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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Benshi" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Benshi" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Spis treści" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benshi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 17 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86)" title="بنشی (ژاپن) – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنشی (ژاپن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensi" title="Bensi – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bensi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%BC%81%E5%A3%AB" title="活動弁士 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="活動弁士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Бэнси – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэнси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshi" title="Benshi – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benshi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E8%BE%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="電影辯士 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電影辯士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q513085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benshi" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Benshi" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benshi"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benshi&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benshi&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benshi&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benshi"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Ten artykuł dotyczy pojęcia związanego z kinematografią. Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Beann%27shie" class="mw-redirect" title="Beann'shie">Beann'shie</a>.</span></div> <p><i><b>Benshi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_japo%C5%84ski" title="Język japoński">jap.</a> 弁士) lub <i><b>katsudō-benshi</b></i> (jap. 活動弁士) – <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">japońscy</a> <a href="/wiki/Aktor_g%C5%82osowy" title="Aktor głosowy">aktorzy głosowi</a>, którzy w epoce <a href="/wiki/Film_niemy" title="Film niemy">kina niemego</a> udźwiękawiali filmy, zarówno rodzime, jak i zagraniczne. </p><p>Podczas projekcji niemego filmu <i>benshi</i> stał po lewej stronie ekranu, wprowadzając widzów w opowieść, relacjonując ją i komentując. Odpowiednio intonując, podkładał głosy pod poszczególne postacie, które pojawiały się na ekranie. Funkcja ta, wywodząca się z tradycji teatrów <i><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/N%C5%8D" title="Nō">nō</a></i>, była ważnym elementem pierwszych filmów, które prezentowano japońskim widzom, przyzwyczajonym do narracji towarzyszącej wszystkim znanym im wcześniej widowiskom. <i>Benshi</i> tłumaczył również dialogi w filmach zagranicznych, głównie amerykańskich<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oraz zaznajamiał widzów z realiami zachodniego stylu życia, które nie dla wszystkich Japończyków były zrozumiałe. </p><p>Podobnie jak w produkcjach zachodnich, japońskim niemym filmom towarzyszył podkład muzyczny, współistniejący z <i>benshim</i>. W przeciwieństwie do filmów zachodnich, którym towarzyszyły <a href="/wiki/Organy_kinowe" title="Organy kinowe">filmowe organy</a>, w filmach japońskich wykorzystywano tradycyjne instrumenty z teatru <i>kabuki</i>. Ponieważ <i>benshi</i> pracował bez nagłośnienia, musiał ściśle współpracować z orkiestrą, aby jego dialogi nie zostały zagłuszone. W tamtym okresie sale kinowe liczyły zazwyczaj tysiąc miejsc, zaś znakiem rozpoznawczym dobrego <i>benshiego</i> była zdolność bycia słyszanym przez wszystkich widzów zgromadzonych w kinie<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Po 1907 r. filmy japońskie były (inaczej niż filmy zagraniczne) komentowane przez siedzącą przed ekranem grupę 7 lub 8 <i>benshi</i>, którzy udawali głosy poszczególnych postaci. Taka praktyka utrzymała się aż do lat 20. XX wieku<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Słowo <i>benshi</i> oznaczało w <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(okres)" title="Meiji (okres)">okresie Meiji</a> człowieka wygłaszającego przemówienia polityczne. Swoje znaczenie zmieniło wraz z pojawieniem się kina w Japonii. Początkowo filmy komentowali amatorzy – w 1896 podczas pierwszego pokazu <a href="/wiki/Kinetoskop" title="Kinetoskop">kinetoskopu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomasa Edisona</a> w <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> film i wynalazek komentował Ueda Tsunejiro, a rok później pokaz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitascope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitascope (strona nie istnieje)">Vitascope'u</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667202#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q2667202">(inne języki)</a></span> w Tokio prowadzony był przy komentarzu człowieka o nazwisku Jumonji Daigen. Pierwszym profesjonalnym <i>benshi</i> był <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komada_Koyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komada Koyo (strona nie istnieje)">Komada Koyo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Każde kino zatrudniało kilku <i>benshi</i>, pomiędzy którymi panowała ścisła hierarchia. Znaczenie <i>benshi</i> było tak duże, że mogło wpływać na sukces samego filmu – wyjątkowo popularny <i>benshi</i> mógł zdecydować o sukcesie danego obrazu<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Zjawisko <i>benshi</i> wpływało na kształt ówczesnego japońskiego kina – filmy tworzone były tak, żeby dopasować się do praktyki <i>benshi.</i> Np. filmy zawierały wiele długich ujęć, preferowanych przez <i>benshi</i>, którzy mogli podczas nich w pełni zaprezentować swój kunszt<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Popularność <i>benshi</i> była tak wielka, że prawdopodobnie spowodowała pewne opóźnienie w pełnym rozwoju kina dźwiękowego w Japonii<sup id="cite_ref-en_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>W wydanym w 1995 roku filmie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picture_Bride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picture Bride (strona nie istnieje)">Picture Bride</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837939#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q837939">(inne języki)</a></span></i> <a href="/wiki/Toshir%C5%8D_Mifune" title="Toshirō Mifune">Toshirō Mifune</a> zagrał rolę <i>benshiego</i>, który w <a href="/wiki/Lata_20._XX_wieku" title="Lata 20. XX wieku">latach 20.</a> <a href="/wiki/XX_wiek" title="XX wiek">ubiegłego stulecia</a> podróżował po <a href="/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje">hawajskich</a> plantacjach <a href="/wiki/Cukrowiec_lekarski" title="Cukrowiec lekarski">trzciny cukrowej</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benshi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benshi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Standish, Isolde. <i>A New History of Japanese Cinema: A Century of Narrative Film</i>. New York: Continuum, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0826417094" title="Specjalna:Książki/0826417094">ISBN <span class="isbn">0-8264-1709-4</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dym, Jeffery: <i>A Brief History of Benshi (Silent Film Narrators</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/a_brief_history_of_benshi">http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/a_brief_history_of_benshi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Komatsu</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi">H.</span></span>, <i>Benshi</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">Richard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard" style="display:none">R.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Abel</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of early cinema</i>, London: Routledge, 2005, s. 3920, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0415234409" title="Specjalna:Książki/0415234409">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">0-415-23440-9</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=London&rft.atitle=Benshi&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.aulast=Komatsu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415234409&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+early+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Komatsu</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi">H.</span></span>, <i>Benshi</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">Richard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard" style="display:none">R.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Abel</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of early cinema</i>, London: Routledge, 2005, s. 3913, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0415234409" title="Specjalna:Książki/0415234409">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">0-415-23440-9</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=London&rft.atitle=Benshi&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.aulast=Komatsu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415234409&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+early+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Komatsu</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi">H.</span></span>, <i>Benshi</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">Richard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard" style="display:none">R.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Abel</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of early cinema</i>, London: Routledge, 2005, s. 3926, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0415234409" title="Specjalna:Książki/0415234409">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">0-415-23440-9</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=London&rft.atitle=Benshi&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.aulast=Komatsu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415234409&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+early+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-en_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Komatsu</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Hiroshi</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Hiroshi">H.</span></span>, <i>Benshi</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">Richard</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Richard" style="display:none">R.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Abel</span>, <i>Encyclopedia of early cinema</i>, London: Routledge, 2005, s. 3906, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0415234409" title="Specjalna:Książki/0415234409">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">0-415-23440-9</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=London&rft.atitle=Benshi&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.aulast=Komatsu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415234409&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+early+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562624">.mw-parser-output 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