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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Judaea as a Roman province</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaea_as_a_Roman_province-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judaea as a Roman province subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judaea_as_a_Roman_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolt_and_removal_of_Herod_Archelaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_and_removal_of_Herod_Archelaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Revolt and removal of Herod Archelaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_and_removal_of_Herod_Archelaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_a_prefect_(6–41_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_a_prefect_(6–41_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Under a prefect (6–41 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_a_prefect_(6–41_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomy_under_Herod_Agrippa_(41–44)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy_under_Herod_Agrippa_(41–44)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Autonomy under Herod Agrippa (41–44)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy_under_Herod_Agrippa_(41–44)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_a_procurator_(44–66)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_a_procurator_(44–66)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under a procurator (44–66)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_a_procurator_(44–66)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_a_legate_(70–132)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_a_legate_(70–132)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Under a legate (70–132)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_a_legate_(70–132)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_governors_(6–135_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_governors_(6–135_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of governors (6–135 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_governors_(6–135_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judaea (Roman province)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Iudaea (Romeinse provinsie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iudaea (Romeinse provinsie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="يهودا (مقاطعة رومانية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهودا (مقاطعة رومانية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="রোমীয় যিহূদিয়া প্রদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমীয় যিহূদিয়া প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Іўдзея (рымская правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іўдзея (рымская правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Юдея (римска провинция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юдея (римска провинция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provi%C3%B1s_Judea" title="Proviñs Judea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proviñs Judea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_romana" title="Judea romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judea romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" title="Judea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Judea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea" title="Iudaea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iudaea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea" title="Iudaea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iudaea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudamaa_(Rooma_provints)" title="Juudamaa (Rooma provints) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juudamaa (Rooma provints)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ιουδαία (ρωμαϊκή επαρχία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουδαία (ρωμαϊκή επαρχία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(provincia_romana)" title="Judea (provincia romana) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judea (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo_(romia_provinco)" title="Judeo (romia provinco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judeo (romia provinco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(erromatar_probintzia)" title="Judea (erromatar probintzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judea (erromatar probintzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85)" title="یهودیه (استان روم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیه (استان روم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e_(province_romaine)" title="Judée (province romaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judée (province romaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudea_(provincia_romana)" title="Xudea (provincia romana) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xudea (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="유다이아 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유다이아 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja_(rimska_provincija)" title="Judeja (rimska provincija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Judeja (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudea_(provinsi_Romawi)" title="Yudea (provinsi Romawi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yudea (provinsi Romawi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudea_romana" title="Giudea romana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giudea romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="פרובינקיה יודיאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינקיה יודיאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="იუდეა (რომის პროვინცია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდეა (რომის პროვინცია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudea" title="Yudea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yudea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_(provincia_Romana)" title="Iudaea (provincia Romana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudaea (provincia Romana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABdejas_province" title="Jūdejas province – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūdejas province" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C4%97ja_(Romos_provincija)" title="Judėja (Romos provincija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judėja (Romos provincija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%86_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4)" title="जुदेआ (रोमन प्रांत) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जुदेआ (रोमन प्रांत)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudea_(wilayah_Rom)" title="Yudea (wilayah Rom) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yudea (wilayah Rom)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="ユダヤ属州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ属州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(romersk_provins)" title="Judea (romersk provins) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Judea (romersk provins)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81)" title="یہودا (رومی صوبہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودا (رومی صوبہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA)" title="يهوديا (رومي ولايت) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يهوديا (رومي ولايت)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeia_(prov%C3%ADncia_romana)" title="Judeia (província romana) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeia (província romana)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Iudeea" title="Provincia Iudeea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincia Iudeea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Иудея (римская провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иудея (римская провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" title="Judea (Roman province) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judea (Roman province)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja_(rimska_provinca)" title="Judeja (rimska provinca) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judeja (rimska provinca)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja_(provincija)" title="Judeja (provincija) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Judeja (provincija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeja_(rimska_provincija)" title="Judeja (rimska provincija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Judeja (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(provinssi)" title="Judaea (provinssi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Judaea (provinssi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea" title="Iudaea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iudaea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(lalawigang_Romano)" title="Judea (lalawigang Romano) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Judea (lalawigang Romano)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="யூதேயா (உரோமை மாகாணம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதேயா (உரோமை மாகாணம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiye_(eyalet)" title="Yahudiye (eyalet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiye (eyalet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Юдея (римська провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юдея (римська провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81)" title="یہودا (رومی صوبہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودا (رومی صوبہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="猶太 (羅馬行省) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太 (羅馬行省)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1003997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judaea_(Roman_province)&params=32_30_N_34_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.500°N 34.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.500; 34.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judea_(Roman_province)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea (Roman province)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of the Roman Empire (6–135 AD)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman Province. For region in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Province of Judaea<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size:120%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Provincia Iudaea</span></span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐπαρχία Ιουδαίας</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">6 CE–132 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_-_Iudaea_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><br />The Roman Empire under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (125 CE) with Judaea highlighted in red</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judaea_(Roman_province)&params=32_30_N_34_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.500°N 34.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.500; 34.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefects" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefects">Prefects</a> before 41, <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Procurators</a> after 44 CE</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 6–9 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coponius" title="Coponius">Coponius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 26–36 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 64–66 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 117 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 130–132 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Tineius Rufus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Dynasty">King of the Jews</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 41–44 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 48–93/100 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synedrion#Synedrion_in_Judea" title="Synedrion">Synedrion/Sanhedrin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Principate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Principate">Roman Principate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation to the Roman Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 30/33 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Crisis under <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">37–41 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (region)">Peraea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">44 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">Destruction of the Second Temple</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">70 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Assigned a governor of praetorian rank and given the 10th Legion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 74 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merging into <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">132 CE 132 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Before 4 August 70 is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Early Christianity emerged</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Judaea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iudaea</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[juːˈdae̯.a]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰουδαία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ioudaía</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[i.uˈdɛ.a]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> from 6 to 132 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, which at its height incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and parts of the costal plain including <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, extending over the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdoms</a>. The name <i>Judaea</i> (like the similar <i>Judea</i>) was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, that was centered predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>'s conquest of Judea in 63 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, the latter had maintained a system of semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a>. The incorporation of the Roman province was enacted by the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, after an appeal by the populace against the ill rule of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a> (4 BCE – 6 CE). </p><p>With the onset of direct rule, <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">the official census</a> instituted by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Quirinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Sulpicius Quirinius">Publius Sulpicius Quirinius</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, caused tensions and led to an uprising by Jewish rebel <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a> (6 CE). Other notable events in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30–33 CE</span> (which led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>) and in 37 CE, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second temple</a>. </p><p>Growing discontent at Roman rule led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66–73 CE and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> and destruction of the temple in 70 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. In 44 CE, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a> were added to the province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 132 CE, resulting from the merging of Galilee and Judea resulted in an enlarged province named <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/220px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/330px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/440px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first intervention of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">sacked Jerusalem</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">province of Syria</a>. The assertion of Roman hegemony and the rise of Roman political and cultural influence brought an end to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Judea">Hellenistic Judea</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_civil_war" title="Hasmonean civil war">Hasmonean civil war</a>, Pompey installed the prince <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>, but not as king. Some years later <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater the Idumaean</a>, also known as <i>Antipas</i>, as the first <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Ancient Rome)">Roman Procurator</a>. Antipater's son <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> was designated as the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">King of Judea</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in 40 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he did not gain military control until 37 BCE. During his reign, the last representatives of the Hasmoneans were eliminated, and the huge port of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> was built.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herod died in 4 BCE, and his kingdom was partitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrarchy (Judea)">tetrarchy</a> and divided among three of his sons, two of whom (<a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>) became rulers of a quarter, and the third son, <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a>, became an <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> and ruled over the remaining half of his father's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major regions of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian Kingdom</a> were <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a> rule of Judea was gravely atrocious that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, after an appeal from his own subjects. Herod Antipas, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a> from 4 BCE, was dismissed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> in 39 CE. Herod's son Philip ruled the northeastern part of his father's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaea_as_a_Roman_province">Judaea as a Roman province</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaea as a Roman province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/290px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="241" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel" title="Template talk:History of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_and_removal_of_Herod_Archelaus">Revolt and removal of Herod Archelaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolt and removal of Herod Archelaus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">Herodian Kingdom of Judea</a> was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a>, jointly ruled by Herod's sons and sister: <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a> (who ruled <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Herod Philip</a> (who ruled <a href="/wiki/Batanaea" title="Batanaea">Batanea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Auranitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Auranitis">Auranitis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> (who ruled <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Salome_I" title="Salome I">Salome I</a> (who briefly ruled <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Jamnia</a>). </p><p>A messianic revolt erupted in Judea in 4 BCE because of Archelaus's incompetence; the revolt was brutally crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>, who occupied <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and crucified 2,000 Jewish rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his failure to properly rule Judea, Archelaus was removed from his post by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 6 CE, while Judea, Samaria, and Idumea came under direct Roman administration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This event had significant and ever-lasting effects on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">development of Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:History of Palestine (region)">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of <span class="fn org label">Palestine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;border-bottom:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/150px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/225px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/300px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="5425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient history</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Classical period</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Palestine" title="Hellenistic Palestine">Hellenistic Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Roman Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Salutaris</a>))</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_history_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history in Palestine">Islamic rule</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a>) </div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern era</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">Egyptian Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel#State_of_Israel_(1948–present)" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Governorate" title="Israeli Military Governorate">Military Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a>; <br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#History" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Palestine" title="Template:History of Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Palestine" title="Template talk:History of Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_a_prefect_(6–41_CE)"><span id="Under_a_prefect_.286.E2.80.9341_CE.29"></span>Under a prefect (6–41 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under a prefect (6–41 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaea_Roman_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Judaea_Roman_Province.svg/220px-Judaea_Roman_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Judaea_Roman_Province.svg/330px-Judaea_Roman_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Judaea_Roman_Province.svg/440px-Judaea_Roman_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Map of Judaea Roman Province (6–41 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Judean province did not initially include <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Gaulanitis (today's Golan)</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Perea_(Holy_Land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (Holy Land)">Peraea</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>. Its revenue was of little importance to the Roman treasury, but it controlled the land and coastal sea routes to the "bread basket" of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> and was a buffer against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. The capital was moved from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus appointed <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Publius Sulpicius Quirinius</a> to the post of <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)#Syria_in_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> and he conducted <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">a tax census of Syria and Judea</a> in 6 CE, which triggered the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a>; the revolt was quickly crushed by Quirinius.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judea was not a <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a>, nor an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">imperial province</a>, but instead was a "satellite of Syria"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governed by a <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">knight of the Equestrian Order</a> (as was that of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a>), not a former consul or <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senatorial rank</a>. Quirinius appointed <a href="/wiki/Coponius" title="Coponius">Coponius</a> as first prefect of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, Jews living in the province maintained some form of independence and could judge offenders by their own laws, including capital offenses, until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 28 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judea in the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a> was divided into five administrative districts with centers in Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amathus,_Transjordan" title="Amathus, Transjordan">Amathus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 30–33 CE, Roman prefect <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> had <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a> on the charge of <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">sedition</a>, an act that led to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 36 CE another messianic revolt erupted near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>, under the lead of a <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a>, and was quickly crushed by Pilate; the Samaritans complained against Pilate's brutality to the Legate of Syria <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_(consul_34)" title="Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)">Lucius Vitellius the Elder</a>, who removed Pilate from his post and sent him to Rome to account, replacing him with an acting prefect called <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(prefect_of_Judea)" title="Marcellus (prefect of Judea)">Marcellus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Bab_al-Amud_-_Damascus_Gate%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Old Roman era gate, <i>Bab al-'Amud</i> in Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> (today part of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 37 CE, Emperor Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-caligula-16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a> of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Petronius" title="Publius Petronius">Publius Petronius</a>, fearing civil war if the order was carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa I</a> finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.<sup id="cite_ref-zepjql_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepjql-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caligula later issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple of Jerusalem, but he was murdered before the statue reached Jerusalem and his successor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> rescinded the order.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-antiquities-19-2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-antiquities-19-2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Crisis under Caligula" has been proposed as the first open break between Rome and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy_under_Herod_Agrippa_(41–44)"><span id="Autonomy_under_Herod_Agrippa_.2841.E2.80.9344.29"></span>Autonomy under Herod Agrippa (41–44)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autonomy under Herod Agrippa (41–44)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 41 and 44 AD, Judea regained its nominal <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">autonomy</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> was made <i>King of the Jews</i> by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, thus in a sense restoring the Herodian dynasty. Claudius had allowed <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurators</a>, who served as personal agents to the Emperor and often as provincial tax and finance ministers, to be elevated to governing magistrates with full state authority to keep the peace. He may have elevated Judea's procurator to imperial governing status because the imperial legate of Syria was not sympathetic to the Judeans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_a_procurator_(44–66)"><span id="Under_a_procurator_.2844.E2.80.9366.29"></span>Under a procurator (44–66)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under a procurator (44–66)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Agrippa's death in 44, the province returned to direct Roman control, incorporating Agrippa's personal territories of Galilee and Peraea, under a row of procurators. Nevertheless, Agrippa's son, <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> was designated <i>King of the Jews</i> in 48. He was the seventh and last of the <a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a>. </p><p>Jerusalem was plagued by famine between 44 and 48<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Adiabene" title="Helena of Adiabene">Helena of Adiabene</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"...went down to the city Jerusalem, her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son <a href="/wiki/Izates_II" title="Izates II">Izates</a> was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 66-70 the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> erupted.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_a_legate_(70–132)"><span id="Under_a_legate_.2870.E2.80.93132.29"></span>Under a legate (70–132)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under a legate (70–132)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/220px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/330px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/440px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>First century Iudaea province</figcaption></figure> <p>From 70 until 132 Judea's rebelliousness required a governing Roman <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> capable of commanding legions. Because Agrippa II maintained loyalty to the Empire, the Kingdom was retained until he died, either in 93/94 or 100, when the area returned to complete, undivided Roman control. </p><p>Judaea was the stage of two, possibly three, major <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>: </p> <ul><li>66–70: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Jerusalem">siege of Jerusalem</a>, the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> and ending with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">siege of Masada</a> in 73–74 (see <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>). Before the war Judaea was a Roman province of the third category, that is, under the administration of a procurator of equestrian rank and under the overall control of the <i>governor of Syria</i>. After the war it became an independent Roman province with the official name of <i>Judaea</i> and under the administration of a governor of praetorian rank, and was therefore moved up into the second category (it was only later, in about 120, that Judaea became a consular province, that is, with a governor of consular rank).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>115–117 CE: the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> (Second Jewish-Roman War); Judea's role in it is disputed though, as it played itself out mainly in the Jewish diaspora and there are no fully trustworthy sources on Judea's participation in the rebellion, nor is there any archaeological way of distinguishing destruction levels of 117 CE from those of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (Third Jewish-Roman War) revolt of just a decade and a half later.</li> <li>132 CE: <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea proper</a> was merged with <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> into an enlarged province named <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the Jews' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132-136 CE), provoked by the establishment of a new colony was founded on the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> since the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Revolt</a> of 70 CE, named <i><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> from the ruins of Judaea, whose <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">name not officially used</a> until then, did not prevent the Jewish people from referring to the land in their writings as either "Yehudah" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהודה</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "The Land of Israel" (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ארץ ישראל</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> played a significant role in economic life in Judaea. Wheat, barley, olives and grapes were the main crops grown in Judaea's fields. Evidence for the cultivation of herbs, vegetables, and legumes comes from <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' works, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Writings from the late first and early second centuries indicate that Jewish farmers introduced rice to Judea during the early Roman period. The local crop was fine, large-kernel rice.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Procuratorial_coinage_of_Roman_Judaea" title="Procuratorial coinage of Roman Judaea">Procuratorial coinage of Roman Judaea</a></div> <p>During the Roman administration of Judaea, some governors commissioned the minting of coins for local use. Only six governors are known to have issued such coins, all minted in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All issues minted were <a href="/wiki/Prutah" title="Prutah"><i>prutot</i></a>, small <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> coins averaging 2-2.5 grams, similar to the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrans" title="Quadrans">quadrans</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of the coins reflects an attempt to accommodate Jewish sensibilities, likely in collaboration with the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike typical <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coinage</a> featuring the emperor's portrait, these coins displayed symbols like <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">palm tree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ear_(botany)" title="Ear (botany)">ears of grain</a>, echoing earlier <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_coinage" title="Herodian coinage">Herodian</a> designs. A notable exception is the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, (26-36 CE), which included Roman cultic items like the <i><a href="/wiki/Simpulum" title="Simpulum">simpulum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lituus" title="Lituus">lituus</a></i> on one side, though the reverse maintained Jewish imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attributing these coins to specific governors is a challenge. They lack the governor's name, but display the reigning emperor's <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> and name in Greek. Scholars rely on cross-referencing this information with historical records, particularly the writings of Josephus, to establish a governor's chronology and assign the coins accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These coins were primarily circulated within Judaea, with the highest concentration found in Jerusalem, where hundreds have been discovered. However, evidence indicates that the coins transcended their intended region, with discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> and even in distant locations like <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minting of provincial coins ceased in 59 CE, and they continued to circulate until the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 70 CE. Following the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, Jews lost their previously held rights, and subsequent Roman coinage in Judaea no longer reflected Jewish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_governors_(6–135_CE)"><span id="List_of_governors_.286.E2.80.93135_CE.29"></span>List of governors (6–135 CE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of governors (6–135 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_administration_of_Judaea_(AD_6%E2%80%93135)" title="Roman administration of Judaea (AD 6–135)">Roman administration of Judaea (AD 6–135)</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Reign </th> <th>Length of rule </th> <th>Category </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coponius" title="Coponius">Coponius</a> </td> <td>6–9 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ambivulus" title="Marcus Ambivulus">Marcus Ambivulus</a> </td> <td>9–12 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Annius_Rufus" title="Annius Rufus">Annius Rufus</a> </td> <td>12–15 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Gratus" title="Valerius Gratus">Valerius Gratus</a> </td> <td>15–26 (?) </td> <td>11 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> </td> <td>26–36 (?) </td> <td>10 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcellus,_prefect_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcellus, prefect of Judea">Marcellus</a> </td> <td>36–37 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marullus,_prefect_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marullus, prefect of Judea">Marullus</a> </td> <td>37–41 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> (autonomous king) </td> <td>41–44 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasmonean_and_Herodian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers">King of Judaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuspius_Fadus" title="Cuspius Fadus">Cuspius Fadus</a> </td> <td>44–46 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Alexander" title="Tiberius Julius Alexander">Tiberius Julius Alexander</a> </td> <td>46–48 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ventidius_Cumanus" title="Ventidius Cumanus">Ventidius Cumanus</a> </td> <td>48–52 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Marcus Antonius Felix</a> </td> <td>52–60 </td> <td>8 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a> </td> <td>60–62 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" title="Lucceius Albinus">Lucceius Albinus</a> </td> <td>62–64 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a> </td> <td>64–66 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Julianus" title="Marcus Antonius Julianus">Marcus Antonius Julianus</a> </td> <td>66–70 (dates uncertain) </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#ffe0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Roman Procurator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Vettulenus_Cerialis" title="Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis">Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis</a> </td> <td>70–71 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Sextus Lucilius Bassus</a> </td> <td>71–72 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Lucius Flavius Silva</a> </td> <td>72–81 </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvidenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvidenus">Marcus Salvidienus</a> </td> <td>80–85 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Longinus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Longinus">Gnaeus Pompeius Longinus</a> </td> <td>c.86 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Hermentidius_Campanus" title="Sextus Hermentidius Campanus">Sextus Hermentidius Campanus</a> </td> <td>c.93 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Atticus_Herodes_(suffect_consul_132)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (suffect consul 132)">Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes</a> </td> <td>99–102 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Quadratus_Bassus" title="Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus">Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus</a> </td> <td>102–104 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Quintus Pompeius Falco</a> </td> <td>105–107 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberianus" title="Tiberianus">Tiberianus</a> </td> <td>114–117 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a> </td> <td>117–120 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Coredius_Gallus_Gargilius_Antiquus" title="Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus">Gargilius Antiquus</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c. 124–? </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0e0ff;"><a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a> </td> <td>130–132/3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> </td> <td>c. 133/4–135 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffe0;"><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Roman Legate</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus"><i>Fiscus Judaicus</i></a> – Tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire (70–96 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Brian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life of Brian">The Life of Brian</a></i> – a British comedy film which riffs on the idiosyncrasies of life in 33 AD Roman Judea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Judaea/Palaestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Judaea/Palaestina">Roman roads in Judaea/Palaestina</a> – overview of the road network in the province</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWestwood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3311/jjs-2017">"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 189–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017">10.18647/3311/jjs-2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2097">0022-2097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+War%2C+AD+66%E2%80%9374&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-193&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rft.issn=0022-2097&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClouser2011" class="citation book cs1">Clouser, Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcTSTn82KjYC&dq=judea+galilee+merged+palestina&pg=PT323"><i>Jesus, Joshua, Yeshua of Nazareth Revised and Expanded</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-6121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-6121-1"><bdi>978-1-4620-6121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Joshua%2C+Yeshua+of+Nazareth+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4620-6121-1&rft.aulast=Clouser&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcTSTn82KjYC%26dq%3Djudea%2Bgalilee%2Bmerged%2Bpalestina%26pg%3DPT323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nl72AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5"><bdi>978-1-107-05544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05544-5&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnl72AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandMitchellStaff2015" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Staff, Holman Reference Editorial (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&dq=judea+galilee+merged+palestina&pg=PA1208"><i>Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-9935-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9935-3&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Eric&rft.au=Staff%2C+Holman+Reference+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgxCDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djudea%2Bgalilee%2Bmerged%2Bpalestina%26pg%3DPA1208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html">Jewish War 1</a>.14.4: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> "... then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Parthian war</a> that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar</a> went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates">magistrates</a> went before them, to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Founded in the years 22–10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (<i>limen Sebastos</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. During the Early Roman period, Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Bello_Judaico" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bello Judaico">De Bello Judaico</a></i> (Wars of the Jews) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D2%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D3">2.6.3</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D17%3Asection%3D317">17.11.4</a> (17.317).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.188">17.188–189</a>, <i>War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.664">1.664</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, Book 2, Chapter 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, Book 17, Chapters 271-272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamatTadmor1976" class="citation book cs1">Malamat, Abraham; Tadmor, Hayim (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&q=%22Archelaus+was+deposed%22&pg=PA246"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>. <q>When Archelaus was deposed from the <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarchy</a> in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Tadmor%2C+Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kSovzudhFUC%26q%3D%2522Archelaus%2Bwas%2Bdeposed%2522%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1995" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Fergus (1995). <i>The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77886-3"><bdi>978-0-674-77886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%3A+31+BC%E2%80%93AD+337&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-77886-3&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 CE, page 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (<a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a>, Caesarea and others)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html">"Josephus, Antiquities Book XVIII"</a>. <i>earlyjewishwritings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earlyjewishwritings.com&rft.atitle=Josephus%2C+Antiquities+Book+XVIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlyjewishwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fjosephus%2Fant18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish Peoples</i>, page 247–248: "Consequently, the province of Judea may be regarded as a satellite of Syria, although, in view of the measure of independence left to its governor in domestic affairs, it would be wrong to say that in the Julio-Claudian era Judea was legally part of the province of Syria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a></i> 17.355 & 18.1–2;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i>Avodah Zarah</i> 8b; ibid, <i>Sanhedrin</i> 41a; ibid, <i>Shabbat</i> 15a; <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, <i>Sanhedrin</i> 1:1 (1b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabba2008" class="citation book cs1">Gabba, Emilio (2008). "The social, economic and political history of Palestine 63 bce – ce 70". In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein; William Horbury (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+social%2C+economic+and+political+history+of+Palestine+63+bce+%E2%80%93+ce+70&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+The+early+Roman+period&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24377-3&rft.aulast=Gabba&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAW2BuWcalXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, Book 18, Chapter 3, Paragraph 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>, Book 15, Chapter 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC"><i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i></a>. Baker Academic. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>. <q>...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgROZMp4zDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, Book 18, Chapter 4, Paragraphs 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXX.203</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-caligula-16-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XVI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:On the Embassy to Gaius">XVI.115</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXXI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXXI.213</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zepjql-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zepjql_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">XVIII.8.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-antiquities-19-2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josephus-antiquities-19-2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">XVIII.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, <i>The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula</i>, pages 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a> empire. Until then – if one accepts <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment – there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish–Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tac. A.12.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.josephus.org/ntparallels2.htm">"New Testament Parallels to the Works of Josephus - Page Two"</a>. <i>www.josephus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.josephus.org&rft.atitle=New+Testament+Parallels+to+the+Works+of+Josephus+-+Page+Two&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephus.org%2Fntparallels2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation cs2">Josephus, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX">"Book XX"</a>, <i>The Antiquities of the Jews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.atitle=Book+XX&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Antiquities_of_the_Jews%2FBook_XX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Antiquities of the Jews"><i>The Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>. Vol. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book XX</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a46_2380">"Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSenatusconsulta. Decrees concerning the Jews in Josephus' Antiquities"</a>. <i>Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1874-6772_seg_a46_2380">10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a46_2380</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplementum+Epigraphicum+Graecum&rft.atitle=Supplementum+Epigraphicum+GraecumSenatusconsulta.+Decrees+concerning+the+Jews+in+Josephus%27+Antiquities.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1874-6772_seg_a46_2380&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1874-6772_seg_a46_2380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0aBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest</i></a>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-40316-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-40316-X"><bdi>1-134-40316-X</bdi></a>. <q>[From 74 to 123 CE] The consequences of the first great war of the Jews against Rome were extremely far-reaching and their significance for the future history of Judaism can hardly be overestimated. The immediate political consequences were drastic. As has already been mentioned, before the war Judaea was a Roman province of the third category, that is, under the administration of a procurator of equestrian rank and under the overall control of the governor of Syria. After the war it became an independent Roman province with the official name of <i>Judaea</i> and under the administration of a governor of praetorian rank, and was therefore moved up into the second category (it was only later, in about 120 CE, that Judaea became a consular province, that is, with a governor of consular rank). This new status of the province also implies that a standing legion, the <i>legio X Fretensis</i>, was stationed in Judaea. The headquarters of the 10th legion was the totally destroyed Jerusalem; the governor resided with parts of the 10th legion in Caesarea (Maritima), which Vespasian had converted into a Roman colony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World%3A+The+Jews+of+Palestine+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+Arab+Conquest&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=1-134-40316-X&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-0aBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme</a> suggested the name change preceded the revolt; he writes "Hadrian was in those parts in 129 and 130. He abolished the name of Jerusalem, refounding the place as a colony, Aelia Capitolina. That helped to provoke the rebellion. The supersession of the ethnical term by the geographical may also reflect Hadrian's decided opinions about Jews." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1962" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1962). "The Wrong Marcius Turbo". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (1–2): 87–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F297879">10.2307/297879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/297879">297879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154240558">154240558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Wrong+Marcius+Turbo&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154240558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F297879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F297879&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span> (page 90)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mishnah" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mishnah">The Mishnah</a></i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1933, s.v. Tractate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/DanbyMishnah#page/n77/mode/2up"><i>Shebiit</i> 9:2</a>; compiled by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_the_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah the Prince">Judah the Prince</a> in 189 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 1 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Louis (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine". <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>. <b>61</b>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508170">23508170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Name+of+Palestine&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23508170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mishnah" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mishnah">The Mishnah</a></i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1933, s.v. Tractate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/DanbyMishnah#page/n633/mode/2up"><i>Kelim</i> 1:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2009" class="citation book cs1">Decker, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316430311"><i>Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956528-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956528-3"><bdi>978-0-19-956528-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316430311">316430311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilling+the+Hateful+Earth%3A+Agricultural+Production+and+Trade+in+the+Late+Antique+East&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316430311&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956528-3&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F316430311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:132_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafrai2003" class="citation book cs1">Safrai, Zeev (2003). "Trade in the Land of Israel during the Second Temple period". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/814404092"><i>The Economy of Roman Palestine</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 125–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-280-09423-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-280-09423-0"><bdi>1-280-09423-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814404092">814404092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trade+in+the+Land+of+Israel+during+the+Second+Temple+period&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Roman+Palestine&rft.pages=125-128&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814404092&rft.isbn=1-280-09423-0&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F814404092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeshorerBijovskyHendinMeadows2013" class="citation book cs1">Meshorer, Ya'akov; Bijovsky, Gabriela; Hendin, David; Meadows, Andrew (2013). <i>Coins of the Holy Land: the Abraham and Marian Sofaer Collection at the American Numismatic Society and the Israel Museum</i>. Ancient coins in North American collections. American numismatic society. New York: American Numismatic Society. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89722-283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89722-283-9"><bdi>978-0-89722-283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins+of+the+Holy+Land%3A+the+Abraham+and+Marian+Sofaer+Collection+at+the+American+Numismatic+Society+and+the+Israel+Museum&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ancient+coins+in+North+American+collections&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=American+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-89722-283-9&rft.aulast=Meshorer&rft.aufirst=Ya%27akov&rft.au=Bijovsky%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Hendin%2C+David&rft.au=Meadows%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeshorer1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Meshorer, Ya'akov (1982). <i>Ancient Jewish Coinage</i>. Vol. II: Herod the Great through Bar Cochba. Amphora Books. pp. 173–174, 186–187. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/82-074517">82-074517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewish+Coinage&rft.pages=173-174%2C+186-187&rft.pub=Amphora+Books&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F82-074517&rft.aulast=Meshorer&rft.aufirst=Ya%27akov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGing1991" class="citation journal cs1">McGing, Brian C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718282">"Pontius Pilate and the Sources"</a>. <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 425. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7912">0008-7912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718282">43718282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pontius+Pilate+and+the+Sources&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43718282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-7912&rft.aulast=McGing&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43718282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, D. E. (2019). Pilate’s Ring and Roman Religion. <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin</i>, <i>64</i>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/ancient-inscription-identifies-gargilius-antiques-as-roman-ruler-on-eve-of-bar-kochva-revolt/2016/12/01/">"Ancient Inscription Identifies Gargilius Antiques as Roman Ruler on Eve of Bar Kochva Revolt"</a>. December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Inscription+Identifies+Gargilius+Antiques+as+Roman+Ruler+on+Eve+of+Bar+Kochva+Revolt&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fancient-inscription-identifies-gargilius-antiques-as-roman-ruler-on-eve-of-bar-kochva-revolt%2F2016%2F12%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2001" class="citation cs2">Jacobson, David (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/.">"When Palestine Meant Israel"</a>, <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>, <b>27</b> (3)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=When+Palestine+Meant+Israel&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fwhen_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaea_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Hall" title="John F. Hall">Hall, J. F.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43044136">"The Roman Province of Judea: A Historical Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40117983"><i>Masada and the World of the New Testament (1996–97)</i></a>. Vol. 36. pp. 319–336. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40117983">i40117983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Province+of+Judea%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.btitle=Masada+and+the+World+of+the+New+Testament+%281996%E2%80%9397%29&rft.pages=319-336&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi40117983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43044136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaea+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template talk:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#The_Roman_provinces_in_117" title="Roman province">Provinces of the early Roman Empire <small>(117 AD)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1941159477799427990003">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000742732&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/21908">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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