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href="#Service_in_Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Service in Spanish–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Louis_attorney_and_reformer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Louis_attorney_and_reformer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>St. Louis attorney and reformer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Louis_attorney_and_reformer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Congressional career</span> </div> </a> <button 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonidas C. Dyer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Leonidas C. Dyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face portrait of clean-shaven man in a suit in a black-and-white photo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg/220px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg/330px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Missouri%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Missouri's 12th congressional district">12th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1911 – June 18, 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Coudrey" title="Harry M. Coudrey">Harry M. Coudrey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Gill" title="Michael Joseph Gill">Michael J. Gill</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Gill" title="Michael Joseph Gill">Michael J. Gill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Claiborne" title="James R. Claiborne">James R. Claiborne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">June 11, 1871<br />near <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Missouri" title="Warrenton, Missouri">Warrenton, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 15, 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-12-15)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Clara Hyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Martha Dyer Collins, Catherine Verwoert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Wesleyan_College" title="Central Wesleyan College">Central Wesleyan College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington University">Washington University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">U.S. Army colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Attorney</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer</b> (June 11, 1871 – December 15, 1957) was an American politician, reformer, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights activist">civil rights activist</a>, and military officer. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, he served eleven terms in the U.S. Congress as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> from 1911 to 1933. In 1898, enrolling in the U.S. Army as a private, Dyer served notably in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>; and was promoted to colonel at the war's end. </p><p>Working as an attorney in St. Louis, Dyer started an anti-<a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> campaign and was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1910. As a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> reformer, Dyer authored an anti-usury law in 1914 that limited excessive loan rates by bank lenders in the nation's capital, then still governed by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horrified by the <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis riots</a> in 1917 and the high rate of reported <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a> in the South, Dyer introduced the <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a> in 1918. In 1920, the Republican Party supported such legislation in its platform from the National Convention. In January 1922, Dyer's bill was passed by the House, which approved it by a wide margin due to "insistent countrywide demand".<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibusters</a> by white <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> in the U.S. Senate in December 1922, in 1923, and 1924. </p><p>In 1919, Dyer authored the motor-vehicle theft law, which made transporting stolen automobiles across state lines a federal crime. By 1956, the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> reported that the law had enabled the recovery of cars worth more than $212 million.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>, Dyer voted against various anti-liquor laws, including the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>. Dyer served in Congress from the <a href="/wiki/62nd_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd Congress">62nd Congress</a> to the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="72nd Congress">72nd Congress</a>. He was defeated for re-election in 1932. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer was born near Warrenton in <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren County, Missouri</a>, the son of James Coleman Dyer and Martha E. (Camp) Dyer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's family had roots in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where his uncle <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Patterson Dyer">David Patterson Dyer</a> was born; he was elected as a Republican Congressman from Missouri (1869–71).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leonidas attended common schools and <a href="/wiki/Central_Wesleyan_College" title="Central Wesleyan College">Central Wesleyan College</a>. He studied law at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a> degree in 1893, and was admitted to the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-bioguide.congress.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioguide.congress.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_in_Spanish–American_War"><span id="Service_in_Spanish.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Service in Spanish–American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service in Spanish–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> began, Dyer joined the United States Army and served in combat during the Santiago campaign as a private in 1898. He was promoted to colonel during the war, and served as a member of the staff of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Herbert S. Hadley</a>, future Governor of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="St._Louis_attorney_and_reformer">St. Louis attorney and reformer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: St. Louis attorney and reformer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">Usury</a></div> <p>After the war, the young Dyer served as assistant circuit attorney in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, where he championed an <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">anti-usury</a> reform campaign that eventually gained national attention. Dyer successfully represented a railroad clerk who was being charged 34% monthly (<i>408% annual</i>) interest on a $100 loan after having paid $480 interest in 14 months. None of the interest payment to the money lender was used to pay off the <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amortization (business)">principal</a>. The money lender, in front of Att. Dyer, tore up the railroad worker's loan. Dyer organized a group of wealthy merchants in St. Louis who through investigations were able to keep interest rates low in Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_career">Congressional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Congressional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg/250px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg/375px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg/500px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>Leonidas C. Dyer from Missouri was elected to Congress in 1910. In 1918 he authored the Dyer anti-lynching bill. Although passed in the House in 1922, the bill was defeated in the Senate by a Southern Democratic <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>. Dyer's motto: "We have just begun to fight."</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910, Dyer successfully ran and was elected Congressman to the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was repeatedly re-elected, though his time in Congress was briefly interrupted between 1914 and 1915 due to a dispute over 1912 election results<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but was reelected in 1914. </p><p>Dyer was defeated for re-election from his district in 1932, 1934 and 1936, and decided to retire from politics. Dyer represented the 12th District of Missouri, which had a majority African-American population. They were disappointed by the Republican failure to pass an anti-lynching bill during the 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attracted to Democratic candidates during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had started some of his work and welfare programs. Dyer followed <a href="/wiki/Harry_Coudrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Coudrey">Harry Coudrey</a>, also a Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-usury_law">Anti-usury law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-usury law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer continued his anti-usury campaign in 1914 by authoring a law that prevented banks from charging excessive interest rates on loans in Washington, D.C., which was then governed by Congress. Dyer believed that money lenders went after financially vulnerable people, authorizing loan contracts for unnecessary purposes. Dyer stated that usury was "an ancient moral crime against the poor and helpless."<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated for each state to pass similar anti-usury laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocated_postal_pneumatic_tube_system">Advocated postal pneumatic tube system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advocated postal pneumatic tube system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic tubes">Pneumatic tubes</a></div> <p>On March 29, 1916, Dyer spoke before a Senate Committee advocating H.R. 10484, to fund a U.S. Postal <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tube" title="Pneumatic tube">pneumatic tube</a> service in St. Louis. Under the existing service, U.S. mail was transported by compressed air <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> tubes in the St. Louis area. Dyer asked the committee to extend the pneumatic tube service from two to five miles, at a cost of $50,000. According to Dyer, the tube extension would promote business and private citizens in East St. Louis by reducing delivery time by 11 hours and 50 minutes. By comparison, the city of Boston had eight miles of U.S. Postal pneumatic tube service.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-lynching_bill">Anti-lynching bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-lynching bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Louis_riots_1917">St. Louis riots 1917</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: St. Louis riots 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></div> <p>In May 1917, a riot broke out in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>; <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">white ethnic</a> workers, out on strike, attacked black <a href="/wiki/Strikebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreakers">strikebreakers</a>, brought in to replace them. In July, mob violence broke out in <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis">East St. Louis</a> against blacks, also against a background of competition over jobs. Two white police officers were killed early in the confrontation. In retaliation, white mobs killed 35 blacks, mutilated the bodies, and threw them into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White rioters openly targeted and lynched several blacks. Those who attempted to stop the lynchings were threatened by the white mob with physical violence. As blacks fled into St. Louis, white rioters threatened to kill them upon their return. White Illinois National Guardmen, sent to quell the riot either did nothing to stop the violence or participated in the attacks on the black community instead. One black child was shot and thrown into a burning building, while white prostitutes openly attacked black women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the riots, of the 134 persons indicted, only nine whites who were put on trial went to prison while 12 indicted blacks who went to trial were imprisoned. Nearly one-third of the total 134 persons indicted were black.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conviction rate, mathematically, was more than doubled for blacks than for whites. </p><p>Dyer was distressed by such mob violence, with its disregard for the courts and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. His district in St. Louis had mostly African-American residents and he wanted to protect his constituents and other citizens. Many black people from his district had migrated to St. Louis from <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, in the exodus known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>. They settled in St. Louis along with immigrants from southern and eastern Europe where industrialization had led to a strong economy and an increase in jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer also knew of the continuing high rate of lynchings, mostly of blacks by whites in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>. Working with <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter White</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP), who had been working on a national anti-lynching campaign, Dyer helped develop and agreed to sponsor anti-lynching legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-neh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill_introduced_1918">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill introduced 1918</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill introduced 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calling for an end to mob violence, on April 1, 1918, Dyer introduced the <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a>, which would have made lynching a federal crime.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech, he anticipated some members likely objections about the federal government sponsoring "social" legislation, and noted that lynching violated individuals' rights under the 14th Amendment. In addition, he noted that Congress had passed child labor laws and the Prohibition amendment. He said: </p> <blockquote><p>If Congress has felt its duty to do these things, why should it not also assume jurisdiction and enact laws to protect the lives of citizens of the United States against lynch law and mob violence? Are the rights of property, or what a citizen shall drink, or the ages and conditions under which children shall work, any more important to the Nation than life itself?<sup id="cite_ref-BAIC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAIC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Black leaders in the North had insisted that the Republican Party National platform for the presidential election of 1920 include support for anti-lynching legislation. After the election, the black community complained when months passed without Harding's getting a bill introduced and passed by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer introduced a revised version of the bill in the House of Representatives in 1921. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, a Republican spoke in favor of Dyer's anti-lynching bill at an appearance in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, Alabama, and stated he would sign the bill if it was passed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With high interest in the bill across the country, described as an "insistent country-wide demand", the bill passed by a large margin (230 to 119) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on January 26, 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such federal legislation to gain House passage in the twentieth century, it would have enabled the federal government to prosecute the crime. Southern authorities seldom did so. In the South, most blacks had been <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> from 1890 to 1911 by constitutional changes and discriminatory legislation after southern Democrats regained power in the state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to vote, blacks were disqualified from serving on juries or holding any political office; they had virtually no political power within the official system. In the few cases that came to trial, <a href="/wiki/All-white_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="All-white jury">all-white juries</a> generally never convicted a white of lynching a black. </p><p>Proponents of Dyer's anti-lynching bill believed that lynching and mob violence took away African-American citizens' rights under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. These rights included a speedy and fair trial by an impartial jury. Other citizen rights included the right to be informed of the nature of the crime accused, the ability to have witnesses in the defense's favor, and to be represented by counsel in court.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many blacks felt betrayed by the Republicans due to the bill's slow process to the Senate. A silent protest march by many blacks took place in front of the Capitol grounds and White House in 1922 while the bill's constitutionality was being contemplated. A protest sign read, "Congress discusses constitutionality while the smoke of burning bodies darkens the heavens."<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_filibuster_1922">Senate filibuster 1922</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate filibuster 1922"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg/175px-U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg/263px-U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg/350px-U.S._Senator_Lee_Slater_Overman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Sen. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Slater_Overman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Slater Overman">Lee Slater Overman</a> from North Carolina, Harris & Ewing, 1914. Southern Democratic senators filibustered the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill in December 1922 and twice more to prevent its passage.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-W.E._Borah_LCCN2014715770_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>William Borah <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1919–1925</span></figcaption></figure> <p>After Dyer's bill reached the Senate and received a favorable report from the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Judiciary Committee</a>, some Republican senators, including most prominently <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a>, an otherwise progressive Senator from <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, spoke against it. Borah was concerned about issues of <a href="/wiki/State_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="State sovereignty">state sovereignty</a> and believed that the bill was not constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-neh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was especially concerned about the clause that provided for federal authorities to punish state officials "remiss in the suppression of lynchings."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCalder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCalder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CR_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prolonged <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> by Southern white Democrats prevented consideration of the bill and defeated it. After the Democrats had held up voting on all the national business in the Senate for a week in December 1922 by their filibuster, the Republicans realized they could not overcome the tactic and finally conceded defeat on Dyer's bill.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Lee S. Overman</a> of North Carolina told <i>The New York Times</i> that the "good negroes of the South did not want the legislation for 'they do not need it'."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the defeat of his first bill in the Senate in 1922, Dyer tried unsuccessfully twice more to get it passed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the bill's opponents claimed that the threat of lynching protected white women from sexual advances from black men.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies by the journalist <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> in the late 1890s had shown that black lynch victims were accused of rape or attempted rape only one third of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the murders of blacks were an extreme form of white extrajudicial punishment and community control, often targeting blacks who were economic competitors with whites, who were trying to advance in society, who were in debt to landowners (settlement season for <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecroppers">sharecroppers</a> was a time of high rates of lynchings in rural areas), or those who failed to "stay in their place".<sup id="cite_ref-whowaslynched_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowaslynched-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, according to the Pittsburgh <i>Gazette Times</i>, many Southerners viewed the practice of lynching as a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sporting event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, to gain national support for his anti-lynching bill, which was to be heard again that year in the Senate, Dyer toured the western United States to generate public support. His motto for his anti-lynching campaign was "We have just begun to fight." (This was the statement made famous by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>.) Dyer attracted mixed black and white audiences in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>, and Chicago. He thanked the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) for supporting his bill and praised their continuing to publicize the terrible human toll of lynching in the United States. In Chicago, 4000 people attended his anti-lynching rally. Dyer's campaign received positive coverage by the white mainstream press, which helped strengthen an anti-lynching movement in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national attention received by Dyer's anti-lynching bill and speaking campaign may have helped reduce lynchings in the South. More significantly, the Great Migration was underway, and black workers by the tens of thousands were leaving the South for Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, for jobs, education, and a chance to escape <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws and violence. By 1934, when the <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a> anti-lynching bill was introduced, lynchings had dropped to 15 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935 and 1938, Senator Borah repeated his constitutional arguments against the bill; he added that he believed such legislation was no longer needed, because the rate of lynchings had fallen so dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-CR_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940, 1.5 million blacks had left the South in the Great Migration. Another five million left from 1940 to 1970. </p><p>The political power of the white Democrats in the South came from their having disfranchised most blacks from 1890 to 1910. The South was essentially a one-party, Democratic region in which only whites voted and held office, well into the 1960s, but Congressional representation was based on the total population. The situation of disfranchisement did not change markedly until passage in the 1960s of federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> legislation that protected and enforced the constitutional rights of voting and citizenship for African Americans and other minorities. </p><p>From 1882 to 1968 "...nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress, and three passed the House. Seven presidents between 1890 and 1952 petitioned Congress to pass a federal law."<sup id="cite_ref-AP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None was approved by the Senate because of the powerful opposition of the Southern Democratic voting bloc. In June 2005, through passing a bipartisan resolution sponsored by senators <a href="/wiki/Mary_Landrieu" title="Mary Landrieu">Mary Landrieu</a> of Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen</a> of Virginia, the US Senate officially apologized for not having passed an anti-lynching law "when it was most needed."<sup id="cite_ref-AP_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-automobile_theft_law">Anti-automobile theft law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-automobile theft law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Dyer authored an anti-crime law that made transporting stolen cars across state borders a federal crime, to be prosecuted by federal law enforcement. In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> said that the law had led to the recovery of 227,752 stolen automobiles worth $212,679,296 (equivalent to $2.39 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocation_of_Philippine_independence">Advocation of Philippine independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Advocation of Philippine independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1922, Dyer had traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, then a U.S. territory, according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">1898 Treaty of Paris</a>. On December 22, he spoke before the Philippine Senate in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, stating that he believed the Philippines would be independent by the next Congress. He stated he favored Philippine independence. He said that the US would always "be proud of the Philippines and what we have accomplished here for the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and for the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines were granted commonwealth status in 1935 and finally given independence in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraband_liquor_stock">Contraband liquor stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contraband liquor stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Curb_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Curb Exchange">New York Curb Exchange</a> (NYCE) on April 10, 1929, had received a letter written by Dyer that demanded he be returned money after he had bought and sold at a loss Canadian whiskey company <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Walker" title="Hiram Walker">Hiram Walker</a> stock. Dyer contended he did not know that the company made liquor, a contraband product in the U.S. during Prohibition and was forced to sell at a loss. He believed Hiram Walker and other company liquor stocks had been sold on the NYCE without acknowledgement that these were whiskey companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer had voted against the Prohibition <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>, the Volstead Act overriding presidential veto, and the Jones law. These laws authorized federal enforcement and essentially prohibited the sale of liquor in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressman_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Louis had a large beer-brewing industry, and before Prohibition, Missouri was the second-largest wine-producing state in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-missouriwinecountry.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouriwinecountry.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both industries had been started and developed by German immigrants to the state. Prohibition would seriously damage the economies of Dyer's major city and state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_and_voting_record">Terms and voting record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terms and voting record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer served 11 terms in office for Missouri's 12th District. During his second term in office, on June 19, 1914, he was suspended from taking his seat in the House of Representatives due to contested voting election returns in 1912 in Missouri's 12th District. According to <i>The New York Times</i>, Dyer had nothing to do with the voting fraud. The House voted to unseat Dyer, who was active in legislative work, by a 147-to-98 vote. During the vote to oust Dyer, 22 Representatives voted "present", rather than give a vote for or against. By a 126 to 108 vote to replace Dyer, the House seated a Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Gill" title="Michael Joseph Gill">Michael J. Gill</a>, who took the oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gill served in the House from June 19, 1914, until March 3, 1915. He was defeated by Dyer in the 1914 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis,_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg/200px-The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg/300px-The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg/400px-The_Honorable_Congressman_Leonidas_C._Dyer_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Honorable Congressman<br /> Leonidas C. Dyer</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Term</b> </th> <th><b>Year started</b> </th> <th><b>Year ended</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">First</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1911</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1913</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Second</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1913</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1914</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Third</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1915</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1917</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Fourth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1917</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1919</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Fifth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1919</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1921</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sixth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1921</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1923</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Seventh</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1923</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1925</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Eighth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1925</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1927</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ninth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1927</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1929</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tenth</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1929</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1931</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Eleventh</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1931</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1933</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dyer voted 1,556 times out of 2,035 Congressional roll calls. He missed voting 482 times, or 28%, in the Congressional time frame starting on April 5, 1911, and ending on March 1, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two time periods when Dyer missed voting 80% of the time were April–June 1912, and October–December 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_from_public_office">Retirement from public office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retirement from public office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer ran unsuccessfully for re-election in 1932, 1934 and 1936, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bioguide.congress.gov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioguide.congress.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black voters had been disappointed that the Republicans had failed to deliver on their promise to pass an anti-lynching law, part of the national platform in 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvier_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>'s approach to dealing with economic problems. The administration of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> attracted many voters to Democratic candidates because he was putting people to work through the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> and providing social aid programs. </p><p>After three successive defeats, Dyer retired from politics and returned to private law practice as an attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer died in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">Saint Louis, Missouri</a>, on December 15, 1957, at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer was buried in the Oak Grove Cemetery in Saint Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morrow-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1914" class="citation news cs1">Morrow, James B. (June 21, 1914). "Usury The Bugbear of the Poor". <i>Boston Daily Globe</i>. Boston, Massachusetts. p. SM 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Daily+Globe&rft.atitle=Usury+The+Bugbear+of+the+Poor&rft.pages=SM+10&rft.date=1914-06-21&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvier_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/07/09/107065716.pdf">Ernest Harvier, "Political Effect of the Dyer Bill: Delay in Enacting Anti-Lynching Law Diverted Thousands of Negro Votes"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 9 July 1922, accessed 26 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ex-Rep. Dyer Dies at 86 in St. Louis", <i>The Los Angeles Times</i> (Dec 17, 1957), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dyer.html">"Index to Politicians: Dyer"</a>, The Political Graveyard, accessed 21 Apr 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10445.html">"Dyer Family of Virginia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105160035/http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10445.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Political Graveyard, accessed 22 Apr 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioguide.congress.gov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bioguide.congress.gov_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bioguide.congress.gov_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000591">Dyer, Leonidas Carstarphen, (1871–1957)</a>, <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,</i> accessed 22 Apr 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonidas_Dyer_Elected_Positions_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Govtrac.us, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=403694">Leonidas Dryer Elected Positions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Post Offices and Postal Roads United States Senate (March 29, 1916), <i>Pneumatic Tube Service</i>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardRuckerUpton2007" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Marilyn K.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447"><i>Encyclopedia of American race riots</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447/page/n249">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+race+riots&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33301-9&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+K.&rft.au=Rucker%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Upton%2C+James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaamer00jrwa_447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuptonRuckerUpton2007" class="citation book cs1">Lupton, John A.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447"><i>Encyclopedia of American race riots</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer00jrwa_447/page/n254">188–190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+race+riots&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=188-190&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33301-9&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Rucker%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Upton%2C+James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaamer00jrwa_447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neh_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neh_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/naacp%E2%80%99s-anti-lynching-campaign-1920s#sect-background">"Lesson 1: NAACP’s Anti-Lynching Campaign in the 1920s"</a>, <i>NAACP's Anti-Lynching Campaigns</i>, 22 December 2009, Edsitement, National Endowment for the Humanities, accessed 26 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAIC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAIC_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baic.house.gov/historical-essays/essay.html?intID=5&intSectionID=29">"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002242/http://baic.house.gov/historical-essays/essay.html?intID=5&intSectionID=29">Archived</a> 2012-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historical Essay: <i>The Negroes' Temporary Farewell: Jim Crow and the Exclusion of African Americans from Congress, 1887–1929</i>, Black Americans in Congress, US Congress, accessed 5 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"House Passes Bill to Curb Lynching— Votes 230 to 119 Making It a Federal Crime and Providing Penalties", <i>The New York Times</i>, January 27, 1922, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731">Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon"</a>, <i>Constitutional Commentary</i>, Vol. 17, 2000, accessed 10 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTCalder-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTCalder_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/05/30/107058655.pdf">"Calder Is Friend of Negro, He Insists"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 May 1922, accessed 26 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CR-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CR_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CR_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricprint.com/academic/department/AandL/AAS/ANNOUNCE/vra/lynch/congress/congress1.htm">"Proceedings of the U.S. Senate on June 13, 2005 regarding the 'Senate Apology' as Reported in the 'Congressional Record<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322090032/http://www.electricprint.com/academic/department/AandL/AAS/ANNOUNCE/vra/lynch/congress/congress1.htm">Archived</a> March 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Part 3, Mr. Craig", at African American Studies, University of Buffalo, accessed 26 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/12/03/109338699.pdf">"Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bil"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 3 December 1922, accessed 20 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ida B. Wells, <i>Southern Horrors</i> (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowaslynched-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whowaslynched_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nellpainter.com/cv/articles/32_WhoWasLynched.html">Nell Painter, "Who Was Lynched?"</a>, reprinted from <i>The Nation</i>, 11 November 1991, Vol. 253, Issue 16, p. 16, Nell Painter Website, accessed 1 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLZRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m2gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2143%2C4208920">"Mississippi's 'Orderly' Lynching"</a>. <i>The Gazette Times</i>. Pittsburgh. June 28, 1919. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+Times&rft.atitle=Mississippi%27s+%27Orderly%27+Lynching&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1919-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DyLZRAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dm2gDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2143%252C4208920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lynching", <i>The Crisis</i> (July 1923), p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/senate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws">"Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. June 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Apologizes+for+Not+Passing+Anti-Lynching+Laws&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fsenate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sees Philippines Free", <i>The New York Times</i> (December 23, 1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congressman-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congressman_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congressman_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Congressman Asks Return of Losses On Whisky Stock", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlanta Constitution">The Atlanta Constitution</a></i> (April 11, 1929).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missouriwinecountry.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-missouriwinecountry.com_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouriwinecountry.com/articles/history/">Brett Dufur, "History of Missouri Wine Industry"</a>, Missouri Wine Country, accessed 19 Oct 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i> (June 20, 1914), "Ballot Frauds Cost Seat"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000190">"Gill, Michael Joseph, (1864–1918)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Govtrac.us, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=403694&tab=votes">"Leonidas Dyer Missing Votes"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snQcW3SHnJ4C&dq=leonidas+dyer+Oak+Grove+Cemetery&pg=PA1776"><i>Congressional Record</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardRuckerUpton2007" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Marilyn K.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of American race riots</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33301-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+race+riots&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33301-9&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+K.&rft.au=Rucker%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Upton%2C+James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1914" class="citation news cs1">Morrow, James B. (June 21, 1914). "Usury The Bugbear of the Poor". <i>Boston Daily Globe</i>. Boston, Massachusetts. p. SM 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Daily+Globe&rft.atitle=Usury+The+Bugbear+of+the+Poor&rft.pages=SM+10&rft.date=1914-06-21&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_C._Dyer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002242/http://baic.house.gov/historical-essays/essay.html?intID=5&intSectionID=29">"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"</a>, Historical Essay: <i>The Negroes' Temporary Farewell: Jim Crow and the Exclusion of African Americans from Congress, 1887–1929</i>, Black Americans in Congress, US Congress</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/senate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws">"Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. June 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Apologizes+for+Not+Passing+Anti-Lynching+Laws&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fsenate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonidas+C.+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Coudrey" title="Harry M. Coudrey">Harry M. Coudrey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Missouri12 !"><a href="/wiki/Missouri%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Missouri's 12th congressional district">Missouri's 12th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1911–1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Gill" title="Michael Joseph Gill">Michael J. Gill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Gill" title="Michael Joseph Gill">Michael J. Gill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Missouri12 !"><a href="/wiki/Missouri%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Missouri's 12th congressional district">Missouri's 12th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1915–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Claiborne" title="James R. Claiborne">James R. Claiborne</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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