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Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ford Model T</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ford_Model_T" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ford+Model+T" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"T Model" and "Model T" redirect here. For the financial formula, see <a href="/wiki/T-model" title="T-model">T-model</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ford_T_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford T platform">Ford T platform</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Ford Model T is an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> that was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It is generally regarded as the first mass-affordable automobile, which made car travel available to middle-class Americans.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The relatively low price was partly the result of Ford's efficient fabrication, including <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> production instead of individual handcrafting.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The savings from <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> allowed the price to decline from $780 in 1910 (equivalent to $26,322 in 2024) to $290 in 1924 ($5,321 in 2024 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-19">[19]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It was mainly designed by three engineers, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Galamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph A. Galamb">Joseph A. Galamb</a> (the main engineer),<a href="#cite_note-ceautoclassic-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Farkas" title="Eugene Farkas">Eugene Farkas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Childe Harold Wills">Childe Harold Wills</a>. The Model T was <a href="/wiki/Colloquially" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquially">colloquially</a> known as the "Tin Lizzie".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <table class="infobox hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C0C0C0;color:inherit; padding:0.25em 1em; text-align:center;">Ford Model T</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/280px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/420px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/560px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a><div class="infobox-caption">1925 Ford Model T Touring Car</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1908 – May 1927</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assembly</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>United States:<a href="#cite_note-Assembly-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Michigan" title="Highland Park, Michigan">Highland Park, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_City" title="Long Island City">Long Island City</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton, Ohio</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey" title="Kearny, New Jersey">Kearny, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah</li></ul></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a>, Victoria</li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a>, São Paulo</li> <li>Canada: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkerville,_Ontario" title="Walkerville, Ontario">Walkerville</a>, Ontario,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec<a href="#cite_note-Assembly-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia<a href="#cite_note-Assembly-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières-sur-Seine</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Designer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Childe Harold Wills">Childe Harold Wills</a>, main-engineer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Galamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph A. Galamb">Joseph A. Galamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Farkas" title="Eugene Farkas">Eugene Farkas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Body and chassis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy car</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>2-door touring (1909–1911)</li> <li>3-door touring (1912–1925)</li> <li>4-door touring (1926–27)</li> <li>no door <a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">roadster</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li>1-door roadster (1912–1925)</li> <li>2-door roadster (1926–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">roadster</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup</a> (1925–1927)</li> <li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> (1909–1912, 1917–1927)</li> <li>2-door Coupelet (1915–1917)</li> <li>Town car (1909–1918)</li> <li>C-cab <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">wagon</a> (1912)</li> <li>2-(center) door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li>2-door sedan (1924–1927)</li> <li>4-door sedan (1923–1927)</li> <li>Separate chassis were available all years from independent <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FMR_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="FMR layout">FMR layout</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Powertrain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">177 C.I.D. (2.9 L) 20 hp <a href="/wiki/Straight-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-4">I4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Transmission</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">2-speed <a href="/wiki/Planetary_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary gear">planetary gear</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100.0 in (2,540 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">134 in (3,404 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,676 mm (66.0 in) (1912 roadster)<a href="#cite_note-carsized-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1,860 mm (73.2 in) (1912 roadster)<a href="#cite_note-carsized-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Curb_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb weight">Curb weight</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200–1,650 lb (540–750 kg)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_N" title="Ford Model N">Ford Model N</a> (1906–1908)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1927–31)">Ford Model A</a> (1927–31)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> competition, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">BMC Mini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Ford's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale, but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of the United States' age of modernization.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a> With over 15 million sold,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> it was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">most sold car in history</a> before being surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics">2 Characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Engine">2.1 Engine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Transmission_and_drive_train">2.2 Transmission and drive train</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chassis_/_frame">2.2.1 Chassis / frame</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Transmission_bands_and_linings">2.2.2 Transmission bands and linings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Aftermarket_transmissions_and_drives">2.2.3 Aftermarket transmissions and drives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Suspension_and_wheels">2.3 Suspension and wheels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Colors">2.4 Colors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Body">2.5 Body</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Diverse_applications">2.6 Diverse applications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Production">3 Production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mass_production">3.1 Mass production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Price_and_production">3.2 Price and production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Recycling">3.3 Recycling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#First_global_car">3.4 First global car</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Advertising_and_marketing">4 Advertising and marketing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#24_Hours_of_Le_Mans">5 24 Hours of Le Mans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Car_clubs">6 Car clubs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Gallery">7 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes_and_references">9 Notes and references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Early automobiles, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">were produced from the 1880s</a>, were mostly scarce, expensive, and often unreliable. Being the first reliable, easily maintained, mass-market motorized transportation made the Model T into a great success: Within a few days after release, 15,000 orders were placed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The first production Model T was built on August 12, 1908,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Piquette_Avenue_Plant" title="Ford Piquette Avenue Plant">Ford Piquette Avenue Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>. On May 26, 1927, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant" title="Highland Park Ford Plant">factory in Highland Park, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15million-30">[30]</a> Henry Ford conceived a series of cars between the founding of the company in 1903 and the introduction of the Model T. Ford named his first car the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1903%E2%80%9304)" title="Ford Model A (1903–04)">Model A</a> and proceeded through the alphabet up through the Model T. Twenty models in all, not all of which went into production. The production model immediately before the Model T was the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model S">Model S</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_N" title="Ford Model N">Model N</a>. The follow-up to the Model T was <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)" title="Ford Model A (1927–1931)">another Ford Model A</a>, rather than the "Model U". The company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Ford wanted to start all over again with the letter A. The Model T was Ford's first automobile <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> on moving assembly lines with completely <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>, marketed to the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hounshell-1984-32">[32]</a> Henry Ford said of the vehicle: <blockquote> I will build a motor car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one – and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </blockquote> Although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to <a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a>, with the first mass-produced automobile, the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash" title="Oldsmobile Curved Dash">Oldsmobile Curved Dash</a>, having begun in 1901, the tremendous advances in the efficiency of the system over the life of the Model T can be credited almost entirely to Ford and his engineers.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/220px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/220px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/330px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/440px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1908 Ford Model T advertisement</figcaption></figure> The Model T was designed by <a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Childe Harold Wills">Childe Harold Wills</a>, and Hungarian immigrants <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Galamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph A. Galamb">Joseph A. Galamb</a> (main engineer)<a href="#cite_note-ceautoclassic-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Farkas" title="Eugene Farkas">Eugene Farkas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and <a href="/wiki/Peter_E._Martin" title="Peter E. Martin">Peter E. Martin</a> were also part of the team,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> as were Galamb's fellow Hungarian immigrants Gyula Hartenberger and Károly Balogh.<a href="#cite_note-ceautoclassic-21">[21]</a> Production of the Model T began in the third quarter of 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Clymer1950p100-38">[38]</a> Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as "<a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model years</a>", thus labeling the first Model Ts as 1909 models. This is a retroactive classification scheme; the concept of model years as understood today did not exist at the time. Even though <a href="#Body">design revisions occurred</a> during the car's two decades of production, the company gave no particular name to any of the revised designs; all of them were called simply "Model T". <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine">Engine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Engine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T_engine" title="Ford Model T engine">Ford Model T engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fordsidevalve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fordsidevalve.jpg/220px-Fordsidevalve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fordsidevalve.jpg/220px-Fordsidevalve.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fordsidevalve.jpg/330px-Fordsidevalve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fordsidevalve.jpg/440px-Fordsidevalve.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Model T engine</figcaption></figure> The Model T has a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch (2.9 L) <a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">inline four-cylinder</a> engine, producing 20 hp (15 kW), for a top speed of 42 mph (68 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy of 13–21 mpg‑US (16–25 mpg‑imp; 18–11 L/100 km).<a href="#cite_note-MediaFordCom-40">[40]</a> The engine was designed to run on <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, although it may also have been able to run on <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> although the decreasing cost of gasoline and the later introduction of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> made ethanol an impractical fuel for most users. The engines of the first 2,447 units were cooled with water pumps; the engines of unit 2,448 and onward, with a few exceptions prior to around unit 2,500, were cooled by <a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">thermosiphon action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kimes1989p551-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition system</a> used in the Model T was an unusual one, with a low-voltage <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">magneto</a> incorporated in the flywheel, supplying alternating current to <a href="/wiki/Trembler_coil" title="Trembler coil">trembler coils</a> to drive the <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>. This was closer to that used for stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">gas engines</a> than the expensive high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">ignition magnetos</a> that were used on some other cars. This ignition also made the Model T more flexible as to the quality or type of fuel it used. The system did not need a starting battery, since proper hand-cranking would generate enough current for starting. Electric lighting powered by the <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">magneto</a> was adopted in 1915, replacing <a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">acetylene gas flame lamp</a> and oil lamps, but electric starting was not offered until 1919.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_(1495288990).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg/220px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg/220px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg/330px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg/440px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Controls_%281495288990%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of the driver's controls, 1920 Model T</figcaption></figure> The Model T engine was produced for replacement needs as well as stationary and marine applications until 1941, well after production of the Model T ended. The <a href="/wiki/Fordson" title="Fordson">Fordson</a> Model F tractor engine, that was designed about a decade later, was very similar to, but larger than, the Model T engine.<a href="#cite_note-Manly1919p268-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_and_drive_train">Transmission and drive train</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transmission and drive train" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_T_pedals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Model_T_pedals.jpg/220px-Model_T_pedals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Model_T_pedals.jpg/220px-Model_T_pedals.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Model_T_pedals.jpg/330px-Model_T_pedals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Model_T_pedals.jpg/440px-Model_T_pedals.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The three pedal controls clutch, brake, reverse of the Model T</figcaption></figure> The Model T is a <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> vehicle. Its <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary gear">planetary gear</a> type known (at the time) as "three speed". In today's terms it is considered a two-speed, because one of the three speeds is reverse. The Model T's transmission is controlled with three floor-mounted <a href="/wiki/Gas_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pedal">pedals</a>, a revolutionary feature for its time,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and a lever mounted to the road side of the driver's seat. The <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> is controlled with a lever on the <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>. The left-hand pedal is used to engage the transmission. With the floor lever in either the mid position or fully forward and the pedal pressed and held forward, the car enters low gear. When held in an intermediate position, the car is in neutral. If the left pedal is released, the Model T enters high gear, but only when the lever is fully forward – in any other position, the pedal only moves up as far as the central neutral position. This allows the car to be held in neutral while the driver cranks the engine by hand. The car can thus cruise without the driver having to press any of the pedals. In the first 800 units, reverse is engaged with a lever; all units after that use the central pedal, which is used to engage reverse gear when the car is in neutral.<a href="#cite_note-Kimes1989p551-44">[44]</a> The right-hand pedal operates the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_brake" title="Transmission brake">transmission brake</a> – there are no brakes on the wheels. The floor lever also controls the <a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">parking brake</a>, which is activated by pulling the lever all the way back. This doubles as an emergency brake. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png/220px-Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="2044"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 378px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png/220px-Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png" data-width="220" data-height="378" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png/330px-Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png/440px-Ford_model_t_1919_d044_lubrication_chart.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Model T rolling chassis – top view</figcaption></figure> Although it was uncommon, the drive bands could fall out of adjustment, allowing the car to creep, particularly when cold, adding another hazard to attempting to start the car: a person cranking the engine could be forced backward while still holding the crank as the car crept forward, although it was nominally in neutral. As the car utilizes a <a href="/wiki/Wet_clutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet clutch">wet clutch</a>, this condition could also occur in cold weather, when the thickened oil prevents the clutch discs from slipping freely. Power reaches the <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a> through a single <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> attached to a <a href="/wiki/Torque_tube" title="Torque tube">torque tube</a> which drives the rear <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>; some models (typically trucks, but available for cars, as well) could be equipped with an optional two-speed rear Ruckstell axle, shifted by a floor-mounted lever which provides an underdrive gear for easier hill climbing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chassis_/_frame">Chassis / frame</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chassis / frame" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: discussion of the standard model T frame design, working, and production. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The heavy-duty <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_TT" title="Ford Model TT">Model TT</a> truck chassis came with a special <a href="/wiki/Worm_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm gear">worm gear</a> rear differential with lower gearing than the normal car and truck, giving more pulling power but a lower top speed (the frame is also stronger; the cab and engine are the same). A Model TT is easily identifiable by the cylindrical housing for the worm-drive over the axle differential. All gears are <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium steel">vanadium steel</a> running in an oil bath. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transmission_bands_and_linings">Transmission bands and linings</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transmission bands and linings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Two main types of band lining material were used:<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <ul><li>Cotton – Cotton woven linings were the original type fitted and specified by Ford. Generally, the cotton lining is "kinder" to the drum surface, with damage to the drum caused only by the retaining rivets scoring the drum surface. Although this in itself did not pose a problem, a dragging band resulting from improper adjustment caused overheating of the transmission and engine, diminished power, and – in the case of cotton linings – rapid destruction of the band lining.</li> <li>Wood – Wooden linings were originally offered as a "longer life" accessory part during the life of the Model T. They were a single piece of steam-bent wood and metal wire, fitted to the normal Model T transmission band.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> These bands give a very different feel to the pedals, with much more of a "bite" feel. The sensation is of a definite "grip" of the drum and seemed to noticeably increase the feel, in particular of the brake drum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermarket_transmissions_and_drives">Aftermarket transmissions and drives</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermarket transmissions and drives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the Model T's production run, particularly after 1916, more than 30 manufacturers offered auxiliary transmissions or drives to substitute for, or enhance, the Model T's drivetrain gears. Some offered overdrive for greater speed and efficiency, while others offered underdrives for more <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> (often incorrectly described as "power") to enable hauling or pulling greater loads. Among the most noted were the Ruckstell two-speed rear axle, and transmissions by Muncie, Warford, and Jumbo.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_1921_fahnestock-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_ted_aschman-51">[51]</a> Aftermarket transmissions generally fit one of four categories: <ul><li>Replacement transmission – usually a sliding gear/selective transmission, intended as a direct replacement for Ford's planetary-gear transmission.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_ted_aschman-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Front-mounted auxiliary transmission – designed to fit between the engine and Ford's transmission, to add additional gear ratios.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_ted_aschman-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Rear-mounted auxiliary transmission – mounted at the rear axle housing, and attached between it and the driveshaft, to add additional gear ratios.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_ted_aschman-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Multi-speed axle – designed to fit inside the differential's housing, to add additional gear ratios.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_ted_aschman-51">[51]</a></li></ul> Murray Fahnestock, a Ford expert in the era of the Model T, particularly advised the use of auxiliary transmissions for the enclosed Model T's, such as the Ford Sedan and Coupelet, for three reasons: their greater weight put more strain on the drivetrain and engine, which auxiliary transmissions could smooth out; their bodies acted as sounding boards, echoing engine noise and vibration at higher engine speeds, which could be lessened with intermediate gears; and owners of the enclosed cars spent more to buy them, and thus likely had more money to enhance them.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_1921_fahnestock-50">[50]</a> He also noted that auxiliary transmissions were valuable for Ford Ton-Trucks in commercial use, allowing for driving speeds to vary with their widely variable loads – particularly when returning empty – possibly saving as much as 50% of returning drive time.<a href="#cite_note-auxiliary_transmissions_1921_fahnestock-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_and_wheels">Suspension and wheels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suspension and wheels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ford_Model_T" title="Special:EditPage/Ford Model T">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg/220px-Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg/220px-Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg/330px-Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg/440px-Ford_model_t_suspension.triddle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The suspension components of a Ford Model T. The coil-spring device is an aftermarket accessory, the "Hassler shock absorber".</figcaption></figure> Model T suspension employed a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for each of the front and rear beam axles, which allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads of the time. The front axle was <a href="/wiki/Drop_forged" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop forged">drop forged</a> as a single piece of vanadium steel. Ford twisted many axles through eight full rotations (2880 degrees) and sent them to dealers to be put on display to demonstrate its superiority. The Model T did not have a modern service brake. The right foot pedal applied a band around a drum in the transmission, thus stopping the rear wheels from turning. The previously mentioned parking brake lever operated <a href="/wiki/Band_brake" title="Band brake">band brakes</a> acting on the inside of the rear brake drums, which were an integral part of the rear wheel hubs. Optional brakes that acted on the outside of the brake drums were available from aftermarket suppliers. Wheels were wooden <a href="/wiki/Artillery_wheel" title="Artillery wheel">artillery wheels</a>, with steel welded-spoke wheels available in 1926 and 1927. Tires were <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">pneumatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clincher_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Clincher tire">clincher</a> type, 30 in (762 mm) in diameter, 3.5 in (89 mm) wide in the rear, 3 in (76 mm) in the front. Clinchers needed much higher pressure than today's tires, typically 60 psi (410 kPa), to prevent them from leaving the rim at speed. Flat tires were a common problem. Balloon tires became available in 1925. They were 21 in × 4.5 in (530 mm × 110 mm) all around. Balloon tires were closer in design to today's tires, with steel wires reinforcing the tire bead, making lower pressure possible – typically 35 psi (240 kPa) – giving a softer ride. The steering gear ratio was changed from 4:1 to 5:1 with the introduction of balloon tires.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The old nomenclature for tire size changed from measuring the outer diameter to measuring the rim diameter so 21 in (530 mm) (rim diameter) × 4.5 in (110 mm) (tire width) wheels has about the same outer diameter as 30 in (760 mm) clincher tires. All tires in this time period used an <a href="/wiki/Inner_tube" title="Inner tube">inner tube</a> to hold the pressurized air; <a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">tubeless tires</a> were not generally in use until much later. <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a> is 100 in (254 cm) and standard track width was 56 in (142 cm) – 60 in (152 cm) track could be obtained on special order, "for Southern roads," identical to <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#5ft" title="Track gauge in the United States">the pre-Civil War track gauge</a> for many railroads in the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. The standard 56-inch track being very near the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (143.5 cm) inch <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard railroad track</a> gauge, meant that Model Ts could be and frequently were, fitted with flanged wheels and used as motorized <a href="/wiki/Draisine" title="Draisine">railway vehicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Railroad_speeder" title="Railroad speeder">"speeders"</a>. The availability of a 60 in (152 cm) version meant the same could be done on the few remaining Southern 5 ft (152 cm) railways – these being the only nonstandard lines remaining, except for a few narrow-gauge lines of various sizes. Although a Model T could be adapted to run on track as narrow as 2 ft (61 cm) gauge (Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington RR, Maine has one), this was a more complex alteration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By 1918, half of all the cars in the U.S. were Model Ts. In his autobiography, Ford reported that in 1909 he told his management team, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black,<a href="#cite_note-McCalley_1994-54">[54]</a> but rather only in gray, green, blue, and red. Green was available for the touring cars, town cars, coupes, and <a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulets</a>. Gray was available for the town cars only and red only for the touring cars. By 1912, all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders. Only in 1914 was the "any color so long as it is black" policy finally implemented. It is often stated Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1925 due to the low cost, durability, and faster drying time of black paint in that era. There is no evidence that black dried any faster than any other dark varnishes used at the time for painting,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a> pigment was indeed one of the cheapest (if not the cheapest) available, and dark color of <a href="/wiki/Gilsonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilsonite">gilsonite</a>, a form of bitumen making cheap metal paints of the time durable, limited the (final) color options to dark shades of maroon, blue, green or black.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At that period Ford used two similar types of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a> paint, one as a basic coat applied directly to the metal and another as a final finish. Paint choices in the American automotive industry, as well as in others (including locomotives, furniture, bicycles, and the rapidly expanding field of electrical appliances), were shaped by the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>. These included the disruption of dye sources during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the advent, by the mid-1920s, of new <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose_lacquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrocellulose lacquer">nitrocellulose lacquers</a> that were faster-drying and more scratch-resistant and obviated the need for multiple coats.<a href="#cite_note-Dutton_1942-57">[57]</a>: 261–301 Understanding the choice of paints for the Model T era and the years immediately following requires an understanding of the contemporaneous chemical industry.<a href="#cite_note-Dutton_1942-57">[57]</a> During the lifetime production of the Model T, over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car.<a href="#cite_note-McCalley_1994-54">[54]</a> These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts, and had distinct drying times, depending on the part, paint, and method of drying. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Body" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1910Ford-T.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City"><noscript><img alt="1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/305px-1910Ford-T.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="527"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/305px-1910Ford-T.jpg" data-alt="1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City" data-width="204" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/458px-1910Ford-T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/610px-1910Ford-T.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_T_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1917 Model T"><noscript><img alt="1917 Model T" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ford_T_1917.jpg/319px-Ford_T_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ford_T_1917.jpg/319px-Ford_T_1917.jpg" data-alt="1917 Model T" data-width="213" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ford_T_1917.jpg/478px-Ford_T_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ford_T_1917.jpg/638px-Ford_T_1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1917 Model T</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_Ford_Model_T_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1915 Model T Speedster"><noscript><img alt="1915 Model T Speedster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg/345px-1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg/345px-1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg" data-alt="1915 Model T Speedster" data-width="230" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg/518px-1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg/691px-1915_Ford_Model_T_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1915 Model T Speedster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='1925 Ford "New Model" T Tudor sedan'><noscript><img alt='1925 Ford "New Model" T Tudor sedan' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg/288px-1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg/288px-1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg" data-alt='1925 Ford "New Model" T Tudor sedan' data-width="192" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg/432px-1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg/576px-1925.ford.model.t.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1925 Ford "New Model" T Tudor sedan</div> </li> </ul> Although Ford classified the Model T with a single letter designation throughout its entire life and made no distinction by model years, enough significant changes to the body were made over the production life that the car may be classified into several style generations. The most immediately visible and identifiable changes were in the hood and cowl areas, although many other modifications were made to the vehicle. <ul><li>1909–1914 – Characterized by a nearly straight, five-sided hood, with a flat top containing a center hinge and two side sloping sections containing the folding hinges. The firewall is flat from the windshield down with no distinct cowl. For these years, <a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">acetylene gas flame headlights</a> were used because the flame is resistant to wind and rain. Thick concave mirrors combined with magnifying lenses projected the acetylene flame light. The <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tank</a> is placed under the front seat.</li> <li>1915–1916 – The hood design is nearly the same five-sided design with the only obvious change being the addition of louvers to the vertical sides. A significant change to the cowl area occurred with the windshield relocated significantly behind the firewall and joined with a compound-contoured cowl panel. In these years electric headlights replaced <a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">carbide</a> headlights.</li> <li>1917–1923 – The hood design was changed to a tapered design with a curved top. The folding hinges were now located at the joint between the flat sides and the curved top. This is sometimes referred to as the "low hood" to distinguish it from the later hoods. The back edge of the hood now met the front edge of the cowl panel so that no part of the flat firewall was visible outside of the hood. This design was used the longest and during the highest production years, accounting for about half of the total number of Model Ts built.</li> <li>1923–1925 – This change was made during the 1923 calendar year, so models built earlier in the year have the older design, while later vehicles have the newer design. The taper of the hood was increased and the rear section at the firewall is about an inch taller and several inches wider than the previous design. While this is a relatively minor change, the parts between the third and fourth generations are not interchangeable.</li> <li>1926–1927 – This design change made the greatest difference in the appearance of the car. The hood was again enlarged, with the cowl panel no longer a compound curve and blended much more with the line of the hood. The distance between the firewall and the windshield was also increased significantly. This style is sometimes referred to as the "high hood".</li></ul> The styling on the last "generation" was a preview for the following Model A, but the two models are visually quite different, as the body on the A is much wider and has curved doors as opposed to the flat doors on the T. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverse_applications">Diverse applications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diverse applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_T_tractor.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Model T homemade tractor pulling a plow"><noscript><img alt="A Model T homemade tractor pulling a plow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Model_T_tractor.png/288px-Model_T_tractor.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Model_T_tractor.png/288px-Model_T_tractor.png" data-alt="A Model T homemade tractor pulling a plow" data-width="192" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Model_T_tractor.png/431px-Model_T_tractor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Model_T_tractor.png/575px-Model_T_tractor.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Model T <a href="/wiki/Doodlebug_tractor" title="Doodlebug tractor">homemade tractor</a> pulling a plow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advertisement, 1918"><noscript><img alt="Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advertisement, 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png/330px-Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png/330px-Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png" data-alt="Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advertisement, 1918" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png/495px-Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png/661px-Pullford_auto-to-tractor_conversion_advert_1918.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advertisement, 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Ford Model Ts to serve firefighters."><noscript><img alt="The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Ford Model Ts to serve firefighters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg/320px-Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg/320px-Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg" data-alt="The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Ford Model Ts to serve firefighters." data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg/480px-Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg/640px-Ford-American_LaFrance_1919_Model-T_firefighting_vehicle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Ford Model Ts to serve firefighters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Romanian Model T "Regina Maria" ambulances, 1917'><noscript><img alt='Romanian Model T "Regina Maria" ambulances, 1917' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg/338px-Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg/338px-Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg" data-alt='Romanian Model T "Regina Maria" ambulances, 1917' data-width="226" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg/507px-Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg/676px-Section_sanitaire_automobile_roumaine_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T123030.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanian Model T "Regina Maria" ambulances, 1917</div> </li> </ul> When the Model T was designed and introduced, the infrastructure of the world was quite different from today's. Pavement was a rarity except for sidewalks and a few big-city streets. (The meaning of the term "pavement" as opposed to "sidewalk" comes from that era, when streets and roads were generally dirt and sidewalks were a paved way to walk along them.) Agriculture was the occupation of many people. <a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">Power tools</a> were scarce outside factories, as were power sources for them; electrification, like pavement, was found usually only in larger towns. <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Rural electrification</a> and motorized <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> were embryonic in some regions and nonexistent in most. Henry Ford oversaw the requirements and design of the Model T based on contemporary realities. Consequently, the Model T was (intentionally) almost as much a tractor and <a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engine</a> as it was an automobile. It has always been well regarded for its all-terrain abilities and ruggedness. It could travel a rocky, muddy farm lane, cross a shallow stream, climb a steep hill, and be parked on the other side to have one of its wheels removed and a pulley fastened to the hub for a <a href="/wiki/Flat_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat belt">flat belt</a> to drive a <a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">bucksaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threshing_machine" title="Threshing machine">thresher</a>, silo blower, conveyor for filling <a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">corn cribs</a> or haylofts, <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baler</a>, water pump, electrical generator, and many other applications. One unique application of the Model T was shown in the October 1922 issue of Fordson Farmer magazine. It showed a minister who had transformed his Model T into a mobile church, complete with small organ.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> During this era, entire automobiles (including thousands of Model Ts) were hacked apart by their owners and reconfigured into custom machinery permanently dedicated to a purpose, such as <a href="/wiki/Doodlebug_tractor" title="Doodlebug tractor">homemade tractors</a> and ice saws.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Dozens of <a href="/wiki/Aftermarket_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermarket (automotive)">aftermarket</a> companies sold <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefab</a> kits to facilitate the T's conversion from car to tractor.<a href="#cite_note-PrippsMorland1993p28-60">[60]</a> The Model T had been around for a decade before the <a href="/wiki/Fordson_tractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordson tractor">Fordson tractor</a> became available (1917–18), and many Ts were converted for field use. (For example, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ferguson" title="Harry Ferguson">Harry Ferguson</a>, later famous for his hitches and tractors, worked on Eros Model T tractor conversions before he worked with Fordsons and others.) During the next decade, Model T tractor conversion kits were harder to sell, as the Fordson and then the <a href="/wiki/Farmall" title="Farmall">Farmall</a> (1924), as well as other light and affordable tractors, served the farm market. But during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> (1930s), Model T tractor conversion kits had a resurgence, because by then used Model Ts and junkyard parts for them were plentiful and cheap.<a href="#cite_note-Leffingwell2002pp43-51-61">[61]</a> Like many popular car engines of the era, the Model T engine was also used on home-built aircraft (such as the <a href="/wiki/Pietenpol_Sky_Scout" title="Pietenpol Sky Scout">Pietenpol Sky Scout</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboats</a>. During World War I, the Model T was heavily used by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in different roles and configurations, such as <a href="/wiki/Staff_car" title="Staff car">staff cars</a>, light cargo trucks, light <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>, light patrol cars, <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison</a> vehicles and even as rail tractors. The <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> version proved to be well-suited for use in the combat areas. The ambulances could carry three <a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">stretcher</a> patients or four seated patients, and two others could sit with the driver. Besides those made in the United States, ambulance bodies were also made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrosserie_Kellner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrosserie Kellner (page does not exist)">Carrosserie Kellner</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellner_Fr%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="de:Kellner Frères">de</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> also made use of converted Model T ambulances. These ambulances, named "<a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Regina Maria</a>" ambulances, were capable of carrying four stretcher patients. Conversion work was done by the Leonida Workshops of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored-car</a> variant (called the "<a href="/wiki/Ford_FT-B" title="Ford FT-B">FT-B</a>") was developed in Poland in 1920 due to the high demand during the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet war">Polish-Soviet war</a> in 1920. Many Model Ts were converted into vehicles that could travel across heavy snows with kits on the rear wheels (sometimes with an extra pair of rear-mounted wheels and two sets of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous track</a> to mount on the now-tandemed rear wheels, essentially making it a <a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-track</a>) and skis replacing the front wheels. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversions of cars and small trucks was "snowflyers". These vehicles were extremely popular in the northern reaches of Canada, where factories were set up to produce them.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A number of companies built Model T–based railcars.<a href="#cite_note-mtfca_Model_T_railcar-67">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Railway_Bazaar" title="The Great Railway Bazaar">The Great Railway Bazaar</a>, Paul Theroux mentions a rail journey in India on such a railcar. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department" title="New Zealand Railways Department">New Zealand Railways Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NZR_RM_class_(Model_T_Ford)" title="NZR RM class (Model T Ford)">RM class</a> included a few. The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Model Ts for use in firefighting, adding tanks, hoses, tools and a bell.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a> Model T fire engines were in service in North America, Europe, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a> A 1919 Model T equipped to fight chemical fires has been restored and is on display at the <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston_Fire_Museum" title="North Charleston Fire Museum">North Charleston Fire Museum</a> in South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_production">Mass production</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mass production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg/220px-Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="2826"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg/220px-Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg/330px-Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg/440px-Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ford assembly line, 1913</figcaption></figure> The knowledge and skills needed by a factory worker were reduced to 84 areas. When introduced, the T used the building methods typical at the time, assembly by hand, and production was small. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Piquette_Avenue_Plant" title="Ford Piquette Avenue Plant">Ford Piquette Avenue Plant</a> could not keep up with demand for the Model T, and only 11 cars were built there during the first full month of production. More and more machines were used to reduce the complexity within the 84 defined areas. In 1910, after assembling nearly 12,000 Model Ts, Henry Ford moved the company to the new <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant" title="Highland Park Ford Plant">Highland Park complex</a>. During this time the Model T production system (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">including the</a> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>) transitioned into an iconic example of assembly-line production.<a href="#cite_note-hounshell-1984-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abernathy-71">[71]</a> In subsequent decades it would also come to be viewed as the classic example of the rigid, first-generation version of assembly line production, as opposed to flexible mass production<a href="#cite_note-hounshell-1984-32">[32]</a> of higher quality products.<a href="#cite_note-Abernathy-71">[71]</a> As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much <a href="/wiki/Experience_curve_effects" title="Experience curve effects">faster than previous methods</a>, reducing production time from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12+1⁄2 hours before to 93 minutes by 1914, while using less manpower.<a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-72">[72]</a> In 1914, Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and by the time Ford made its 10 millionth car, half of all cars in the world were Fords. It was so successful Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923; instead, the Model T became so famous, people considered it a norm. More than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured in all, reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925, or 2 million annually,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> more than any other model of its day, at a price of just $260 ($4,662 today). Total Model T production was finally surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> on February 17, 1972, while the <a href="/wiki/Ford_F-Series" title="Ford F-Series">Ford F-Series</a> (itself directly descended from the Model T roadster pickup) has surpassed the Model T as Ford's all-time best-selling model. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/7409/74501_C.gif">Ford statistics, 1910-1931</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Henry Ford's ideological approach to Model T design was one of getting it right and then keeping it the same; he believed the Model T was all the car a person would, or could, ever need. As other companies offered comfort and styling advantages, at competitive prices, the Model T lost market share and became barely profitable.<a href="#cite_note-Abernathy-71">[71]</a> Design changes were not as few as the public perceived, but the idea of an unchanging model was kept intact. Eventually, on May 26, 1927, Ford Motor Company ceased US production<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-nac-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and began the <a href="/wiki/Changeover" title="Changeover">changeovers</a> required to produce the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)" title="Ford Model A (1927–1931)">Model A</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some of the other Model T factories in the world continued for a short while,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> with the final Model T produced at the <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork, Ireland</a> plant in December 1927.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T_engine" title="Ford Model T engine">Model T engines</a> continued to be produced until August 4, 1941. Almost 170,000 were built after car production stopped, as replacement engines were required to service the many existing vehicles. Racers and enthusiasts, forerunners of modern hot rodders, used the Model Ts' blocks to build popular and cheap racing engines, including Cragar, Navarro, and, famously, the <a href="/wiki/Frontenac_Motor_Corporation" title="Frontenac Motor Corporation">Frontenacs</a> ("Fronty Fords")<a href="#cite_note-nac-77">[77]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> brothers, among many others. The Model T employed some advanced technology, for example, its use of <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium steel">vanadium steel</a> alloy. Its durability was phenomenal, and some Model Ts and their parts are in running order over a century later. Although Henry Ford resisted some kinds of change, he always championed the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Materials_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials engineering">materials engineering</a>, and often mechanical engineering and industrial engineering. In 2002, Ford built a final batch of six Model Ts as part of their 2003 centenary celebrations. These cars were assembled from <a href="/wiki/New_old_stock" title="New old stock">remaining new components</a> and other parts produced from the original drawings. The last of the six was used for publicity purposes in the UK.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Ford no longer manufactures parts for the Model T, many parts are still manufactured through <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private companies</a> as replicas to service the thousands of Model Ts still in operation today. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford and his son Edsel drove the 15-millionth Model T out of the factory.<a href="#cite_note-15million-30">[30]</a> This marked the famous automobile's official last day of production at the main factory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price_and_production">Price and production</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Price and production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg/220px-Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg/220px-Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg/330px-Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg/440px-Phoenix-Phoenix_Police_Museum-1919_Ford_Model_TPolice_Cruiser.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1919 Ford Model T Phoenix Police cruiser</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/7409/74501_A.gif">Ford Model T price/volume curve, 1909–1923</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The moving assembly line system, which started on October 7, 1913, allowed Ford to reduce the price of his cars.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> As he continued to fine-tune the system, Ford was able to keep reducing costs significantly.<a href="#cite_note-imf-83">[83]</a> As volume increased, he was able to also lower the prices due to some of the fixed costs being spread over a larger number of vehicles<a href="#cite_note-Abernathy-71">[71]</a> as large supply chain investments increased assets per vehicle. Other factors reduced the price such as material costs and design changes.<a href="#cite_note-Abernathy-71">[71]</a> As Ford had market dominance in North America during the 1910s, other competitors reduced their prices to stay competitive, while offering features that were not available on the Model T such as a wide choice of colors, body styles and interior appearance and choices, and competitors also benefited from the reduced costs of raw materials and infrastructure benefits to supply chain and ancillary manufacturing businesses. In 1909, the cost of the Runabout started at $825 (equivalent to $28,870 in 2024). By 1925 it had been lowered to $260 (equivalent to $4,660 in 2024). The figures below are US production numbers compiled by R. E. Houston, Ford Production Department, August 3, 1927. The figures between 1909 and 1920 are for Ford's fiscal year. From 1909 to 1913, the fiscal year was from October 1 to September 30 the following calendar year with the year number being the year in which it ended. For the 1914 fiscal year, the year was October 1, 1913, through July 31, 1914. Starting in August 1914, and through the end of the Model T era, the fiscal year was August 1 through July 31. Beginning with January 1920, the figures are for the calendar year. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Production</th> <th>Price for Runabout</th> <th>Current equivalent cost</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,666</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$825</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$28,872</td> <td>Touring car was $850. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,050</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$900</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$30,372</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,858</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$680</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$22,948</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,733</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$590</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$19,224</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td style="text-align:right;">170,211</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$525</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$16,703</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914</td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,667</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$440</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$13,812</td> <td>Fiscal year was only 10 months long due to change in end date from September 30 to July 31. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1915</td> <td style="text-align:right;">308,162</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$390</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$12,122</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916</td> <td style="text-align:right;">501,462</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$345</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$9,969</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917</td> <td style="text-align:right;">735,020</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$12,271</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918</td> <td style="text-align:right;">664,076</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$10,452</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919</td> <td style="text-align:right;">498,342</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$9,068</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td style="text-align:right;">941,042</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$395</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$6,200</td> <td>Production for fiscal year 1920, (August 1, 1919 through July 31, 1920). Price was $550 in March but dropped by September. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td style="text-align:right;">463,451</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$395</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$6,200</td> <td>Production for balance of calendar year, August 1 through December 31. Total '1920' production (17 months) = 1,404,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td style="text-align:right;">971,610</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$325</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$5,729</td> <td>Price was $370 in June but dropped by September. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,301,067</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$319</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$5,993</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,011,125</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$364</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$6,718</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,922,048</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$265</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$4,862</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,911,705</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$260</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$4,662</td> <td>Touring car was $290. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,554,465</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$360</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$6,394</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td style="text-align:right;">399,725</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$360</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$6,517</td> <td>Production ended before mid-year to allow retooling for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1927–31)">Model A</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> The above tally includes a total of 14,689,525 vehicles. Ford said the last Model T was the 15 millionth vehicle produced.<a href="#cite_note-15million-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recycling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Henry Ford used wood scraps from the production of Model Ts to make charcoal briquettes. Originally named Ford Charcoal, the name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Kingsford_(charcoal)" title="Kingsford (charcoal)">Kingsford Charcoal</a> after the Iron Mountain Ford Plant closed in 1951 and the Kingsford Chemical Company was formed and continued the wood distillation process. E. G. Kingsford, Ford's cousin by marriage, brokered the selection of the new sawmill and wood distillation plant site.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Lumber for production of the Model T came from the same location, built in 1920 called the Iron Mountain Ford which incorporated a sawmill where lumber from Ford purchased land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was cut and dried. Scrap wood was distilled at the Iron Mountain plant for its wood chemicals, including <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (wood alcohol), with the end by-product being lump charcoal. This lump charcoal was modified and pressed into briquettes and mass-marketed by Ford.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_global_car">First global car</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First global car" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first Ford assembly plant in La Boca, Buenos Aires, c. 1921"><noscript><img alt="The first Ford assembly plant in La Boca, Buenos Aires, c. 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg/253px-Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1954"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg/253px-Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg" data-alt="The first Ford assembly plant in La Boca, Buenos Aires, c. 1921" data-width="169" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg/379px-Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg/505px-Ford_factory_LaBoca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first Ford assembly plant in <a href="/wiki/La_Boca,_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="La Boca, Buenos Aires">La Boca, Buenos Aires</a>, c. 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1923 Ford T in Canada, photographed in 1948"><noscript><img alt="A 1923 Ford T in Canada, photographed in 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg/320px-Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="721"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg/320px-Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg" data-alt="A 1923 Ford T in Canada, photographed in 1948" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg/479px-Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg/639px-Feature._Model_T_Ford_BAnQ_P48S1P16620.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1923 Ford T in Canada, photographed in 1948</div> </li> </ul> The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by multiple countries simultaneously, since they were being produced in <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Canada" title="Ford Motor Company of Canada">Walkerville</a>, Canada, and in <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>, Greater Manchester, England, starting in 1911. After World War I ended in 1918, they were assembled in <a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Company of Argentina">Argentina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, Australia and Japan. Furthermore, exports from the American factories reached 303,000 in 1925. The heavy losses of horses during the World War made the Model T attractive as a new power source for European farmers. They used the Model T to pull plows, tow wagons, and power farm machinery. It enabled them to transport their products to markets more efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsHill1957355%E2%80%93378-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aeroford" title="Aeroford">Aeroford</a> was an English automobile manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Bayswater" title="Bayswater">Bayswater</a>, London, from 1920 to 1925. It was a Model T with a distinct hood and grille to make it appear to be a totally different design, what later was called <a href="/wiki/Badge_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Badge engineering">badge engineering</a>. The Aeroford sold from £288 in 1920, dropping to £168–214 by 1925. It was available as a two-seater, four-seater, or <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Advertising_and_marketing">Advertising and marketing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Advertising and marketing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and advertisements about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. A large part of the success of Ford's Model T stems from the innovative strategy which introduced a large network of sales hubs making it easy to purchase the car.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a> As independent dealers, the franchisees grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed – several years posted around 100 percent gains on the previous year. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="24_Hours_of_Le_Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 24 Hours of Le Mans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Parisian Ford dealer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montier" title="Charles Montier">Charles Montier</a> and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ouriou" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ouriou">Albert Ouriou</a> entered a heavily modified version of the Model T (the "Montier Special") in the first three <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> They finished 14th in the <a href="/wiki/1923_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1923 24 Hours of Le Mans">inaugural 1923 race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Car_clubs">Car clubs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Car clubs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG/220px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="2263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG/220px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG/330px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG/440px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Pickup.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1919 Model T stakebed</figcaption></figure> Today, four main clubs exist to support the preservation and restoration of these cars: the Model T Ford Club International,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the Model T Ford Club of America<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and the combined clubs of Australia. With many chapters of clubs around the world, the Model T Ford Club of Victoria<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> has a membership with a considerable number of uniquely Australian cars. (Australia produced its own car bodies, and therefore many differences occurred between the Australian bodied tourers<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and the US/Canadian cars.) In the UK, the Model T Ford Register of Great Britain celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010. Many steel Model T parts are still manufactured today, and even <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fiberglass</a> replicas of their distinctive bodies are produced, which are popular for <a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a> style <a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">hot rods</a> (as immortalized in the <a href="/wiki/Jan_and_Dean" title="Jan and Dean">Jan and Dean</a> <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a> song "Bucket T", which was later recorded by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1949, more than twenty years after the end of production, 200,000 Model Ts were registered in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick197250%E2%80%9351-98">[98]</a> In 2008, it was estimated that about 50,000 to 60,000 Ford Model Ts remain roadworthy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Model T chronology</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_(14854254936).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 touring (a very early example with two-pedal, two-lever control)"><noscript><img alt="1909 touring (a very early example with two-pedal, two-lever control)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg/359px-Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg/359px-Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg" data-alt="1909 touring (a very early example with two-pedal, two-lever control)" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg/538px-Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg/718px-Ford_Model_T_1909_Serial337_LFront_Lake_Mirror_Cassic_16Oct2010_%2814854254936%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 touring (a very early example with two-pedal, two-lever control)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_(9697385671).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 roadster"><noscript><img alt="1909 roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg/320px-1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg/320px-1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg" data-alt="1909 roadster" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg/480px-1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg/640px-1909_Ford_Model_T_Roadster_-_Donald_F_Yoder_-_Old_Car_Festival_2013_%289697385671%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 roadster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_cars_in_Huron_County,_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 Tourabout (like the touring, but without rear doors)"><noscript><img alt="1909 Tourabout (like the touring, but without rear doors)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg/320px-Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="2707"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg/320px-Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg" data-alt="1909 Tourabout (like the touring, but without rear doors)" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg/480px-Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg/640px-Old_cars_in_Huron_County%2C_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 Tourabout (like the touring, but without rear doors)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC04225_(44038630681).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 touring"><noscript><img alt="1911 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg/360px-DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg/360px-DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg" data-alt="1911 touring" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg/540px-DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg/720px-DSC04225_%2844038630681%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1911 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_(18604642102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 Torpedo Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1911 Torpedo Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg/361px-1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg/361px-1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg" data-alt="1911 Torpedo Runabout" data-width="241" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg/541px-1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg/722px-1911_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2818604642102%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1911 Torpedo Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Ford_Model_T_(12402527964).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 Open Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1911 Open Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg/295px-1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="2567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg/295px-1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg" data-alt="1911 Open Runabout" data-width="197" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg/443px-1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg/590px-1911_Ford_Model_T_%2812402527964%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1911 Open Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 touring"><noscript><img alt="1912 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG/318px-1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="3231"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 212px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG/318px-1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG" data-alt="1912 touring" data-width="212" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG/478px-1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG/637px-1912_Ford_T_Open_Touring_4_cylinder_24hp_pic1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 commercial roadster"><noscript><img alt="1912 commercial roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg/359px-Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5238" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg/359px-Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg" data-alt="1912 commercial roadster" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg/539px-Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg/719px-Ford_Model_T_1X7A7914.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 commercial roadster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_(30908171700).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 Torpedo Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1912 Torpedo Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg/426px-1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 284px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg/426px-1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg" data-alt="1912 Torpedo Runabout" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg/639px-1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg/852px-1912_Ford_Model_T_Torpedo_Runabout_%2830908171700%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 Torpedo Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_(7750062766).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 delivery car"><noscript><img alt="1912 delivery car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg/361px-26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg/361px-26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg" data-alt="1912 delivery car" data-width="241" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg/541px-26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg/722px-26th_Annual_New_London_to_New_Brighton_Antique_Car_Run_%287750062766%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 delivery car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1913 Touring"><noscript><img alt="1913 Touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg/360px-Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg/360px-Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg" data-alt="1913 Touring" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg/540px-Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg/720px-Ford_Model_T_3-door_Tourer_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1913 Touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1913 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1913 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg/320px-Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg/320px-Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg" data-alt="1913 Runabout" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg/480px-Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg/640px-Ford_Model_T_Roadster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1913 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914 touring"><noscript><img alt="1914 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg/320px-Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg/320px-Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="1914 touring" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg/640px-Take_a_ride_in_a_real_Model_T_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_(9231371881).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1914 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg/361px-Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg/361px-Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg" data-alt="1914 Runabout" data-width="241" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg/542px-Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg/722px-Corbridge_Classic_Car_Show_2013_%289231371881%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1915 Runabout – curved cowl panel added"><noscript><img alt="1915 Runabout – curved cowl panel added" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/360px-1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/360px-1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" data-alt="1915 Runabout – curved cowl panel added" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/540px-1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/719px-1915_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1915 Runabout – curved cowl panel added</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1916 touring"><noscript><img alt="1916 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG/277px-1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG/277px-1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG" data-alt="1916 touring" data-width="185" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG/416px-1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG/555px-1916_Ford_Model_T_touring_car.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1916 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1917 Runabout – begin curved hood to match cowl panel"><noscript><img alt="1917 Runabout – begin curved hood to match cowl panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/394px-1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 263px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/394px-1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" data-alt="1917 Runabout – begin curved hood to match cowl panel" data-width="263" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/590px-1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/787px-1917_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1917 Runabout – begin curved hood to match cowl panel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1919 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1919 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg/319px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg/319px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg" data-alt="1919 Runabout" data-width="213" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg/479px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg/638px-1919_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_GMR995.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1919 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1920 touring"><noscript><img alt="1920 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg/332px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 222px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg/332px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg" data-alt="1920 touring" data-width="222" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg/498px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg/663px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Touring_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1920 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1921 Ford Model T"><noscript><img alt="1921 Ford Model T" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg/320px-1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg/320px-1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg" data-alt="1921 Ford Model T" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg/480px-1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg/640px-1921_Ford_Model_T.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1921 Ford Model T</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1921 touring"><noscript><img alt="1921 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg/362px-1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 242px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg/362px-1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg" data-alt="1921 touring" data-width="242" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg/543px-1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg/723px-1921_Ford_Model_T_Touring_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1921 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_(1922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1922 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1922 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg/360px-Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg/360px-Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg" data-alt="1922 Runabout" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg/540px-Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg/720px-Vintage_Car_Museum_%26_Event_Center_May_2017_22_%281922_Ford_Model_T_Runabout%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1922 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_(6712896055).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1922 flatbed truck"><noscript><img alt="1922 flatbed truck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg/320px-1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg/320px-1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg" data-alt="1922 flatbed truck" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg/480px-1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg/640px-1922_Ford_Model_T_table_top_truck_%286712896055%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1922 flatbed truck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1923 Ford Model T depot hack"><noscript><img alt="1923 Ford Model T depot hack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg/360px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5171" data-file-height="3447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg/360px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg" data-alt="1923 Ford Model T depot hack" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg/540px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg/720px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1923 Ford Model T depot hack</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1923 Runabout (early '23 model)"><noscript><img alt="1923 Runabout (early '23 model)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg/358px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 239px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg/358px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg" data-alt="1923 Runabout (early '23 model)" data-width="239" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg/537px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg/715px-1923_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_AZW456.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1923 Runabout (early '23 model)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1924 touring – begin higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel – late-1923 models were similar"><noscript><img alt="1924 touring – begin higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel – late-1923 models were similar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg/327px-1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg/327px-1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg" data-alt="1924 touring – begin higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel – late-1923 models were similar" data-width="218" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg/490px-1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg/653px-1924_Ford_Model_T_Touring_CX_894.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1924 touring – begin higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel – late-1923 models were similar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster,_Coimbatore_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1924–1925 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1924–1925 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg/327px-1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg/327px-1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="1924–1925 Runabout" data-width="218" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg/491px-1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg/654px-1924-1925_Ford_-_T_Roadster%2C_Coimbatore_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1924–1925 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1925 touring – with the balloon tires and split rims, optional extras of the period"><noscript><img alt="1925 touring – with the balloon tires and split rims, optional extras of the period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/320px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/320px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" data-alt="1925 touring – with the balloon tires and split rims, optional extras of the period" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/480px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/640px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1925 touring – with the balloon tires and split rims, optional extras of the period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1925 touring"><noscript><img alt="1925 touring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg/347px-1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 232px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg/347px-1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg" data-alt="1925 touring" data-width="232" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg/521px-1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg/695px-1925_Ford_Model_T_Touring.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1925 touring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1926 Runabout – begin higher hood and longer cowl panel"><noscript><img alt="1926 Runabout – begin higher hood and longer cowl panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg/442px-1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 295px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg/442px-1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg" data-alt="1926 Runabout – begin higher hood and longer cowl panel" data-width="295" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg/662px-1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/1926_Ford_Model_T_Runabout_ECH956.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1926 Runabout – begin higher hood and longer cowl panel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1927 Runabout"><noscript><img alt="1927 Runabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/341px-1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 228px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/341px-1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg" data-alt="1927 Runabout" data-width="228" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/511px-1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg/681px-1927_Ford_Model_T_Runabout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1927 Runabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15,000,000,_Built_May_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1927 touring – last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant"><noscript><img alt="1927 touring – last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg/427px-Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="2896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 285px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg/427px-Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg" data-alt="1927 touring – last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant" data-width="285" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg/641px-Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg/854px-Ford_Model_T_-_Serial_No._15%2C000%2C000%2C_Built_May_1927.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1927 touring – last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1928 Ford Model A Tudor sedan – shown for comparison, body is wider and has curved doors."><noscript><img alt="1928 Ford Model A Tudor sedan – shown for comparison, body is wider and has curved doors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg/290px-1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg/290px-1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg" data-alt="1928 Ford Model A Tudor sedan – shown for comparison, body is wider and has curved doors." data-width="194" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg/434px-1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg/579px-1928_Model_A_Ford.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1928 Ford Model A Tudor sedan – shown for comparison, body is wider and has curved doors.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="219"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/48px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/64px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Cars portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg/27px-Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg/27px-Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="27" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg/40px-Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg/53px-Noun-manufacturing-7481278.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Manufacturing" title="Portal:Manufacturing">Manufacturing portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Foundry" title="Lakeside Foundry">Lakeside Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZR_RM_class_(Model_T_Ford)" title="NZR RM class (Model T Ford)">New Zealand RM class (Model T Ford)</a> – a 1925 experimental <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcar</a> based on a Model T powertrain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub" title="Piper J-3 Cub">Piper J-3 Cub</a>, the 1930s/40s American light aircraft that developed a similar degree of ubiquity in <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> circles to the Model T</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Assembly-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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"Ford's long devotion to the experience-curve strategy made the transition to another strategy difficult and very costly" (going from reducing Model T cost to increasing Model A price) "From the time it introduced the Model A, Ford was compelled to compete on the basis of product quality and performance — a strategy in which it was not skilled" The rate of capital investment showed substantial increases after 1913, rising from 11 cents per sales dollar that year to 22 cents by 1921. The new facilities that were built or acquired included blast furnaces, logging operations and saw mills, a railroad, weaving mills, coke ovens, a paper mill, a glass plant, and a cement plant. In its effort to keep reducing Model T costs while wages were rising, Ford continued to invest heavily in plant, property, and equipment. These facilities even included coal mines, rubber plantations, and forestry operations (to provide wooden car parts). By 1926, nearly 33 cents in such assets backed each dollar of sales, up from 20 cents just four years earlier, thereby increasing fixed costs and raising the break-even point.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Limits+of+the+Learning+Curve&rft.date=1974-09-01&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F1974%2F09%2Flimits-of-the-learning-curve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgano1985-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgano1985_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgano1985">Georgano 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Martin (2003). Driving Around the USA: Automobiles in American Life. 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Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheelsforworldhe00brin/page/475">475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670031818" title="Special:BookSources/9780670031818"><bdi>9780670031818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheels+for+the+world%3A+Henry+Ford%2C+his+company%2C+and+a+century+of+progress%2C+1903%E2%80%932003&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780670031818&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwheelsforworldhe00brin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensenLewisWilliamson" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Charles E.; Lewis, David Lanier; Williamson, Samuel T. 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Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a>. p. 14. Retrieved September 6, 2014. <q>Model T production in Denmark stopped in August 1927 for factory recondition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesticeringen+af+Ford+i+Danmark&rft.place=Denmark&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Aalborg+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvbn.aau.dk%2Ffiles%2F18846741%2FDomesticeringen_af_Ford_i_Danmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishmodeltclub.ie/ford-the-cork-connection/#:~:text=The%20T%20began%20production%20in%201908%20and%20continued,at%20Cork%20continued%20on%20until%2031st%20December%201927.">"Ford – the Cork Connection"</a>. 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Retrieved October 7, 2017. <q>Vehicle adoption is strongly associated with the ability to offer an affordable price. The large fall in prices in the early 1900s, thanks to the economies of scale and process innovations made by Ford, is closely matched by a rise in motor vehicle registrations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riding+the+Energy+Transition+%3A+Oil+Beyond+2040&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.aulast=Cherif&rft.aufirst=Reda&rft.au=Hasanov%2C+Fuad&rft.au=Pande%2C+Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWP%2FIssues%2F2017%2F05%2F22%2FRiding-the-Energy-Transition-Oil-Beyond-2040-44932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1976">Lewis 1976</a>, pp. 41–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsford.com/our-heritage/">"Our Heritage"</a>. 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DriverDB.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driver+Database%3A+Charles+Montier&rft.pub=DriverDB.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.driverdb.com%2Fdrivers%2Fcharles-montier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/races/1923-le-mans-24-hours">"1923 Le Mans 24 Hours | Motor Sport Magazine Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=1923+Le+Mans+24+Hours+%26%23124%3B+Motor+Sport+Magazine+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.motorsportmagazine.com%2Fdatabase%2Fraces%2F1923-le-mans-24-hours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelt.org/">"The Model T Ford Club International"</a>. Modelt.org. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Model+T+Ford+Club+International&rft.pub=Modelt.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modelt.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtfca.com">"Model T Ford Club of America"</a>. Mtfca.com. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+T+Ford+Club+of+America&rft.pub=Mtfca.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtfca.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604062202/http://www.modeltfordclubvic.org.au/">"Model T Ford Club of Victoria"</a>. Modeltfordclubvic.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modeltfordclubvic.org.au">the original</a> on June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+T+Ford+Club+of+Victoria&rft.pub=Modeltfordclubvic.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modeltfordclubvic.org.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modeltcentral.com/Model-T-Ford-Australian-tourers.html">"Model T Ford Australian Tourers"</a>. Model T Central. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+T+Ford+Australian+Tourers&rft.pub=Model+T+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modeltcentral.com%2FModel-T-Ford-Australian-tourers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick197250–51-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick197250%E2%80%9351_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedgwick1972">Sedgwick 1972</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2008" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Lindsay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvZjf-4qbeAC&pg=PA188">Ford Model T: The Car that Put the World on Wheels</a>. MBI Publishing Company. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760327289" title="Special:BookSources/9780760327289"><bdi>9780760327289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford+Model+T%3A+The+Car+that+Put+the+World+on+Wheels&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780760327289&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvZjf-4qbeAC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer1955" class="citation book cs1">Clymer, Floyd (1955). Henry's wonderful Model T, 1908–1927. New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/55010405">55010405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry%27s+wonderful+Model+T%2C+1908%E2%80%931927&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F55010405&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer1950" class="citation book cs1">Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/50010680">50010680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasury+of+Early+American+Automobiles%2C+1877%E2%80%931925&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F50010680&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1942" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, William S. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEtZAAAAYAAJ">Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years</a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/42011897">42011897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+Pont%3A+One+Hundred+and+Forty+Years&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F42011897&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEtZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordCrowther1922" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Ford, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crowther_(journalist)" title="Samuel Crowther (journalist)">Crowther, Samuel</a> (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7213/pg7213.html">My Life and Work</a>, Garden City, New York, USA: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=Garden+City+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F7213%2Fpg7213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"> Various republications, including <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406500189" title="Special:BookSources/9781406500189">9781406500189</a>. Original is public domain in U.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4K82efXzn10C&pg=PP13#v=onepage&f=false">Also available at Google Books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgano1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">Georgano, G. N.</a> (1985). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. London, UK: Grange-Universal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cars%3A+Early+and+Vintage%2C+1886%E2%80%931930&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Grange-Universal&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Georgano&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHounshell1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-2975-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110">1104810110</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+American+System+to+Mass+Production%2C+1800%E2%80%931932%3A+The+Development+of+Manufacturing+Technology+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104810110&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83016269&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2975-8&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimesClark1989" class="citation book cs1">Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark, Henry Austin Jr. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime">Standard Catalog of America Cars: 1805–1942</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Krause_Publications" title="Krause Publications">Krause Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873411110" title="Special:BookSources/9780873411110"><bdi>9780873411110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+America+Cars%3A+1805%E2%80%931942&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780873411110&rft.aulast=Kimes&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Rae&rft.au=Clark%2C+Henry+Austin+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandardcatalogo0000kime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1986" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (1986). Ford: The Men and the Machine. Boston, MA, U.S.: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-51166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-51166-7"><bdi>978-0-316-51166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford%3A+The+Men+and+the+Machine&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-316-51166-7&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffingwell2002" class="citation book cs1">Leffingwell, Randy (2002) [1998]. Ford Tractors. Borders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-681-87878-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-681-87878-9"><bdi>0-681-87878-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford+Tractors&rft.pub=Borders&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-681-87878-9&rft.aulast=Leffingwell&rft.aufirst=Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1976" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit, MI, U.S.: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1553-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1553-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-1553-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Image+of+Henry+Ford%3A+An+American+Folk+Hero+and+His+Company&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1553-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManly1919" class="citation book cs1">Manly, Harold P. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BR4xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA268">The Ford Motor Car and Truck; Fordson Tractor: Their Construction, Care and Operation</a>. Chicago, IL, US: Frederick J. Drake & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ford+Motor+Car+and+Truck%3B+Fordson+Tractor%3A+Their+Construction%2C+Care+and+Operation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+US&rft.pub=Frederick+J.+Drake+%26+Co&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Manly&rft.aufirst=Harold+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR4xAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCalley1994" class="citation book cs1">McCalley, Bruce W. (1994). Model T Ford: The Car That Changed the World. Iola, WI, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Krause_Publications" title="Krause Publications">Krause Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-293-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-293-1"><bdi>0-87341-293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model+T+Ford%3A+The+Car+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=Iola%2C+WI%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87341-293-1&rft.aulast=McCalley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1954" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Allan (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ford00nevi/page/n4/mode/1up">Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 385–590. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54-6305">54-6305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford%3A+The+Times%2C+the+Man%2C+the+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E590&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54-6305&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fford00nevi%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevinsHill1957" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Allan; Hill, Frank Ernest (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fordexpansioncha0000alla/page/n8/mode/1up">Ford: Expansion and Challenge 1915-1933</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/57-9695">57-9695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford%3A+Expansion+and+Challenge+1915-1933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F57-9695&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Hill%2C+Frank+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffordexpansioncha0000alla%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrippsMorland1993" class="citation book cs1">Pripps, Robert N.; Morland, Andrew (photographer) (1993). Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors. Farm Tractor Color History Series. Osceola, WI, U.S.: MBI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-763-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-763-1"><bdi>978-0-87938-763-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmall+Tractors%3A+History+of+International+McCormick-Deering+Farmall+Tractors&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI%2C+U.S.&rft.series=Farm+Tractor+Color+History+Series&rft.pub=MBI&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87938-763-1&rft.aulast=Pripps&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft.au=Morland%2C+Andrew+%28photographer%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Irwin (November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasenginemagazine.com/letters/fords-fabulous-flivver.aspx">"Ford's Fabulous Flivver"</a>. Gas Engine Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gas+Engine+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ford%27s+Fabulous+Flivver&rft.date=1974-11&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasenginemagazine.com%2Fletters%2Ffords-fabulous-flivver.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Sedgwick" title="Michael C. Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Michael</a> (1972) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlycars00mich">Early Cars</a>. Octopus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7064-0058-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7064-0058-5"><bdi>0-7064-0058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Cars&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7064-0058-5&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlycars00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1974" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Ian, ed. (1974). The World of Automobiles. Vol. 13. London, UK: Orbis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Automobiles&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWik1972" class="citation book cs1">Wik, Reynold M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryfordgrassro0000wikr">Henry Ford and grass-roots America</a>. Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-97200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-97200-5"><bdi>978-0-472-97200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Ford+and+grass-roots+America&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-472-97200-5&rft.aulast=Wik&rft.aufirst=Reynold+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryfordgrassro0000wikr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Model+T" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ford_Model_T" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordmodelt.net">FordModelT.net – Resource for Model T Owners and Enthusiasts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtfca.com">Model T Ford Club of America (USA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelt.org">Model T Ford Club International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Ford_model-Model%2BT&sortBy=4.html">Ford Model T</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Cars_Database" title="Internet Movie Cars Database">Internet Movie Cars Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928085718/http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/ground-vehicles">First</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929071410/http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/ground-vehicles-2/">second</a> web pages of Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's vintage vehicle collection, featuring five Model T-based vehicles</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&oldid=1275527758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&oldid=1275527758</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 February 2025, at 15:41 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%9E%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%8D_%E1%89%B2" title="ፎርድ ሞዴል ቲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፎርድ ሞዴል ቲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="فورد موديل تي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فورد موديل تي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_model_T" title="Ford model T – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ford model T" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Modell_T" title="Ford Modell T – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ford Modell T" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Modelo_T" title="Ford Modelo T – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ford Modelo T" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فورد مدل تی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فورد مدل تی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8_T" title="포드 모델 T – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포드 모델 T" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_T" title="פורד מודל T – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורד מודל T" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mod%C3%A8l_T" title="Ford Modèl T – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ford Modèl T" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T-modell" title="Ford T-modell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ford T-modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Ford" title="T-Ford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="T-Ford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Ford" title="T-Ford – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="T-Ford" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%ABT" title="フォード・モデルT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォード・モデルT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84_%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="فورڈ ماڈل ٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فورڈ ماڈل ٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ford T" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_model_T" title="Ford model T – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ford model T" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Ford" title="T-Ford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="T-Ford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="ฟอร์ด โมเดลที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอร์ด โมเดลที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ford Model T" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9T%E5%9E%8B%E8%BD%A6" title="福特T型车 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="福特T型车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9T%E5%9E%8B%E8%BB%8A" title="福特T型車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="福特T型車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9T%E5%9E%8B%E8%BD%A6" title="福特T型车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福特T型车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORD_MODEL_T" title="FORD MODEL T – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="FORD MODEL T" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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