CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Louis Braille - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"284fb240-8473-4d3e-bad8-834c893db9aa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Louis_Braille","wgTitle":"Louis Braille","wgCurRevisionId":1258197294,"wgRevisionId":1258197294,"wgArticleId":61410,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from January 2023","Articles with hCards","Pages with French IPA","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","19th-century French inventors","French Roman Catholics","1809 births","1852 deaths", "19th-century deaths from tuberculosis","French blind people","Blind musicians","Braille","Creators of writing systems","Burials at the Panthéon, Paris","Tuberculosis deaths in France","French male organists","Blind scholars and academics","Blind educators","Educators of the blind"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Louis_Braille","wgRelevantArticleId":61410,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false ,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q93182","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Braille.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1241"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Braille.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="827"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="662"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Louis Braille - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Louis_Braille rootpage-Louis_Braille skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+Braille" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+Braille" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+Braille" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+Braille" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blind_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blind_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Blind education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Blind_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Blind education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Blind_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haüy_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haüy_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Haüy system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haüy_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_and_musician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_and_musician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Teacher and musician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_and_musician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Braille system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Braille_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Braille system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Braille_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Musical adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decapoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decapoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Decapoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decapoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honors_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Honors and tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Braille</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لويس بريل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس بريل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="লুইছ ব্ৰেইল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লুইছ ব্ৰেইল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Brayl" title="Lui Brayl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui Brayl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="লুই ব্রেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই ব্রেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луі Брайль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі Брайль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Луи Брайл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи Брайл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B3" title="Λουί Μπράιγ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί Μπράιγ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="لوئی بریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی بریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2" title="લૂઈ બ્રેઈલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લૂઈ બ્રેઈલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9C%A0" title="루이 브라유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 브라유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Լուի Բրայլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Բրայլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="लुई ब्रेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई ब्रेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="לואי ברייל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי ברייל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუი ბრაილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი ბრაილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Braille" title="Ludovicus Braille – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Braille" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_Brails" title="Luijs Brails – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs Brails" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Луј Брај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј Брај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ലൂയിസ് ബ്രെയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയിസ് ബ്രെയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="लुई ब्रेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई ब्रेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لويس برايل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس برايل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луи Брайль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луи Брайль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6" title="ルイ・ブライユ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・ブライユ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਲੂਈ ਬਰੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਈ ਬਰੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="لوئی بریل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی بریل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Брайль, Луи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брайль, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ලුවී බ්‍රේල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුවී බ්‍රේල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="لویس بڕایل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لویس بڕایل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Луј Брај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј Брај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="லூயி பிரெயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூயி பிரெயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="లూయీ బ్రెయిలీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లూయీ బ్రెయిలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="หลุยส์ เบรลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ เบรลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луї Брайль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї Брайль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="لوئی بریل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئی بریل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%8F%B6" title="路易·布莱叶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易·布莱叶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Louis Braille" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%8F%B6" title="路易·布莱叶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易·布莱叶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Louis_Braille" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis_Braille" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Louis_Braille" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&oldid=1258197294" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Louis_Braille&id=1258197294&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_Braille"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_Braille"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Louis_Braille&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93182" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French educator and inventor of the Braille system (1809–1852)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis Braille</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braille.jpg/220px-Braille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braille.jpg/330px-Braille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Braille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-01-04</span>)</span>4 January 1809<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Coupvray" title="Coupvray">Coupvray</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1852<span style="display:none">(1852-01-06)</span> (aged 43)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">Second French Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, Paris</li><li>Coupvray</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Educator</li><li>inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Braille</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">brayl</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁɑj]</a></span>; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and the inventor of a reading and writing system named after him, <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a>, intended for use by <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visually impaired</a> people. His system is used worldwide and remains virtually unchanged to this day. </p><p>Braille was blinded at the age of three in one eye as a result of an accident with a <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">stitching awl</a> in his father's <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a> making shop. Consequently, an infection set in and spread to both eyes, resulting in total blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, there were not many resources in place for the blind, but he nevertheless excelled in his education and received a scholarship to France's <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Jeunes_Aveugles" title="Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles">Royal Institute for Blind Youth</a>. While still a student there, he began developing a system of <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">tactile</a> code that could allow blind people to read and write quickly and efficiently. Inspired by a system invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a>, Braille's new method was more compact and lent itself to a range of uses, including music. He presented his work to his peers for the first time in 1824, when he was fifteen years old. </p><p>In adulthood, Braille served as a professor at the Institute and had an <a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">avocation</a> as a musician, but he largely spent the remainder of his life refining and extending his system. It went unused by most educators for many years after his death, but posterity has recognized braille as a revolutionary invention, and it has been adapted for use in languages worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_house04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small two-story farmhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Braille_house04.JPG/220px-Braille_house04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Braille_house04.JPG/330px-Braille_house04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Braille_house04.JPG/440px-Braille_house04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Louis Braille in Coupvray</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Braille was born in <a href="/wiki/Coupvray" title="Coupvray">Coupvray</a>, a small town about twenty miles east of Paris, on 4 January 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his three elder siblings – Monique Catherine (b. 1793), Louis-Simon (b. 1795), and Marie Céline (b. 1797)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – lived with their parents, Simon-René and Monique, on three <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> of land and <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a>. Simon-René maintained a successful <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprise</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Leatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherer">leatherer</a> and maker of <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">horse tack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weygand282_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weygand282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass13ff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as he could walk, Braille's time was spent playing in his father's workshop. At the age of three, he was playing with some of the tools, trying to make holes in a piece of leather with an <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">awl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Squinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Squinting">Squinting</a> closely at the surface, he pressed down hard to drive the point in, and the awl glanced across the tough leather and <a href="/wiki/Stabbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabbed">stabbed</a> him in one of his eyes. A local <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> bound and patched the affected eye and even arranged for Braille to be met the next day in Paris by a <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a>, but no treatment could save the damaged organ. In agony, the young boy suffered for weeks as the wound became severely infected. He eventually lost sight in the other eye, likely due to <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_ophthalmia" title="Sympathetic ophthalmia">sympathetic ophthalmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass13ff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_fn_a"><a href="#endnote_fn_a">a</a></sup> </p><p>Braille survived the torment of the infection, but by the age of five he was completely blind in both eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his young age, he did not realize at first that he had lost his sight, and often asked why it was always dark.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents made many efforts – quite uncommon for the era – to raise their youngest child in a normal fashion, and he prospered in their care. He learned to navigate the village and country paths with canes his father <a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">hewed</a> for him, and he grew up seemingly at peace with his disability.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass13ff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braille's bright and creative mind impressed the local teachers and <a href="/wiki/Priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Priests">priests</a>, and he was accommodated with higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Weygand282_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weygand282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blind_education">Blind education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blind education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille studied in <a href="/wiki/Coupvray" title="Coupvray">Coupvray</a> until the age of ten. Because of his intelligence and diligence, Braille was permitted to attend one of the first schools for blind children in the world, the Royal Institute for Blind Youth,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Jeunes_Aveugles" title="Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles">National Institute for Blind Youth</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of his family's children to leave the household, Braille departed for the school in February 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time the Royal Institute was an underfunded, ramshackle affair, but it provided a relatively stable environment for blind children to learn and associate together.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haüy_system"><span id="Ha.C3.BCy_system"></span>Haüy system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Haüy system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The children were taught to read using a system devised by the school's founder, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a>. Not blind himself, Haüy was a philanthropist who devoted his life to helping the blind. He designed and manufactured a small library of books for the children by <a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">embossing</a> heavy paper with the raised imprints of <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin letters</a>. Readers would trace their fingers over the text, comprehending slowly but in a traditional fashion which Haüy could appreciate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass3738-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_house07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bust of Braille next to items in a display case" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_house07.JPG/220px-Braille_house07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_house07.JPG/330px-Braille_house07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_house07.JPG/440px-Braille_house07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bust and awl exhibit at the Braille birthplace museum in Coupvray</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille was helped by Haüy's books, but he also despaired over their lack of depth: the amount of information retained in such books was necessarily minor. Because the raised letters were made in a complex artisanal process using wet paper pressed against copper wire, the children could not hope to "write" by themselves. So that the young Louis could send letters back home, Simon-René provided him with an alphabet made from bits of thick leather. It was a slow and cumbersome process, but the boy could at least trace the letters' outlines and write his first sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The handcrafted Haüy books all came in uncomfortable sizes and weights for children. They were laboriously constructed, very fragile, and expensive to obtain: when Haüy's school first opened, it had a total of three books.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass3738-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Haüy promoted their use with zeal. To him, the books presented a system which would be readily approved by educators and indeed they seemed – at the time – to offer the best achievable results. Braille and his schoolmates, however, could detect all too well the books' crushing limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugelmass3738-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Haüy's efforts still provided a breakthrough achievement – the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense of touch">sense of touch</a> as a workable strategy for sightless reading. The Haüy system's main drawback, in the opinion of at least one author, was that it was "talking to the fingers with the language of the eye".<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell96_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell96-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher_and_musician">Teacher and musician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teacher and musician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille read Haüy's books repeatedly, and he was equally attentive to the oral instruction offered by the school. He proved to be a highly proficient student and, after he had exhausted the school's curriculum, he was immediately asked to remain a teacher's aide. By 1833, he was elevated to a full professorship. For much of the rest of his life, Braille stayed at the Institute where he taught history, geometry, and algebra.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell98_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olmstrom_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstrom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braille's ear for music enabled him to become an accomplished cellist and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organist</a> in classes taught by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Marrigues" title="Jean-Nicolas Marrigues">Jean-Nicolas Marrigues</a>. Later in life, his musical talents led him to play the organ for churches all over France. A devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braille held the position of organist in Paris at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Nicholas-des-Champs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Nicholas-des-Champs, Paris">Church of Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1834 to 1839, and later at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_system">Braille system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Braille system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Letters of the alphabet printed in braille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg/220px-First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg/330px-First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/First_version_French_braille_code_c1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The first version of braille, composed for the <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1821, Braille learned of a communication system devised by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a>. Barbier, aware of its potential for helping the blind to read and write, wrote to the school to introduce his method.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RNIB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNIB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbier's invention was a code of up to twelve dots in two columns, impressed into thick paper. These impressions could be interpreted entirely by the fingers. Barbier's code of raised dots inspired Braille to develop a system of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braille was determined to invent a system of reading and writing that could bridge the gap in communication between the sighted and the blind. In his own words: "Access to communication in the widest sense is access to knowledge, and that is vitally important for us if we [the blind] are not to go on being despised or patronized by condescending sighted people. We do not need pity, nor do we need to be reminded we are vulnerable. We must be treated as equals – and communication is the way this can be brought about."<sup id="cite_ref-Olmstrom_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstrom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The same two letters printed in different formats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Comparative_Lettering_Hauy-Barbier-Braille.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Three forms of the letters "A" and "Z"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille reworked Barbier's system by simplifying its form and maximizing its efficiency. He made uniform columns for each letter, and reduced the maximum of twelve raised dots to six. <a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">His first version</a> used both dots and dashes. He published this version in 1829, but by the second edition in 1837 discarded the dashes because they were too difficult to read. Crucially, Braille's smaller cells were capable of being recognized as letters with a single touch of a finger.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell98_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braille created his own raised-dot system using Barbier's <a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">slate and stylus</a> tools. Barbier had donated many sets of these tools to the school. By soldering metal strips across the slate, Braille created a secure area for the stylus which would keep the lines straight and readable.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell98_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By these modest means, Braille constructed a robust communication system. "It bears the stamp of genius," wrote Dr. Richard Slating French, former director of the <a href="/wiki/California_School_for_the_Blind" title="California School for the Blind">California School for the Blind</a>, "like the Roman alphabet itself".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_adaptation">Musical adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musical adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system was soon extended to include <a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">braille musical notation</a>. Passionate about his own music, Braille took meticulous care in its planning to ensure that the musical code would be "flexible enough to meet the unique requirements of any instrument".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1829, he published the first book about his system, <i>Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them</i>. Ironically this book was first printed by the raised letter method of the Haüy system.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell99_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille produced several written works about braille and as general education for the blind. <i>Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong...</i> (1829) was revised and republished in 1837;<sup id="cite_ref-AFBbooks_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFBbooks-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his mathematics guide, <i>Little Synopsis of Arithmetic for Beginners</i>, entered use in 1838;<sup id="cite_ref-AFBbooks_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFBbooks-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his monograph <i>New Method for Representing by Dots the Form of Letters, Maps, Geometric Figures, Musical Symbols, etc., for Use by the Blind</i> was first published in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Braille's original printed works remain available at the Braille birthplace museum in Coupvray.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decapoint">Decapoint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decapoint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>New Method for Representing by Dots...</i> (1839) put forth Braille's plan for a new writing system with which blind people could write letters that could be read by sighted people.<sup id="cite_ref-AFBdeca_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFBdeca-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called <i><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">decapoint</a></i>, the system combined his method of dot-punching with a new specialized grill which Braille devised to overlay the paper. When used with an associated number table (also designed by Braille and requiring memorization), the grill could permit a blind writer to faithfully reproduce the standard alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the introduction of decapoint, Braille assisted his friend <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Foucault" title="Pierre-François-Victor Foucault">Pierre-François-Victor Foucault</a>, who invented the Raphigraphe, a device that allowed for more rapid creation of letters made with raised points. Foucault's machine was hailed as a great success and was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">World's Fair</a> in Paris in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Alexandre René Pignier, principal at the school, supported Braille's work and allowed the teaching of Braille's system. However, Pignier was forced out of his position in 1840 by an ambitious younger teacher, Pierre-Armand Dufau, who opposed the teaching of Braille at the school. Fortunately, another teacher, Joseph Guadet, supported Braille, and the system was reintroduced in 1844, at the time of the opening of a new school building on the Boulevard des Invalides.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braille had always been a sickly child, and his condition worsened in adulthood. A persistent respiratory illness, long believed to be <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, dogged him. Despite the lack of a cure at the time, Braille lived with the illness for 16 years. By the age of 40, he was forced to relinquish his position as a teacher. When his condition reached mortal danger, he was admitted to the infirmary at the Royal Institution, where he died in 1852, two days after he turned 43.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weygand289_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weygand289-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9,_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Panth%C3%A9on_9%2C_Paris_29_September_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Louis Braille, above <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Braille,_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone bust of Braille with an audiotronic memorial plaque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg/220px-Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg/330px-Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg/440px-Louis_Braille%2C_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_2012-10-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Braille's memorial in <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">the Panthéon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the overwhelming insistence of the blind pupils, Braille's system was finally adopted by the Institute in 1854, two years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell99_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system spread throughout the French-speaking world, but was slower to expand in other places. However, by the time of the first all-European conference of teachers of the blind in 1873, the cause of braille was championed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhodes_Armitage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhodes Armitage">Thomas Rhodes Armitage</a> and thereafter its international use increased rapidly. By 1882, Dr. Armitage was able to report that "There is now probably no institution in the civilized world where braille is not used except in some of those in North America."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually even these holdouts relented: braille was officially adopted by schools for the blind in the United States in 1916, and a universal braille code for English was formalized in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds318_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds318-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New variations in <a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">braille technology</a> continue to grow, including such innovations as <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Refreshable Braille display">braille computer terminals</a>; <a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a> email delivery service; and <a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a>, a comprehensive system for mathematical and scientific notation. Almost two centuries after its invention, braille remains a system of powerful and enduring utility.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_tributes">Honors and tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immense personal legacy of Louis Braille was described in a 1952 essay by <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Perhaps the most enduring honor to the memory of Louis Braille is the half-conscious honor we pay him by applying his name to the script he invented – and, in this country [England], adapting the pronunciation of his name to our own language. We honor Braille when we speak of <i>braille</i>. His memory has in this way a security greater than that of the memories of many men more famous in their day.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Braille's childhood home in Coupvray is a <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">listed historic building</a> and houses the Louis Braille Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large monument to him was erected in the town square<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was itself renamed Braille Square.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the centenary of his death, his remains were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a symbolic gesture, Braille's hands were left in Coupvray, reverently buried near his home.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jernigan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jernigan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_(1809-2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Indian two rupee coin minted in honour of Louis Braille's 200th birth anniversary (1809-2009)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg/220px-An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg/330px-An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg/440px-An_Indian_two_rupee_coin_minted_in_honour_of_Louis_Braille%27s_200th_birth_anniversary_%281809-2009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>An Indian two rupee coin minted in honour of Louis Braille's 200th birth anniversary (1809-2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>Statues and other memorials to Louis Braille can be found around the world. He has been commemorated in postage stamps worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/9969_Braille" title="9969 Braille">9969 Braille</a> was named for him in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> lists him among the "100 Most Influential Inventors Of All Time".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> for Louis Braille's 197th birthday in 2006 was shown on Google's homepage, spelling "Google" in braille.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 200th anniversary of Braille's birth in 2009 was celebrated throughout the world by exhibitions and symposiums about his life and achievements. Among the commemorations, Belgium and Italy struck 2-euro coins, India released a set of two commemorative coins (Rs 100 and Rs 2), and the USA struck a one dollar coin, all in Braille's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_Braille_Day" title="World Braille Day">World Braille Day</a> is celebrated every year on Braille's birthday, 4 January, since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of his accomplishments as a young boy, Braille holds a special place as a hero for children, and he has been the subject of a large number of works of juvenile literature.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other appearances in the arts include the American TV special <i>Young Heroes: Louis Braille</i> (2010);<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the French TV movie <i>Une lumière dans la nuit</i> (2008) (released in English as <i>The Secret of Braille</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the dramatic play <i>Braille: The Early Life of Louis Braille</i> (1989) by Lola and Coleman Jennings.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, Braille's life was subject of the song <i>Merci, Louis</i>, composed by the Halifax singer-songwriter Terry Kelly, chair of the Canadian Braille Literacy Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Braille Legacy</i>, a musical which tells the story of Louis Braille, directed by <a href="/wiki/Thom_Southerland" title="Thom Southerland">Thom Southerland</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Pradon" title="Jérôme Pradon">Jérôme Pradon</a>, debuted at the <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Theatre" title="Charing Cross Theatre">Charing Cross Theatre</a> in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_fn_a"><b><a href="#ref_fn_a">^ a:</a></b></span> It remains uncertain which eye was actually struck first. Most accounts of Braille's accident omit reference to left or right. Braille's American biographer J. Alvin Kugelmass wrote that it was the left eye, but C. Michael Mellor and Lennard Bickel state definitively that it was the right.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/scholar/louis-braille">"Louis Braille"</a>. 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fscholar%2Flouis-braille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408160409/https://www.royalblind.org/national-braille-week/about-braille/who-was-louis-braille">"Who was Louis Braille"</a>. <i>Royal Blind</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalblind.org/national-braille-week/about-braille/who-was-louis-braille">the original</a> on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Blind&rft.atitle=Who+was+Louis+Braille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalblind.org%2Fnational-braille-week%2Fabout-braille%2Fwho-was-louis-braille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weygand282-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weygand282_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weygand282_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weygand, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugelmass13ff-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass13ff_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), pp. 13–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsan_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsan,_Colette2009" class="citation web cs1">Marsan, Colette (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807133757/http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/infos_braille/actes/Louis%20Braille%20-%20a%20brief%20overview.htm">"Louis Braille: A Brief Overview"</a>. Association Valentin Haüy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/infos_braille/actes/Louis%20Braille%20-%20a%20brief%20overview.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.pub=Association+Valentin+Ha%C3%BCy&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Marsan%2C+Colette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avh.asso.fr%2Frubriques%2Finfos_braille%2Factes%2FLouis%2520Braille%2520-%2520a%2520brief%2520overview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Margaret (1971): Louis Braille, the boy who invented books for the blind</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), pp. 24–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The World Book Student Discovery Encyclopedia, Vol. B2</i>. Chicago: World Book Inc. 2000. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-7400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-7400-9"><bdi>978-0-7166-7400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Student+Discovery+Encyclopedia%2C+Vol.+B2&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=World+Book+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-7400-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell98-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell98_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell98_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell98_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell98_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugelmass3738-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugelmass3738_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell96-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farrell96_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstrom-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olmstrom_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olmstrom_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olmstrom, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224132503/http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/orgues/france/snicolascp.html">"Église Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs"</a> (in French and English). Universite du Quebec. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/orgues/france/snicolascp.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89glise+Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs&rft.pub=Universite+du+Quebec&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uquebec.ca%2Fmusique%2Forgues%2Ffrance%2Fsnicolascp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNIB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNIB_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnib.org.uk/braille-and-other-tactile-codes-portal-braille-past-present-and-future/invention-braille">"Invention of braille"</a>. Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB). 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908083302/http://www.rnib.org.uk/braille-and-other-tactile-codes-portal-braille-past-present-and-future/invention-braille">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invention+of+braille&rft.pub=Royal+National+Institute+of+Blind+People+%28RNIB%29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnib.org.uk%2Fbraille-and-other-tactile-codes-portal-braille-past-present-and-future%2Finvention-braille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugelmass (1951), pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickel, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell99-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell99_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell99_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/actualites/actualites.php?var=titre&infos=432">"Louis Braille 1809–1852 : un génie français"</a> (in French). Valentin Haüy Association. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille+1809%E2%80%931852+%3A+un+g%C3%A9nie+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=Valentin+Ha%C3%BCy+Association&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avh.asso.fr%2Frubriques%2Factualites%2Factualites.php%3Fvar%3Dtitre%26infos%3D432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFBbooks-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFBbooks_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFBbooks_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afb.org/louisbraillemuseum/braillegallery.asp?FrameID=185">"Books in Braille"</a>. <i>Afb.org</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035512/http://www.afb.org/louisbraillemuseum/braillegallery.asp?FrameID=185">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afb.org&rft.atitle=Books+in+Braille&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2Flouisbraillemuseum%2Fbraillegallery.asp%3FFrameID%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraille,_Louis1839" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braille, Louis (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EarDmAEACAAJ"><i><span></span></i>Nouveau procede pour representer des points la forme meme des letters, les cartes de geographie, les figures de geometrie, les caracteres de musiques, etc., a l'usage des aveugles<i><span></span></i></a> (in French). Institution royale des jeunes aveugles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveau+procede+pour+representer+des+points+la+forme+meme+des+letters%2C+les+cartes+de+geographie%2C+les+figures+de+geometrie%2C+les+caracteres+de+musiques%2C+etc.%2C+a+l%27usage+des+aveugles&rft.pub=Institution+royale+des+jeunes+aveugles&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Braille%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEarDmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/museo_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=M0373">"Maison Natale de Louis Braille"</a>. <i>Culturecommunication.gouv.fr</i>. Culture-Acte 2. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630160325/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/museo_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=M0373">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culturecommunication.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Maison+Natale+de+Louis+Braille&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fpublic%2Fmistral%2Fmuseo_fr%3FACTION%3DCHERCHER%26FIELD_1%3DREF%26VALUE_1%3DM0373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFBdeca-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFBdeca_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803001017/http://www.afb.org/louisbraillemuseum/braillemediaviewer.asp?FrameID=186#main">"Braille Invents His Code: Louis Invents Decapoint"</a>. <i>Afb.org</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afb.org/louisbraillemuseum/braillemediaviewer.asp?FrameID=186#main">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afb.org&rft.atitle=Braille+Invents+His+Code%3A+Louis+Invents+Decapoint&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2Flouisbraillemuseum%2Fbraillemediaviewer.asp%3FFrameID%3D186%23main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weygand, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, pp. 98-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weygand289-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weygand289_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weygand, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorimer, pp. 26ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds318-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds318_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/article/evolution_of_braille-part1.pdf">"The Evolution of Braille"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Braillauthority.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Braille_Authority_of_North_America" title="Braille Authority of North America">Braille Authority of North America</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630085707/http://www.brailleauthority.org/article/evolution_of_braille-part1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Braillauthority.org&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Braille&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleauthority.org%2Farticle%2Fevolution_of_braille-part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">Eliot, T.S.</a> (December 1952). "Some thoughts on Braille". <i>The New Outlook for the Blind</i>. <b>46</b> (10): 287–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Outlook+for+the+Blind&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+on+Braille&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=287-288&rft.date=1952-12&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608222424/http://louisbrailleschool.org/resources/pictures/coupvray/louis-braille-monument/">"Louis Braille Monument"</a>. Louis Braille School, Edmonds, WA. 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louisbrailleschool.org/resources/pictures/coupvray/louis-braille-monument/">the original</a> on 8 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille+Monument&rft.pub=Louis+Braille+School%2C+Edmonds%2C+WA&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flouisbrailleschool.org%2Fresources%2Fpictures%2Fcoupvray%2Flouis-braille-monument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelmass1952" class="citation news cs1">Kugelmass, J. Alvin (24 February 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1952/02/24/archives/that-those-who-are-blind-may-read.html">"That Those Who Are Blind May Read"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. BR26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/112520405">112520405</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=That+Those+Who+Are+Blind+May+Read&rft.pages=BR26&rft.date=1952-02-24&rft.aulast=Kugelmass&rft.aufirst=J.+Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1952%2F02%2F24%2Farchives%2Fthat-those-who-are-blind-may-read.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jernigan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jernigan_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernigan,_Kenneth1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Jernigan" title="Kenneth Jernigan">Jernigan, Kenneth</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blind.net/alternative-techniques/braille/facts-about-louis-brailles-birthplace.html">"Facts About Louis Braille's Birthplace"</a>. <i>Blind.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind" title="National Federation of the Blind">National Federation of the Blind</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032042/http://www.blind.net/alternative-techniques/braille/facts-about-louis-brailles-birthplace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blind.net&rft.atitle=Facts+About+Louis+Braille%27s+Birthplace&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Jernigan%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blind.net%2Falternative-techniques%2Fbraille%2Ffacts-about-louis-brailles-birthplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuessel1985" class="citation journal cs1">Nuessel, Frank (November 1985). "Louis Braille Helped the Sightless to See". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Philatelist" title="The American Philatelist">The American Philatelist</a></i>. <b>99</b>: 1005–1007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Philatelist&rft.atitle=Louis+Braille+Helped+the+Sightless+to+See&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=1005-1007&rft.date=1985-11&rft.aulast=Nuessel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadelInternational_Astronomical_Union2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_D._Schmadel" title="Lutz D. Schmadel">Schmadel, Lutz D.</a>; International Astronomical Union (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA715"><i>Dictionary of minor planet names</i></a>. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 715. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+minor+planet+names&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=715&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rft.au=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWrB1jPCa8AC%26pg%3DPA715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2010" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Amy, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94"><i>The 100 Most Influential Inventors of All Time</i></a>. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 94–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615300426" title="Special:BookSources/9781615300426"><bdi>9781615300426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Inventors+of+All+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94-96&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781615300426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbmcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/louis-brailles-107th-birthday/">"Louis Braille's 107th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles"</a>. <i>doodles.google</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doodles.google&rft.atitle=Louis+Braille%27s+107th+Birthday+Doodle+-+Google+Doodles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Flouis-brailles-107th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109070841/http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2009/10/2euro.htm">"New 2-euro commemorative coin on display in the Museum"</a>. National Bank of Belgium. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbbmuseum.be/2009/10/2euro.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+2-euro+commemorative+coin+on+display+in+the+Museum&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Belgium&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbbmuseum.be%2F2009%2F10%2F2euro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402232025/http://www.thebrailroom.com/invented-brail/italy-2-euro-commemorative-coin-2009-louis-braille-wmv">"Italy 2 euro commemorative coin 2009 Louis Braille"</a>. Brailleroom. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebrailroom.com/invented-brail/italy-2-euro-commemorative-coin-2009-louis-braille-wmv">the original</a> on 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+2+euro+commemorative+coin+2009+Louis+Braille&rft.pub=Brailleroom&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebrailroom.com%2Finvented-brail%2Fitaly-2-euro-commemorative-coin-2009-louis-braille-wmv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019081313/https://www.indianstampghar.com/2010/02/commemorative-coins-india-louis-braille/">"Commemorative Coins – India – Louis Braille"</a>. India Stamp Ghar. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+Coins+%E2%80%93+India+%E2%80%93+Louis+Braille&rft.pub=India+Stamp+Ghar&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianstampghar.com%2F2010%2F02%2Fcommemorative-coins-india-louis-braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/louis-braille-bicentennial">"Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar"</a>. <i>USmint.gov</i>. United States Mint. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708072711/https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/louis-braille-bicentennial">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USmint.gov&rft.atitle=Louis+Braille+Bicentennial+Silver+Dollar&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fcoins%2Fcoin-medal-programs%2Fcommemorative-coins%2Flouis-braille-bicentennial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfb.org/blog/celebrate-world-braille-day-raising-awareness">"Celebrate World Braille Day by Raising Awareness"</a>. <i>Nfb.org</i>. National Federation of the Blind. 2 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412190546/https://nfb.org/blog/celebrate-world-braille-day-raising-awareness">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nfb.org&rft.atitle=Celebrate+World+Braille+Day+by+Raising+Awareness&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnfb.org%2Fblog%2Fcelebrate-world-braille-day-raising-awareness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N18/448/71/PDF/N1844871.pdf">"United Nations – Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+%E2%80%93+Resolution+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+on+17+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN18%2F448%2F71%2FPDF%2FN1844871.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw%3ALouis+Braille&fq=mt%3Ajuv&qt=advanced&dblist=638"><i>Worldcat.org</i></a> for a complete list of Braille-related literature for children and young adults.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035202/http://deaftvchannel.com/blog/interesting-films/young-heroes-louis-braille/">"Young Heroes: Louis Braille"</a>. Deaftvchannel.com. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deaftvchannel.com/blog/interesting-films/young-heroes-louis-braille/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Heroes%3A+Louis+Braille&rft.pub=Deaftvchannel.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeaftvchannel.com%2Fblog%2Finteresting-films%2Fyoung-heroes-louis-braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1342341/">"<i>Une lumière dans la nuit</i> (TV 2008)"</a>. IMDb. 3 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+lumi%C3%A8re+dans+la+nuit+%28TV+2008%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1342341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenningsJennings1989" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Lola H.; Jennings, Coleman A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_O3x1E2Xe8C"><i>Braille: the early life of Louis Braille</i></a>. Dramatic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58342-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58342-426-1"><bdi>978-1-58342-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braille%3A+the+early+life+of+Louis+Braille&rft.pub=Dramatic+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-58342-426-1&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Lola+H.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Coleman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_O3x1E2Xe8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terry-kelly.com/special-projects/merci-louis/">"Terry Kelly: Merci, Louis"</a>. Deaftvchannel.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terry+Kelly%3A+Merci%2C+Louis&rft.pub=Deaftvchannel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterry-kelly.com%2Fspecial-projects%2Fmerci-louis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charingcrosstheatre.co.uk/theatre/the-braille-legacy">"The Braille Legacy"</a>. <i>Charing Cross Theatre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002050008/http://charingcrosstheatre.co.uk/theatre/the-braille-legacy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charing+Cross+Theatre&rft.atitle=The+Braille+Legacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcharingcrosstheatre.co.uk%2Ftheatre%2Fthe-braille-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel1989" class="citation book cs1">Bickel, Lennard (1989). <i>Triumph Over Darkness: The Life of Louis Braille</i>. Leicester: Ulverscroft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708920046" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708920046"><bdi>978-0708920046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Over+Darkness%3A+The+Life+of+Louis+Braille&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Ulverscroft&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0708920046&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Lennard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span> (also <a href="/wiki/Large_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Large print">large print</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1956" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Gabriel (1956). <i>The Story of Blindness</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263655">263655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Blindness&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263655&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelmass1951" class="citation book cs1">Kugelmass, J. Alvin (1951). <i>Louis Braille: Windows for the Blind</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Messner" title="Julian Messner">Julian Messner</a> Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8989771">8989771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille%3A+Windows+for+the+Blind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Julian+Messner+Inc.&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8989771&rft.aulast=Kugelmass&rft.aufirst=J.+Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1996" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, Pamela (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330204406/http://www.braille.org/papers/lorimer/title.html"><i>A critical evaluation of the historical development of the tactile modes of reading and analysis and evaluation of researches carried out in endeavours to make the braille code easier to read and to write (Ph. D. thesis)</i></a>. University of Birmingham. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49619181">49619181</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braille.org/papers/lorimer/title.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+evaluation+of+the+historical+development+of+the+tactile+modes+of+reading+and+analysis+and+evaluation+of+researches+carried+out+in+endeavours+to+make+the+braille+code+easier+to+read+and+to+write+%28Ph.+D.+thesis%29&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49619181&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braille.org%2Fpapers%2Florimer%2Ftitle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlstrom2012" class="citation book cs1">Olstrom, Clifford E. (10 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9K77s1IRgoC"><i>Undaunted By Blindness</i></a>. Watertown, MA: <a href="/wiki/Perkins_School_for_the_Blind" title="Perkins School for the Blind">Perkins School for the Blind</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9822721-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9822721-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9822721-9-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undaunted+By+Blindness&rft.place=Watertown%2C+MA&rft.pub=Perkins+School+for+the+Blind&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0-9822721-9-0&rft.aulast=Olstrom&rft.aufirst=Clifford+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9K77s1IRgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsFletcher-Janzen2007" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Cecil R.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdNpBchvdvQC&pg=PA318"><i>Encyclopedia of Special Education: A-D</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67798-7"><bdi>978-0-471-67798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Special+Education%3A+A-D&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-67798-7&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Cecil+R.&rft.au=Fletcher-Janzen%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdNpBchvdvQC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2006" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, C. Michael (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisbrailletouc0000mell"><i>Louis Braille: A Touch of Genius</i></a></span>. Boston: National Braille Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939173-70-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939173-70-9"><bdi>978-0-939173-70-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Braille%3A+A+Touch+of+Genius&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=National+Braille+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-939173-70-9&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisbrailletouc0000mell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeygand2009" class="citation book cs1">Weygand, Zina (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WeR3w30IAiMC&pg=PA282"><i>The Blind in French Society: From the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5768-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-5768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blind+in+French+Society%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+century+of+Louis+Braille&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5768-3&rft.aulast=Weygand&rft.aufirst=Zina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWeR3w30IAiMC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/vie-et-loeuvre-de-louis-braille-inventeur-de-lalphabet-des-aveugles-1809-1852/oclc/299733373/editions?editionsView=true"><i>La vie et l'oeuvre de Louis Braille: Inventeur de l'alphabet des aveugles (1809–1852)</i></a> by Pierre Henri. Paris: Pr. universit. de France (1952). <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Louis Braille</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Louis Braille">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="c:Louis Braille">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Louis Braille">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Louis Braille">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Louis Braille">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Louis Braille">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Braille" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Louis Braille">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afb.org/louisbraillemuseum">Louis Braille Online Museum – American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)</a></li> <li>Original pages from <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/braille/thefirstpublicationofthebraillecode.html#top">Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong...</a></i>, 1829 edition, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind" title="National Federation of the Blind">National Federation of the Blind</a></li> <li>Text of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NouveauProcdPourReprsenterParDesPointsLaFormeMmeDesLettres">New Method of Representing by Dots...</a></i> (2999) at Archive.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avh.asso.fr/fr">Valentin Haüy Association</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93182#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93182#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93182#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073585426">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/815771">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18924/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXgVmmfmC4WGQrkQX68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11916258X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50065102">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958679r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958679r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620418">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Braille, Louis <1809-1852>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UM1V019862">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36022471">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20020107423&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX864829">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069572100">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2069123">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002759488&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000284732&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000468504&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058718">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018P7673">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810667899905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/352250">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007447291705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614925906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7fc0e54e-dfe5-42a0-ae88-b92d8d73ce75">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1189829">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11916258X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11916258X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027576221">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jt0f7k">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&oldid=1258197294">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&oldid=1258197294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_inventors" title="Category:19th-century French inventors">19th-century French inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:French Roman Catholics">French Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1809_births" title="Category:1809 births">1809 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1852_deaths" title="Category:1852 deaths">1852 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_deaths_from_tuberculosis" title="Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis">19th-century deaths from tuberculosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_blind_people" title="Category:French blind people">French blind people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_musicians" title="Category:Blind musicians">Blind musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Braille" title="Category:Braille">Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creators_of_writing_systems" title="Category:Creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" title="Category:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris">Burials at the Panthéon, Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_France" title="Category:Tuberculosis deaths in France">Tuberculosis deaths in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_organists" title="Category:French male organists">French male organists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_scholars_and_academics" title="Category:Blind scholars and academics">Blind scholars and academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_educators" title="Category:Blind educators">Blind educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educators_of_the_blind" title="Category:Educators of the blind">Educators of the blind</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 17:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vp9pw","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.114","walltime":"1.432","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4905,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":129542,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3137,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":161055,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1256.820 1 -total"," 26.75% 336.189 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.99% 251.210 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 16.62% 208.932 23 Template:Cite_web"," 10.36% 130.245 1 Template:IPA"," 9.62% 120.952 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.42% 105.787 13 Template:Cite_book"," 8.20% 103.099 22 Template:Main_other"," 7.50% 94.211 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.89% 86.617 1 Template:Braille"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.707","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21585019,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b5wl5","timestamp":"20241122140705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Louis Braille","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Braille","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q93182","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q93182","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-11T09:13:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T17:34:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Braille.jpg","headline":"inventor of braille, a system of reading and writing used by people who are blind or visually impaired (1809-1852)"}</script> </body> </html>