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Vis kilden til Tora – Wikipedia
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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Tora&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Tora&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Artikkelen finnes kun på dette språket. Legg til artikkelen på andre språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Legg til språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Tora" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> 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Husk å ta med alle detaljene ovenfor.</div></div><hr /> <p>Du kan se og kopiere kildekoden til denne siden: </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="nb" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{andrebetydninger}} [[Fil:Köln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG|thumb|[[Torarull]] ved [[Glockengasse-synagogen]] (rekonstruksjon), [[Köln]]]] '''Tora''' ([[hebraisk]] {{Hebraisk|&#1514;&#1493;&#1512;&#1492;}}) er det [[hebraisk språk|hebraiske]] navnet for de fem [[Mosebøkene]], og jødenes hellige skrifter.<ref name=":0" /> Mosebøkene har fått navn etter sine innledende ord: ''Bereshit'' (I begynnelsen), ''Shemot'' (navnene), ''Vayiqra'' (Og Herren kalte), ''Bamidbar'' (i ørkenen) og ''Devarim'' (ordene). Kjernen i Toraen handler om forholdet mellom Gud og Israel, og historien som fører helt tilbake til [[Abraham (bibelsk person)|Abraham]], [[Isak]] og [[Jakob (stamfar)|Jakob]]. Toraen leses som en kronologisk forklaring fra [[Israelitter|israelittenes]] tidlige historie og hvordan Gud har kommet inn i historien for å enten straffe eller hjelpe det jødiske folk.<ref>Ancient Jewish History: [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-birth-and-evolution-of-judaism «The Birth and Evolution of Judaism»], ''Jewish Virtual Library''</ref> == Betydning og navn == Ordet ''Tora'' på [[hebraisk]] er avledet fra rotordet ''' ירה''', som betyr «å veilede» eller «å undervise».<ref>[https://bibel.no/Nettbibelen?book=LEV&chapter=10 Tredje Mosebok 10:11], ''Bibel.no''. Sitat: «og lære israelittene alle de forskriftene Herren har kunngjort for dem gjennom Moses.»</ref> Betydningen av ordet er derfor «undervisning», «lærdom» eller «instruksjon»; den allment aksepterte «loven» gir således et feil inntrykk.<ref>Rabinowitz, Louis; Harvey, Warren (2007): [https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/torah «Torah»], i: Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (red.): ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''. Bind 20 (2. utg.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4; s. 39–46.</ref> De aleksandrinske jødene som oversatte ''[[Septuaginta]]'' brukte det [[gresk]]e ordet ''nomos'', som betyr «norm», «standard», «doktrine» og senere «lov». Greske og latinske bibler begynte deretter den [[latin]]ske skikken med å kalle ''Pentateuken'' (de fem Mosebøker) for Loven. Andre oversettelser er blant annet «skikk», «teori», «veiledning»<ref name="Birnbaum_630"> Birnbaum, Philip (1979), s. 630.</ref> eller «vei».<ref>Alcalay, Reuben (1996), s. 2767.</ref> Selv om Tora ofte blir oversatt med «Loven», er dens egentlig betydning i hovedsak «instruksjon» eller «veiledning».<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/studies-words/what-is-torah.htm|tittel=What is Torah? {{!}} AHRC|besøksdato=2021-01-11|verk=www.ancient-hebrew.org}}</ref> Toraen utgjør den første av tre hoveddeler av [[Tanakh|Tanákh]], eller den hebraiske [[Bibelen]] ([[Det gamle testamentet]] og 613 bud som er grunnleggende for jødisk liv. En litt annerledes versjon av de samme skriftene utgjør [[samaritanere|samaritanenes]] hellige skrift.<ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/sam/index.htm «The Samaritans»], ''Sacred Texts''</ref> Ordet «tora» kan også bli brukt om alle læresetninger og lover innen [[jødedommen]]. Det kan da også omfatte hele Den hellige skrift, samt [[Talmúd]], [[Misjná]] og [[Midrasj]] og deres fortolkninger og alle andre [[rabbinske autoriteter]] og [[minhagím]] (jødiske religiøst bindende tradisjoner).<ref name=":0">{{Kilde www|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torah|tittel=Torah {{!}} Definition & Facts|besøksdato=2021-01-11|språk=en|verk=Encyclopedia Britannica}} </ref> ''Tawrat'' er det [[Arabisk|arabiske]] navn på den jødiske Toraen som er fellesnavn for det kristne kaller [[det gamle testamentet]]. == Mosebøkene == [[Fil:Open Torah Case with Scroll.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Åpen Torakasse med skriftrull.]] [[Mosebøkene]] er grunnlaget for all videre utvikling og forståelse av den jødiske religiøse loven, [[Halakhá|Halakha]], og refereres til som ''Den skriftlige læren,'' i motsetning til [[Misjná|Mishna]], ''den muntlige læren.'' Mishna omfatter Toraen og inkluderer fortolkninger og forklaringer til Mosebøkenes lover, skrifter og leveregler.<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-torah «The Torah»] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-torah |date=20230514170504 }}, ''The British Library''</ref> Ettersom toraen blir regnet som de helligste skriftene er det bestemte regler for hvordan disse tekstene skal behandles. Blant annet kan bare spesialutdannede skriftlærde kopiere toraen.<ref>Schwartz, Jeremy (15. november 2016): [https://www.reconstructingjudaism.org/article/torah-process-how-jews-make-decisions/ «The Torah Process: How Jews Make Decisions»], ''Reconstructing Judaism''</ref> Torarullen som brukes under gudstjenesten er skrevet på pergament-ruller. De er alltid skrevet for hånd, med spesiell [[hebraisk]] kalligrafi. Noen mener at Torarullen og skriften i den er hellig, og at man derfor ikke skal man berøre skriften med fingrene, i stedet skal man bruke en stav/peke som kalles «yad» (hebraisk for ''hånd'') til å følge teksten mens man leser. Torarullene oppbevares i et skap foran i [[Synagogen i Oslo|synagogen]] og er ofte pakket inn i et fløyelsdekke og har en sølvkrone og brystplate på av sølv. Toraruller kan være i alle farger og størrelser. Det er krevende å lese fra en tora, ettersom språket er [[Arkaisme|arkaisk]]. I tillegg har det hebraiske skriftspråket tradisjonelt ikke vokaler.<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://www.xn--jdedommen-l8a.no/hva-betyr-tora-rullen-for-jodene/|tittel=Hva betyr Tora-rullen for jødene?|besøksdato=2021-01-11|dato=2018-03-19|språk=nb-NO|verk=Jødedommen.no}}</ref> == Den muntlige Tora == Noen ganger kan imidlertid ordet ''Tora'' også brukes som et synonym for hele ''[[Den hebraiske bibelen]]'', eller ''[[Tanákh]]'', i hvilken forstand det omfatter ikke bare de fem første, men alle 24 bøkene i Den hebraiske bibelen. Til slutt kan Tora til og med bety helheten av [[Jødedom|jødisk]] lære, kultur og praksis, enten det er avledet fra bibelske tekster eller senere rabbinske skrifter. Sistnevnte er ofte kjent som [[Den muntlige Toráen]] ([[hebraisk]]: '''תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה''', ''Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe'', «Skriftlig lov»).<ref>[https://torah.org/learning/basics-primer-torah-oraltorah/ «Oral Torah vs. Written Torah»], ''Torah.org''</ref><ref>Neusner, Jacob (2004), s. 57. Sitat: «The Hebrew word torah mean 'teaching'. We recall ... the most familiar meaning of the word: 'Torah = the five books of Moses", the Pentateuch .... The Torah may also refer to the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures .... The Torah furthermore covers instruction in two media, writing and memory .... [The oral part] is contained, in part, in the Mishnah, Talmud, and midrash compilations. But there is more: what the world calls 'Judaism' the faithful know as 'the Torah.'»</ref> Toraen, som representerer kjernen i den jødiske åndelige og religiøse tradisjonen, er et begrep og et sett med læresetninger som eksplisitt er selvposisjonert til å omfatte så mange som 70 eller potensielt uendelige tolkninger, noe som gjør en utvetydig definisjon av Toraen umulig.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/22645?lang=bi «Bamidbar Rabah»], ''Sefaria.org''</ref> ==Se også== * [[Den hebraiske bibelen]] *[[Den muntlige Toráen]] == Referanser == <references/> == Litteratur == * Alcalay, Reuben (1996): ''The Complete Hebrew – English dictionary''. Bind 2. New York: Hemed Books. {{ISBN|978-965-448-179-3}}. * Birnbaum, Philip (1979): ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts''. Wadsworth. * Neusner, Jacob (2004): ''The Emergence of Judaism''. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. == Eksterne lenker == * {{Offisielle lenker}} * {{Språkikon|en}} [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pentateuch «Pentateuch»], ''Wiktionary.org'' * {{Språkikon|en}} [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=265&letter=T&search=Torah «Torah»], ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' {{GT}} {{Autoritetsdata}} [[Kategori:Tanákh]] [[Kategori:Hellige skrifter]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Maler som brukes på denne siden: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Andre_betydninger" title="Mal:Andre betydninger">Mal:Andre betydninger</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Andre_betydninger&action=edit" title="Mal:Andre betydninger">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Andrebetydninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal:Andrebetydninger">Mal:Andrebetydninger</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Andrebetydninger&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal:Andrebetydninger">rediger</a>) </li><li><a 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