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return false;" href="#" onmouseover="return displayOnMouseOverText(this);" title="Bookmark"><img title="Bookmark" class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" src="/scitable/natedimages/icon_bookmark.gif"/></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogInnerContent"> <div class="view-tab-content marginbot20px"> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogNoLanding_1" class="fontSizeChange marginbot20px "> <input type="hidden" id="blogEntryId_1" value="233832" /> <div class="clearfix botbordergrey padbot2px"> <div class="fleft bold"> <span class="marginright5px bold"> May 25, 2016 </span> <span class="marginright5px">|</span> <span class="bold">By: </span> <span class="bold">Kriti Lall</span> </div> <div class="fright padright5px"> </div> <div class="fright hide hideForPrint"> <ul id="topicPgRightPanelLnks" class="topicDetailsRight"> <li><a href="#" onClick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/email.gif" alt="Email" /></a><a href="#" onClick="" class="inlineLinks">Email</a></li> <li><a name="shareLink" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/share.gif" alt="Share" /></a><a id="" name="shareLinkTRAnc" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="" class="inlineLinks">Share</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="fright padtop15px hideForPrint"> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize11')"><span id="sizeNo1" class="px11 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize15')"><span id="sizeNo2" class="px15 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize20')"><span id="sizeNo3" class="mousePointerHand lh22 px20">Aa</span></a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogParas_1" class="padtop5px botbordergrey padbot4px clearfix margintopn26px" name="blogParas"> <a id="showBlogPost" name="showCmntBlogPost" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/mitochondria_an_essential_cellular_organelle" class="inlineLinks px15"> Mitochondria: An Essential Cellular Organelle? </a> <div class="articleContent"> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="contentSection"> <div class="sectionParas"> <div class="para toWrapLongWord"> <p>The mitochondria is a cell organelle that is known as the "powerhouse of the cell," known to be essential to every single living eukaryote. But is it really that essential?</p><p><div class="imageSet Right marginleft10px"><div><img mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147196988/2_1.png" isthumbselected="false" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147196988/2_1.png" orgwidth="1000" orgheight="700" paraelementcaption="mitochondria" paraelementlegends="mitochondria" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="235" width="335" align="right" imgtype="FIG" src="http://www.nature.com/scitable/nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147196988/2_1.png"></div></div>Scientists at the Charles University in Prague recently sequenced the genome of the gut microbe, called <i>Monocercomonoides sp. </i>(shown on the left), isolated from a researcher's pet chinchilla. They expected to find some kind of vestigial mitochondrion, but instead, they didn't find evidence that it made any mitochondrial proteins.</p><p>So far, that's unheard of.</p><p>Anna Karnkowska, an author in the study, says, "In low-oxygen environments, eukaryotes often possess a reduced form of the mitochondrion, but it was believed that some of the mitochondrial functions are so essential that these organelles are indispensable for their life. We have characterized a eukaryotic microbe which indeed possesses no mitochondrion at all."</p><p><div class="imageSet Left marginright10px"><div><img mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147197205/3_0.jpg" isthumbselected="true" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147197205/3_0.jpg" orgwidth="360" orgheight="360" paraelementcaption="Monocercomonoides" paraelementlegends="Monocercomonoides" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="130" width="130" align="left" imgtype="FIG" src="http://www.nature.com/scitable/nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/147197205/3_0.jpg"></div></div>She continued, "This amazing organism is a striking example of a cell which refuses to adhere to the standard cell biology textbook, and we believe there may be many more similar examples in the so far hidden diversity in the world of microbial eukaryotes."</p><p>This discovery comes after many years of researchers trying to find organisms without mitochondria. For instance, previously researchers thought they had succeeded in finding a microbe without the organelle when they found the Giardia, a human gut parasite. However, Giardia still had vestigial mitochondria.</p><p>Although <i>Monocercomonoides sp. </i>lacks a mitochondrion, researchers found that it had a system called an SUF, which stands for a cytosolic sulfur mobilization system, which is originally of prokaryotic origin. They believe the system essentially substitutes for a mitochondrion in the organism.</p><p>Their next steps include learning more about how <i>Monocercomonoides sp.</i> functions, as well as investigating how the mitochondrion was lost and the SUF system was gained in this organism.</p><p><b>References</b></p><p>Karnkowska, A., et al. <a mce_href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)30263-9" nated_pk="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)30263-9" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)30263-9">A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle</a>. Cell. 26. 1274-1284 (2016).</p><p>Khan, A. <a mce_href="http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=102005RNQXEI" nated_pk="http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id||#eq$||102005RNQXEI" href="http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=102005RNQXEI">How is this Possible? Mysterious Mitochondria is Missing Mitochondria.</a> Sci-Tech Today (2016).</p><p><a mce_href="http://futurism.com/scientists-find-first-ever-microbe-without-mitochondria/" nated_pk="http://futurism.com/scientists-find-first-ever-microbe-without-mitochondria/" href="http://futurism.com/scientists-find-first-ever-microbe-without-mitochondria/">Scientists find First-Ever Microbe Without Mitochondria</a>. Futurism (2016).</p><p><b>Photo Credits</b></p><p><a mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion#/media/File:Mitochondrion_mini.svg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion#/media/File:Mitochondrion_mini.svg" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion#/media/File:Mitochondrion_mini.svg">Mitochondrion</a> (via Wikimedia)</p><p><b></b><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160512124908.htm" mce_href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160512124908.htm" nated_pk="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160512124908.htm">Monocercomonoides sp. </a>(ScienceDaily, via Dr. Naoji Yubuki)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fright"> <a id="showCmntInBlog" name="showCmntInBlog" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/mitochondria_an_essential_cellular_organelle#commentsId" class="inlineLinks hideForPrint"><span class="bold marginright5px">0 Comment </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> </div> <hr class="thinGreyBlog"/> <div id="blogNoLanding_2" class="fontSizeChange marginbot20px margintop20px"> <input type="hidden" id="blogEntryId_2" value="232801" /> <div class="clearfix botbordergrey padbot2px"> <div class="fleft bold"> <span class="marginright5px bold"> March 17, 2016 </span> <span class="marginright5px">|</span> <span class="bold">By: </span> <span class="bold">Kriti Lall</span> </div> <div class="fright padright5px"> </div> <div class="fright hide hideForPrint"> <ul id="topicPgRightPanelLnks" class="topicDetailsRight"> <li><a href="#" onClick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/email.gif" alt="Email" /></a><a href="#" onClick="" class="inlineLinks">Email</a></li> <li><a name="shareLink" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/share.gif" alt="Share" /></a><a id="" name="shareLinkTRAnc" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="" class="inlineLinks">Share</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="fright padtop15px hideForPrint"> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize11')"><span id="sizeNo1" class="px11 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize15')"><span id="sizeNo2" class="px15 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize20')"><span id="sizeNo3" class="mousePointerHand lh22 px20">Aa</span></a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogParas_2" class="padtop5px botbordergrey padbot4px clearfix margintopn26px" name="blogParas"> <a id="showBlogPost" name="showCmntBlogPost" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/on_a_mission_hunting_martian" class="inlineLinks px15"> On a Mission: Hunting Martian Microbes </a> <div class="articleContent"> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="contentSection"> <div class="sectionParas"> <div class="para toWrapLongWord"> <p>Given that bacteria are literally everywhere - and I mean, <u>everywhere</u> - you wouldn't think that you would ever run out or find yourself needing to "hunt" them down.</p><p><div class="imageSet Left marginright10px"><div><img src="/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886076/23_aug_2003_hubble_3_0.jpg" mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886076/23_aug_2003_hubble_3_0.jpg" isthumbselected="true" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886076/23_aug_2003_hubble_3_0.jpg" orgwidth="1600" orgheight="1600" paraelementcaption="mars" paraelementlegends="mars" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="130" width="130" align="left" imgtype="FIG"></div></div>Yet NASA is doing just that. It's not just hunting any old bacterial strains, though. NASA scientists are attempting to find strains on Mars.</p><p>The Planetary Science and Technology through Analog Research (PSTAR) Program's Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies (ARADS) is a brand-new Mars rover analog mission, dedicated to finding signs of life underneath the soil of the red planet. Why underneath the soil, in particular? Scientists believe that due to the extreme radiation that scorches the surface of Mars, forms of life might have retreated underground. Thus the scientists working on the project have developed a slew of tools so far, ranging from a drill, a sample transfer arm, a Signs of Life Detector (SOLID), and the Wet Chemistry Lab (WCL), to probe underneath the soil (Hrala). These tools will ultimately be combined into one robot that will roam the Martian surface. Using these technologies, they hope to investigate what lives underneath Martian soil - if anything does at all.</p><p><div class="imageSet Right marginleft10px"><div><img src="/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886128/2_1.jpg" mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886128/2_1.jpg" isthumbselected="false" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/144886128/2_1.jpg" orgwidth="1600" orgheight="1001" paraelementcaption="atcama||#|$||valley" paraelementlegends="atcama||#|$||valley" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="210" width="335" align="right" imgtype="FIG"></div></div>Brian Glass, who is currently spearheading the NASA project, said, "Having both subsurface reach and surface mobility should greatly increase the number of biomarker and life-target sites we can sample." </p><p>Right now, investigators are testing these prototypes in the Atacama desert in Chile, which is allegedly the driest non-polar desert on Earth. Due to its track record of being extremely arid and hot for the past 10-15 million years, its environment is the closest thing on Earth that resembles Mars.</p><p>"Putting life-detection instruments in a difficult, Mars-analogue environment will help us figure out the best ways of looking for past or current life on Mars, if it existed," Glass added.</p><p> </p><p><b>References</b></p><p><b></b>Hrala, J. <a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-s-testing-their-new-life-detection-drill-in-the-atacama-desert" mce_href="http://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-s-testing-their-new-life-detection-drill-in-the-atacama-desert" nated_pk="http://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-s-testing-their-new-life-detection-drill-in-the-atacama-desert">NASA's testing its new "life-detection drill" in the Atacama Desert</a>. Science Alert (2016).</p><p><a href="https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/news/atacama-drilling/" mce_href="https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/news/atacama-drilling/" nated_pk="https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/news/atacama-drilling/">Proposal Awarded for Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies</a>. NASA (2015).</p><p>Waller, D. <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/atacama-rover-astrobiology-drilling-studies-night-falls" mce_href="http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/atacama-rover-astrobiology-drilling-studies-night-falls" nated_pk="http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/atacama-rover-astrobiology-drilling-studies-night-falls">Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies - Night Falls</a>. NASA (2015).</p><p><b>Photo Credits</b></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars#/media/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg" mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars#/media/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars#/media/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg">The Planet Mars </a>(NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team via Wikimedia)</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert#/media/File:AtacamValley.jpg" mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert#/media/File:AtacamValley.jpg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert#/media/File:AtacamValley.jpg">Valley in Atacama</a> (via Wikimedia)</p><p> </p><p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fright"> <a id="showCmntInBlog" name="showCmntInBlog" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/on_a_mission_hunting_martian#commentsId" class="inlineLinks hideForPrint"><span class="bold marginright5px">0 Comment </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> </div> <hr class="thinGreyBlog"/> <div id="blogNoLanding_3" class="fontSizeChange marginbot20px margintop20px"> <input type="hidden" id="blogEntryId_3" value="231076" /> <div class="clearfix botbordergrey padbot2px"> <div class="fleft bold"> <span class="marginright5px bold"> February 18, 2016 </span> <span class="marginright5px">|</span> <span class="bold">By: </span> <span class="bold">Kriti Lall</span> </div> <div class="fright padright5px"> </div> <div class="fright hide hideForPrint"> <ul id="topicPgRightPanelLnks" class="topicDetailsRight"> <li><a href="#" onClick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/email.gif" alt="Email" /></a><a href="#" onClick="" class="inlineLinks">Email</a></li> <li><a name="shareLink" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="return false;"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/share.gif" alt="Share" /></a><a id="" name="shareLinkTRAnc" href="#" rel="nofollow" onclick="" class="inlineLinks">Share</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="fright padtop15px hideForPrint"> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize11')"><span id="sizeNo1" class="px11 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize15')"><span id="sizeNo2" class="px15 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize20')"><span id="sizeNo3" class="mousePointerHand lh22 px20">Aa</span></a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogParas_3" class="padtop5px botbordergrey padbot4px clearfix margintopn26px" name="blogParas"> <a id="showBlogPost" name="showCmntBlogPost" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/whats_in_your_wallet" class="inlineLinks px15"> What's in Your Wallet? </a> <div class="articleContent"> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="contentSection"> <div class="sectionParas"> <div class="para toWrapLongWord"> The answer is, of course: lots and lots of bacteria.<p><div class="imageSet Left marginright10px"><div><img src="/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762256/de_5000_3_0.jpg" mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762256/de_5000_3_0.jpg" isthumbselected="true" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762256/de_5000_3_0.jpg" orgwidth="598" orgheight="931" paraelementcaption="money" paraelementlegends="money" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="202" width="130" align="left" imgtype="FIG"></div></div>Imagine the amount of bacteria that paper money must carry. Paper money is something we don't wash, but that transfers hands almost incessantly. Imagine this scenario: You go to the grocery store and hand a $10 bill to the cashier for the fruit you buy. The cashier puts it into the box at her station. An hour later, a different employee comes and takes over the station. A different customer needs change, and the new cashier draws out your $10 bill and hands it to him or her. In just an hour, that single $10 bill has interacted with billions of bacteria from the hands of four different people. Now multiply that scenario by the millions of dollar bills circulating and the millions of human people that live on this planet (and not to mention the billions of bacterial cells on each person's hand), and soon you'll be wondering why on earth people don't wash their hands after handling paper money.</p><p>Paper money is constantly home to a variety of thriving microorganisms. To investigate what exactly types of microorganisms were found on dollar bills, scientists at the Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York analyzed a couple of them themselves from a bank in Manhattan. They found nearly 3,000 types of microorganisms, from various parts of the body - the skin, the mouth, and even the stomach.</p><p>The lead scientist of the study, Jane Carlton, the director of genome sequencing at the Center for Genomics and Systems Biology said, "Microbes are so important, are very ubiquitous and they surround us all the time." However, "[w]e did find certain microbes that we might be a little concerned about..."</p><p><div class="imageSet Right marginleft10px"><div><img src="/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762326/aureus_VISA_2_2_1.jpg" mce_src="nated/../content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762326/aureus_VISA_2_2_1.jpg" isthumbselected="false" thumbsrc="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/143762326/aureus_VISA_2_2_1.jpg" orgwidth="1420" orgheight="1091" paraelementcaption="staph" paraelementlegends="staph" paraelementcopyright="Some||#|$||rights||#|$||reserved." imageinsertyr="2016" legalowner="Public||#|$||Domain" termsofuse="This||#|$||material||#|$||is||#|$||either||#|$||public||#|$||domain||#|$||or||#|$||Nature||#|$||Education||#|$||has||#|$||received||#|$||permission||#|$||from||#|$||the||#|$||owner||#|$||to||#|$||make||#|$||it||#|$||available||#|$||to||#|$||all||#|$||users||#|$||without||#|$||restrictions.||#|$||You||#|$||may||#|$||reuse||#|$||this||#|$||material,||#|$||with||#|$||modifications,||#|$||in||#|$||print,||#|$||electronic||#|$||or||#|$||any||#|$||other||#|$||form,||#|$||for||#|$||commercial||#|$||or||#|$||non-commercial||#|$||purposes." copyrightflag="N" licensetypepk="3" displaycopysymbol="Y" displaylegalowner="Y" displayimginsertyr="Y" displaytermsofuse="Y" displaycopydesc="Y" height="257" width="335" align="right" imgtype="FIG"></div></div>These microbes constituted a variety of strains. Some were just associated with mild conditions like acne, but others were a lot more deadly. For instance, the scientists found Staphylococcus aureus (shown on the right), also called MRSA, on some bills. According to the MDH (Minnesota Department of Health), MRSA can cause "skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis." It's definitely not a bacteria I want to be in contact with! Some bills even revealed bacteria that could cause pneumonia (these pneumonia-causing bacteria, incidentally, were more commonly found on bills in the wintertime compared to the summertime). The ease and facility with which the scientists extracted these strains make them believe that these bills could be used as a mode of transmission.</p><p>A writer for the Wall Street Journal, Robert Hotz, wrote, "This unpublished research offers a glimpse into the international problem of dirty money...From rupees to euros, paper money is one of the most frequently passed items in the world. Hygienists have long worried that it could become a source of contagion."</p><p>Indeed, paper money could definitely transmit everyday diseases - and has the potential to even impact global health. I'll definitely be washing my hands after the next time I reach into my wallet!</p><p><b>References</b></p><p><a href="http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/staph/basics.html" mce_href="http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/staph/basics.html" nated_pk="http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/staph/basics.html">Causes and Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus</a>. Minnesota Department of Health (2010).</p><p>Gonzalez, Elizabeth. <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/bacteria-live-money/story?id=23413718" mce_href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/bacteria-live-money/story?id=23413718" nated_pk="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/bacteria-live-money/story?id||#eq$||23413718">Surprising Bacteria that Live on Your Money</a>. ABC news (2014).</p><p><a href="http://www.webmd.com/news/20140422/paper-money-carries-bacteria" mce_href="http://www.webmd.com/news/20140422/paper-money-carries-bacteria" nated_pk="http://www.webmd.com/news/20140422/paper-money-carries-bacteria">Paper Money Carries Thousands of Types of Bacteria</a>. WebMD (2014).</p><p><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html" mce_href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html" nated_pk="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html">Staphylococcal infections</a>. MedlinePlus (2016).</p><p><b></b></p><p><b>Photo Credits</b></p><p><a mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg">Banknotes with a face value of 5000 of different currencies (via Wikimedia Commons)</a></p><p><a mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#/media/File:Billets_de_5000.jpg"></a><a mce_href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Staphylococcus_aureus#/media/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg" nated_pk="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title||#eq$||Staphylococcus_aureus#/media/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Staphylococcus_aureus#/media/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg">Staphylococcus aureus (via Wikimedia Commons) </a></p><p><b></b> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fright"> <a id="showCmntInBlog" name="showCmntInBlog" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/whats_in_your_wallet#commentsId" class="inlineLinks hideForPrint"><span class="bold marginright5px">0 Comment </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="fright hideForPrint"> <ul class="pagelist fright nomargin checkPageList"> <li class="" id="prevCustomBlogPager"> <span class="inlineLinksDisabled px14">«</span> <span class="inlineLinksDisabled">Newer Posts </span> </li> <li class="">|</li> <li class="" id="nextCustomBlogPager"> <span class="inlineLinksDisabled">Older Posts</span> <span class="inlineLinksDisabled px14">»</span> </li> </ul> 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var isBlogPageVdoPl = 'Y'; var weblogHandle = '216637'; var fontSizeCookie = 'null'; var postEntryAnchorAuthorAgain = ''; function blogLandingPage() { $(document).ready(function(){ resizeFontScitable(fontSizeCookie); searchPageNav = 'searchpageForBlogLanding'; var list = 'postCmntInBlog,bookmarkTRArtt'; populateLinkList(list); //Added for video - 18-Aug-2009 processVideoFLVBlogLanding(); //Added for audio - 19-Aug-2009 processAudioBlogLanding(); try { formatImgBlogLanding(); } catch(e) {} tabInit(); widgetList = new Array(); widgetList.push("loadOnlineUsers"); loadPageWidgets(widgetList); //Added on 19-June-2009: pager using hijax processCustomBlogPager(); //replaceAncsByLinkInBlogLandingPage(); try { $("div.toWrapLongWord").each(function() { wrapLongWord(this, $("a", this).get(0), 2); $(this).addClass("longWordWrapped"); $(this).removeClass("toWrapLongWord"); } ); } catch(err){} processBlogLinksBlogLanding(); //Added for video - 19-Aug-2009 processVideoYouTubeLanding(); refreshVideos(); try { if(document.getElementById('autoShareEnabledForUser')){ window.setTimeout("checkFBLoginStatus('BLG', '"+weblogHandle+"')", 5000); } } catch(e){} }); } //this function is called to process the custom blog pager links function processCustomBlogPager(){ var htmlStrPrev1 = ''; var hrefStrPrev1 = ''; var htmlStrPrev2 = ''; var hrefStrPrev2 = ''; var htmlStrNext1 = ''; var hrefStrNext1 = ''; var htmlStrNext2 = ''; var hrefStrNext2 = ''; if(document.getElementById('prev1')) { hrefStrPrev1 = document.getElementById('prev1').href; if(hrefStrPrev1.lastIndexOf("#") > 0) { hrefStrPrev1 = hrefStrPrev1.substring(hrefStrPrev1.lastIndexOf("#") + 1); } hrefStrPrev2 = document.getElementById('prev2').href; if(hrefStrPrev2.lastIndexOf("#") > 0) { hrefStrPrev2 = hrefStrPrev2.substring(hrefStrPrev2.lastIndexOf("#") + 1); } htmlStrPrev1 = "<a id=\"prev11\" class=\"inlineLinks\" href=\"javascript:loadBlogLandingPaginationFn('" + hrefStrPrev1 + "')\" name=\"pagerAncHj\">«</a>"; htmlStrPrev2 = "<a id=\"prev22\" class=\"inlineLinks\" href=\"javascript:loadBlogLandingPaginationFn('" + hrefStrPrev2 + "')\" name=\"pagerAncHj\"> Newer Posts</a>"; document.getElementById('prevCustomBlogPager').innerHTML = htmlStrPrev1 + htmlStrPrev2; } if(document.getElementById('next1')) { hrefStrNext1 = document.getElementById('next1').href; if(hrefStrNext1.lastIndexOf("#") > 0) { hrefStrNext1 = hrefStrNext1.substring(hrefStrNext1.lastIndexOf("#") + 1); } hrefStrNext2 = document.getElementById('next2').href; if(hrefStrNext2.lastIndexOf("#") > 0) { hrefStrNext2 = hrefStrNext2.substring(hrefStrNext2.lastIndexOf("#") + 1); } htmlStrNext2 = "<a id=\"next22\" class=\"inlineLinks\" href=\"javascript:loadBlogLandingPaginationFn('" + hrefStrNext2 + "')\" name=\"pagerAncHj\">Older Posts</a>"; htmlStrNext1 = "<a id=\"next11\" class=\"inlineLinks\" href=\"javascript:loadBlogLandingPaginationFn('" + hrefStrNext1 + "')\" name=\"pagerAncHj\"> »</a>"; document.getElementById('nextCustomBlogPager').innerHTML = htmlStrNext2 + htmlStrNext1; } } //this is called to replace the anchor with javascript function when results are shown in default situation function replaceAncsByLinkInBlogLandingPage(){ try { //Code for pager Manipulation Starts var name = document.getElementsByName('pagerAncHj'); for(var i=0; i< name.length; i++){ var pageNo = name[i].href.substring(name[i].href.lastIndexOf('/')+1, name[i].href.length); name[i].href = "javascript:loadBlogLandingPaginationFn('" + pageNo + "');"; } //Code for pager Manipulation Ends } catch (Ee) {} //Code for pager Manipulation Ends } //this is called when pager is changed when results are shown in default situation function loadBlogLandingPaginationFn(pageNO){ url= baseURL + "resource?action=loadBlogLandingPage&blogSpaceUrl=" + blogSpaceUrl + "&pagerNo=" + pageNO + "&hijaxFlag=yes"; AjaxUtil.request(url, { onComplete: function(xmlHttpReq) { var msg = xmlHttpReq.responseText; document.getElementById('blogInnerContent').innerHTML = msg; //Added for video - 18-Aug-2009 processVideoFLVBlogLanding(); //Added for audio - 19-Aug-2009 processAudioBlogLanding(); formatImgBlogLanding(); var list = 'postCmntInBlog'; populateLinkList(list); //Added on 19-June-2009: pager using hijax processCustomBlogPager(); //replaceAncsByLinkInBlogLandingPage(); try { $("div.toWrapLongWord").each(function() { wrapLongWord(this, $("a", this).get(0), 2); $(this).addClass("longWordWrapped"); $(this).removeClass("toWrapLongWord"); } ); } catch(err){} processBlogLinksBlogLanding(); //Added for video - 19-Aug-2009 processVideoYouTubeLanding(); refreshVideos(); } }); } function processBlogLinksBlogLanding() { try { var blogNoInEachPage = "3"; var hrefLink = ''; var title = ''; for(var cnt=1; cnt<=blogNoInEachPage; cnt++) { var divId="blogParas_" + cnt; if(document.getElementById(divId)){ var aList = $("a", document.getElementById(divId)); if (aList != null) { for (var i=0; i< aList.size();i++ ) { hrefLink = aList.eq(i).attr("href"); if(aList.eq(i).attr("id") != "editDraft" && aList.eq(i).attr("id") != "showBlogPost" && hrefLink.indexOf(cleanBaseURL) < 0) aList.eq(i).attr("target", "_blank"); if(aList.eq(i).attr("title")) { title = aList.eq(i).attr("title"); title = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(title); title = title.replace(/"/g, '"').replace(/&/g, '&'); aList.eq(i).attr("title", title); } } } } } } catch (err) {} } function formatImgBlogLanding() { try { var blogNoInEachPage = "3"; for(var cnt=1; cnt<=blogNoInEachPage; cnt++) { var divId="blogParas_" + cnt; if(document.getElementById(divId)){ var imgList = $("img", document.getElementById(divId)); var alignClass = "Left"; var marginTopClass = ""; var str = ""; if (imgList != null) { for (var i=0; i< imgList.size();i++ ) { if (imgList.eq(i).attr("align") == "right") { alignClass = "Right marginleft10px"; } else { alignClass = "Left marginright10px"; } if (isFirstParaLine(imgList.eq(i))) { marginTopClass = ""; } else { marginTopClass = "margintop5px"; } if($(imgList.eq(i)).parent().is('a')) { if($(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("target")) { str = "<span class='imageSet " + alignClass + "'>" + "<a href=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("href") + "\" mce_href=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("mce_href") + "\" nated_pk=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("nated_pk") + "\" target=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("target") + "\">" + "<img title=\"" + replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption")) + "\" src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\" class=\"nomargin " + marginTopClass + "\"/></a><br/></span>"; } else { str = "<span class='imageSet " + alignClass + "'>" + "<span style=\"background-color: rgb(229, 229, 229);\">" + "<a href=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("href") + "\" mce_href=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("mce_href") + "\" nated_pk=\"" + $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().attr("nated_pk") + "\">" + "<img title=\"" + replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption")) + "\" src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\" class=\"nomargin " + marginTopClass + "\"/></a><br/></span></span>"; } $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().before(str); $(imgList.eq(i)).parent().remove(); } else { str = "<span class='imageSet " + alignClass + "'>" + "<img title=\"" + replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption")) + "\" src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\" class=\"nomargin " + marginTopClass + "\"/><br/></span>"; imgList.eq(i).before(str); imgList.eq(i).remove(); } } } } } } catch (err) {} } function postComment(blogId) { var postCommentLink = blogId + '#commentFormDiv'; location.href = postCommentLink; } function processVideoFLVBlogLanding() { try { var blogNoInEachPage = "3"; for(var cnt=1; cnt<=blogNoInEachPage; cnt++) { var divId="blogParas_" + cnt; var blogEntryIdHidden = "blogEntryId_" + cnt; var blogEntryId = document.getElementById(blogEntryIdHidden).value; if(document.getElementById(divId)){ var videoList = $(".mceItemWindowsMedia", document.getElementById(divId)); if (videoList != null) { for (var i=0; i<videoList.size(); i++) { var align = videoList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = videoList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var videoStr = "<a name=\"anchEmbedImg_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"hidEmbedImg_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\" name=\"hidEmbedImg\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "\" />"; videoStr = videoStr + "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"hidEmbedPlayerState\" id=\"hidEmbedPlayerState_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\" value=\"uninitedvideo\"/></a>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " margintop20px marginbot20px\" align=\"center\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float:" + align + ";\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span id=\"spanVideoPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<noscript>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<object classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" "; videoStr = videoStr + "width=\"320\" height=\"220\" id=\"videoPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\" >"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"320\" height=\"220\" name=\"videoPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/player.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "</embed></object></noscript></span></span>"; videoList.eq(i).before(videoStr); videoList.eq(i).remove(); } } } } } catch(err){} } function processAudioBlogLanding() { try { var blogNoInEachPage = "3"; for(var cnt=1; cnt<=blogNoInEachPage; cnt++) { var divId="blogParas_" + cnt; var blogEntryIdHidden = "blogEntryId_" + cnt; var blogEntryId = document.getElementById(blogEntryIdHidden).value; if(document.getElementById(divId)){ var audioList = $(".mceItemRealMedia", document.getElementById('articleContent')); if (audioList != null) { for (var i=0; i<audioList.size(); i++) { var align = audioList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = audioList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var audioStr = "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " \" align=\"center\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float: " + align + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<div class=\"nomargin padleft4px pipeblack bold textalignleft\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<object style=\"margin-top:5px;float:left\" classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" width=\"320\" height=\"20\" id=\"audioPlayer_\"" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"movie\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"bgcolor\" value=\"#ffffff\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"swLiveConnect\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&width=320&height=20&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"315\" height=\"20\" name=\"audioPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&width=320&height=20&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "_" + blogEntryId + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "</embed></object></div></span>"; audioList.eq(i).before(audioStr); audioList.eq(i).remove(); } } } } } catch(err) {} } function processVideoYouTubeLanding() { var align = $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").attr("align"); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan'] img").remove(); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").css("margin", "5px").css("float", align); } </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); (function (s) { s.src = gaJsHost + 'google-analytics.com/ga.js'; s.type = 'text/javascript'; document.head.appendChild(s); })(document.createElement('script')); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-12063924-2"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {}</script> </div> </body> </html>