фризи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="فريزيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريزيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezen" title="Friezen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friezen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresen" title="Fresen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fresen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B9%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="フリース人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリース人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresken_(fulk)" title="Fresken (fulk) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fresken (fulk)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisere" title="Frisere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frisere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizlar" title="Frizlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frizlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresen" title="Fresen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fresen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryzowie" title="Fryzowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryzowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25ADsios" title="Frísios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frísios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizoni" title="Frizoni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frizoni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B" title="Фризы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фризы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25A4isen" title="Fräisen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fräisen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_people" title="Frisian people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frisian people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Фризи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фризи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizi" title="Frizi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frizi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friisit" title="Friisit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friisit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friser" title="Friser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Фризлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фризлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="ชาวฟรีเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวฟรีเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizler" title="Frizler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frizler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Фризи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фризи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BC%2597%25E9%2587%258C%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%25B0%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="弗里斯兰人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里斯兰人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BC%2597%25E9%2587%258C%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%25B0%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="弗里斯兰人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里斯兰人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 27 January 2025, at 21:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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