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id="toc-Element_abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Element abundance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kinematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_planetary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_planetary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Possible planetary system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_planetary_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Possible planetary system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_planetary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared_excess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_excess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Infrared excess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_excess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debris_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Debris disks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Possible planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Etymology and cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vega</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9" title="النسر الواقع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النسر الواقع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(estrella)" title="Vega (estrella) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vega (estrella)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veqa" title="Veqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E_(%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE)" title="অভিজিৎ (তারা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিজিৎ (তারা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-l%C3%BA-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Chit-lú-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chit-lú-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(steredenn)" title="Vega (steredenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vega (steredenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(stjerne)" title="Vega (stjerne) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vega (stjerne)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wega" title="Wega – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wega" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veega" title="Veega – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veega" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βέγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(estrella)" title="Vega (estrella) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vega (estrella)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vego_(stelo)" title="Vego (stelo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vego (stelo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(izarra)" title="Vega (izarra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vega (izarra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کرکس نشسته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرکس نشسته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(r%C3%A9alta)" title="Vega (réalta) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vega (réalta)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(estrela)" title="Vega (estrela) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vega (estrela)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EA%B0%80" title="베가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Վեգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिजित तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिजित तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Вегæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вегæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1stjarnan" title="Blástjarnan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blástjarnan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="וגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ვეგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" title="Вега (жұлдыз) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вега (жұлдыз)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Ак Жылдыз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ак Жылдыз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(St%C3%A4r)" title="Vega (Stär) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vega (Stär)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(csillag)" title="Vega (csillag) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vega (csillag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Lyrae" title="Alpha Lyrae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alpha Lyrae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="അഭിജിത് (നക്ഷത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഭിജിത് (നക്ഷത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82" title="ဗီးဂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီးဂ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wega" title="Wega – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wega" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिजित तारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अभिजित तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%AC" title="ベガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(stjerne)" title="Vega (stjerne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vega (stjerne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerna_Vega" title="Stjerna Vega – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjerna Vega" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਭਿਜੀਤ ਤਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਭਿਜੀਤ ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ویگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wega" title="Wega – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wega" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(estrela)" title="Vega (estrela) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vega (estrela)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(zvezda)" title="Vega (zvezda) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vega (zvezda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(stj%C3%A4rna)" title="Vega (stjärna) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vega (stjärna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சோதி விண்மீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோதி விண்மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వేగా నక్షత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేగా నక్షత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ดาวเวกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเวกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z)" title="Vega (yıldız) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vega (yıldız)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вега – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вега" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ویگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Ch%E1%BB%A9c_N%E1%BB%AF" title="Sao Chức Nữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Chức Nữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega" title="Vega – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vega" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%87%E5%A5%B3%E4%B8%80" title="织女一 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="织女一" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F" title="織女星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="織女星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E5%A5%B3%E4%B8%80" title="織女一 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="織女一" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-01-sky-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1101677807">.mw-parser-output .sky-coordinates-display{line-height:1.5em;text-align:right;text-indent:0;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap}body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sky-coordinates-display{font-size:85%}</style><a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <img alt="Sky map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/20px-Jupiter_and_moon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/30px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/40px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=18.615649&de=38.783691944444&zoom=2&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all">18h 36m 56.3364s, +38° 47′ 01.291″</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brightest star in the constellation Lyra</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Star Vega" redirects here. For the psychologist, see <a href="/wiki/Star_Vega_(psychologist)" title="Star Vega (psychologist)">Star Vega (psychologist)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vega_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vega (disambiguation)">Vega (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold">Vega </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"><div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"> <div style="width:220px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; ;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyra_constellation_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lyra_constellation_map.svg/220px-Lyra_constellation_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lyra_constellation_map.svg/330px-Lyra_constellation_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lyra_constellation_map.svg/440px-Lyra_constellation_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="301" /></a><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 42.8%; left: 61.2%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 15px; left: -7.5px; top: -7.5px;"><a href="/wiki/Vega_(star)" title="Vega (star)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/15px-Red_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/23px-Red_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/30px-Red_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div>Location of Vega (circled)</div></td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: #FFFFC0;" colspan="2">Observation data <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a>      <a href="/wiki/Equinox_(celestial_coordinates)" title="Equinox (celestial coordinates)">Equinox</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">Pronunciation</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːɡə/</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kunitzsch-3">[3]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈveɪɡə/</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a> </th> <td>18h 36m 56.33635s<a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a> </th> <td>+38° 47′ 01.2802″<a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (V) </th> <td>+0.026<a href="#cite_note-bohlin-5">[5]</a> (−0.02 – +0.07)<a href="#cite_note-gcvs-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Characteristics </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolutionary stage</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral type</a> </th> <td>A0Va<a href="#cite_note-gray2003-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left">U−B <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a> </th> <td>0.00<a href="#cite_note-ducati-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left">B−V <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a> </th> <td>0.00<a href="#cite_note-ducati-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable type</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti</a><a href="#cite_note-gcvs-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a> (Rv)</td><td>−13.9±0.9<a href="#cite_note-rgcrv1966-9">[9]</a> km/s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a> (μ)</td><td> <abbr title="Right Ascension">RA:</abbr> 200.94<a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">yr</a> <abbr title="Declination">Dec.:</abbr> 286.23<a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">yr</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a> (π)</td><td>130.23 ± 0.36 <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><a href="/wiki/Distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></td><td>25.04 ± 0.07 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> (7.68 ± 0.02 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a> (MV)</td><td>+0.582<a href="#cite_note-Gatewood2008-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></td><td>2.15+0.10 −0.15<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var>☉</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a></td><td>2.726±0.006 (equatorial), 2.418±0.008 (polar)<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var>☉</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></td><td>47.2±0.2<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity"><var>L</var>☉</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a> (log g)</td><td>4.1±0.1<a href="#cite_note-apj645_1_664-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Temperature</a></td><td>10,070±90 (polar), 8,910±130 (equatorial)<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a> [Fe/H]</td><td>−0.5<a href="#cite_note-aaa391_3_1039-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Decimal_exponent" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal exponent">dex</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></td><td>16.3 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">h</a><a href="#cite_note-petit2022-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Projected_rotational_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Projected rotational velocity">Rotational velocity</a> (v sin i)</td><td>21.3±0.2<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> km/s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Age</a></td><td>700+150 −75<a href="#cite_note-monnier2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megayear" class="mw-redirect" title="Megayear">Myr</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">Other designations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 250px;"> Wega<a href="#cite_note-allen1963-15">[15]</a>, Lucida Lyrae<a href="#cite_note-kendall1845-16">[16]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Alpha Lyrae, α Lyrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">3 Lyrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonner_Durchmusterung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonner Durchmusterung">BD</a>+38°3238, <a href="/wiki/Gliese_Catalogue_of_Nearby_Stars" title="Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars">GJ</a> 721, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalogue" title="Henry Draper Catalogue">HD</a> 172167, <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparcos Catalogue">HIP</a> 91262, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Revised_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Revised catalogue">HR</a> 7001, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_Star_Catalog" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog">SAO</a> 67174, <a href="/wiki/Luyten_Two-Tenths_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Luyten Two-Tenths catalogue">LTT</a> 15486<a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-17">[17]</a> </div></td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Database references</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td><a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Vega">data</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Vega is the brightest <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a>. It has the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a> α Lyrae, which is <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is <a href="/wiki/List_of_star_systems_within_25%E2%80%9330_light-years" title="List of star systems within 25–30 light-years">relatively close</a> at only 25 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (7.7 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and one of the most luminous stars in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar neighborhood">Sun's neighborhood</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">fifth-brightest star</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>, and the second-brightest star in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Northern celestial hemisphere">northern celestial hemisphere</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>. Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed "arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun".<a href="#cite_note-apj429_2_L81-18">[18]</a> Vega was the northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> around 12,000 BCE and will be so again around the year 13,727, when its <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> will be +86° 14′.<a href="#cite_note-stellarium-19">[19]</a> Vega was the first star other than the Sun to have its image and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectrum</a> photographed.<a href="#cite_note-barger_white2000-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-paps24_166-21">[21]</a> It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> measurements. Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometric</a> brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the <a href="/wiki/Zero_Point_(photometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Point (photometry)">zero point</a> for the <a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV photometric system</a>. Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive, its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> lifetimes. Compared with the Sun, Vega has a lower abundance of <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">elements heavier than helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aaa391_3_1039-13">[13]</a> Vega is also a <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable star</a>—that is, a star whose brightness fluctuates. It is <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">rotating</a> rapidly with a speed of 236 km/s at the equator. This causes the equator to bulge outward due to <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal</a> effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a> that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from the direction of one of these poles.<a href="#cite_note-nature440_7086_896-22">[22]</a> Based on observations of more <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation than expected, Vega appears to have a <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">circumstellar disk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a>. This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting <a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">debris disk</a>, which is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj628_1_487-23">[23]</a> Stars that display an infrared excess due to dust emission are termed Vega-like stars.<a href="#cite_note-apj124_1_514-24">[24]</a> Observations by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> show that the disk is exceptionally smooth, with no evidence of shaping by massive planets,<a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> though there is some evidence that there may be one or more Neptune-mass planets closer to the star.<a href="#cite_note-Hurt2021-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LyraCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LyraCC.jpg/170px-LyraCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LyraCC.jpg/255px-LyraCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LyraCC.jpg/340px-LyraCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Vega is the brightest star in the constellation of Lyra.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">α</a> Lyrae (<a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> to Alpha Lyrae) is the star's <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a>. The traditional name Vega (earlier Wega<a href="#cite_note-allen1963-15">[15]</a>) comes from a loose transliteration of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word wāqi' (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <big>واقع</big>) meaning "falling" or "landing", via the phrase an-nasr al-wāqi' (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <big>النّسر الْواقع</big>), "the falling eagle".<a href="#cite_note-glasse2008-27">[27]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) organized a <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Star_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Working Group on Star Names">Working Group on Star Names</a> (WGSN)<a href="#cite_note-WGSN-28">[28]</a> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<a href="#cite_note-WGSN1-29">[29]</a> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Vega for this star. It is now so entered in the <a href="/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names" title="IAU Working Group on Star Names">IAU Catalog of Star Names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-CSN-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_triangle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Summer_triangle.png/260px-Summer_triangle.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Summer_triangle.png/390px-Summer_triangle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Summer_triangle.png/520px-Summer_triangle.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Summer_Triangle" title="Summer Triangle">Summer Triangle</a></figcaption></figure> Vega can often be seen near the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> in the mid-northern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> during the evening in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> summer.<a href="#cite_note-pasachoff2000-31">[31]</a> From mid-southern latitudes, it can be seen low above the northern horizon during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> winter. With a <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> of +38.78°, Vega can only be viewed at latitudes north of <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_south" title="51st parallel south">51° S</a>. Therefore, it does not rise at all anywhere in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> or in the southernmost part of South America, including <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (53° S). At latitudes to the north of <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51° N</a>, Vega remains continuously above the horizon as a <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">circumpolar star</a>. Around July 1, Vega reaches midnight <a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">culmination</a> when it crosses the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridian</a> at that time.<a href="#cite_note-burnham1978-32">[32]</a> Complementarily, Vega swoops down and kisses the horizon at true North at midnight on Dec 31/Jan 1, as seen from 51° N. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png/220px-Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png/330px-Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png/440px-Path_of_Vega_at_winter_solstice.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Path of Vega at winter solstice, as seen from 51°N </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precession_N.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small white disks representing the northern stars on a black background, overlaid by a circle showing the position of the north pole over time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Precession_N.gif/220px-Precession_N.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Precession_N.gif/330px-Precession_N.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Precession_N.gif/440px-Precession_N.gif 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The path of the north celestial pole among the stars due to the precession. Vega is the bright star near the bottom.</figcaption></figure> Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates. However, when a star is located along the Earth's axis of rotation, it will remain in the same position and thus is called a <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>. The direction of the Earth's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the <a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">precession of the equinoxes</a>. A complete precession cycle requires 25,770 years,<a href="#cite_note-chaikin1990-33">[33]</a> during which time the pole of the Earth's rotation follows a circular path across the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> that passes near several prominent stars. At present the pole star is <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, but around 12,000 BCE the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega. Through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around 14,000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-roy_clarke2003-34">[34]</a> Vega is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars.<a href="#cite_note-allen1963-15">[15]</a> In 210,000 years, Vega will become <a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">the brightest star</a> in the night sky,<a href="#cite_note-tomkin1998-35">[35]</a> and will peak in brightness in 290,000 years with an apparent magnitude of –0.81.<a href="#cite_note-tomkin1998-35">[35]</a> This star lies at a <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertex</a> of a widely spaced <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Triangle" title="Summer Triangle">Summer Triangle</a>, which consists of Vega plus the two first-magnitude stars <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pasachoff2000-31">[31]</a> This formation is the approximate shape of a <a href="/wiki/Right_triangle" title="Right triangle">right triangle</a>, with Vega located at its <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a>. The Summer Triangle is recognizable in the northern skies for there are few other bright stars in its vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-upgren1998-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_history">Observational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Observational history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg/220px-Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg/330px-Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg/440px-Vega_by_Stephen_Rahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="2971" /></a><figcaption>Astrophoto of Vega</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg/260px-The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg/390px-The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/The_first_image_of_Vega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>"On the night of July 16–17, 1850, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Whipple" title="John Adams Whipple">Whipple</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch_Bond" title="William Cranch Bond">Bond</a> made the first <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of a star (Vega)"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> of celestial objects, began in 1840 when <a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">John William Draper</a> took an image of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> process. On 17 July 1850, Vega became the first star (other than the Sun) to be photographed, when it was imaged by <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch_Bond" title="William Cranch Bond">William Bond</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Whipple" title="John Adams Whipple">John Adams Whipple</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>, also with a daguerreotype.<a href="#cite_note-allen1963-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-barger_white2000-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pasp2_10_249-37">[37]</a> In August 1872, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper" title="Henry Draper">Henry Draper</a> took a photograph of Vega's <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectrum</a>, the first photograph of a star's spectrum showing absorption lines.<a href="#cite_note-paps24_166-21">[21]</a> Similar lines had already been identified in the spectrum of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-aip-38">[38]</a> In 1879, <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> used photographs of the spectra of Vega and similar stars to identify a set of twelve "very strong lines" that were common to this stellar category. These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-klaus2002-39">[39]</a> Since 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar spectrum">spectrum</a> of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.<a href="#cite_note-baas25_1319-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bright_blue_Vega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bright_blue_Vega.jpg/220px-Bright_blue_Vega.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bright_blue_Vega.jpg/330px-Bright_blue_Vega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bright_blue_Vega.jpg/440px-Bright_blue_Vega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Through A Orion Reflector</figcaption></figure> The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> orbits the Sun. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Calandrelli" title="Giuseppe Calandrelli">Giuseppe Calandrelli</a> noted stellar parallax in 1805-6 and came up with a 4-second value for the star which was a gross overestimate.<a href="#cite_note-gore1904-41">[41]</a> The first person to publish a star's parallax was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Friedrich G. W. von Struve</a>, when he announced a value of 0.125 arcsecond (0.125″) for Vega.<a href="#cite_note-berry1899-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax of 0.314″ for the star system <a href="/wiki/61_Cygni" title="61 Cygni">61 Cygni</a>, Struve revised his value for Vega's parallax to nearly double the original estimate. This change cast further doubt on Struve's data. Thus most astronomers at the time, including Struve, credited Bessel with the first published parallax result. However, Struve's initial result was actually close to the currently accepted value of 0.129″,<a href="#cite_note-debarbat1988-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-astroprof-44">[44]</a> as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a> satellite.<a href="#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa323_L49-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSM-46">[46]</a> The brightness of a star, as seen from Earth, is measured with a standardized, <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> is a numerical value that decreases in value with increasing brightness of the star. The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye are sixth magnitude, while the brightest in the night sky, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, is of magnitude −1.46. To standardize the magnitude scale, astronomers chose Vega and several similar stars and averaged their brightness to represent magnitude zero at all wavelengths. Thus, for many years, Vega was used as a baseline for the calibration of absolute <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometric</a> brightness scales.<a href="#cite_note-garfinkle1997-47">[47]</a> However, this is no longer the case, as the apparent magnitude zero point is now commonly defined in terms of a particular numerically specified <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a>. This approach is more convenient for astronomers, since Vega is not always available for calibration and varies in brightness.<a href="#cite_note-ajss45_83-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV photometric system</a> measures the magnitude of stars through <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, blue and yellow filters, producing U, B and V values, respectively. Vega is one of six <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A0V stars</a> that were used to set the initial mean values for this photometric system when it was introduced in the 1950s. The mean magnitudes for these six stars were defined as: U − B = B − V = 0. In effect, the magnitude scale has been calibrated so that the magnitude of these stars is the same in the yellow, blue and ultraviolet parts of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj117_313-49">[49]</a> Thus, Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region—wavelength range 350–850 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a>, most of which can be seen with the human eye—so the flux densities are roughly equal; 2,000–4,000 <a href="/wiki/Jansky" title="Jansky">Jy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eso20020306-50">[50]</a> However, the flux density of Vega drops rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, and is near 100 Jy at 5 <a href="/wiki/Micrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometers">micrometers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcmahon2005-51">[51]</a> Photometric measurements of Vega during the 1930s appeared to show that the star had a low-magnitude variability on the order of ±0.03 magnitude (around ±2.8%<a href="#cite_note-deltaLum-52">[note 1]</a> luminosity). This range of variability was near the limits of observational capability for that time, and so the subject of Vega's variability has been controversial. The magnitude of Vega was measured again in 1981 at the <a href="/wiki/David_Dunlap_Observatory" title="David Dunlap Observatory">David Dunlap Observatory</a> and showed some slight variability. Thus it was suggested that Vega showed occasional low-amplitude pulsations associated with a <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti variable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asp93_2_333-53">[52]</a> This is a category of stars that oscillate in a coherent manner, resulting in periodic pulsations in the star's luminosity.<a href="#cite_note-araa33_1_75-54">[53]</a> Although Vega fits the physical profile for this type of variable, other observers have found no such variation. Thus the variability was thought to possibly be the result of systematic errors in measurement.<a href="#cite_note-merezhin-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayes1984-56">[55]</a> However, a 2007 article surveyed these and other results, and concluded that "A conservative analysis of the foregoing results suggests that Vega is quite likely variable in the 1–2% range, with possible occasional excursions to as much as 4% from the mean".<a href="#cite_note-gray2007-57">[56]</a> Also, a 2011 article affirms that "The long-term (year-to-year) variability of Vega was confirmed".<a href="#cite_note-butkovskaya2011-58">[57]</a> Vega became the first solitary <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a> beyond the Sun known to be an X-ray emitter when in 1979 it was observed from an imaging X-ray telescope launched on an <a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee</a> 350 from the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj229_661-59">[58]</a> In 1983, Vega became the first star found to have a disk of dust. The <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite">Infrared Astronomical Satellite</a> (IRAS) discovered an excess of infrared radiation coming from the star, and this was attributed to energy emitted by the orbiting dust as it was heated by the star.<a href="#cite_note-nature307_5950_441-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Vega's <a href="/wiki/Spectral_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral class">spectral class</a> is A0V, making it a blue-tinged white <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusing</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in its core. Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones, Vega's main-sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years, a tenth of the Sun's.<a href="#cite_note-ajss40_733-61">[60]</a> The current age of this star is about 455 million years,<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> or up to about half its expected total main-sequence lifespan. After leaving the main sequence, Vega will become a class-M <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> and shed much of its mass, finally becoming a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>. At present, Vega has more than twice the mass<a href="#cite_note-nature440_7086_896-22">[22]</a> of the Sun and its <a href="/wiki/Bolometric_luminosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolometric luminosity">bolometric luminosity</a> is about 40 times the Sun's. Because it is rotating rapidly, approximately once every 16.5 hours,<a href="#cite_note-petit2022-14">[14]</a> and seen nearly pole-on, its apparent luminosity, calculated assuming it was the same brightness all over, is about 57 times the Sun's.<a href="#cite_note-apj645_1_664-12">[12]</a> If Vega is variable, then it may be a <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti type</a> with a period of about 0.107 day.<a href="#cite_note-asp93_2_333-53">[52]</a> Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (<a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">nuclear fusion</a> process that combines <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. This process becomes dominant at a temperature of about 17 million K,<a href="#cite_note-salaris_cassisi2005-63">[62]</a> which is slightly higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">proton–proton chain</a> fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">convection zone</a> about the core<a href="#cite_note-apj601_1_512-64">[63]</a> that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative equilibrium</a>. This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a <a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">radiation zone</a> centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.<a href="#cite_note-padmanabhan2002-65">[64]</a> The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources. At 5,480 Å, the flux density is 3,650 Jy with an error margin of 2%.<a href="#cite_note-apj161_1015-66">[65]</a> The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a> of hydrogen; specifically by the hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> at the n=2 <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum number</a>.<a href="#cite_note-richmond-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-clayton1983-68">[67]</a> The lines of other elements are relatively weak, with the strongest being ionized <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnras197_57-69">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> emission from Vega is very low, demonstrating that the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">corona</a> for this star must be very weak or non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-aaa318_215-70">[69]</a> However, as the pole of Vega is facing Earth and a polar <a href="/wiki/Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">coronal hole</a> may be present,<a href="#cite_note-apj229_661-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-sao389-71">[70]</a> confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X-rays detected from Vega (or the region very close to Vega) may be difficult as most of any coronal X-rays would not be emitted along the line of sight.<a href="#cite_note-sao389-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj213_5_874-72">[71]</a> Using <a href="/wiki/Spectropolarimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectropolarimetry">spectropolarimetry</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_du_Pic_du_Midi" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire du Pic du Midi">Observatoire du Pic du Midi</a>. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an <a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">chemically peculiar star</a>. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of −0.6±0.3 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss (G)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aaa500_3_L41-73">[72]</a> This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-sd20090726-74">[73]</a> Magnetic fields of roughly 30 G have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 G for the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-apj229_661-59">[58]</a> In 2015, bright <a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">starspots</a> were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal <a href="/wiki/A-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="A-type star">A-type star</a>, and these features show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Rotational_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational modulation">rotational modulation</a> with a period of 0.68 day.<a href="#cite_note-aa577_A64-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rotation">edit</a>]</div> Vega has a rotation period of 16.3 hours,<a href="#cite_note-petit2022-14">[14]</a> much faster than the Sun's rotational period but similar to, and slightly slower than, those of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. Because of that, Vega is significantly <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate</a> like those two planets. When the radius of Vega was measured to high accuracy with an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">interferometer</a>, it resulted in an unexpectedly large estimated value of 2.73±0.01 times the <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius of the Sun">radius of the Sun</a>. This is 60% larger than the radius of the star Sirius, while stellar models indicated it should only be about 12% larger. However, this discrepancy can be explained if Vega is a rapidly rotating star that is being viewed from the direction of its pole of rotation. Observations by the <a href="/wiki/CHARA_array" title="CHARA array">CHARA array</a> in 2005–06 confirmed this deduction.<a href="#cite_note-apj645_1_664-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg/220px-Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg/330px-Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg/440px-Vega_compared_with_the_Sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Vega (left) to the Sun (right)</figcaption></figure> The pole of Vega—its axis of rotation—is inclined no more than five degrees from the line-of-sight to the Earth. At the high end of estimates for the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">rotation</a> velocity for Vega is 236.2±3.7 km/s<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> along the equator, much higher than the observed (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Projected_rotational_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Projected rotational velocity">projected</a>) rotational velocity because Vega is seen almost pole-on. This is 88% of the speed that would cause the star to start breaking up from <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> This rapid rotation of Vega produces a pronounced equatorial bulge, so the radius of the equator is 19% larger than the polar radius, compared to just under 11% for Saturn, the most oblate of the Solar System's planets. (The estimated polar radius of this star is 2.362±0.012 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">solar radii</a>, while the equatorial radius is 2.818±0.013 solar radii.<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a>) From the Earth, this bulge is being viewed from the direction of its pole, producing the overly large radius estimate. The local <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> at the poles is greater than at the equator, which produces a variation in <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>, while the equatorial temperature is about 8,152 K.<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong <a href="/wiki/Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">gravity darkening</a> effect. As viewed from the poles, this results in a darker (lower-intensity) limb than would normally be expected for a spherically symmetric star. The temperature gradient may also mean that Vega has a convection zone around the equator,<a href="#cite_note-apj645_1_664-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-noao2006-76">[75]</a> while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in almost pure <a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">radiative equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adelman2004-77">[76]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Von_Zeipel_theorem" title="Von Zeipel theorem">Von Zeipel theorem</a>, the local luminosity is higher at the poles. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> instead of almost pole-on, then its overall brightness would be lower. As Vega had long been used as a <a href="/wiki/Calibrator_star" title="Calibrator star">standard star for calibrating telescopes</a>, the discovery that it is rapidly rotating may challenge some of the underlying assumptions that were based on it being spherically symmetric. With the viewing angle and rotation rate of Vega now better known, this will allow improved instrument calibrations.<a href="#cite_note-science317_5836_325-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_abundance">Element abundance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Element abundance">edit</a>]</div> In astronomy, those elements with higher <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> than helium are termed "metals". The <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> of Vega's <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a> is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-metal-79">[note 2]</a> (Compare this, for example, to a threefold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about ZSol = 0.0172±0.002.<a href="#cite_note-apj644_2_1291-80">[78]</a> Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> is slightly more abundant, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> is only marginally less abundant and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> abundance is about 50% of solar. On the other hand, Vega has only 10% to 30% of the solar abundance for most other major elements with <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> below 10%.<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> The unusually low metallicity of Vega makes it a weak <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bicds38_137-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj548_2_77-82">[80]</a> However, the reason for the existence of such chemically peculiar, <a href="/wiki/Spectral_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral class">spectral class</a> A0–F0 stars remains unclear. One possibility is that the chemical peculiarity may be the result of <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> or mass loss, although stellar models show that this would normally only occur near the end of a star's hydrogen-burning lifespan. Another possibility is that the star formed from an <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> of gas and dust that was unusually metal-poor.<a href="#cite_note-mnras301_4_1099-83">[81]</a> The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0.030±0.005, which is about 40% lower than the Sun. This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">convection zone</a> near the surface. Energy transfer is instead performed by the <a href="/wiki/Radiative_process" title="Radiative process">radiative process</a>, which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-apj348_712-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinematics">Kinematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kinematics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a> of Vega is the component of this star's motion along the line-of-sight to the Earth. Movement away from the Earth will cause the light from Vega to shift to a lower <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (toward the red), or to a higher frequency (toward the blue) if the motion is toward the Earth. Thus the velocity can be measured from the amount of shift of the star's spectrum. Precise measurements of this <a href="/wiki/Blueshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueshift">blueshift</a> give a value of −13.9±0.9 km/s.<a href="#cite_note-rgcrv1966-9">[9]</a> The minus sign indicates a relative motion toward the Earth. Motion transverse to the line of sight causes the position of Vega to shift with respect to the more distant background stars. Careful measurement of the star's position allows this angular movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a>, to be calculated. Vega's proper motion is 202.03±0.63 <a href="/wiki/Milliarcseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcseconds">milliarcseconds</a> (mas) per year in <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a>—the celestial equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>—and 287.47±0.54 mas/y in <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>, which is equivalent to a change in <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. The net proper motion of Vega is 327.78 mas/y,<a href="#cite_note-majewski2006-85">[83]</a> which results in angular movement of a degree every 11,000 years. In the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">galactic coordinate system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Space_velocity_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space velocity (astronomy)">space velocity</a> components of Vega are (U, V, W) = (−16.1±0.3, −6.3±0.8, −7.7±0.3) km/s, for a net space velocity of 19 km/s.<a href="#cite_note-aaa339-86">[84]</a> The radial component of this velocity—in the direction of the Sun—is −13.9 km/s, while the transverse velocity is 12.9 km/s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Vega is at present only the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, the star is slowly brightening as proper motion causes it to approach the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-moulton1906-87">[85]</a> Vega will make its closest approach in an estimated 264,000 years at a <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> distance of 13.2 ly (4.04 pc).<a href="#cite_note-aa575_A35-88">[86]</a> Based on this star's kinematic properties, it appears to belong to a stellar association called the <a href="/wiki/Castor_Moving_Group" title="Castor Moving Group">Castor Moving Group</a>. However, Vega may be much older than this group, so the membership remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">[61]</a> This group contains about 16 stars, including <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Librae" title="Alpha Librae">Alpha Librae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cephei" title="Alpha Cephei">Alpha Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_(star)" title="Castor (star)">Castor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fomalhaut" title="Fomalhaut">Fomalhaut</a> and Vega. All members of the group are moving in nearly the same direction with similar <a href="/wiki/Space_velocity_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space velocity (astronomy)">space velocities</a>. Membership in a moving group implies a common origin for these stars in an <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open cluster</a> that has since become gravitationally unbound.<a href="#cite_note-inglis2003-89">[87]</a> The estimated age of this moving group is 200±100 million years, and they have an average space velocity of 16.5 km/s.<a href="#cite_note-space_velocity-90">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa339-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_planetary_system">Possible planetary system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Possible planetary system">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption>The Vega planetary system<a href="#cite_note-Hurt2021-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Companion (in order from star) </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semimajor axis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">days</a>) </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>b (unconfirmed) </td> <td>≥21.9±5.1 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">M🜨</a> </td> <td>0.04555±0.00053 </td> <td>2.42977±0.00016 </td> <td>0.25±0.15 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hot dust </td> <td colspan="4">≤0.2 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unconfirmed) </td> <td>20 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">M🜨</a> </td> <td>~2–5 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inner Disk </td> <td colspan="4">(3-5)–78 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td> <td>7-8<a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">°</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unconfirmed) </td> <td><6 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">M🜨</a> </td> <td>~65 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuiper-Belt Analogue </td> <td colspan="4">78–170 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td> <td>9-11<a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">°</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Halo </td> <td colspan="4"><250 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png/220px-Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png/330px-Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png/440px-Imaging_of_the_Vega_Debris_System_using_JWST_MIRI_-_figure_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>The debris disk around Vega with JWST <a href="/wiki/Mid-Infrared_Instrument" title="Mid-Infrared Instrument">MIRI</a> (all images) and ALMA (contours lower right image). Image published by Su et al.<a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_excess">Infrared excess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Infrared excess">edit</a>]</div> One of the early results from the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Astronomy_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared Astronomy Satellite">Infrared Astronomy Satellite</a> (IRAS) was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_excess" title="Infrared excess">excess infrared flux</a> coming from Vega, beyond what would be expected from the star alone. This excess was measured at <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of 25, 60 and 100 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>, and came from within an angular radius of 10 arcseconds (10″) centered on the star. At the measured distance of Vega, this corresponded to an actual radius of 80 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical units">astronomical units</a> (AU), where an AU is the average radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It was proposed that this radiation came from a field of orbiting particles with a dimension on the order of a millimetre, as anything smaller would eventually be removed from the system by radiation pressure or drawn into the star by means of <a href="/wiki/Poynting%E2%80%93Robertson_effect" title="Poynting–Robertson effect">Poynting–Robertson drag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj285_808-91">[88]</a> The latter is the result of radiation pressure creating an effective force that opposes the orbital motion of a dust particle, causing it to spiral inward. This effect is most pronounced for tiny particles that are closer to the star.<a href="#cite_note-mnras_97_423-92">[89]</a> Subsequent measurements of Vega at 193 μm showed a lower than expected flux for the hypothesized particles, suggesting that they must instead be on the order of 100 μm or less. To maintain this amount of dust in orbit around Vega, a continual source of replenishment would be required. A proposed mechanism for maintaining the dust was a disk of coalesced bodies that were in the process of collapsing to form a planet.<a href="#cite_note-apj285_808-91">[88]</a> Models fitted to the dust distribution around Vega indicate that it is a 120-astronomical-unit-radius circular disk viewed from nearly pole-on. In addition, there is a hole in the center of the disk with a radius of no less than 80 AU.<a href="#cite_note-mnras314_4_702-93">[90]</a> Following the discovery of an infrared excess around Vega, other stars have been found that display a similar anomaly that is attributable to dust emission. As of 2002, about 400 of these stars have been found, and they have come to be termed "Vega-like" or "Vega-excess" stars. It is believed that these may provide clues to the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj124_1_514-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debris_disks">Debris disks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Debris disks">edit</a>]</div> By 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> had produced high-resolution infrared images of the dust around Vega. It was shown to extend out to 43″ (330 AU) at a wavelength of 24 μm, 70″ (543 AU) at 70 μm and 105″ (815 AU) at 160 μm. These much wider disks were found to be circular and free of clumps, with dust particles ranging from 1–50 μm in size. The estimated total mass of this dust is 3×10−3 times the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of the Earth">mass of the Earth</a> (around 7.5 times more massive than the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>). Production of the dust would require collisions between asteroids in a population corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a> around the Sun. Thus the dust is more likely created by a <a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">debris disk</a> around Vega, rather than from a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> as was earlier thought.<a href="#cite_note-apj628_1_487-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg/260px-Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg/390px-Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg/520px-Massive_Smash-Up_at_Vega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of a recent massive collision of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>-sized objects that may have contributed to the dust ring around Vega</figcaption></figure> The inner boundary of the debris disk was estimated at 11″±2″, or 70–100 AU. The disk of dust is produced as radiation pressure from Vega pushes debris from collisions of larger objects outward. However, continuous production of the amount of dust observed over the course of Vega's lifetime would require an enormous starting mass—estimated as hundreds of times the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of Jupiter">mass of Jupiter</a>. Hence it is more likely to have been produced as the result of a relatively recent breakup of a moderate-sized (or larger) comet or asteroid, which then further fragmented as the result of collisions between the smaller components and other bodies. This dusty disk would be relatively young on the time scale of the star's age, and it will eventually be removed unless other collision events supply more dust.<a href="#cite_note-apj628_1_487-23">[23]</a> Observations, first with the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Testbed_Interferometer" title="Palomar Testbed Interferometer">Palomar Testbed Interferometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Ciardi" title="David Ciardi">David Ciardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Belle" title="Gerard van Belle">Gerard van Belle</a> in 2001<a href="#cite_note-apj559_1_237-94">[91]</a> and then later confirmed with the <a href="/wiki/CHARA_array" title="CHARA array">CHARA array</a> at Mt. Wilson in 2006 and the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Optical_Telescope_Array" title="Infrared Optical Telescope Array">Infrared Optical Telescope Array</a> at Mt. Hopkins in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-aaa534_1_237-95">[92]</a> revealed evidence for an inner dust band around Vega. Originating within 8 AU of the star, this <a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">exozodiacal dust</a> may be evidence of dynamical perturbations within the system.<a href="#cite_note-aaa452_1_237-96">[93]</a> This may be caused by an intense bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a>, and may be evidence for the existence of a planetary system.<a href="#cite_note-girault_rime_2006-97">[94]</a> The disk was also observed with <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-Matrà2020-98">[95]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">LMT</a> in 2022<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2022-99">[96]</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> STIS<a href="#cite_note-Wolff2024-100">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">JWST</a> MIRI in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> The ALMA image did resolve the outer disk for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Matrà2020-98">[95]</a> The Hubble observation is the first image of the disk in scattered light and found an outer halo made up of small dust grains.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff2024-100">[97]</a> JWST observations also detected the Halo, the outer disk and for the first time the inner disk. The infrared observations also showed a gap at 60 AU for the first time. The dust interior of the outer disk is consistent with dust being dragged by the <a href="/wiki/Poynting-Robertson_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Poynting-Robertson effect">Poynting-Robertson effect</a>. The inner edge of the inner disk is hidden behind the <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">coronagraph</a>, but it was inferred to be 3-5 AU from photometry. The star is also surrounded by hot infrared excess, located at the sub-AU region, leaving a second gap between the inner disk and the hot dust around the star. This hot infrared excess lies within about 0.2 AU or closer and is made up of small grains, like <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> oxides, which was previously verified.<a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_planets">Possible planets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possible planets">edit</a>]</div> Observations from the <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Telescope" title="James Clerk Maxwell Telescope">James Clerk Maxwell Telescope</a> in 1997 revealed an "elongated bright central region" that peaked at 9″ (70 AU) to the northeast of Vega. This was hypothesized as either a perturbation of the dust disk by a <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">planet</a> or else an orbiting object that was surrounded by dust. However, images by the <a href="/wiki/Keck_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck telescope">Keck telescope</a> had ruled out a companion down to magnitude 16, which would correspond to a body with more than 12 times the mass of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-nature392_6678_788-101">[98]</a> Astronomers at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Astronomy_Centre" title="Joint Astronomy Centre">Joint Astronomy Centre</a> in Hawaii and at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> suggested that the image may indicate a planetary system still undergoing formation.<a href="#cite_note-jac19980421-102">[99]</a> Determining the nature of the planet has not been straightforward; a 2002 paper hypothesizes that the clumps are caused by a roughly <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Jupiter-mass planet on an eccentric orbit</a>. Dust would collect in orbits that have <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">mean-motion resonances</a> with this planet—where their orbital periods form integer fractions with the period of the planet—producing the resulting clumpiness.<a href="#cite_note-apj569_2_L115-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_(star).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vega_%28star%29.jpg/260px-Vega_%28star%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vega_%28star%29.jpg/390px-Vega_%28star%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vega_%28star%29.jpg/520px-Vega_%28star%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a planet around Vega</figcaption></figure> In 2003, it was hypothesized that these clumps could be caused by a roughly <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>-mass planet having <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">migrated</a> from 40 to 65 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> over 56 million years,<a href="#cite_note-apj598_2_1321-104">[101]</a> an orbit large enough to allow the formation of smaller <a href="/wiki/Rocky_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky planet">rocky planets</a> closer to Vega. The migration of this planet would likely require gravitational interaction with a second, higher-mass planet in a smaller orbit.<a href="#cite_note-roe20031201-105">[102]</a> Using a <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">coronagraph</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Telescope</a> in Hawaii in 2005, astronomers were able to further constrain the size of a planet orbiting Vega to no more than 5–10 times the mass of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-apj652_2_1729-106">[103]</a> The issue of possible clumps in the debris disc was revisited in 2007 using newer, more sensitive instrumentation on the <a href="/wiki/Plateau_de_Bure_Interferometer" title="Plateau de Bure Interferometer">Plateau de Bure Interferometer</a>. The observations showed that the debris ring is smooth and symmetric. No evidence was found of the blobs reported earlier, casting doubts on the hypothesized giant planet.<a href="#cite_note-aaa531-107">[104]</a> The smooth structure has been confirmed in follow-up observations by Hughes et al. (2012)<a href="#cite_note-hughes2012-108">[105]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Space Telescope">Herschel Space Telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sibthorpe2010-109">[106]</a> Although a planet has yet to be directly observed around Vega, the presence of a planetary system cannot yet be ruled out. Thus there could be smaller, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> orbiting closer to the star. The <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of planetary orbits around Vega is likely to be closely aligned to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> plane of this star.<a href="#cite_note-pasp97_180-110">[107]</a> From the perspective of an observer on a hypothetical planet around Vega, the Sun would appear as a faint 4.3-magnitude star in the <a href="/wiki/Columba_(constellation)" title="Columba (constellation)">Columba</a> constellation.<a href="#cite_note-coord-111">[note 4]</a> In 2021, a paper analyzing 10 years of spectra of Vega detected a candidate 2.43-day signal around Vega, statistically estimated to have only a 1% chance of being a false positive.<a href="#cite_note-Hurt2021-26">[26]</a> Considering the amplitude of the signal, the authors estimated a minimum mass of 21.9±5.1 Earth masses, but considering the very oblique rotation of Vega itself of only 6.2° from Earth's perspective, the planet may be aligned to this plane as well, giving it an actual mass of 203±47 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-Hurt2021-26">[26]</a> The researchers also detected a faint 196.4+1.6 −1.9-day signal which could translate to 80±21 Earth masses (740±190 at 6.2° inclination) but is too faint to claim as a real signal with available data.<a href="#cite_note-Hurt2021-26">[26]</a> Observations of the disk with JWST MIRI did find a very circular face-on disk. The morphology indicate that there is no planet more massive than <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> beyond 10 AU. The disk has a gap at around 60 AU. Gap-opening planets are inferred for disks around other stars and the team tests this idea for Vega by running simulations. The simulations have shown that a planet with <6 <var>M</var>E at 65 AU would introduce interior asymetric structures that are not seen in the disk of Vega. Any gap-opening planet would need to be less massive. Additionally the inner edge of the inner disk was inferred to be 3-5 AU. Vega shows also evidence for hot infrared excess at the sub-AU region. The inner boundary of the warm debris might indicate that there is a <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>-mass planet inside, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">shepherding</a> it.<a href="#cite_note-Su2024-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_cultural_significance">Etymology and cultural significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Etymology and cultural significance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Summer_Triangle" title="Summer Triangle">Summer Triangle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stars_in_astrology#Vega" title="Stars in astrology">Stars in astrology § Vega</a></div> The name is believed to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> term Al Nesr al Waki النسر الواقع which appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Al_Achsasi_al_Mouakket" title="Al Achsasi al Mouakket">Al Achsasi al Mouakket</a> star catalogue and was translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as Vultur Cadens, "the falling eagle/vulture".<a href="#cite_note-mnras55_429-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-vulture-113">[note 5]</a> The constellation was represented as a vulture in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-massey2001-114">[109]</a> and as an eagle or vulture in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olcott1911-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-houlding2005-116">[111]</a> The Arabic name then appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kunitzsch86-117">[112]</a> which were drawn up between 1215 and 1270 by order of <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso X">King Alfonso X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brill7_292-118">[113]</a> Medieval <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> used the names Wega and Alvaca, and depicted it and <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a> as birds.<a href="#cite_note-Gingerish1987-119">[114]</a> Among the northern <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> people, Vega was known as whetu o te tau, the year star. For a period of history it marked the start of their new year when the ground would be prepared for planting. Eventually this function became denoted by the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jps28_18-120">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> named this pole star Dayan-same, the "Judge of Heaven", while in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> it was Tir-anna, "Life of Heaven". In <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a>, Vega may have been one of the stars named Dilgan, "the Messenger of Light". To the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>, the constellation Lyra was formed from the harp of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, with Vega as its handle.<a href="#cite_note-kendall1845-16">[16]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the start of autumn was based upon the hour at which Vega set below the horizon.<a href="#cite_note-allen1963-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a>, 織女 (Zhī Nǚ), meaning <a href="/wiki/Ox_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Ox (Chinese constellation)">Weaving Girl</a> (asterism), refers to an <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a> consisting of Vega, <a href="/wiki/%CE%95_Lyrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε Lyrae">ε Lyrae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeta1_Lyrae" title="Zeta1 Lyrae">ζ1 Lyrae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zh-121">[116]</a> Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese name</a> for Vega is 織女一 (Zhī Nǚ yī, English: the First Star of Weaving Girl).<a href="#cite_note-aeea-122">[117]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, there is a love story of <a href="/wiki/Qixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qixi">Qixi</a> (七夕) in which Niulang (牛郎, <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a>) and his two children (<a href="/wiki/%CE%92_Aquilae" class="mw-redirect" title="Β Aquilae">β Aquilae</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%93_Aquilae" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ Aquilae">γ Aquilae</a>) are separated from their mother Zhinü (織女, lit. "weaver girl", Vega) who is on the far side of the river, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wei_yue_tao2005-123">[118]</a> However, one day per year on the seventh day of the seventh month of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese lunisolar calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a> make a bridge so that Niulang and Zhinü can be together again for a brief encounter. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a> festival, in which Vega is known as Orihime (織姫), is also based on this legend.<a href="#cite_note-kippas1919-124">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, Vega was sometimes associated with Vanant, a minor divinity whose name means "conqueror".<a href="#cite_note-boyce1996-125">[120]</a> The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Boorong" title="Boorong">Boorong</a> people of north-western <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, Australia, named it Neilloan,<a href="#cite_note-hamacher-126">[121]</a> "the flying <a href="/wiki/Malleefowl" title="Malleefowl">loan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-stanbridge-127">[122]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimad Bhagavatam">Srimad Bhagavatam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Shri Krishna</a> tells <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, that among the Nakshatras he is Abhijit, which remark indicates the auspiciousness of this Nakshatra.<a href="#cite_note-vedabase-128">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologers</a> counted Vega as one of the <a href="/wiki/Behenian_fixed_star" title="Behenian fixed star">Behenian stars</a><a href="#cite_note-tyson1993-129">[124]</a> and related it to <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">chrysolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_savory" title="Winter savory">winter savory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Agrippa">Cornelius Agrippa</a> listed its <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">kabbalistic</a> sign <a href="/wiki/File:Agrippa1531_Vulturcadens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Agrippa1531_Vulturcadens.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="18" /></a> under Vultur cadens, a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name.<a href="#cite_note-argippa1533-130">[125]</a> Medieval star charts also listed the alternate names Waghi, Vagieh and Veka for this star.<a href="#cite_note-burnham1978-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>'s 1933 poem "<a href="/wiki/On_This_Island" title="On This Island">A Summer Night (to Geoffrey Hoyland)</a>"<a href="#cite_note-auden-131">[126]</a> famously opens with the couplet, "Out on the lawn I lie in bed,/Vega conspicuous overhead". Vega became the first star to have a car named after it with the French <a href="/wiki/Facel_Vega" title="Facel Vega">Facel Vega</a> line of cars from 1954 onwards, and later on, in America, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Vega" title="Chevrolet Vega">Vega</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-frommert-132">[127]</a> Other vehicles named after Vega include the <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> launch system<a href="#cite_note-esa20050520-133">[128]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Vega" title="Lockheed Vega">Lockheed Vega</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-rumerman2003-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deltaLum-52"><a href="#cite_ref-deltaLum_52-0">^</a> From <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCox1999" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Arthur N., ed. (1999). Allen's Astrophysical Qualities (4th ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0"><bdi>978-0-387-98746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Qualities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=382&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98746-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988">: <dl><dd>Mbol = −2.5 log L/<var>L</var>☉ + 4.74,</dd></dl> where Mbol is the <a href="/wiki/Bolometric_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolometric magnitude">bolometric magnitude</a>, L is the star's luminosity, and <var>L</var>☉ is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">solar luminosity</a>. A Mbol variation of ±0.03 gives <dl><dd>Mbol2 − Mbol1 = 0.03 = 2.5 log L1/L2</dd></dl> for <dl><dd>L1/L2 = 100.03/2.5 ≈ 1.028,</dd></dl> or a ±2.8% luminosity variation. </li> <li id="cite_note-metal-79"><a href="#cite_ref-metal_79-0">^</a> For a metallicity of −0.5, the proportion of metals relative to the Sun is given by <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-0.5}=0.316}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.316</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-0.5}=0.316}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d67879a09c3691cf1f1940dcaa4f9b719a8144d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.332ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-0.5}=0.316}">.</dd></dl> See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatteucci2001" class="citation book cs1">Matteucci, Francesca (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PT7O1nS7CksC&pg=PA7">The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy</a>. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 253. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0792365525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0792365525"><bdi>978-0792365525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Evolution+of+the+Galaxy&rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Library&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0792365525&rft.aulast=Matteucci&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPT7O1nS7CksC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-space_velocity-90"><a href="#cite_ref-space_velocity_90-0">^</a> The space velocity components in the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">Galactic coordinate system</a> are: U = −10.7±3.5, V = −8.0±2.4, W = −9.7±3.0 km/s. UVW is a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_distance" title="Euclidean distance">Euclidean distance</a> formula applies. Hence, the net velocity is <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\text{sp}}={\sqrt {10.7^{2}+8.0^{2}+9.7^{2}}}=16.5~{\text{km/s}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sp</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mn>10.7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8.0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>9.7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>16.5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>km/s</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\text{sp}}={\sqrt {10.7^{2}+8.0^{2}+9.7^{2}}}=16.5~{\text{km/s}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19f0efe3ca2edf4a2d794279253e968d50d22c6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.967ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\text{sp}}={\sqrt {10.7^{2}+8.0^{2}+9.7^{2}}}=16.5~{\text{km/s}}.}"></dd></dl> See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2015" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Peter C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CUhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Introductory Statistics and Analytics: A Resampling Perspective</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118881330" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118881330"><bdi>978-1118881330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Statistics+and+Analytics%3A+A+Resampling+Perspective&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1118881330&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CUhBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coord-111"><a href="#cite_ref-coord_111-0">^</a> The Sun would appear at the diametrically opposite coordinates from Vega at α = 6h 36m 56.3364s, δ = −38° 47′ 01.291″, which is in the western part of Columba. The visual magnitude is given by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=M_{v}-5-5\log _{10}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=M_{v}-5-5\log _{10}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc77d56093bd4196e26938e72c7996026822908a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=M_{v}-5-5\log _{10}}"> <a href="/wiki/Parallax#Stellar_parallax" title="Parallax">π</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \Rightarrow \ 4.83-5-(5\ \times \log _{10}0.13023)=4.256}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>4.83</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>×</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>0.13023</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.256</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \Rightarrow \ 4.83-5-(5\ \times \log _{10}0.13023)=4.256}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b42a0045ff40f4c5517f212592493faaefcb8bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.397ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \Rightarrow \ 4.83-5-(5\ \times \log _{10}0.13023)=4.256}"> See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, David W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2006JAHH....9..173H/ADS_SCAN">"The Introduction of Absolute Magnitude (1902–1922)"</a>. Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 9 (2): 173–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAHH....9..173H">2006JAHH....9..173H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2006.02.06">10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2006.02.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115611984">115611984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astronomical+History+and+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Absolute+Magnitude+%281902%E2%80%931922%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-179&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115611984%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2006.02.06&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JAHH....9..173H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Flink_gateway%2F2006JAHH....9..173H%2FADS_SCAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulture-113"><a href="#cite_ref-vulture_113-0">^</a> That is, a vulture on the ground with its wings folded (Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Vega" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Vega">"Vega"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vega&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DVega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vega">"Vega"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Vega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FVega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunitzsch-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Kunitzsch_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunitzschSmart2006" class="citation book cs1">Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931559-44-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931559-44-7"><bdi>978-1-931559-44-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+star+Names%3A+A+Short+Guide+to+254+Star+Names+and+Their+Derivations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Sky+Pub&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-931559-44-7&rft.aulast=Kunitzsch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Smart%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa474_2_653-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa474_2_653_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwen2007" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752">0708.1752</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V">2007A&A...474..653V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357">10.1051/0004-6361:20078357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600">18759600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Validation+of+the+new+Hipparcos+reduction&rft.volume=474&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=653-664&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0708.1752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18759600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007A%26A...474..653V&rft.aulast=van+Leeuwen&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bohlin-5"><a href="#cite_ref-bohlin_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohlinGilliland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bohlin, R. C.; Gilliland, R. L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F420715">"Hubble Space Telescope Absolute Spectrophotometry of Vega from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Infrared"</a>. 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Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.series=Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7tu12gt4JYC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGSN-28"><a href="#cite_ref-WGSN_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/">"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)"</a>. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved May 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAU+Working+Group+on+Star+Names+%28WGSN%29&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fscience%2Fscientific_bodies%2Fworking_groups%2F280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGSN1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-WGSN1_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf">"Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1"</a> (PDF). IAU Division C: Education, Outreach and Heritage (WGSN). July 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+IAU+Working+Group+on+Star+Names%2C+No.+1&rft.pub=IAU+Division+C%3A+Education%2C+Outreach+and+Heritage+%28WGSN%29&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.rochester.edu%2F~emamajek%2FWGSN%2FWGSN_bulletin1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU-CSN-30"><a href="#cite_ref-IAU-CSN_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt">"IAU Catalog of Star Names"</a>. IAU Division C: Education, Outreach and Heritage (WGSN). August 21, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAU+Catalog+of+Star+Names&rft.pub=IAU+Division+C%3A+Education%2C+Outreach+and+Heritage+%28WGSN%29&rft.date=2016-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.rochester.edu%2F~emamajek%2FWGSN%2FIAU-CSN.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasachoff2000-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasachoff2000_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasachoff2000_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Jay M. (2000). A Field Guide to Stars and Planets (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-93431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-93431-9"><bdi>978-0-395-93431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Stars+and+Planets&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Field+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-93431-9&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Jay+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnham1978-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burnham1978_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burnham1978_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1978" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Robert J. R. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burnhamscelestia02robe">Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System</a>. Vol. 2. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23568-4"><bdi>978-0-486-23568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burnham%27s+Celestial+Handbook%3A+An+Observer%27s+Guide+to+the+Universe+Beyond+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23568-4&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburnhamscelestia02robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaikin1990-33"><a href="#cite_ref-chaikin1990_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaikin, Andrew L. (1990). Beatty, J. K.; Petersen, C. C. (eds.). The New Solar System (4th ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64587-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64587-4"><bdi>978-0-521-64587-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64587-4&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy_clarke2003-34"><a href="#cite_ref-roy_clarke2003_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyClarke2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Archie E.; et al. (2003). Astronomy: Principles and Practice. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0917-2"><bdi>978-0-7503-0917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0917-2&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Archie+E.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomkin1998-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomkin1998_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomkin1998_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). "Once and Future Celestial Kings". Sky and Telescope. 95 (4): 59–63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998S&T....95d..59T">1998S&T....95d..59T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Once+and+Future+Celestial+Kings&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=59-63&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998S%26T....95d..59T&rft.aulast=Tomkin&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> – based on computations from <a href="/wiki/HIPPARCOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPPARCOS">HIPPARCOS</a> data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> is uncertain.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://tlgleonid.asuscomm.com/HITACHI/BOOK_ASTRO/S&T/SkyandTelescope_1998%20-%20astronomy/04/199804059063.pdf">PDF</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-upgren1998-36"><a href="#cite_ref-upgren1998_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpgren1998" class="citation book cs1">Upgren, Arthur R. (1998). Night Has a Thousand Eyes: A Naked-Eye Guide to the Sky, Its Science, and Lore. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998nhte.book.....U">1998nhte.book.....U</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45790-6"><bdi>978-0-306-45790-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night+Has+a+Thousand+Eyes%3A+A+Naked-Eye+Guide+to+the+Sky%2C+Its+Science%2C+and+Lore&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998nhte.book.....U&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45790-6&rft.aulast=Upgren&rft.aufirst=Arthur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasp2_10_249-37"><a href="#cite_ref-pasp2_10_249_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenCampbell1890" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Edward S.; et al. 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(December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625094716/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~garrison/mkstds.html">"Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification"</a>. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 25: 1319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AAS...183.1710G">1993AAS...183.1710G</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~garrison/mkstds.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Anchor+Points+for+the+MK+System+of+Spectral+Classification&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1319&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993AAS...183.1710G&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.utoronto.ca%2F~garrison%2Fmkstds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gore1904-41"><a href="#cite_ref-gore1904_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGore,_J.E.1904" class="citation book cs1">Gore, J.E. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinastrono00gorerich/page/42/mode/1up">Studies in astronomy</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+astronomy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Gore%2C+J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinastrono00gorerich%2Fpage%2F42%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berry1899-42"><a href="#cite_ref-berry1899_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1899" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Arthur (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryas00berrgoog">A Short History of Astronomy</a>. 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Astroprof. Retrieved November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Parallax+Measurements&rft.pub=Astroprof&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastroprofspage.com%2Farchives%2F1011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa323_L49-45"><a href="#cite_ref-aaa323_L49_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrymanLindegrenKovalevskyHoeg1997" class="citation journal cs1">Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 323: L49–L52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A&A...323L..49P">1997A&A...323L..49P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Hipparcos+Catalogue&rft.volume=323&rft.pages=L49-L52&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997A%26A...323L..49P&rft.aulast=Perryman&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+C.&rft.au=Lindegren%2C+L.&rft.au=Kovalevsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Hoeg%2C+E.&rft.au=Bastian%2C+U.&rft.au=Bernacca%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Cr%C3%A9z%C3%A9%2C+M.&rft.au=Donati%2C+F.&rft.au=Grenon%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSM-46"><a href="#cite_ref-GSM_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryman2010" class="citation book cs1">Perryman, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1338896">The Making of History's Greatest Star Map</a>. Astronomers' Universe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010mhgs.book.....P">2010mhgs.book.....P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11602-5">10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11601-8"><bdi>978-3-642-11601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+History%27s+Greatest+Star+Map&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.series=Astronomers%27+Universe&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-11602-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010mhgs.book.....P&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11601-8&rft.aulast=Perryman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1338896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-garfinkle1997-47"><a href="#cite_ref-garfinkle1997_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkle1997" class="citation book cs1">Garfinkle, Robert A. (1997). Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59889-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59889-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star-Hopping%3A+Your+Visa+to+Viewing+the+Universe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59889-7&rft.aulast=Garfinkle&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajss45_83-48"><a href="#cite_ref-ajss45_83_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochran1981" class="citation journal cs1">Cochran, A. L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190708">"Spectrophotometry with a self-scanned silicon photodiode array. II – Secondary standard stars"</a>. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 45: 83–96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ApJS...45...83C">1981ApJS...45...83C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190708">10.1086/190708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Spectrophotometry+with+a+self-scanned+silicon+photodiode+array.+II+%E2%80%93+Secondary+standard+stars&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=83-96&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190708&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981ApJS...45...83C&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F190708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj117_313-49"><a href="#cite_ref-apj117_313_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMorgan,_W._W.1953" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313–352. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953ApJ...117..313J">1953ApJ...117..313J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F145697">10.1086/145697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Fundamental+stellar+photometry+for+standards+of+spectral+type+on+the+revised+system+of+the+Yerkes+spectral+atlas&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=313-352&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F145697&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953ApJ...117..313J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eso20020306-50"><a href="#cite_ref-eso20020306_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2002" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, J. (March 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209043623/http://www.eso.org/observing/standards/spectra/hr7001.html">"Alpha Lyrae (HR7001)"</a>. Optical and UV Spectrophotometric Standard Stars. ESO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/observing/standards/spectra/hr7001.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Optical+and+UV+Spectrophotometric+Standard+Stars&rft.atitle=Alpha+Lyrae+%28HR7001%29&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fobserving%2Fstandards%2Fspectra%2Fhr7001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988">—flux versus wavelength for Vega. </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmahon2005-51"><a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon2005_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2005" class="citation web cs1">McMahon, Richard G. (November 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128003043/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~rgm/magnitudes/vega_hl75.dat">"Notes on Vega and magnitudes"</a>. University of Cambridge. 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The Future of Photometric, Spectrophotometric and Polarimetric Standardization, ASP Conference Series, Proceedings of a Conference Held 8–11 May 2006 in Blankenberge, Belgium. 364: 305–. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ASPC..364..305G">2007ASPC..364..305G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+Photometric%2C+Spectrophotometric+and+Polarimetric+Standardization%2C+ASP+Conference+Series%2C+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Held+8%E2%80%9311+May+2006+in+Blankenberge%2C+Belgium&rft.atitle=The+Problems+with+Vega&rft.volume=364&rft.pages=305-&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ASPC..364..305G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-butkovskaya2011-58"><a href="#cite_ref-butkovskaya2011_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButkovskaya2011" class="citation journal cs1">Butkovskaya, Varvara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.201111587">"The long-term variability of Vega"</a>. Astronomische Nachrichten. 332 (9–10): 956–960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AN....332..956B">2011AN....332..956B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.201111587">10.1002/asna.201111587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=The+long-term+variability+of+Vega&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=956-960&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.201111587&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AN....332..956B&rft.aulast=Butkovskaya&rft.aufirst=Varvara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fasna.201111587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj229_661-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apj229_661_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj229_661_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj229_661_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopkaFabricantHarndenGorenstein1979" class="citation journal cs1">Topka, K.; et al. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F157000">"Detection of soft X-rays from Alpha Lyrae and Eta Bootis with an imaging X-ray telescope"</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 229: 661. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...229..661T">1979ApJ...229..661T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F157000">10.1086/157000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Detection+of+soft+X-rays+from+Alpha+Lyrae+and+Eta+Bootis+with+an+imaging+X-ray+telescope&rft.volume=229&rft.pages=661&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F157000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJ...229..661T&rft.aulast=Topka&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Fabricant%2C+D.&rft.au=Harnden%2C+F.R.+Jr.&rft.au=Gorenstein%2C+P.&rft.au=Rosner%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F157000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature307_5950_441-60"><a href="#cite_ref-nature307_5950_441_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyWilkingJoy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Paul E.; et al. (1984). "On the far-infrared excess of Vega". Nature. 307 (5950): 441–442. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.307..441H">1984Natur.307..441H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F307441a0">10.1038/307441a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4330793">4330793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=On+the+far-infrared+excess+of+Vega&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5950&rft.pages=441-442&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4330793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F307441a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Natur.307..441H&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=Wilking%2C+Bruce+A.&rft.au=Joy%2C+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajss40_733-61"><a href="#cite_ref-ajss40_733_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengelDemarqueSweigartGross1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mengel, J. G.; et al. (1979). "Stellar evolution from the zero-age main sequence". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 40: 733–791. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJS...40..733M">1979ApJS...40..733M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190603">10.1086/190603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Stellar+evolution+from+the+zero-age+main+sequence&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=733-791&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJS...40..733M&rft.aulast=Mengel&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Demarque%2C+P.&rft.au=Sweigart%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Gross%2C+P.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988">—From pages 769–778: for stars in the range 1.75 < M < 2.2, 0.2 < Y < 0.3 and 0.004 < Z < 0.01, stellar models give an age range of (0.43–1.64)×109 years between a star joining the main sequence and turning off to the red giant branch. With a mass closer to 2.2, however, the interpolated age for Vega is less than a billion. </li> <li id="cite_note-apj708_1_71-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apj708_1_71_62-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoonPetersonKuruczZagarello2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, Jinmi; et al. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F708%2F1%2F71">"A New View of Vega's Composition, Mass, and Age"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 708 (1): 71–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...708...71Y">2010ApJ...708...71Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F708%2F1%2F71">10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/71</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+New+View+of+Vega%27s+Composition%2C+Mass%2C+and+Age&rft.volume=708&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-79&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F708%2F1%2F71&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ApJ...708...71Y&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=Jinmi&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Deane+M.&rft.au=Kurucz%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Zagarello%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0004-637X%252F708%252F1%252F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salaris_cassisi2005-63"><a href="#cite_ref-salaris_cassisi2005_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalarisCassisi2005" class="citation book cs1">Salaris, Maurizio; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala">Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-09220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-09220-0"><bdi>978-0-470-09220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Stars+and+Stellar+Populations&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-09220-0&rft.aulast=Salaris&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft.au=Cassisi%2C+Santi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofstars0000sala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj601_1_512-64"><a href="#cite_ref-apj601_1_512_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningBrunToomre2004" class="citation journal cs1">Browning, Matthew; et al. (2004). "Simulations of core convection in rotating A-type stars: Differential rotation and overshooting". Astrophysical Journal. 601 (1): 512–529. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310003">astro-ph/0310003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...601..512B">2004ApJ...601..512B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F380198">10.1086/380198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16201995">16201995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Simulations+of+core+convection+in+rotating+A-type+stars%3A+Differential+rotation+and+overshooting&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=512-529&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0310003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16201995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F380198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...601..512B&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Brun%2C+Allan+Sacha&rft.au=Toomre%2C+Juri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-padmanabhan2002-65"><a href="#cite_ref-padmanabhan2002_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabhan, Thanu (2002). Theoretical Astrophysics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56241-6"><bdi>978-0-521-56241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Astrophysics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56241-6&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Thanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj161_1015-66"><a href="#cite_ref-apj161_1015_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkeSchild1970" class="citation journal cs1">Oke, J. B.; et al. (1970). "The Absolute Spectral Energy Distribution of Alpha Lyrae". 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Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved November 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boltzmann+Equation&rft.pub=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspiff.rit.edu%2Fclasses%2Fphys440%2Flectures%2Fboltz%2Fboltz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clayton1983-68"><a href="#cite_ref-clayton1983_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1983" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Donald D. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofstel0000clay">Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis</a>. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120125061201/http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/majewski/astr551/lectures/VELOCITIES/velocities.html">"Stellar Motions"</a>. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/majewski/astr551/lectures/VELOCITIES/velocities.html">the original</a> on January 25, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stellar+Motions&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Majewski&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.virginia.edu%2Fclass%2Fmajewski%2Fastr551%2Flectures%2FVELOCITIES%2Fvelocities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988">—The net proper motion is given by: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\mu ={\sqrt {{\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta }}\ =\ 327.78\ {\text{mas/y}}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>δ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>δ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>327.78</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mas/y</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\mu ={\sqrt {{\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta }}\ =\ 327.78\ {\text{mas/y}}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f54f8831817863f909bd3f78163b95625b5c372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:28.107ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\mu ={\sqrt {{\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta }}\ =\ 327.78\ {\text{mas/y}}\end{smallmatrix}}}"></dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0393f09a0a781a6f6867efd4fcf1d3dca3cb1ebe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.686ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }}"> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>δ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8adf8839d57f65803e6e41a2ad5f5cd6afaadfc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.375ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }}"> are the components of proper motion in the R.A. and Declination, respectively, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"> is the Declination. </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa339-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaa339_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaa339_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrado_y_Navascues1998" class="citation journal cs1">Barrado y Navascues, D. 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09421-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09421-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09421-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Occulta+Philosophia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1533&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09421-5&rft.aulast=Agrippa&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auden-131"><a href="#cite_ref-auden_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/W-h-auden-a-summer-night-to-geoffrey-hoyland-annotated">"W. H. Auden – A Summer Night (to Geoffrey Hoyland)"</a>. Retrieved January 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.+H.+Auden+%E2%80%93+A+Summer+Night+%28to+Geoffrey+Hoyland%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FW-h-auden-a-summer-night-to-geoffrey-hoyland-annotated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frommert-132"><a href="#cite_ref-frommert_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrommert" class="citation web cs1">Frommert, Hartmut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071024205329/http://yuridrive.yurisnight.net/~spider/spider/Misc/alphaLyr.html">"Vega, Alpha Lyrae"</a>. SEDS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuridrive.yurisnight.net/~spider/spider/Misc/alphaLyr.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vega%2C+Alpha+Lyrae&rft.pub=SEDS&rft.aulast=Frommert&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuridrive.yurisnight.net%2F~spider%2Fspider%2FMisc%2FalphaLyr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20050520-133"><a href="#cite_ref-esa20050520_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2005" class="citation web cs1">Staff (May 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Access_to_Space/SEMH3E67ESD_0.html">"Launch vehicles – Vega"</a>. European Space Agency. Retrieved November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launch+vehicles+%E2%80%93+Vega&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2005-05-20&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FLaunchers_Access_to_Space%2FSEMH3E67ESD_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rumerman2003-134"><a href="#cite_ref-rumerman2003_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumerman2003" class="citation web cs1">Rumerman, Judy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018133435/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/vega/Aero14.htm">"The Lockheed Vega and Its Pilots"</a>. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/vega/Aero14.htm">the original</a> on October 18, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lockheed+Vega+and+Its+Pilots&rft.pub=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rumerman&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FAerospace%2Fvega%2FAero14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vega" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vega">Vega</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solstation.com/stars/vega.htm">"Vega"</a>. SolStation. The Sol Company. Retrieved November 9, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SolStation&rft.atitle=Vega&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solstation.com%2Fstars%2Fvega.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchristWyattHollandPrice2003" class="citation web cs1">Gilchrist, Eleanor; et al. (December 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923182639/http://outreach.jach.hawaii.edu/pressroom/2003_vegasolar/">"New evidence for Solar-like planetary system around nearby star"</a>. Joint Astronomy Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.jach.hawaii.edu/pressroom/2003_vegasolar/">the original</a> on September 23, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+evidence+for+Solar-like+planetary+system+around+nearby+star&rft.pub=Joint+Astronomy+Centre&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Mark&rft.au=Holland%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Price%2C+Douglas+Pierce&rft.au=Maddock%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutreach.jach.hawaii.edu%2Fpressroom%2F2003_vegasolar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillBeasley2005" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Gay Yee; et al. (January 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518105642/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2005-01/release.shtml">"Spitzer Sees Dusty Aftermath of Pluto-Sized Collision"</a>. NASA/Spitzer Space Telescope. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2005-01/release.shtml">the original</a> on May 18, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spitzer+Sees+Dusty+Aftermath+of+Pluto-Sized+Collision&rft.pub=NASA%2FSpitzer+Space+Telescope&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Gay+Yee&rft.au=Beasley%2C+Dolores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spitzer.caltech.edu%2FMedia%2Freleases%2Fssc2005-01%2Frelease.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pole_star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pole star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pole_star" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Octantis" title="Sigma Octantis">Polaris Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Herculis" title="Iota Herculis">ι Herculis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Herculis" title="Tau Herculis">τ Herculis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuban" title="Thuban">Thuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Ursae_Minoris" title="Beta Ursae Minoris">Kochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cephei" title="Gamma Cephei">Errai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Cephei" title="Iota Cephei">ι Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Cephei" title="Beta Cephei">Alfirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cephei" title="Alpha Cephei">Alderamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Cygni" title="Delta Cygni">Fawaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Hydri" title="Beta Hydri">β Hydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Chamaeleontis" title="Gamma Chamaeleontis">γ Chamaeleontis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_4102" title="HR 4102">I Carinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Carinae" title="Omega Carinae">ω Carinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Carinae" title="Upsilon Carinae">υ Carinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Carinae" title="Iota Carinae">Aspidiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Velorum" title="Delta Velorum">Alsephina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Draconis" title="Omicron Draconis">o Draconis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Pictoris" title="Alpha Pictoris">α Pictoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42_Draconis" title="42 Draconis">Fafnir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eta1_Doradus" title="Eta1 Doradus">η1 Doradus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Velorum" title="Kappa Velorum">Markeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cygni" title="Gamma Cygni">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Draconis" title="Zeta Draconis">Aldhibah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Doradus" title="Delta Doradus">δ Doradus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Octantis" title="Delta Octantis">δ Octantis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Ophiuchi" title="Eta Ophiuchi">Sabik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15_Orionis" title="15 Orionis">15 Orionis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cygni" title="Gamma Cygni">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Cygni" title="Delta Cygni">Fawaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Velorum" title="Gamma Velorum">Regor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moon" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Draconis" title="Omicron Draconis">o Draconis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Doradus" title="Delta Doradus">δ Doradus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Draconis" title="Omega Draconis">ω Draconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36_Draconis" title="36 Draconis">36 Draconis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3172" title="NGC 3172">Polarissima Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2573" title="NGC 2573">Polarissima Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constellation_of_Lyra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyra" title="Template:Lyra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyra" title="Template talk:Lyra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_of_Lyra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Constellation of Lyra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_in_Lyra" title="List of stars in Lyra">List of stars in Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_in_Chinese_astronomy" title="Lyra in Chinese astronomy">Lyra in Chinese astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">α (Vega)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Lyrae" title="Beta Lyrae">β (Sheliak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Lyrae" title="Gamma Lyrae">γ (Sulafat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta1_Lyrae" title="Delta1 Lyrae">δ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta2_Lyrae" title="Delta2 Lyrae">δ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Lyrae" title="Epsilon Lyrae">ε1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Lyrae" title="Epsilon Lyrae">ε2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta1_Lyrae" title="Zeta1 Lyrae">ζ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta2_Lyrae" title="Zeta2 Lyrae">ζ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Lyrae" title="Eta Lyrae">η (Aladfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Lyrae" title="Theta Lyrae">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Lyrae" title="Iota Lyrae">ι</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Lyrae" title="Kappa Lyrae">κ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Lyrae" title="Lambda Lyrae">λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Lyrae" title="Mu Lyrae">μ (Alathfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu1_Lyrae" title="Nu1 Lyrae">ν1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu2_Lyrae" title="Nu2 Lyrae">ν2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Lyrae" title="16 Lyrae">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Lyrae" title="17 Lyrae">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_Lyrae" title="19 Lyrae">19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">Variable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_Lyrae" title="R Lyrae">R (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S Lyrae (page does not exist)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T Lyrae (page does not exist)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V Lyrae (page does not exist)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W Lyrae (page does not exist)">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae" title="RR Lyrae">RR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RV_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RV Lyrae (page does not exist)">RV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RZ_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RZ Lyrae (page does not exist)">RZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TT_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TT Lyrae (page does not exist)">TT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TZ_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TZ Lyrae (page does not exist)">TZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UZ_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UZ Lyrae (page does not exist)">UZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XY_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XY Lyrae (page does not exist)">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AY_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AY Lyrae (page does not exist)">AY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CC_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CC Lyrae (page does not exist)">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CN_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CN Lyrae (page does not exist)">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CY_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CY Lyrae (page does not exist)">CY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DM_Lyrae" title="DM Lyrae">DM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EP_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EP Lyrae (page does not exist)">EP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EZ_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EZ Lyrae (page does not exist)">EZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FL_Lyrae" title="FL Lyrae">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HK_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HK Lyrae (page does not exist)">HK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Lyrae" title="HP Lyrae">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_Lyrae" title="HR Lyrae">HR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KX_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KX Lyrae (page does not exist)">KX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MV_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MV Lyrae (page does not exist)">MV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V344_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V344 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V344</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V361_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V361 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V361</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V404_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V404 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V473_Lyrae" title="V473 Lyrae">V473</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V477_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V477 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V477</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V478_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V478 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V478</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V533_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V533 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V542_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V542 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V543_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V543 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V545_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V545 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V545</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V550_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V550 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V550</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V558_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V558 Lyrae (page does not exist)">V558</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">HR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_167965" title="HD 167965">6845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_168009" title="HD 168009">6847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_168322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 168322 (page does not exist)">6853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_169646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 169646 (page does not exist)">6901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_171301" title="HD 171301">6968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_171780&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 171780 (page does not exist)">6984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_172044" title="HD 172044">6997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_172631&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 172631 (page does not exist)">7016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_172671&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 172671 (page does not exist)">7017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_172741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 172741 (page does not exist)">7019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_172958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 172958 (page does not exist)">7030</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_173087&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 173087 (page does not exist)">7033</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_173383&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 173383 (page does not exist)">7041</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_173416" title="HD 173416">7043 (Xihe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_173417" title="HD 173417">7044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_173780" title="HD 173780">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_173936" title="HD 173936">7073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_174179" title="HD 174179">7081</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_174881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 174881 (page does not exist)">7112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_174959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 174959 (page does not exist)">7115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_175132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 175132 (page does not exist)">7118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_175443" title="HD 175443">7132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_175635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 175635 (page does not exist)">7140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_175740" title="HD 175740">7146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_176051" title="HD 176051">7162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_176527" title="HD 176527">7181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_176871" title="HD 176871">7202</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_176896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 176896 (page does not exist)">7204</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_177109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 177109 (page does not exist)">7212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_177808" title="HD 177808">7237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_177809" title="HD 177809">7238</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_178003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 178003 (page does not exist)">7244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_178233" title="HD 178233">7253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_178911" title="HD 178911">7272</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_179422&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 179422 (page does not exist)">7280</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_179583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 179583 (page does not exist)">7284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_180450" title="HD 180450">7302</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_181470&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 181470 (page does not exist)">7338</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_181655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 181655 (page does not exist)">7345</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_181828&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 181828 (page does not exist)">7346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_182272&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 182272 (page does not exist)">7359</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_182635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 182635 (page does not exist)">7376</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_182694&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 182694 (page does not exist)">7382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalogue" title="Henry Draper Catalogue">HD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_177830" title="HD 177830">177830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_179070" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 179070">179070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_180314" title="HD 180314">180314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_181068" title="HD 181068">181068</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7" title="Kepler-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-8" title="Kepler-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-9" title="Kepler-9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-13" title="Kepler-13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-14" title="Kepler-14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-19" title="Kepler-19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20" title="Kepler-20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-24" title="Kepler-24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-25" title="Kepler-25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-26" title="Kepler-26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-30" title="Kepler-30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37" title="Kepler-37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-38" title="Kepler-38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-46" title="Kepler-46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-59 (page does not exist)">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62" title="Kepler-62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-65" title="Kepler-65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-75 (page does not exist)">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-88" title="Kepler-88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-91 (page does not exist)">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-92" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-92">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-94 (page does not exist)">94</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-95 (page does not exist)">95</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-98 (page does not exist)">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-100">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-102" title="Kepler-102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-103 (page does not exist)">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-104" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-105" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-109 (page does not exist)">109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-128 (page does not exist)">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-130" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-131 (page does not exist)">131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-138" title="Kepler-138">138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-160" title="Kepler-160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-174" title="Kepler-174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-177 (page does not exist)">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-238" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-277" title="Kepler-277">277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-279" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-279">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-282" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-282">282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-350" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-410" title="Kepler-410">410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-421" title="Kepler-421">421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-429" title="Kepler-429">429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-444" title="Kepler-444">444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-635" title="Kepler-635">635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-705" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-705">705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1513" title="Kepler-1513">1513</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_758" title="Gliese 758">Gliese 758</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_4063&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 4063 (page does not exist)">GJ 4063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_02652-01324" title="GSC 02652-01324">GSC 02652-01324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-5" title="HAT-P-5">HAT-P-5 (Chasoň)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSw_71" title="KSw 71">KSw 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_6343" title="LHS 6343">LHS 6343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSR_J1835%2B3259" title="LSR J1835+3259">LSR J1835+3259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-3" title="WASP-3">WASP-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-58" title="WASP-58">WASP-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_1828%2B2650" title="WISE 1828+2650">WISE 1828+2650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISEP_J190648.47%2B401106.8" title="WISEP J190648.47+401106.8">WISEP J190648.47+401106.8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b" title="Kepler-7b">7b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-8b" title="Kepler-8b">8b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-9b" title="Kepler-9b">9b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-9c" title="Kepler-9c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-9d" title="Kepler-9d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-14b" title="Kepler-14b">14b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20b" title="Kepler-20b">20b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20c" title="Kepler-20c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20d" title="Kepler-20d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20e" title="Kepler-20e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20f" title="Kepler-20f">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20g" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-20g">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-24b" title="Kepler-24b">24b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-24c" title="Kepler-24c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-24d" title="Kepler-24d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-24e" title="Kepler-24e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-25b" title="Kepler-25b">25b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-25c" title="Kepler-25c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-26e" title="Kepler-26e">26e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37b" title="Kepler-37b">37b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37c" title="Kepler-37c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37d" title="Kepler-37d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-59b" title="Kepler-59b">59b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-60d" title="Kepler-60d">60d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62b" title="Kepler-62b">62b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62c" title="Kepler-62c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62d" title="Kepler-62d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62e" title="Kepler-62e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-91b" title="Kepler-91b">91b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-93b" title="Kepler-93b">93b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-277b" title="Kepler-277b">277b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-277c" title="Kepler-277c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-438b" title="Kepler-438b">438b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-440b" title="Kepler-440b">440b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-442b" title="Kepler-442b">442b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-453b" title="Kepler-453b">453b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-705b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-705b">705b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-5b" title="HAT-P-5b">HAT-P-5b (Kráľomoc)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_173416_b" title="HD 173416 b">HD 173416 b (Wangshu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_178911_Bb" title="HD 178911 Bb">HD 178911 Bb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrES-1b" title="TrES-1b">TrES-1b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Star clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Lyrae_cluster" title="Delta Lyrae cluster">δ Lyrae cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_56" title="Messier 56">Messier 56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6791" title="NGC 6791">NGC 6791</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_Nebula" title="Ring Nebula">Ring Nebula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6606&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6606 (page does not exist)">6606</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6612&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6612 (page does not exist)">6612</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6640&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6640 (page does not exist)">6640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6646" title="NGC 6646">6646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6657&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6657 (page does not exist)">6657</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6662 (page does not exist)">6662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6663&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6663 (page does not exist)">6663</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6665&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6665 (page does not exist)">6665</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6671&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6671 (page does not exist)">6671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6672" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 6672">6672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6675&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6675 (page does not exist)">6675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6685" title="NGC 6685">6685</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6686&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6686 (page does not exist)">6686</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6688 (page does not exist)">6688</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6692&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6692 (page does not exist)">6692</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6695&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6695 (page does not exist)">6695</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6700 (page does not exist)">6700</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6702&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6702 (page does not exist)">6702</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6703 (page does not exist)">6703</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6710 (page does not exist)">6710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6713 (page does not exist)">6713</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6740&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6740 (page does not exist)">6740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6745" title="NGC 6745">6745</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6765&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6765 (page does not exist)">6765</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_6792&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 6792 (page does not exist)">6792</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IC_1296" title="IC 1296">IC 1296</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2021_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_in_space" title="Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2021_in_space" title="Template talk:2021 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2021_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2021_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2021 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space">2020</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_in_space" title="Template:2022 in space">2022</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">Space probe and telescope launches</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2021" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2021"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> <a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> (April 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> (Oct 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> / <a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a> (Nov 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (Dec 2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/150px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/225px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/300px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/150px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/225px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/300px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="1034" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/150px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/225px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/300px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2021" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_AV7" title="2021 AV7">2021 AV7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_XR" title="2020 XR">2020 XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_DV1" title="2016 DV1">2016 DV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DW1" title="2021 DW1">2021 DW1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(231937)_2001_FO32" title="(231937) 2001 FO32">(231937) 2001 FO32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_GW4" title="2021 GW4">2021 GW4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_PH27" title="2021 PH27">2021 PH27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_AJ193" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 AJ193">2016 AJ193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_SG" title="2021 SG">2021 SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_TP21" title="2021 TP21">2021 TP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_UA1" title="2021 UA1">2021 UA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_XS" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 XS">2019 XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3361_Orpheus" title="3361 Orpheus">3361 Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4660_Nereus" title="4660 Nereus">4660 Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(163899)_2003_SD220" title="(163899) 2003 SD220">(163899) 2003 SD220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">Exoplanets</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2021"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate 1">Alpha Centauri Ab</a> (unconfirmed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COCONUTS-2b" title="COCONUTS-2b">COCONUTS-2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_486" title="Gliese 486">Gliese 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_108236#Planetary_system" title="HD 108236">HD 108236 f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110082_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 110082 b">HD 110082 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1704b" title="Kepler-1704b">Kepler-1704b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-5#Planetary_system" title="KOI-5">KOI-5Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_98-59#Planetary_system" title="L 98-59">L 98-59</a> <ul><li>e</li> <li>f?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185#Planetary_system" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Serpentis#Planetary_system" title="Lambda Serpentis">Lambda Serpentis b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_1678" title="LHS 1678">LHS 1678</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-13b" title="NGTS-13b">NGTS-13b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-14Ab" title="NGTS-14Ab">NGTS-14Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb" title="OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb">OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDS_70c" class="mw-redirect" title="PDS 70c">PDS 70c</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_172900988_b" class="mw-redirect" title="TIC 172900988 b">TIC 172900988 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178#Orbital_resonance" title="TOI-178">TOI-178</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178c" title="TOI-178c">c</a></li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li> <li>f</li> <li>g</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110113" title="HD 110113">TOI-755</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Possible_planetary_system">Vega b</a> (unconfirmed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YSES_2_b" title="YSES 2 b">YSES 2 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QSO_J0313%E2%88%921806" title="QSO J0313−1806">QSO J0313−1806</a> (distant quasar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2299" title="ID2299">ID2299</a> (elliptical galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_168789840" title="TIC 168789840">TIC 168789840</a> sextuple system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V723_Monocerotis" title="V723 Monocerotis">V723 Mon</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest black holes">black hole</a> candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG37</a> (TNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DR15" title="2021 DR15">2021 DR15</a> (TNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALESS_073.1" title="ALESS 073.1">ALESS 073.1</a> (spiral galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ352%E2%80%9315" title="PJ352–15">PJ352–15</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J03480772%E2%88%926022270" title="2MASS J03480772−6022270">2MASS J0348−6022</a> (rapidly-rotating brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTF_J1901%2B1458" title="ZTF J1901+1458">ZTF J1901+1458</a> (massive white dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_1534%E2%80%931043" title="WISE 1534–1043">WISE 1534–1043</a> (brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy%27s_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy's object">Andy's object</a> (radio source)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2021" title="Category:Comets in 2021"><img alt="Comets in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(248370)_2005_QN173" title="(248370) 2005 QN173">(248370) 2005 QN173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_OG392_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli-Bernstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)">C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_T4_(Lemmon)" title="C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)">C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2021_U3_(Attard-Maury)" title="P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)">P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope Mars mission</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> Mars landing: Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> Mars landing: May 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_outer_space" title="Category:2020 in outer space">Category:2020 in outer space</a> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2021_in_outer_space" title="Category:2021 in outer space">Category:2021 in outer space</a> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2022_in_outer_space" title="Category:2022 in outer space">Category:2022 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3608162368034925790008">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4280456-5">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vega&oldid=1258330267">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vega&oldid=1258330267</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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